Special Libraries, March 1976

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Special Libraries, 1976 Special Libraries, 1970s

3-1-1976

Special Libraries Association

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Recommended Citation Special Libraries Association, "Special Libraries, March 1976" (1976). Special Libraries, 1976. 3. https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1976/3

This Magazine is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Libraries, 1970s at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Special Libraries, 1976 by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. special libraries L. D. LANDAU t & E. M. LlFSHlTZ Institute for Physical Problems, Academy of Sciences of the USSR

Volume 1: MECHANICS - 2nd edition Volume 5: STATISTICAL PHYSICS "The entire book is a masterpiece of scientific writing. " . . . stimulating reading, partly because ot the clarity There is not a superfluous sentence and the authors and compactness of some of the treatments put forward, know exactly where they are going . . . It is certain and partly by reason of contrasts with texts on that this volume will be able to hold its own amongst statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics more conventional tex ts in classical mechanics, as a better known to English scientists. . . Other features scholarly and economic exposition of the subject." attract attention since they do not always receive Science Progress comparable men tion in other textbooks." ISBN 0 08 006466 3 174~~ New Scientist $10.00 £4.50 1969 55 illus ISBN 0 08 009103 2 496~~ $16.50 £7.20 1969 71 illus Volume 2: THE CLASSICAL THEORY OF FIELDS 4th edition Volume 6: FLUID MECHANICS "The ground covered includes ideal fluids, turbulence, "The claity of style, the conciseness of treatment, boundary layers, conduction and diffusion, surface and the originality and variety of illustra five problems phenomena and sound. . . a valuable addition to any make this a book which can be highly recommended. " library covering the mechanics of fluids. " Proceedings of the Physical Society Science Progress ISBN 0 08 0181 76 7 902~~ISBN 0 08 009104 0 $16.00 £6.95 June 1975 22 illus 536~~ $16.50 €7.20 1959 107 illus

Volume 3: QUANTUM MECHANICS Volume 7: THEORY OF ELASTICITY Non-relativistic Theory 2nd edition 2nd edition

" . . . throughout the five hundred large pages, the "I shall be surprised if this book does not come to be authors' discussion proceeds with the clarity and regarded as a masterpiece." succinctness typical of the very best works on Journal of the Royal lnstitute of Physics

theoretical physics. " (now the Physics Bulletin) Technology ISBN 0 08 006465 5 176~~ ISBN 0 08 009101 6 632~~$10.00 £4.50 1970 28 illus $16.50 €7.20 1965 54 illus Volume 8: ELECTRODYNAMICS OF Volume 4: RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM CONTINUOUS MEDIA "It is quite certain that this book will remain unique THEORY - PART 1 and indispensable for many years to come. "The treatment is very thorough . . . without being Science Progress clltttered with matter irrelevant to practical calculation; "The volume on electrodynamics conveys a sense of it is careful without being pedantic; and it is well mastery of the subject on the part of the authors which supplied with applications to experimental situations. . . is truly astonishinu. " Nature the price seems high but the con tents makes this ISBN 008 0091059 excellent value. " 428~~ Physics Bulletin $15.50 £6.75 1960 45 illus ISBN 0 08 016025 5 392~~ - - $16.25 €7.00 1971 48 rllus A SHORTER COURSE OF THEORETICAL PHYSICS: Based on Volume 4: RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM the Course of Theoretical Physics THEORY - PART 2 (E.M. LlFSHlTZ and Volume 1: MECHANICS AND L.P. PITAEVSKII) "As ~n all the volumes in the COURSE OF ELECTRODYNAMICS THEOR ETlCA L PH YSICS material is presented with ISBN 0 08 016739 X 282~~ clarity, precision and economy. . . here are 238 pages $8.25 € 3.30 1977 34 ~llus packed with useful information. " Journal of the Franklin Institute Volume 2: UUANTUM MECHANICS ISBN 0 08 017175 3 238~~ISBN 0 08 017801 4 369~~ $12.50 €5.40 1974 89 illus $12.00 £4.80 1974 21 111us v Pergamon Press Please order from your local bookstore or rn case of ,I Fa~rv~ewPark, Elmsford, New York 10523 dlfflculty from your nearest Pergamon off~ce o P Head~nqtonH~ll Hall, Oxford OX3 OBW. Enqland Sect~onalcatalogues arc avarlablr on request D

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2A Letters The Information Professional and the Neighborhood Information Service Harvey A. Licht Contracting in Library Networks Evaline B. Neff Acquisitions in the Field of Art in the Library of Congress Renata V. Shaw A Model for Continuing Education for Special Librarians Artemis Gargal Kirk A Model for Continuing Education: A Five Year Plan Jan Eileen Van Wy k Evaluation of Excerpta Medica On-Line James R. Powell, Jr. The Cape Cod Canal Special Collection Richard D. Poisson A Union List of Books James H. Schwartz on Toxicology Helen D. Swanson SLA News 1976 SLA Annual Meeting Jun 9, 1976 163 SLA Denver Conference Invitation 164 Chapters & Divisions 166

Vistas Washington Letter 169 Reviews 173 Have You Heard? 170 Coming Events 172 Pubs 178

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Editor: JANETD. BAILEY Assistant Editor: NANCYVIGGIANO Advertising Sales: JOHN ROCK Circulation: FREDERICKBAUM Special Libraries is published by Special Libraries Association, 235 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. 10003. e 1976 by Special Libraries Association. Monthly except double issue for May/June. Annual index in December issue. Material protected by this copyright may be photocopied for the noncommercial purpose of scholarship or research. Second class postage paid at New York, N.Y., and at additional mailing offices. New & Expanded Edition GUIDE TO SPECIAL ISSUES AND INDEXES OF PERIODICALS, 2d ed. Charlotte Devers, Doris B. Katz, Mary M. Regan, eds.

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Box 67, Whitinsville, MA 01588 I I want a one-year subscription at $10. I 0 I want a two-year subscription at $18. I I want a three-year subscription at $26. I I Name I I Institution I Address I ------city/state/zip 1 The differences between managers in libraries and library administrators (managers Arutrahn Maps of libraries) are of a magnitude sufficient to in- validate many of Waller's conclusions. Mana- I am disappointed at the sparse coverage gers in libraries may display "anxiety" syn- given to New Zealand map collections in Mar- dromes, but the same actions by library garet U. Ross's article Map coNections in administrators are most likely to be "in- India. Australia and New Zealand: An solence" or "arrogance" syndromes. "It is so Overview, in Special Libraries 66 (no. I): 32-36 because I say it is so and I am the Director of (Jan 1975). I realise that the writer was limited Library Services" is a panacea commonly by time and therefore did not visit all the offered to subordinates as an explanation collections listed in Appendix B. whenever the library administration exhibits The two most important collections in New one or more of Waller's fifteen warning signs. Zealand are not even listed: the map collection This type of administrative behavior is, I think, of the National Library of New Zealand and inherent in the scheme of the system of organi- that of the National Archives of New Zealand. zation presented by Waller and any con- Both are national collections which reflect the sideration of library management must nation's mapping history since its discovery to differentiate between managers in libraries and the present day. The collections are primarily managers of libraries. historical and are national collections which "Anxiety" syndromes can be controlled and complement each other. The writer has also tolerated by a considerate and concerned li- overlooked the Hocken Library, Dunedin with brary administration. If the fault is in in- its important collections covering the former competent or arrogant library administrators, provinces of Otago and Southland. the management profile is poor throughout the A further large collection of manuscript organization. And it is seldom due to anxiety, survey plans and maps are kept in the Dept. of but to administrative insolence habituated in Land & Survey's branch offices throughout the bureaucracy. country. This collection contains a vast amount Gerald Johns of historical material. Malcolm A. Love Library I hope that any map specialists visiting New San Diego State University Zealand in the future will keep these collec- San Diego, Calif. 92182 tions in mind. P. L. Barton Alexander Turnbull Library Wellington, New Zealand FAST SERVICE The View from Another Angle CASSETTES I should like to make a few comments about Simply administered. S timu- Salvador Waller's article [Libraries, Mana- lates interest in the library. gers, and People. Special Libraries 66 (no. Typical Subscribers: Scott Paper 9):4 11-4 15 (Sep l975)]. Company and Rohn 8 Haas When management is written about there Company. always seems to be the assumption or implication (even by Mr. Waller) that functions HUNDREDS of TAPES on: of management, if recognized, are being performed and, consequently, are being done Management, Sales, well. This is scarcely the case. However, Marketing, Insurance, Waller's definition of the system of organiza- Motivation, Real Estate, tion is succinct, basic, perhaps classic, and is General Business 8 Others. the reality in most organizations, especially large ones, despite claims of "innovative" or SOURCES: Fortune, Nation's Business, "participative" management. George Odiorne, Joe Batten, Addison A real difficulty in writing about library Wesley, Earl Nightingale, Advanced Man- management is in the attempt to make it all agement Research, and others. encompassing; to fail to recognize adminis- WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG R 2 tration as a different part of management; to pretend that all managers are administrators TAPE RENTAL LIBRARY INC. and all administrators are managers. This is 2031 Hemlock Road, Norristown, Pa. 19401 seldom true. New and Forthcoming Journals

ALTERNATIVES A Journal tor World Policy Ed~tor:R. Kothar~,New Delhi 1976: Vol. 2 in 4 issues Subscridions: Institutes: US $39.95/Dfl. 100.00; Personal: US $17.25/Dfl. 43.00, including postage The main purpose of this journal is to promote wide ranging discussion and debate on the future of the world from the perspective of a set of values. The Journal will be normactive and policy oriented and not merely confined to presentation of empirical findings. The perspective of the Journal will not be confined to foreign or domestic policies of individual nations, but will deal with issues that are global, and with problems and policies which have worldwide relevance. JOURNAL OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY Editor: R. Vaughan, Hull 1976: Vol. 2 in 4 issues Subscriptions: Institutes: US $34.95/DfI. 87.00; Personal: US $13.95/Dfl. 35.00, including postage This new quarterly Journal will be devoted exclusively to the history of Europe in the middle ages so that recent continental work on medieval history will be better known and more accessible in Britain and North America. JOURNAL OF MONETARY ECONOMICS Editor: K. Brunner, Rochester 1976: Vol. 2 in 4 issues Subscriptions: Institutes: US $46.95/Dfl. 117.00; Personal: US $15.95/Dfl. 40.00, including postage The Journal of Monetary Economics intends to provide a specialized forum for the publication of research in this field. An experienced group of editors will ensure the scholary quality of the new journal. Thestrong interest in monetary analysis has been increasingly matched in recent years by the growing attention to the working and structure of financial institutions. The role of various institutional arrangements, the consequences of specific changes in banking structure and the welfare aspects of structural policies have attracted an increasing interest in the profession. We also note lastly the growing attention to the operation of credit markets and to various aspects in the behavior of rates of return on assets.

POETICS International Review for the Theory of Literature Editor: T.A. van Dijk, Amsterdam 1976: Vol. 5 in 4 issues Subscriptions: Institutes: US $32.95/Dfl. 82.00; Personal: US $15.95/Dfl. 40.00, including postage POETICS, founded in 1971 to create an international forum for theoretical research on literature, publishes not only advanced research but also systematic introductions into important topics and domains of theoretical poetics. As from Volume IV the journal is publishes by North-Holland Publishing Company. Specimen copies of the above-mentioned journals are available upon request from the Publisher. NORTH-HOLLAND PUBLISHING COMPANY P.O. Box 211, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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111111111111111111111111 NO RISK, I 1 I Mail to: Canadian Newspaper Services International Ltd. sL I MONEY BACK 96 Eglinton Avenue East, I Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4P lC5 OFFER. EXAMINE I I 1 Gentlemen: I FREE FOR Please ship volume(s) of The Blue Book of Canadian 1 Business 1976 at the pre-publication price of $39.50 each. I under- 1 10 DAYS! ) stand that I may examine it for 10 days and if not totally satisfied, 1 1 I may return it for complete credit or refund. I Special pre-publication Payment enclosed Bill me later offer - Save 20% 1 (Shipping and handling 0(Shipping and handling I charges prepaid) charges additional) For limited time only I 1 I- I 1 Library Name - I I I $39"(REG,$49.50, -, Address I I CityITown StateZip- 1 Name ____- Position held I NO LIBRARY SHOULD I BE WITHOUT IT! i~~~~~~~~~~~-m--=~m~~~~~~~Signature I The Information Professional and the Neighborhood Information Service Harvey A. Licht Syracuse University School of Information Studies, Syracuse, N.Y. I3210

sponsored by the Bureau of Libraries and The neighborhood information service Learning Resources is a good example of (NIS) is a relatively new social service these efforts (I). Most of the discussion in which could benefit from the experience of library literature has focused upon the the information profession. Several ser- need for public libraries to expand in this vice models of the NIS are described. Pos- direction and upon the types of service they should provide. A more interesting sible roles of information specialists in the question has been overlooked. No em- planning and organization of NIS centers phasis has been given to the role of the in- are outlined. formation specialist with those NIS centers not sponsored by public libraries. The NIS is a hybrid service. To be effective it needs the cooperative efforts of INCREASINGLY, information services several professions. There is a distinct are being provided by other than the tradi- need for the participation of information tional information outlets. The neighbor- specialists. In this article the nature of hood information service (NIS) is a recent NIS will be described. In addition, the na- example of this trend. A special service ture of the information provided by the aimed at the general public, the NIS has NIS will be discussed. My aim is to create been developed and put to work by the some understanding of the information social services profession. Its objective is profession's potential role in the planning, to assist individuals who need help in their operation and development of NIS personal problem-solving. Information centers. provision, i.e., responding to inquiries and supplying useful information, is the core activity of the NIS; yet it is by no means NIS Models the only one. Different service models Various social services exist which can have included a variety of activities sel- help people solve many of their problems; dom offered by agencies dealing in in- however, the existence of services is no formation exclusively. guarantee that people in need are able to Public libraries, in efforts to expand use them. There are several types of bar- their services into the community, have riers which can hinder problem-solving by explored the establishment of centers individuals. In an analysis conducted for similar in concept to the NIS. The Neigh- the American Rehabilitation Foundation a borhood Information Centers Project variety of these are reviewed (2). In general they fall into two categories: informa- Harvey A. Licht was a student at Syracuse tion barriers and information-utilization University. barriers. People in need of social services also that nearly three-quarters of the centers need information. They need to know what contacted placed a great emphasis on services are available and how to go about I&R (4). The service has become so getting them. This service-related in- widespread that the United Way has formation is not readily available to the released standards for its operation (5). general public, and finding it can be quite a Long (6) identified 5 activities com- complicated task. monly associated with an I&R service: In most localities the social service Resource File-Centers establish system is composed of a large number of and maintain an indexed file of service-re- independent agencies. Different services lated information. are provided in different places by Information Provision-Centers different people with little knowledge of provide relevant service-related informa- what goes on outside their own agency or tion to inquirers. field of practice. There is no one place Referral-Where necessary center where people can obtain information staff actually make contact with a service about these different services. What in- agency and set up an appointment for an formation exists is usually scattered inquirer. among a number of different agencies. An Follow-uwAfter referrals are made agency which centralizes service-related the center stiff contacts both inquirer and information and makes it available to the public could increase the accessibility of agency to ensure that the referral was ap- propriat e. available services by reducing information barriers. This is the main rationale un- 0 Escort-In situations where it seems derlying the NIS. appropriate, clients may be escorted by Information-utilization barriers are center staff through the intake process at somewhat less evident. In some situations other service agencies. an individual knows what is available yet is The first two activities mentioned by unable to gain access to these services. Long are aimed directly at overcoming in- Often additional factors prevent utiliza- formation barriers; the other three are tion of that information. Barr has de- designed to maximize effective utilization scribed several possible utilization bar- of information. riers (3).Some of them are connected with Another NIS model is based upon the the individual. For example, an individual British Citizen's Advice Bureau. Kahn may be reluctant to ask for help, or may described this model in a study done for have difficulty expressing the need. Others the Columbia School of Social Work (7). are connected with the institutional nature The model is similar to the I&R model, of social services. Given the reality of but includes some additional activities agencies with limited budgets admin- which clearly distinguish it: istered by overworked staffs, there are a Advice-In some cases individuals number of things which can stand in the want more than information about what way of adequate service delivery. Occa- options exist for them. Some people want sionally individuals are mistakenly denied other opinions about what would be the service to which they are entitled. best choice. In cases like this center staff Several different NIS models have been can provide informed opinions (7, p. 113). developed with the idea of minimizing the Case Advocacy-This is a two part information and information-utilization service for individuals who have wrong- barriers to service access. One of the fully been denied proper service at other more familiar models is that of the in- agencies. First, information is provided formation and referral (I&R) service. concerning client rights and appeal During the last decade the I&R service procedures. Next, where circumstances has become a rather im~ortantcom- warrant it, an escort accompanies a client ponent of many agencies. In one nation- through reapplication or appeal processes wide study of multi-service neighborhood to provide support or act as an advocate centers released in 1972, it was reported on behalf of the client (7, p. 116). The two models described above are the means of solving a problem determines predominant ones in use today. To a large the type of information that person needs. extent even the newer library based For the purposes of this article 3 types centers derive from them. Yet as models of information needed by problem-solvers they have some notable shortcomings. Al- will be identified. This typology is based though both have well developed service upon three basic questions: What can I do components aimed at information-utiliza- to attack my problem? Who can help me? tion barriers, the components aimed at or- How do I go about securing a specific type ganizing and providing information are of help? These are the types of inquiries poorly defined. The models are based commonly asked of an NIS center. Each upon rather simple ideas of people's in- one reflects a different level of familiarity formation needs and the services neces- with the means of solving a problem. The sary to address them. It is in this area that answers to these questions help to distin- the information profession can make a guish 3 distinct information categories. contribution. Answers to the first question would fall There is a discrepancy between the in- into the category called "action-planning formation needs recognized in the two information." This is the most general basic models and the needs actually met type of information, and it is the first type by NIS centers. The model described by needed by someone who is completely un- Long recognizes the need for providing familiar with possible solutions. This type service-related information. Kahn goes of information is provided in different further and includes the need for advocacy degrees by many NIS centers, but it is not information. Some NIS centers, recogniz- recognized by Kahn or Long. ing an even greater need, provide an addi- Answers to the second question com- tional kind of information. prise the category of "resource-availability information." This type of informa- Information Provision Needs of Problem- tion is needed by people who know what can be done, but are unfamiliar with the Solvers type of help available in doing it. Answers Information provision is the core to the final question comprise the category activity of the NIS. The type of informa- of "access information." This information, tion provided is based upon the agency's which would include directional informa- conception of the information needs of tion and information about application problem-solvers. The information needs of procedures, is needed by people who know the general public have been the object of what type of help they want, but are unfa- several different studies, and a number of miliar with how to gain access to it. different typologies have been developed Kahn's and Long's conceptions of in- (8). These typologies have focused upon formation are encompassed by these two the kinds of problems which people categories. perceive, and not upon the type of in- The easiest way to visualize the dif- formation needed to solve problems (9). In ferences between the 3 types of informa- this section a different kind of typology tion is to look at the case of an individual will be discussed. It is based on the who needs them all. The following case is different types of information needed at transcribed from an interview with a staff- different stages of problem-solving. person at an NIS in Massachusetts (10). Someone with a problem may need a It describes a problem handled by that number of distinct types of information. agency: Not everyone will need the same types. If a problem is a small one, with an obvious A Utilities Shut-OffCase or familiar solution, it may take little or no Request-Mrs. N. came into the center and assistance to solve it. As problems become indicated that the utilities company had shut more critical, and as solutions become off all power and gas to her apartment that more unfamiliar, the need for assistance morning. She was quite distraught since it left grows. A person's familiarity with the her unable to heat the house, cook for her children, or keep food in the refrigerator. She dent that she had a good idea of how to get wanted to know what she could do. them, we emphasized the fact that we could assist her $gain if she ran into any further The request, as first presented in this difficulty in solving her problem. case, is for information at the most gen- Although NIS centers provide a whole eral level. It is a request for action-plan- range of information, their resource files ning information. In many cases a request cover only a part of the information pro- will be for information of a different type. vided. The standards for I&R centers es- It is a matter for question negotiation to tablished by the United Way specify only determine if the initial request cor- that centers should keep files of service- responds to the actual needs of the in- related information. These files contain quirer. This case was chosen specifically only 10 data elements in the record of because it avoids this complication. each service agency: legal name, address Nevertheless, it should be recognized that and telephone number; services provided; the question negotiation process is as rele- eligibility; application procedures; cost of vant here as in a traditional library envi- services; length of time on waiting list, if ronment. any; area of service; branch offices, ad- Action-Planning Information-After talking dresses and telephone numbers; intake with her for a little while to get more specifics worker name; administrator name (5, p. on the problem and to reassure her, we sug- 5-6). Many types of access information, gested a number of possible courses of action. including advocacy information, are The possibilities fell into four areas of activity: seldom provided in the files. Action-plan- I) securing immediate adequate shelter, 2) ning information is almost never included. checking the legality of the shut-off under state The lack of adequate back-up for informa- shut-off regulations, 3) securing assistance in tion provision could limit the effectiveness payment of arrears, and 4) preventing reoccur- rence of the problem in the future. of the centers, placing reliance on the knowledge stores of a few staff members. At this point the staff has indicated some This is one of the areas in which contribu- feasible means of solving the various parts tions by information specialists could be of the problem. The next step is to provide useful. information concerning what sort of assistance is available for the possible activities. The Role of the Information Professional Information specialists have a lot to Resource-Availability Information-M rs. N. indicated that she was presently receiving offer social service agencies. They have some assistance from the Welfare Depart- the unique ability to compile and organize ment. We talked with her to find out what an information base and establish a cost- assistance she was already receiving. Next we effective access system tailored to the discussed some additional sources of assistance needs of a particular group of users. In ad- for which she would be eligible. We identified dition, no other profession has the ability several agencies which could help her with her to recognize and analyze the precise func- problem-solving: 1) the Salvation Army could tion of information within an agency's provide emergency shelter, 2) the local Legal operation, or the ability to train others to Services agency could check on the legality of be "information-oriented." the shut-off, 3) the Welfare Department makes allowance for a once-a-year payment of ar- Training NZS Staff Question negotia- rears, 4) additional financial assistance is tion is as important for the NIS center as available from the local church relief fund, it is at the reference desk. Information budgeting assistance is available from the local specialists could help in the training of extension agency, and a local food-buying club center staff-persons in the techniques of can help to reduce her living expenses. question negotiation. Equally as impor- Access Information-We provided Mrs. N. tant, information specialists can help staff with descriptions of the application procedures persons become information-oriented, for most of the services we had talked about. recognizing the particular needs of the After explaining them so that we were confi- center, as well as its clients. Documentation. Information specialists of different agencies, as in a shared can work with members of the social cataloging system. A similar type of effort service profession in recording and or- could be established for the NIS. From a ganizing files which would more readily practical point of view, it might be more reflect the information actually provided effective to have different agency staffs by the NIS centers. This would broaden construct in-depth files in their areas of the accessibility of the center's informa- specialization. Each specialized file would tion base, reducing the center's de- cover part of the total social service pendence upon the knowledge of certain system, with the total file being the cu- key members of the staff who are "in-the- mulation of the different specialized files. know." It would also increase each staff The information specialist can make an member's ability to work with a wide important contribution by applying mod- range of problems. Kochen has discussed els of interlibrary cooperation to the in- the ability of NIS staff members to work formation components of the social without documented aids in answering service system. routine requests (11). Expanded files could NIS Center Extension. People take enhance the staffs ability to provide in- their problems to many places, ofttimes formation effectively for non-routine prob- the wrong places for their particular problems. lems. The question of how to get people File Organization. Quite a few com- with problems to the proper agency from munity resource files and directories have the point of first contact is an important been constructed by social service one facing the social service system. The agencies. In many of these only a limited fact that a number of NIS centers exist type of access has been provided. Poor or- will not ensure that people will use them ganization has limited the useability of any more than the existence of other these files. Many have limited subject ac- services will guarantee their use. New cess, such as arrangement by broad cate- points of contact with the system need to gories of service, and only a small per- be established. centage have subject indexes. Next to There are quite a few people in a posi- none have access by eligibility criteria. tion to help others who cannot do so as a The potential value of an information spe- direct result of limited information. The cialist's skills in this area should be police are a good case in point. Although a evident. large percentage of police work involves Setting up resource files can do more non-criminal matters, such as family than just increase access to a single file. disputes, few police forces have the in- Kochen, in his work for the North Phil- formation needed to channel problems en- adelphia Model Cities Information countered into the social service system. Center, integrated the resource files of 35 This is certainly the sort of information different existing agencies (11). Informa- barrier which could be reduced by ex- tion sharing of this type can increase the tended information services. cooperation of otherwise in,dependent The aim of extending services is to agencies. An information specialist can expand the number of people who can enhance the coordination of social services provide basic helping information to those by helping to establish shared information in need of it. People involved in such work bases. would become de facto NIS center out- Interagency Information Networks. posts. They would direct people to local Conceptions of the NIS usually carry with NIS centers, or in some cases make direct them the underlying assumption that a referrals to some other agencies. single agency staff will put together the To make the outpost system work, par- resource files covering the whole social ticipants would need a particular kind of service system. In some places this could support. Specialized directories could be be a mammoth undertaking, particularly constructed from sections of the NIS files in large cities. In a library situation such for use by those who routinely encounter an effort would be split among a number certain kinds of problems, such as doc- tors, clergy, police, or even bartenders. sonal Helping. Edited by J. Fischer. Training in the use of these directories Springfield, Ill., Charles C. Thomas, 1973. could also be provided. Needless to say, p. 6 18-620. both the construction of directories and 4. O'Donnell, E. J. and 0. M. Reid / The the instruction in their use could best be Multiservice Neighborhood Center. WeCfare in Review 10 (no. 3):2 (1972). done by information specialists. 5. United Way of America / National Stan- dards for Information and Referral Conclusion Services. Alexandria, Va., United Way, 1973. The NIS has developed into a well de- 6. Long, N. / Information and Referral fined service which is of growing im- Services: A Short History and Some portance to the general public. It has, Recommendations. Social Service Review however, several shortcomings which limit 4754 (1973). its effectiveness. The information profes- 7. Kahn, A. J., et al. / Neighborhood In- sion is uniquely suited to helping NIS formation Centers: A Study and Some centers overcome these problems. Proposals. New York, Columbia Involvement with NIS centers should University School of Social Work, 1966. emphasize that information provision is 8. Task Force on Information and Informa- tion Needs. An Introduction to Informa- not the only activity of importance in put- tion and Information Needs: Comments ting knowledge to work. Services such as and Readings. Syracuse, Center for the the NIS, where different professions can Study of Information and Education, 1973. cooperate, can be the training grounds for 9. A notable exception is: the interdisciplinary partnerships of the Bundy, M. L. / Urban Information. Li- future. It will be these partnerships which brary Journal:161 (Jan 15, 1972). will provide us our greatest opportunities. 10. Personal interview with Helene Estrada, director of Athol People's Action, Jan 3, 1975. Literature Cited I I. Kochen, M. / Directory Design for Net- I. Turick, D. A. / The Neighborhood In- works of Information and Referral formation Center. In Bowker Annual of Centers. Library.Quarterly:63 (Jan 1972). Library and Book Trade Information. 19th ed. New York, Bowker, 1974. p. 113-1 16. 2. American Rehabilitation Foundation, In- stitute for Interdisciplinary Studies / In- formation and Referral Centers: A Func- tional Analysis. Washington, D.C., US. Received for review Jul 31, 1975. Manu- Department of Health, Education, and script accepted for publication Sep 2. Welfare, Social and Rehabilitation Service, Administration on Aging, 1972. 1975. Presented Apr 12, 1975, to the DHEW Publication No. (SRS) 72-20235. Upstate New York Chapter of SLA. It p. 24-25 wm developed during a course taught by 3. Barr, S. / The Social Agency as a Marta Dosa at the School of Information Disseminator of Information. In Interper- Studies, Syracuse University. Contracting in Library Networks Evaline B. Neff Rochester Regional Research Library Council, Rochester, N.Y. 14614

A network of 49 public, academic, and The network is a regional facet of New special libraries supplies a variety of York State's 3Rs (Reference and Re- services through contractual arrange- search Resources) program. Funding ments within its own membership and out- comes from state aid, membership fees, side of it. These services are described. and service fees.

CONTRACTS are a convenient and for- Delivery. This service requires three malized means of providing more and bet- separate contracts with three public li- ter library services to the users of any one brary systems. Under the terms of the library in a network of libraries. They are contract with the largest of the three, the a vehicle for spelling out reciprocal obliga- Monroe County Library System, we tions in a resource and labor sharing situa- furnish a delivery vehicle, pay the wages of tion such as a network; they lend a legally a driver, share the cost of a back-up driver binding framework to the details of an with the library system, cover employee agreement. The Rochester Regional Re- fringe benefits, uniforms, fuel, oil, in- search Library Council has no library of surance, maintenance and repair on the its own: the only library materials it owns vehicle and 10% overhead, at an annual are some l I0 16mm film titles. Through cost of $l8,OOO. contracts, the council, which is a network In the other two counties, the public li- of 49 public, academic, and special library systems provide the vehicle and the braries, makes arrangements for driver and charge us on a per-stop per- resources to be made more widely availa- week basis. Present charges are $6.00 per- ble within the Rochester, N.Y., stop for service three days a week in one metropolitan area-a 3,000 square mile county, and four days in the other. De- region covering five counties. The livery costs are shared by the members contracts fall into three groupings: those receiving the service. The academic li- within the council's membership, those braries pay 55% of the annual per-stop with contractors outside the network's cost, corporate libraries pay 100%. The membership, and those in which the total cost for delivery in fiscal 1974-75 council itself acts as a contractor. I will was $20,447. Income from delivery fees describe each contract briefly then explain for the period was $6,101, leaving a net how each benefits special libraries. cost of $14,346 to be absorbed by the Membership Services council's budget. Interlibrary Loan. This service is pro- Services offered through contracts vided by reimbursal to the two largest li- within the membership vary. They include brary systems: the Monroe County Li- the following. brary System and the University of MARCH1976 Rochester Libraries. Our agreement with OCLC rate, as is the purchase price of the the public library system is to pay for the terminal. Advisory services and training labor involved in processing requests from are provided by SUNY at the rate of $25 academic and special libraries at the per terminal per month. The council is present rate of $1.30 per transaction. responsible for communication costs, Photocopying charges are paid by the telephone equipment and start up costs. recipient library. Our payments to the The contract documents include a ter- public library were $6,932 for 197475. minal service agreement between OCLC The University of Rochester is reim- and the council. Costs for the first year bursed for service to area libraries under 1974-75 were budgeted at $15,000. the terms of a contract between itself and Union List of Serials. The council has the State Education Department. Rates published the third edition of our union list are $1.00 per title searched and $3.00 per of serials. All three projects were carried title supplied; payments include an annual out in the same way, through a contract participation grant of $3,300. That cost between the council and the SUNY was $60,857 for 197475. Central Computer services, for the Media Center and Film Collection. A production of a camera-ready copy show- contract between the council and one of its ing the region's holdings in union list form. member institutions, the State University The contract enumerates the libraries College at Brockport, furnishes a film lo- whose holdings are listed, requires SUNY cator service as a first step in providing re- to provide procedural instruction and gional media services. It makes available a checklists to all participating libraries. It collection of 16mm films, a full time audio- defines the scope and format, and style of visual technician who books films, com- entry, output standards, deadline dates piles filmographies, locates information on for the council to provide input from all li- hard-to-find films, and orders films for braries, and for SUNY to deliver camera- preview and purchase. Furnishings, equip- ready copy. The cost contracted for in ment, and films are purchased and owned 197475 was $6,600 for listing the holdings by the council; the service is based at the of 40 libraries, approximately 3 1,000 college's media center because it is the titles. largest and the best equipped and staffed Teletype Service. This service provides media center in the area. Payments to the for the installation and operation of six college cover the technician's salary and teletype machines with dataphone sets in fringe benefits, and operating expenses for academic libraries. A contract with the the office. The amount budgeted for RCA Service Company (Camden, N.J.) 1974-75 was $24,235. Expenditures were includes leased equipment, specifications, $22,144. To offset the cost, a $5.00 fee is installation, and maintenance agreements. charged per title booked, yielding an in- A contract with the Rochester Telephone come of $l,9 10. Company covers the equipment for the Data Access Arrangement required to Nonmember Services make the apparatus compatible with the equipment used in the New York State Services contracted for outside the interlibrary loan network. The participat- council's membership are different from ing libraries pay for their paper and tape member services. They include the follow- supplies and toll calls. The cost of this ing four. service was $5,245 for 1974-75. OCLC. In New York State OCLC is Fast Patent Copying Service. Through available through two prime contractors: a contract between the Rochester Re- the five Associated University Libraries gional Research Library Council and the and the State University of New York. Western New York 3Rs Council in The Council has a sub-contract with Buffalo, N.Y., a copying service is pro- SUNY for a terminal and on-line catalog- vided. The Western Council acts as a sup- ing with off-line production of catalog plier of copies of U.S. patents on deposit cards. Hit charges are passed on at the at the Buffalo & Erie County Public Li- brary. It receives orders by patent num- Contracts and Special Libraries ber in coupons sold by the Rochester Council to customers in the Rochester All of the contracts benefit special li- area. Western Council staff photocopy the braries, though, because of the variety of patent and mail the copy to the customer. types of libraries in this network, it is not The Rochester Council charges $1.50 per always possible to isolate special library coupon which entitles the customer to a benefits to the exclusion of the others. copy of one patent up to 50 pages long. Delivery is provided on a daily basis to $1.25 of that amount is paid to the the Research Libraries of Eastman Kodak Western Council for labor, copying and and Xerox, expediting all interlibrary postage costs. The $0.25 is used by the communications. During the calendar Rochester Council to print a brochure and year 1974, 40 special libraries initiated the multi-part coupon order form, and for 21,553 requests for interlibrary loans and advertising. This program is self-support- photocopies; 85% of those requests were ing through the sale of some 4,000 filled. These items came not only from coupons each year, yielding an income of Rochester area libraries but also from the $6,000. nine major research libraries in New York State which also have contracts with the Rochester Council Contracts State Education Department to supply re- Services for which the council acts as a search level materials to the entire state. contractor are limited. The Rochester regional interlibrary loan State Aid. The council has a contract, network is linked to the statewide net- renewed annually, with the State Educa- work. tion Department to implement the Special libraries make minimal use of program for improvement of reference the films and the American Chemical So- and research library service in the five ciety's Chemical Abstracts slide-tape county area. In consideration for such program. During the center's first year, services the state agreed to pay the sum of 1974, 4 films were booked for 4 special li- $92,000 in 1974-75, by far the largest por- braries from a film collection of only some tion of our income. This contract is ob- 70 titles. As the film collection grows and viously the crucial one of the lot. becomes more diversified, it is expected to Literature Search Service. The first be more useful to more libraries. step in providing technical and business in- The union list of serials is by far the formation services to those organizations most useful publication to the special li- and individuals who need them is the braries. This was proven when trying to literature search service. Lacking the raise enough money to produce the first funds to set up a staffed service, we edition in 1969. The council did not have initiated the project by coordinating a quite enough, therefore, through company group of unemployed librarians with librarians, that modest extra amount was experience as literature searchers. These sought from industry which would make persons perform literature searches on a the project possible. They came through free-lance basis. In this case the contract with $5,800 from 6 companies. is the written instrument used to confirm Only one special library participates in the terms of the assignment between the the teletype network; this participation is customer and the searcher. No search funded by the library itself. The benefit to activities are initiated until the search that library is the capability of rapid com- request agreement has been signed by the munication with the public and academic customer, specifying the topic, search libraries similarly equipped through coun- terms, estimated cost, and confidentiality cil funding. So, in an indirect way, this spe- requirements, if any. The searcher's fee is cial library is benefited. $15 an hour, of which $1 SO is a use fee The fast patent copying service is used paid to the library the searcher has used to primarily by the corporate special li- do the work. The council provides the braries and their parent firms. Its greatest brochure advertising the service. appeal is speed: copies of U.S. patents are supplied in two or three days, versus the do we help by providing literature search- two to three week delays on orders placed ers on demand, to be paid only when with the U.S. Patent Office. When time is needed, a sort of rent-a-librarian service. of the essence, and the information needed After seven years of operation and is in an issued US. patent, the response is sixteen contracts, the council has found quick. contracting effective. The procedure is State aid is by far the ingredient most simple: the first draft of a contract should helpful to special libraries, since it makes be drawn up by the library services expert, the council's existence possible. It also who has the knowledge required to write funds the other services such as continuing the specifications for the service; then education seminars and workshops, the schedule a conference with legal counsel translation service, and the gifts and ex- to brief him so that he understands the change program. During 1974-75 our details of the agreement. The attorney total income was $124,780, $92,000 of then completes the instrument to insure which was state aid. The rest was from maximum protection for the library orga- membership and service fees, and one nization and to make the document legally scant federal grant of $4,000. binding. The literature search service benefits special libraries and their users, as well as would-be users of special libraries, if they had one they could use. Many organiza- Received for review May 27, 1975. Manu- tions have frozen positions, many small or- script accepted for publication Sep 3, ganizations have no library service at all, 1975. Paper presented Jun 11, 1975, at a yet persons associated with them have in- Documentation Division panel discussion formation needs which can be satisfied by during the SLA Annual Conference in an on-demand information service. Thus Chicago. Acquisitions in the Field of Art in the Library of Congress Renata V. Shaw Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540

Nonbook Collections Acquisitions activities are discussed as A 1909 bequest by Mrs. Gertrude Hub- these pertain to the field of art in the Li- bard allows the Library of Congress to brary of Congress. The goals of the Li- add older fine prints to the collections in brary, the methods of acquisition, and the the Prints and Photographs Division. The funding of the program are described. Pennell Fund of 1936 is used for the purchase of prints created in the last 100 years by artists of all nationalities. At present, contemporary prints are selected from the National Exhibition of Prints, a THE Library of Congress is an active biennial started in 1941 by the Library of participant in the field of visual arts. It not Congress. Other prints are chosen by the only collects monographs and periodicals Pennell Committee from works recom- but also fine prints and historical prints, mended by the staff, noticed in exhibitions master photographs and documentary and galleries by the committee members, photographs, architectural drawings and or submitted by artists or dealers. original cartoons, posters, music covers, Historical prints were first deposited at advertisements, ephemera of great the Library of Congress in 1846 when a diversity. new law entitled the library to one copy of In the field of books and serials, the Li- all U.S. copyrighted materials. The prints brary of Congress is building a compre- received-while not numerous, for the law hensive collection encompassing the most had no enforcement ~rovision-document significant contributions of the world. The historic events, popular pastimes, city holdings of art books are not equal in views long since vanished, early trans- depth for each continent. The old centers portation, and western expansion. The of European art scholarship still 1870 copyright law required that two contribute a larger share of research ma- copies of each item for which copyright terials than other areas of the world. The was sought be deposited in the Library of collections emphasize a thorough cover- Congress. This caused the historical print age of American art in order to comple- collection to expand rapidly. Historic ment the visual collections of the Prints prints, with an emphasis on American and Photographs Division and to interpret themes, are continuously added to the the American experience from the earliest collections. These are discovered in sales settlements to the present day. Publica- catalogs, offered as gifts by private tions on the graphic arts, architecture, citizens, or acquired on exchange with and photography are collected in depth institutions and dealers. because the library owns collections of sig- The photographic acquisitions in the li- nificant original work in these areas. brary fall into two major categories: master photographs and documentary Figure 1. This Russian Chapel in Fort Ross, photographs. The emphasis in the master Sonoma County, California. was built photographs is on the artistic merit of the between 1812-14 and is now owned by the image. The documentary photographs are State of California. The photograph is among acquired to record and capture a specific the records of the Historic American Build- time and place. A third function of the ings Survey, Library of Congress. photographic collections is to show the development of photography from its be- ginnings to the present. The library has particularly comprehensive collections covering the Civil War, the early years of newspaper photography, the Washington political and social scene between the two World Wars, and the depression years. With the addition of the Look collection of photographs, there exists now a picture magazine file which covers notable per- sonages and events in the past 40 years. The Prints and Photographs Division is interested in documenting in photographs, whenever possible, the same significant events which the other divisions of the library cover in manuscripts, periodicals, recordings, maps and charts, as well as books. The library's collections also contain The Historic American Buildings original cartoons. The earliest cartoons in Survey (HABS) is a significant govern- the collections describe the rising conflict ment project in the field of art history. It is between England and its American growing continuously on the basis of a tri- colonies in the prerevolutionary period. partite agreement among the American After the Revolution cartoons portray Institute of Architects, the National Park presidential contests and national strug- Service, and the Library of Congress. This gles between competing political parties. unique collection includes photographs, In addition to political cartoons and architectural measured drawings, and caricatures, the library is also building a data pages; the research materials are collection of social cartoons to interpret produced by the National Park Service, the fads and foibles of the 20th century. A but the collection is housed and preserved large collection of New Yorker magazine in the Library of Congress. It has re- covers and cartoons allows readers to corded, in the past 40 years, over 20,000 follow social trends. Many of these individual structures. The recently estab- original cartoons have reached the library lished Historic American Engineering as gifts from the cartoonists. The Library Record is an outgrowth of the earlier suc- of Congress is interested in adding signifi- cessful venture. The objective of the li- cant American editorial or social brary in preserving this architectural cartoonists' work to its collections. Pic- documentation is to provide accurate in- ture searchers know that a cartoon fre- formation to architects in restoration quently succeeds in pinpointing a cornpli- work, to advise laymen in their preserva- cated historical event which would take tion efforts, and to foster general aware- several pages to explain in words. ness in the field of historical study and res- Posters serve visual documentation in a toration of significant buildings. In addi- fashion similar to cartoons and carica- tion to the HABS, the division has in its tures. The poster collection in the Prints custody original drawings by notable ar- and Photographs Division is international chitects, and other items of primary docu- in scope, consisting of over 60,000 items. mentary significance in this field. It is expanding rapidly through international exchanges.., with similar collections in publications for US. copyright when they other countries, through gifts and govern- desire commercial protection in this ment transfers, and by purchase of signifi- country. cant rarities. Although the Copyright Office registers Posters have been recognized as valua- a major part of U.S. publications, recom- ble historical documents because they mending officers still must be alert for reflect the ideology and social preoccupa- U.S. publications from limited edition tions of a nation. Posters are popular as publishers or from learned societies in full-page book illustrations in modern order to obtain art annuals, guides, and publications using color plates because art sales catalogs which may never reach they are revealing social documents. the Copy right Office. Music covers, pictorial advertisements, Art exhibition catalogs, important tools stone rubbings, and product labels are ad- for art research, are an example of ma- ditional sources for visual material. These terial that is not always registered for have been copyrighted since the 19th copyright. To fill this gap, efforts are century, and have been preserved and made by the Processing Department's classified in the Prints and Photographs Cataloging in Publication (CIP) Office to Division. enroll 80 of the largest United States mu- Thus, the library increases its art hold- seums in the CIP program. When CIP ings through copyright deposits, exchange information appears in future exhibition agreements, gifts, and purchases. By ap- catalogs, these entries will reach a wide proaching new acquisitions from many audience of proofsheet and MARC tape different points of access, recommending subscribers. This will enable libraries to librarians attempt to keep informed about track down formerly hard-to-collect new publications from around the world. catalogs. The Library of Congress receives gift copies of publications carry- ing CIP information for its collections, by Copyright Acquisitions agreement with participating publishers. American trade publications in the field of art generally reach the library through copyright deposit. Books and periodicals Domestic and Foreign Exchange are registered for copyright and chosen Domestic exchange of art monographs for the Library of Congress by a book se- is not an important acquisitions source lection specialist. since most American publications are The Prints and Photographs Division of received by copyright. There exist, the Library of Congress receives from the however, many exchange agreements Copyright Office a few artists' copyright between the Library of Congress and entries. The majority of items listed in other institutions or dealers interested in Works of Art, Reproductions of Works of historical prints, posters, photographs, Art, Scientific and Technical Drawings; and fine prints. The library continuously Photographic Works. Prints and Pictorial weeds its duplicates setting aside possible Illustrations remain in the custody of the exchange materials for partners inter- Copyright Office. These collections ested in specific materials or subject include reproductions of syndicated comic fields. Exchange partners visit the library, strips, designs for jewelry, greeting cards study the materials, and choose items and commemorative plates, textile pat- suitable for their collections. When the li- terns, and architectural renderings. Copy- brary has chosen items of identical value right entires of 1976 can be used by future from the dealers, the exchange takes social historians to study popular culture place. and applied arts of the period. A The international exchange of art representative selection of typical pat- publications is an important acquisitions terns and designs will be preserved to tool. National museums, large univer- document the life of our times. In many sities, and learned societies maintain cases foreign publishers register art continuous exchange relationships with the library. Sources range from the Royal Blanket order dealers follow detailed Swedish Academy Library to the Tokyo instructions from the Library of Congress Institute of Art Research. A continuous to guide them in their book selections. If a flow of exchange lists passes between the publication exceeds the established price Library of Congress and its far-flung ex- limit, the dealer sends a prospectus for the change partners. The international ex- book to the library and the decision for change of posters is another active purchase is made by a specialist in the program in the Library of Congress. field. Subscriptions to scholarly periodical Gifts publications and standing orders for reference books and monographic series of Currently the Library of Congress worldwide surveys absorb an even greater receives relatively few expensive art pub- percentage of available funds every year. lications as gifts. During more prosperous Scholarly serials in the art field continue times the library received many art pe- to proliferate. New ones are born while riodicals as gifts from publishers. With the old ones are forced to cease publication. A increase in publishing costs and steeply recent Library of Congress order list in- rising mailing charges, the library has cluded 45 Italian art serial titles and three been forced to subscribe to most of the pe- times as many West German titles. riodicals it used to receive free of charge. In art research as well as in other The library accepts gifts which comple- scholarly fields new trends and discoveries ment its present collections and fill gaps in are first discussed in periodicals. Usually a the pictorial documentation of American cluster of articles prompted by some sig- life. The vast collections of portraits and nificant event*, such as the exhibition of views of the American scene and life in archaeological finds of the People's Re- America are augmented yearly by gifts public of China, is published during a peak from private citizens, historians, and period of interest. It is at this point that collectors. Such diverse media as stereo- results of newly generated research work graphic views, woodcuts, and advertising has to be recognized and acquired. Several art all contribute some added feature to years pass before scholarly research the already rich Americana files. Gifts reaches the book stage and moves from from cartoonists, printmakers, and the specialized art publications to the photographers, to preserve their work and popular book market. to increase the holdings of the library, are Although it does not provide subscrip- always welcomed, although the provisions tions to serials, the shared cataloging of the 1969 tax law revisions have made aspect of the National Program for Acqui- such giving less attractive for the creator sitions and Cataloging, which in 1976 than it was once. encompasses 33 countries with national In 1974 Milton Kaplan established a gift fund for the purchase of historical prints relating to the United States and its development. This newest gift fund comple- *Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo ch'u t'u wen ments the Hubbard and Pennell funds wu chan Ian kung tso wei yilan hui. The exhibi- used for print purchases. tion of archaeological finds of the People's Re- public of China: [exhibition dates in the United States, National Gallery of Art, Washington, Overseas Acquisitions by Purchase Dec 13, 1974-Mar 30, 1975, the Nelson Overseas art publications are pur- Gallery-Atkins Museum, Kansas City, Mo., chased through blanket order dealers in Apr 2CbJun 8, 19751 / text provided by the Or- ganization Committee of the Exhibition of over 100 countries, through subscriptions Archaeological Finds of the People's Republic and standing orders, and as part of the of China.-[Washington: National Gallery of National Program for Acquisitions and Art, 19741 2 v.: ill. Vol. 2 has added t.p.: The Cataloging [NPAC], established under Chinese exhibition: an illustrated handlist of Title I1 of the Higher Education Act of the exhibition of archaeological finds of the 1965, and the Public Law 480 program. People's Republic of China. SPECIALLIBRARIES Figure 2. Library of Congress' Rio de Newly founded art libraries around the Janeiro staffers purchasing new Brazilian world, and old European libraries de- books from one of the many bookstores stroyed during World War 11, need pub- located in downtown Rio de Janeiro. (Library lications from the 300-year period of of Congress. Information Office.) 1500-1800 which cannot be procured except by the purchase of reprints. If reprints are published by conscientious firms, they include new prefaces which tie traditional material to new research. This additional information makes them more valuable research tools for the modern art historian. The acquisition of art publications from individual countries depends to a large extent on the accuracy of entries in national bibliographies. Among these are publications of international congresses which may meet in different countries, commercial sales catalogs, annuals of museums, non-trade publications of small art societies, and doctoral dissertations. Sometimes new and enlarged editions of bibliographies and an organized book basic reference works remain unlisted be- trade, has helped the Library of Congress cause publishers do not realize that na- and other large research libraries search tional bibliographies are primary acquisi- out and purchase monographs of research tions tools for librarians. Sometimes, also, significance. It has speeded the cataloging bibliographies are so slow in being printed of foreign monographs and the distribu- that the information reaches librarians tion of catalog cards to research libraries. when the book is no longer on the-market. These libraries continuously report for- The Library of Congress publishes ac- eign book acquisitions for which no printed cessions listst for certain countries cov- cards are available from the Library of ered by NPAC or by the PL 480 program. Congress. The Library of Congress may This latter program, which was first then purchase the books and distribute the funded in 1961, is authorized to buy pub- needed catalog cards. lications abroad with United States-owned The major European countries publish foreign currencies for the Library of the bulk of literature in the arts. But even Congress as well as other libraries in the the smaller countries and lesser known United States. Although these countries, languages provide us with publications compared to those in Europe, do not documenting their own archeological ex- publish great quantities of art books, each cavations, their ancient and medieval ar- accessions list includes publications in the chitecture, manuscript illumination, icons, field of archeology, sculpture, painting, or and national forms of applied arts. Some applied arts. Nonbook materials are also publications considered of marginal inter- received through the PL 480 program. est as recently as 30 years ago have kin- These acquisitions consist of theater, film, dled new research based on the interrela- and travel posters, picture folders of local tionship of cultures. arts and crafts, and postcards of famous Our historic interests have widened and tourist attractions. at the same time we are reaching further into the past as a foundation for present work. This has caused an avalanche of scholarly reprints to burst on the art book +Brazil, East Africa, India, Indonesia/ market to fill the gaps in the holdings of Malaysia/Singapore/Brunei, Sri Lanka, Mid- many libraries. dle East, Nepal, and Pakistan. Retrospective Acquisitions Figure 3. Books from Pakistan leave the Up to this point we have discussed pri- American Libraries Book Procurement Center marily current art acquisitions. An im- in Karachi. (Library of Congress, Information portant duty of any acquisitions specialist, Office.) however, is to be sufficiently knowledgeable about the holdings in his own field that he knows the weaknesses of his collections as well as its strengths. This forces him to study the need for retrospective acquisitions. The art book holdings of the Library of Congress consist of about 230,000 titles. It would not seem easy to discover gaps in this vast collection. Missing titles are, however, discovered daily through reader requests, bibliographic searches triggered by reference letters, advertisements sent in by publishers or sales catalogs of out-of- print dealers and auction houses. When retrospective art books are needed, special funds reserved for this purpose are used. Since these funds are never sufficiently large, priorities have to needed for reference collections and for be clearly stated and purchases justified multiple copies of frequently consulted di- by proving the scholarly importance of the rectories, biographic indexes, and annuals. needed titles. Sometimes gaps can only be Although encyclopedias and art periodi- filled by microforms. cals are registered for copyright, two Foreign doctoral dissertations in art his- available sets do not suffice to fill the tory, whether current or retrospective, needs of readers and the reference staff. are collected by the Center for Research Funds for the National Program for Ac- Libraries. The Library of Congress adds quisitions and Cataloging have been ap- these to its collections only if they are sold propriated directly to the Library of as trade publications. Because American Congress since fiscal 1971. These funds art dissertations can be found through were initially authorized by Title 11-C of Dksertation Abstracts, these are not ac- the Higher Education Act of 1965 to aid quired as separate publications, but are in- the Library of Congress in fulfilling its cluded in a large microfilm series. crucial role to the American research li- Numerous catalogs from American and brary community as the central agency foreign auction houses are circulated to for the acquisition and cataloging of recommending officers. The Library of foreign scholarly books. Congress occasionally bids on pictorial The Public Law 480 funds exist as material. The library has also bought old foreign currency credits and through and recent artist's prints and posters at congressional action are made available in auction. These purchases are not a com- specific amounts for the collection and dis- mon mode of acquisition because it is tribution of library materials from coun- seldom practical to inspect the items tries where the special foreign currency before purchase. program is in effect. The Library of Congress does not have any gift funds specifically designed for the Sources of Funds for Acquisitions purchase of art publications. The Hub- Funds for books for the general collec- bard, Pennell, and Kaplan funds are tions are obtained by direct legislative ap- intended for print purchases but may be propriations to the Library of Congress. used for books chiefly important for their These funds are used for publications illustration with original prints. The future of acquisitions in the field of Impressionism. The Freer Gallery, on the art will be determined by appropriated other hand, concentrates on Oriental art. funds, by world publication trends, by the It is thus appropriate for the Freer to ac- aggressiveness of the library's worldwide quire rare or costly publications in the efforts at locating publications, by the field of Oriental art if the Library of level of gifts, and by the interest and dedi- Congress cannot afford them or finds cation of the recommending staff. them specialized in appeal. By informal Materials too expensive or too spe- networking and regular exchange of in- cialized to fit into the Library of Congress' formation among these government li- acquisitions program are brought to the braries the available acquisitions funds attention of the National Gallery of Art or can be used to the greatest advantage for the Freer Gallery. Certain very costly re- all users of art research materials. search materials in American art will be acquired by the National Collection of Fine ArtsINational Portrait Gallery Li- brary, or by the Library of Congress, but Received for review Aug 4, 1975. not by both. Manuscript accepted for publication Aug The National Gallery of Art has 22, 1975. Presented as a Contributed Pa- particularly rich art collections dealing per Jun 1 l, 1975, during SLA's 66th An- with the Italian Renaissance and French nual Conference in Chicago.

Renata V. Shaw is bibliographic specialist, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Continuing Education as a necessity to The question is: "What can librarians maintain one's professional qualifications do to emphasize the importance of con- has become a topic of increasing im- tinuing education and to help make more portance to librarians. Many professions opportunities for such education available have long recognized the importance of to professionals everywhere?" continuing education to their fields. Myr- The two articles presented here propose iads of courses are available to the prac- models for continuing education for spe- ticing librarian. NCLIS has sponsored a cial librarians. They are published simply study which has resulted in a proposal as "food for thought." It is hoped that called CLENE-Continuing Library they will at least engender some dis- Education Network and Exchange. cussion on this timely and important topic. JDB

A Model for Continuing Education for Special Librarians Artemis Gargal Kirk Simmons College School of Library Science, Boston, Mass. 021 15

The need for continuing education for programs in this area, a model for con- special librarians, in particular, and the tinuing education for the Special Libraries opportunities currently existing for the Association through which its members implementation of individual study for can arrange an educational program to continuing education are discussed. Based suit their particular needs is proposed. on the needs that exist and the scarcity of

CONTINUINGEDUCATION, it is proposed, the author will accept what is generally agreed, implies any effort, struc- called an andragogical method of educa- tured or unstructured, on the part of an in- tion: namely, helping adults to learn-not dividual to upgrade his knowledge and ca- in a content-oriented program of study, pabilities in his field of work or study. Im- but rather, in a process-oriented program, plicit also is that to continue education which would provide "procedures and means to build upon a previously es- resources for helping learners acquire in- tablished base of learning, without a view formation, understanding, skills, at- toward termination. titudes, and values" (1). Flexibility and in- It is not the intent here to argue defini- dividuality must be the keys to any viable tion, but for purposes of the model to be continuing education model, and minimizing the importance of content for process Artemis Kirk was a student at Simmons is a beginning approach. College School of Library Science. She is now It is imperative to realize that this librarian, Hellenic College, Brookline, Mass. model will not plan curricula for the general or particular study of special li- Science has sponsored the Continuing Li- brarians; but instead, in acceptance of the brary Education Network and Exchange, andragogical method, will allow each indi- or CLENE. CLENE's study group has vidual to select a series of educational derived a model to function within a na- events for his unique needs, as he de- tional program of continuing education termines them. (7). In addition, the AALS has prepared a To ask why continuing education is im- position paper on continuing education portant to the special librarian in par- (reprinted in Special Libraries, December ticular may open the lengthy and some- 1973). times tiresome discussion of what should Nevertheless, it is ultimately the li- be added to or deleted from the basic librarian himself who will determine the brary school curriculum. Special li- course of continuing education in his life, brarians, however, need to conhue their and that he alone must assume the education for several critical reasons: responsibility for seeking it. He does, 1) Verv often a librarian becomes a however, need guidance and support, and special librarian without being "pre- in this aspect, others must contribute. The pared," in the academic sense. Continuing author accepts the notion, therefore, that education would serve as a deficiency continuing education is a responsibility filler, in this case supplementing the li- shared-by the individual librarian; by the brary school curriculum with studies organization for which he works; by the li- particularly relevant to the librarian's brary schools; and by the professional li- work. brary organizations, both national and re- 2) Those librarians who know in ad- gional (8). vance that they will be special librarians When World War I1 forced a reduction still may not have had certain courses in materials and manpower available to which would be of unquestionable use to public and private organizations, methods them; indeed, the courses themselves may were derived to utilize to the fullest extent not even be offered in library schools. The possible their existing personnel and consensus among those who have sur- resources, and to project the long-range veyed education for special librarianship is needs of the organization. This was the be- that personnel management, administra- ginning of what became known as organi- tion, automation of library procedures, zation development, or OD (9). As OD and systems analysis are the subject most evolved, there was a reciprocal emphasis uniformly needed; but few special li- upon the individual, whose skills would be brarians realize it until they are actually improved through training, and upon the on the job (2.3). organization, whose purposes would be 3) It is the nature of the fields which furthered by those improved skills. special librarians serve to change. As From OD, one can extract the principle fields advance, so too, must our knowledge that it is to the benefit of the individual to of them (4, p. 26). Librarians must see to it engage in continuing education for his own that they are not merely keepers of collec- personal and professional reasons; and it tions, but disseminators of information (5, is to the benefit of the organization to p. 731tcurrent information. sponsor and support him. The organization, then, must provide an environment conducive to learning, and must allow its Whose Responsibility Is It? personnel to apply what has been learned It has been proposed that, since con- to their jobs. It might even become the tinuing education is a national concern focus of programs to develop human among librarians, the responsibility for it resources. Naturally, a special librarian must rest with a national organization, should be given the same encouragement such as the American Library Association to pursue his education as any other or the American Association of Library professional within the organization (10). Schools (6). To this effect, the National The library schools and professional Commission for Library and Information associations must investigate the needs of member librarians and see to it that they some schools offer splendid programs, can be met, through formal or informal even more schools offer nothing at all. The work. One of Elizabeth Stone's numerous implication is that the need for continuing studies has shown that nothing will make a education has been acknowledged only librarian participate in a program of con- partially. tinuing education, unless he feels that the Every library association sponsors content will be useful to him (1 1). Avail- at least one yearly conference, with re- ability of relevant programs and educa- gional or divisional meetings held more tional resources, then, should be the frequently. The special conferences, lec- concerns of library schools and of tures, or workshops planned in addition professional organizations. are always reported through the associa- Finally, however, one returns to the in- tion's periodicals. Furthermore, all have dividual, who must motivate himself. Fa- an education committee, whose activities vorable environment and stimulating pro- are reported to a varying degree, depend- grams notwithstanding, the librarian must ing upon the strength of the group. The accept that portion of responsibility for American Library Association, for continuing education which deals with example, incorporates a Library Educa- himself. Without motivation for study and tion Division (LED) that has on occasion goals for achievement, an individual will met with other ALA divisions to attempt derive little benefit from any program, and to solve mutual problems; it has also ex- in turn will offer nothing new or advanced changed representatives with the educa- to his work. tion committee of the AALS. However, the LED newsletter is so inaccessible to Current Availability of the nonmember that it is virtually impossi- Continuing Education ble to ascertain what recommendations It can be generalized that educational for continuing education, if any, have been opportunities are readily available to the made to the ALA. persistent librarian, at every stratum of The Special Libraries Association has his professional contact. avoided the ALA accessibility problem by 0 Most employers may not have a large providing a standing committee on educa- enough staff of librarians to warrant pe- tion, and an identically structured educa- riodic in-house seminars of only library tion committee for every Chapter. Thus, interest; but they do offer training pro- the potential exists for a well-organized grams or topical conferences which ex- program of continuing education, directed plain the functions or the progress of the nationally and administered locally. organization, and which most personnel 0 The individual librarian has as his are encouraged to attend. Opportunities most immediate recourse the journals of of this nature are invaluable to the li- his professional membership, and the brarian, not only for his personal edifica- journals in his particular fields of interest, tion but especially for theimprovement in that would contribute to a self-styled service he will ultimately provide. design of unstructured learning. He can 0 Manv schools of librarv science offer read, not just to discover what might be advanced degree programs for librarian- available to him in formal work, but also ship. Other schools have programs to gain information from articles and designed specifically for their graduate li- reports. A popular concept that coincides brarians, and tailor the duration and aptly with the reading approach is the scheduling of the classes to meet alumni "backyard" or "invisible" college, in specifications. The short seminar, week- which colleagues meet to share their views long institutes, and regularly scheduled with each other. An individual may be- conferences are the offers of still other li- come knowledgeable about anything brary schools. Often the proceedings and through his private readings, but occa- papers that result are published. sionally me needs to have his opinions The lamentable feature of post-grad- reinforced or challenged by stimulating uate education, however, is that while discussion with equally well-informed people. The invisible college provides the elects to undertake; the important thing is ideal medium for the informal, yet mean- that he do something, and with consistent ingful, exchange of information. regularity. For this reason, it is suggested A foil to the approach of self-education that a file, recording the educational through the literature, however, is the im- activities of each member, be maintained possibility of reading everything which by every SLA Chapter Education Com- might be of potential interest. Moreover, mittee. It must be emphasized that the file the literature is not always consistent with is not an evaluation of the course(s) of itself, and may renege, intentionally or study that the librarian chooses; rather, it inadvertently, on the information it is a record of what things he is doing to ad- promises. vance his knowledge in his profession. This brief survey of the present-day This proposal is for the unique resources in continuing education point- consumption of the Special Libraries edly illustrates a paradox: while a great Association, because the SLA structure many educational opportunities exist inherently accommodates the proposal, across the country, very little is actually and because it is concomitantly tailored to accessible to the potential consumer, the structure. either because he is unable to determine SLA's Education Committee has as one what is going on that would be of use to major mission, to "plan Association- him; or because, once determined, he is sponsored seminars and institutes for the restricted by location, time, money, or all continuing education of those [librarians] three. There is, of course, nothing to already in the field, in cooperation with prevent a librarian from pursuing his chapter Education Committees whenever interests exclusively through his readings; feasible . . ." (12). The mission can be met but there are circumstances in everyone's only through a highly coordinated network professional career when group interac- of member librarians, Chapters and Divi- tion, even for a short duration of time, be- sions. and the Education Committee. The comes refreshing, stimulating, and thus, need to coordinate is acute, since even the necessary. For such times, which will oc- most self-motivated librarian will relin- cur at different intervals for each indi- quish his objectives if a disorganized mass vidual, a cent rally coordinated continuing of unusable information is listed at ran- education information depository ought to dom in his journals. be available, so that everyone may review The proposal divides itself among the the alternatives and plan for himself. three-level hierarchy of the Special Li- braries Association; the member librarian; The Proposal the Chapter; and the Education Commit- The term "model" has perhaps been tee. used inaccurately in this discussion, for we The member librarian. This individual offer no paradigms for continuing educa- identifies his needs and goals, and at- tion. Rather, a structure is proposed, tempts to isolate the type(s) of continuing within which any individual's self-directed education activities that will satisfy them, attempts at continuing education will at least temporarily. work. A definitive, mandatory model is The Chapter. The local Chapter to not offered for two reasons: first, because which the individual belongs will have an people's learning desires and comprehen- information specialist/consultant, whom sion rates rarely, if ever, coincide; and the librarian can approach to ascertain second, because it is impossible to assign a what resources, programs, or readings are value to the type of continuing education available to him locally to implement the one undertakes. What information one li- librarian's plans. Working for the con- brarian might learn in a semester-long sultant would be several members of the course might be learned as extensively by Chapter Education Committee, who will another in a two-week seminar. have assembled a data base of continuing Essentially, it matters little what kind education possibilities-gathered from of continuing education a special librarian local universities, library schools, chapters of other library associations, business courses, or even traveling institutes; conferences, institutes, and the through lectures via closed-circuit TV; like-which the consultant will review through commuting "group leaders" to constantly. Crucial to the data base is the stimulate the invisible colleges; through input of activities from each SLA Division whatever means the imaginations of the in the area, and from special librarians Education Committee can devise. themselves, whose places of business may The committee would assist in the offer something of interest to a prospec- preparation of a journal for continuing tive student. With a well-organized collec- education, in cooperation with the education of materials of this nature, arranged tion committees of other library associa- by subject and by place, the consultant tions. The journal will not exist solely to can offer far more opportunities from publicize continuing education events, but which to select than the librarian ever also should serve as a medium for articles could have discovered for himself. The to supplement a librarian's continuing Chapter Education Committee would education program. record the educational events of its mem- The proposal, though perhaps an ener- bers in their files, and would maintain the getic one, is not beyond the scope of possi- files until transfer to another Chapter. bility, for the structure already exists The SLA Education Committee. The within the Special Libraries Association. committee will serve as a depository of the Furthermore, other organizations have activities of each Chapter and Division, proven that the coordination of educa- which the Chapter information specialist tional programs can be accomplished. The can consult when the user's needs cannot headquarters of ASIS, for example, be met locally. It will have several other "maintains a current collection of in- more important functions, however. formation science course descriptions, It would maintain catalogs of informa- catalogs, syllabi, [etc.] concerning education on the national programs of other li- tion for information science" (14). Con- brary and professional associations, li- tinuing education is too important a brary schools, and academic institutions, responsibility for library schools and which the members of the Education associations to force solely on the indi- Committee will collect. A base this large vidual librarian. Conferences can no will require automation, or an excep- longer be relied upon to fill the void, for tionally large and well-informed staff. too many activities occur simultaneously, It would prepare and forward to and too few special librarians can now Chapters for distribution a questionnaire afford the time and money to attend. An to determine the continuing education effective program can be produced with- needs of each member librarian. A model out an unreasonable amount of difficulty, might be adapted from the excellent ques- as long as the three-level hierarchy ac- tionnaires prepared by James Kortendick cepts its share of the workload. and Elizabeth Stone (13). The nationally analyzed results will indicate the types of educational subject matter deemed de- Results sirable bv individuals. The data can also be Several long-lasting objectives can be rearrangkd to reflect the needs of par- expected from a program of continuing ticular groups, such as librarians of a education. given area, or of a certain type of library. For the individual: self-improvement, On the basis of the needs expressed in especially, preventing obsolescence (3, p. the questionnaire results, the committee 256). His ultimate objective is better would prepare and provide continuing service to his patrons. Remunerative education programs that would be avail- benefits from his employer-such as able to any special librarian, irrespective released time, tuition reimbursement, or of time or place. This can be accomplished even salary increases-may follow. through the nation-wide circuiation of For the Organization: the furthering of videotaped lectures, correspondence its goals through better service from its Figure 1. Schematic of Continuing Educa- alongside all other professions which do tion Model demand high standards and constant upgrading of their members (15). With SLA NATIONAL EDUCATION COMMITTEE I increased respect for the profession, li- DEPOSITORY QUESTIONNAIRE PROGRAM JOURNAL LENE:ATlON PLANS FOR brary schools will be more critical of their LEVEL 3 CONTINUING I ANALYSIS EDUCATION curricula and admission requirements. Li- brary associations will be more selective and evaluative of their programs. Business organizations will support and respect the educational needs of its library staff. And SLA CHAPTER EDUCATION COMMITTEES the individual librarian will not atrophy SLA DATA ED. COMMITTEE DIVISIONS.. MEMBERS' BASE COORDINATORS - -,INPUT through obsolescence, because his ED. FILES MEMBERS - - - : profession will not allow it. rOTHER SOURC&

v I ) IIIFORMATION SPECIALIST/ CONSULTANT Literature Cited 1. Knowles, Malcolm / Human Resources Development in OD ('Organization Development'). Public Administration Review 34:117 (Mar/Apr 1974). 2. Duncan, Margaret / Making the Special 3STATEMENT OF GOALS 8 NEEDS Librarian Special: The Case for Continu- ing Education. California Librarian 30: 193-194 (JuI 1969). 3. Stone, Elizabeth W. / The Role of AALS in Lifetime Learning for Librarians. Journal of Education for Librarianship employees; and the security of having an 12:254-266 (Spring 1972). intellectually satisfying environment in 4. Sloane, Margaret / SLA Chapters and Continuing Education. 'Special Libraries 58 which its employees may work. (no. 1): 2426 (Jan 1967). For the Schools of Library Science: a 5. Klempner, Irving M. / Information closer liaison with its practicing librarians Centers and Continuing Education. Spe- and their professional library organiza- cial Libraries 58 (no. 9): 729-731 (Nov tions. The library school will become 1968). aware of the actual needs of the employed 6. Stone, Elizabeth W. / A Call for the special librarian and, after investigation Continued Autonomy and Independence of and evaluative study, will determine what AALS. Journal of Education for Li- the school itself might be able to offer for brarianship 14 (Spring 1974). Calvin, continuing education, or what might even Thomas J. / AALS and LED: A Case for Merger. Journal of Education for Li- be changed in the MLS curriculum. brarianship 14 (Spring 1974). For Special Libraries Association: the 7. Model Proposed for Continuing Education. managerial, though not tutorial, objective American Libraries 6 (no. 2):83 (Feb of an educational program for all special 1975). librarians. Its goal should be, ultimately, 8. Simmons, Beatrice / Professional De- to make continuing education desirable velopment. Catholic Library World 4330 and easily accessible for every librarian, (Oct 1971). regardless of time, funds, professional 9. McCill, Michael E. / The Evolution of resources or programs. Special Libraries Organization Development 1947-1960. Association should strive to make it im- Public Administration Review 34:98 (Mar/Apr 1974). possible for a librarian to offer any excuse, 10. For a summary of how little is sometimes except indolence, for not engaging in con- afforded to librarians by their employers, tinuing education. see Hiatt, Peter / Continuing Education Finally, for the Profession: a chance for (Editorial). College and Research Li- librarianship to establish itself solidly braries 34:lll-112 (Mar 1973). A comparable study for academic li- The sentiment that librarianship as a brarians has been done by William H. profession falls short of the standards of Jesse and Ann E. Mitchell / Professional other professions is widespread throughout Staff Opportunities for Study and Re- the literature, but see especially Bundy, search. College and Research Libraries Mary Lee and Paul Wasserman / 29:87-I00 (Mar 1968). Professionalism Reconsidered. College Stone, Elizabeth / Librarians and Con- and Research Libraries 295 26 (Jan tinuing Education. Journal of Education 1968). for Librarianship 11.67 (Summer 1970). Annual Directory Issue. Special Libraries 65 (no. 9):66s (Sep 1974). Kortendick, James J. and Elizabeth W. Stone / Job Dimensions and Educational Received for review Jun 18. 1975. Manu- Needs in Librarianship. Chicago, script accepted Aug 22. 1975. Presented American Library Association, 1971, p. Jun 10, 1975, as a winning paper in the 327 ff. Business and Finance Divkion contest of American Society for Information Science / Directory of Educational Pro- student papers co-sponsored by the grams in Information Science. Suppl. Student Relations Oficer and the 1972-73. Washington, D.C., ASIS, 1972. Science - Technology Division at the SLA P [vl. Annual Conference in Chicago. A Model for Continuing Education: A Five Year Plan Jan Eileen Van Wy k Graduate Library School, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. 60637

A five year plan for continuing educa- described. An approach to the problem is tion for members of the Science- given. A review of other approaches within Technology Division of the Special Li- and without the profession, internationally braries Association is considered. The and at home, is made. The essential fea- milieu in which the problem exists is tures of a specific proposal are prescribed. --

BEFOREDECIDING ~OWto put a ~UZ- brarian's tools. Computers, microforms, zle together, it is a good idea to look at the cable television and other technologies, framework and surface you are building the approaches of communication theory, from. Before considering a plan for con- systems analysis, information science, tinuing education, the milieu in which it etc., all add to the complexity of library exists should be examined. Growth and education and work. This is a situation de- change are the ironic constants common manding both the specialist and generalist to planner's frameworks. The increase in and futuristic thinking using all the population, mobility, and educational experience in librarianship's tradition. diversity in the work force, the age and employment of minorities and women has exploded in complex intensity. Predictions Background-The Need of these trends enduring are legion (3. Turning to the historical framework, p. 3- 17). the context for the continuing education of Another familiar explosion, booming the science^-Technology Division can be away at a seemingly exponential rate, is examined in light of some general trends the growth of information, particularly in in library education. the fields of science and technology (18). Changes in library education have been The roar is reflected in more than sheer influenced both by changes in the concept numbers; the increase in specializations of education and in the concept of the and in the languages science uses creates a profession. The image of the librarian has communication thunder clearly heard by changed from the ancient priest-scholar- all information workers in this field (19, librarian to the efficient young woman p.68). This new knowledge has a twofold with sturdy shoes and a pencil in her bun implication. Not only has the bulk of to a fluctuating kaliedoscope of informa- paper increased the librarian's burdens, tion scientists and sensuous or revolting but the media of information have grown librarians (20, p. 195- 196). Library educa- more diverse and augmented the li- tion has also grown from informal ex- MARCH1976 perience in the "cathedrals of knowledge" be selected. Another way of saying this is to a multiplicity of formal and informal that the educational process must respond educational situations. The establishment to learning needs. What is the educational of Melvil Dewey's School of Library process, what significant features in it Economy at Columbia University in 1887 have been isolated in planning "The and the doctoral program of the Graduate Design of Education?" Cyril Houle (13, Library School at the University of p.47) mentions the following decision Chicago in 1926 was early recognition of points in the planning flow-of-control: 1) A the need for formal preparation at possible educational activity is identified. different levels and a special concern for 2) A decision is made to proceed. 3) Ob- advanced education (21, p.38). The recur- jectives are identified and refined. 4) A ring tension between theory and practice suitable format is designed (resources, in library education has reflected the ten- leaders, methods, schedule, sequence, sion between affective and cognitive social reinforcement, individualization, education in learning theory (1.5, p.8-9). roles and relationships, criteria or evalua- The importance of purpose; of setting tion, clarity of design). 5) The format goals and planning is a commonplace, yet is fitted into larger patterns of life crucial at this time when life-long educa- (guidance, life style, finance, interpreta- tion for the whole individual in every position). 6) The plan is put into effect. 7) The tion is a felt need. Lawrence A. Allen, in results are measured and appraised. the SLA State-of-the-Art Review no.3, (Return to 1.) Continuing Education Needs of Special These components are implicit in the Librarians said last year, decisions of an individual self-directed learner, or the designs of a large organiza- "Continuing professional education is becoming recognized not only as a force for tion. As Houle has said, "The themes . . , self-development but also as a viable means have long been central to the theory and of assisting professionals by providing them practice of education. . . . It is assumed with the changes rather than fighting them. . . . that this symmetry is to be found in the . . . Any profession not entering into a well interconnection of coexisting components, planned continuing education program for none of which is invariably more funda- its members risks extinction in this new mental nor prior in time to the others" world." (13, p.132). It is not surprising then, that But, "Just saying continuing education is many of these points occur in other important is not enough. There are a writers, if not always in the same order. whole battery of questions that must be How have librarians and other informa- explored" (7, p.201). How will this ex- tion workers considered this process? ploration be conducted, what questions Where does current research and practice must be asked, what resources are availa- stand in regard to this model? ble, how can the proposal design be imple- In the broadest sense, we do not need to mented? identify a "possible educational activity," A learning model is necessarily based for it has been thrust upon us by change. on a theory. Malcolm Knowles (15, The need for continuing education for li- p.92-121) has clearly outlined the options brarianship has been identified in the early studies and actions considered by available to the decision-maker. If theory Berelson. He refers to (2, p.208-213): is ignored, decisions are made hap- hazardly, and "you will end up with a "The major documents: Williamson, Reece, hodgepodge. You will use different Munn, Wilson, Carnovsky, Pierce, Metcalf- theories in different situations, or conflict- Russell-Osborn, Wheeler, White, Danton. ing theories for different decisions in the [He goes on to specify,] . . . the transmission of certain professional knowledge and tech- same situation. You won't know why you niques is one reason for advanced training in are doing what you are doing." If a deci- librarianship . . . The other traditional sion is going to be made, the organiza- reason is the need for a critical approach to tional assumptions must be understood so librarianship. . . . The third reason . . . stems that an appropriate theory or theories will from the growing professionalism of the profession . . . the profession was proclaim- ing the learning process. What objectives ing, through the establishment of advanced have been identified in .education for in- training, that it had reached a new state, formation workers, especially relating to that it was sufficiently important and com- the members of the Science-Technology plex and knowledgeable to support-nay, re- Division? How have these objectives been quire-a refinement and an extension of its educational program." isolated? How should they be refined? In reviewing the literature of continuing More recently, in his essay on "Continu- objectives and needs analyses, the impact ing Education for Librarians," (6, p.145) of learning theory on a determination of Kortendick has noted, significant goals becomes evident. This is "Although the ultimate responsibility for the dichotomy Allen noted (I, p.22), i.e., continuing education rests with the indi- the split between "content needs, wherein vidual, the library profession has a corporate knowledge is the primary need, and people responsibility to society to provide opportu- needs which are primarily process rather nities easily available to all librarians who than content oriented." The difference is are motivated to a lifetime of learning. As not," as Knowles puts it (15, p102-3), knowledge in every discipline advances, the "that one deals with content and the other public has a right to expect librarians to ad- does not; the difference is that the content vance with it and to supply the maximum information service in the most efficient man- model is concerned with transmitting in- ner possible. The rapidity and technical formation and skills whereas the process complexity of new knowledge and technical model is concerned with providing pro- advances soon overwhelm a librarian who cedures and resources for helping learners does not develop a continuing system of acquire information and skills." There is study ." considerable evidence to support the ap- propriateness of a process orientation to Commitment to Objectives adult education (15). This model' responds With the need for some kind of continu- to the individual within a continuum of ing education activity clearly indicated, competencies, subject backgrounds and the decision of the Science-Technology Di- motivations. vision to examine and plan for their special As early as 1964, Dr. Hitt of the Bat- needs is timely and appropriate. The suc- telle Memorial Institute made a cess of the decision-making process may preliminary report of major educational depend on some of the following gen- needs isolated in the National Science eralizations of group dynamics, "Each Foundation project, "A Study Plan for a person tends to feel committed to a deci- Survey of Science Information Manpower sion or goal to the extent that he has par- in the Fields of Engineering and the ticipated in determining it. A group is an Natural Sciences" (12, p.53). His survey effective instrument for change and of a sample of ten "management person- growth in individuals to the extent that: nel" and twenty "operating people" Those who are to be changed and those revealed a concern for training in com- who are to exert influence for change have munications, computer technology, devel- a strong sense of belonging to the same opment of language systems, library tech- group. Information relating to the need niques of indexing, abstracting, searching, for change, plans for change, and conse- etc., and training in systems analysis and quences of change is shared by all relevant design. "Refresher courses in science people. The individual is provided a means were also suggested a number of times." for measuring progress toward the change (12, p.53) Practical linguists and "people goals" (15, p.87). who can market the services of science in- Houle defines an objective as an "information" were mentioned as areas of tended result of an educational activity need. . . . the effect sought by [the decision] to While these conclusions are limited to a take action" (13, p.139). Objectives are study of science information workers in rational, practical, pluralistic, hierar- the U.S., similar findings have been chical, discriminative and can change dur- reached abroad. A British study published in 1968 reported a need of foreign lan- dardization or at least co-ordination of na- guage competency among science and tional information policies and practices" technology information workers, particu- (14). larly in combination with subject Setting general guidelines for the "Role competence (19, p.68-69). Again using of Continuing Education in Professional survey techniques, their conclusions em- Development," Houle elucidates the fol- phasized the interdependence of library lowing needs of the practicing profession: and scientific information work; those To keep up with new knowledge related to qualities and personality were valued over his profession. To continue his study of the subject competence. basic disciplines which support his In contrast to a concern for formal, profession. To grow as a person as well as fulltime study in the British study, the Di- a professional [cited in McGlothlin, from rector of the Interamerican School of Li- ALA Bulletin: 259-26 1 (Mar 1967)]. brary Science of the University of An- tioquia, Colombia, describes the "very PI ans effective" short courses and seminars as At the SLA meeting in 1968 entitled having a "primary importance" in reach- "Continuing Education for Special ing distant librarians who cannot leave Libarians: Where do we go from here?" their work for very long (5, p. 155- 156). (23), planners sought an answer to In Taiwan. the need has been described this puzzle of disorganized fragments and generally as in "obvious dearth of trained generalities. Even at that meeting, match- library workers in all levels and in all ing resources at the national level and the types." Workshops are designated a "first largely unknown needs at the grassroot aid" measure (5. p.64) through mediation by committee athletes In Europe, a need for educational flexi- was an apparent problem (See comments bility is stressed; the inclusion of clerical by Suzanne Cross and Mary Quint). A staff in the library training system, as it is suggestion was made to look at other done in Denmark and Sweden, is con- models of continuing education. Since sidered "especially important" (4, p.48). well-researched and related proposals Consistent with that concern for flexi- have subsequently been developed, their bility, the Proceedings of an international approaches will be reviewed before conference on training for information examining what directions are open spe- work held in Rome, 197 1, summarized the cifically to the Science-Technology Divi- following conclusions: sion. "Support was forthcoming for the point After an historical review of the availa- made by Dr. Zefferino Ferreira Paulo that ble literature, Kortendick, in the above- the extension of formal education by con- mentioned essay on continuing education tinuing education was an absolute necessity, for librarians (6, p. 150) concludes, that a broad range of approaches to user education is essential and that the selection "The basis of criticism of the present state of of educational mechanisms in particular continuing education of librarians is seen to situations (institutions, countries) should be the lack of long-range cooperative plan- respond to given needs and characteristics in ning based on research of actual needs and these situations. . . . It was recognized that optimal ways of meeting these needs." traditional discipline-bounded structures are He proposes a "blueprint for equal, coor- static, failing to respond rapidly and fiexibly dinated educational opportunities with the to the objectives and processes of contempo- ultimate goal the establishment of a na- rary science, whereas modem education re- tional center for continuing library educa- quires the development of programmatic tion." Echoing McGlothlinls address at and administrative mechanisms which are the 1972 AALS conference, "If continuing adaptable to the dynamic, multifaceted structure of science and knowledge in education is considered the responsibility general. . . . In view of the increasingly of the professional organization alone, the international nature of information and its schools may not benefit from the analyses systems, governments should bear in mind of need that have as much validity for pre- the need to achieve some degree of stan- service applications as for continuing education, and they may not, therefore, eclecticism of methodology, resources and modify their curriculum to become more target groups. significant for the profession," Kortendick In 1975 a mammoth project on continu- incor~orates the resources of library ing library and information science educa- schoois into some phase of each proposai. tion was completed under the direction of For every proposal, he includes specific Dr. Elizabeth Stone and the auspices of objectives, manpower needs, and related the National Commission on Libraries and studies. Information Science (25). This study was The proposals are: 1) A feasibility study built on a massive analysis of the litera- of a national program of continuing educa- ture (including Kortendick's proposals) as tion for librarians. 2) A national survey of well as intensive original research involv- continuing education needs of librarians: ing hundreds of people. This impressive A study for educational needs, job dimen- effort resulted in a "proposed service and sions, and professional and personal resource facility" christened the "Con- characteristics. This would include a tinuing Library Education Network and survey of librarians' self-perceived educa- Exchange" and acronymed, CLENE. tional needs, as well as a determination of CLENE is intended to provide pro- job dimensions-"what the librarians fessionals, paraprofessionals, aides and actually do in their jobs." 3) A study of trustees with "easy access to leadership motivational factors related to participa- expertise, and program and resource tion in continuing education activities. assistance." The ultimate goal "looks be- 4) Development of a model for continuing yond practitioners in librarianship and in- education and staff development in li- formation science to . . . the improvement braries. 5) Development of a comprehen- of services to users" (25, p.xvi-xvii). sive model for managing and evaluating CLENE's objectives are incorporated in short-term institutes and workshops for the following four processes: 1) Needs the continuing education of librarians. 6) assessment and problem definition; 2) in- The development of a communication and formation acquisition and coordination; 3) research information exchange in library Program and resource development; 4) science. 7) The development of model Communications and delivery. packaged programs of study in selected, These processes, in turn, are a response defined areas pertinent to the needs of in- to criteria identified bv "research as service librarians for updating and ex- necessary for a successful nationwide panding their knowledge of advances in program." the field. 8) Evaluation of the potential ca- To actively encourage widest participa- pabilities of various media for use in the tion possible by all levels of library person- continuing education of librarians: A feasi- nel in every aspect; participation at the bility study. 9) Toward closer reciprocal grass roots is vital. relationships between library science To involve those being served by the professors and practicing library adminis- continuing education program in the deci- trators: an exploratory study. 10) Post- sion-making process. graduate internships and trainee pro- To establish flexible working rela- grams in librarianship: An evaluation of tionships between participating individuals existing programs and a proposal for and groups-national, regional, state and development of the internship concept in local. continuing education for librarians. 11) A To provide for the continuing assess- study of attitudes and responses to partici- ment of needs. pation of mid-career librarians in com- To acquire, process, store, retrieve, and munity affairs as stimulators and effectors disseminate information about existing in continuing professional growth (6. programs, resources and services. p. 15 1-162). Kortendick's comprehensive To produce and disseminate materials, proposals are noteworthy for their em- and resources and programs to meet phasis on research-based objectives, their specific high-priority needs of individuals national scope, and a wide-reaching and groups. To concern itself, through activities and bold concept in the proposal is "Individual policy statement, with current issues Needs Assessment Facilitated by Means affecting libraries and continuing educa- of Linkage Agents" (25, p.3-29). Linkage tion. agents scurry around the interface To maintain liaison with other pro- between the individual, the larger educa- fessions for the purpose of promoting and tional system, and the available resources. exchanging continuing education ideas. The agents serve such functions as helping (25, p.XXIII-XXIV) the individual in periodic appraisals of needs, helping develop and evaluate The Issues program materials and methods, making the needs at the grassroots level known to The two kinds of issues the Sci- the national organization and keeping the ence-Technology Division must contend local level abreast of current resources at with in refining objectives should now be the national level. An innovative device apparent. Objectives based on increased such as this is needed to bridge the research into the needs of the Division's "weakest link" in the chain which tries to members would seem prerequisite. The stretch from the isolated individual to a methodologies available are many and in- multiplicity of resources. clude management by objective; context, input, process and product evaluation; program evaluation and review technique; The Next Step planning, programming, budgeting Where do we stand now in the process systems (respectively, MBO, CIPP, of the design of education? A possible PERT, and PPBS); and the Delphi Tech- educational activity has been identified: nique (22, p.2-3, 19). the continuing education of the members Assuming that objectives have been of the Science-Technology Division. A de- identified and refined, what formats can cision is made to proceed and the need to be designed, and what factors must be identify and refine objectives is clearly es- considered in choosing a suitable format? tablished. Once a consensus to act has Abroad the situation ranges from the been achieved, the process of setting ob- benefits of informal work experience alone jectives is paramount. Everything depends to a Continuation School for Librarians of on that process. Design, implementation, Public Libraries in the Scandinavian coun- and evaluation are intertwined in the de- tries, to a system of "more or less" com- termination of needs and the formulation pulsory continuous training in Czech- of stem to meet those needs. oslovakia and East Germany (4, p.52). The large task now can be ameliorated At home the Continuing Library and In- if broken into concrete steps built on the formation Science Project referred to work that has been done already. The re- earlier (25, p.2-25, 2-4454) emphasizes a search of the profession here and abroad, multiprofessional, or interdisciplinary ap- the work of other professional organiza- proach, using media carefully chosen from tions and other disciplines cannot be a wide array of learning modes. Of critical ignored. importance is the statement, "the choice In the next five years, the first step will of mode must be based upon the desired be to establish an effective decision-mak- objectives, as well as on the make-up of ing mechanism, a planning body appro- the target population. . . Modes and priate to the member's needs. In the first methods must be flexible enough to ac- year, begin to study needs, evaluate commodate students with different learn- resources, set objectives, schedules and ing styles and to encourage students to sequence, and make public existing op- 'learn how to learn' so that they will be portunities available to self-directed learn- more able to pursue their own continuing ing members. A timetable cannot be esti- education efforts throughout their life- mated at this time. It is clear that model times." These students are not children programs established on the basis of the and the pedagogy of children is not appro- study will need to be tested. Only after priate to their needs and abilities. One evalbating those models, can a comprehensive program responsive to the indi- 13. Houle, Cyril 0. / The Design of Educa- viduals needs of the profession be planned. tion. San Francisco, Calif., Jossey-Bass, This particular field has an innate Inc., Publishers. 1972. strength; confronted by the dearth of 14. International Conference on Training for scientific information in this field (1, p.22), Information Work / The Proceedings. Rome. Sep 1972. it would seem science and technology in- 15. Knowles, Malcolm / The Adult Learner: formation workers will naturally abhor A Neglected Species. Houston, Texas, the vacuum! Gulf Publishing Company, 1973. 16. Liebesny, Felix / Education and Tech- References nology Training for Information Spe- cialists. New Developments in Storage, Allen, Lawrence A. / Continuing Educa- Retrieval and iss semi nation of ~eio- tion Needs of Special Librarians. (SLA Space Information. Dec 1973. State-of-the-Art Review No. 3.) New 17. McGlothlin, William J. / Continuing York, Special Libraries Association, 1974. Education in the Professions. Journal of Berelson, Bernard, ed. / Education for Education for Librarianship 13 (no. 1) Librarianship. (Papers presented at the Li- (Summer 1972). brary Conference, University of Chicago, 18. Price, Derek J. / The Exponential Curve Aug 16-21, 1948) Chicago, American Li- of Science. The Sociology of Science. brary Association, 1949. Edited by Bernard Barber and Walter Boaz, Martha, ed. / Toward the Im- Hirsch. Free press of Glencoe, N.Y., 1962. provement of Library Education. Lit- p. 5 16-24. tleton, Colo., Libraries Unlimited, Inc., 19. Schur, H. / Education and Training for 1973. ScientiJic and Technological Library and Bone, Larry Earl, ed. / Library Educa- Information Work. London, Her Maj- tion: An International Survey. Urbana, esty's Stationery Office, 1968. Ill., University of Illinois Graduate School 20. Shera, Jesse H. / The Foundations of of Library Science, 1968. Education for Librarianship. New York, Bonn, George S., ed. / Library Education Wiley-Becker and Hayes, 1972. and Training in Developing Countries. 21. Shores, Louis / Library Education. Lit- Honolulu, Hawaii, East-West Center tleton, Colo., Libraries Unlimited, Inc., Press. 1966. 1972. Borko, Harold / Targets for Research in 22. Sheldon, Brooke E., ed. / Planning and Library Education. Chicago, American Li- Evaluating Library Training Programs. brary Association, 1973. The Leadership Training Institute, School Breivik, Patricia Senn / Continuing of Library Science, Florida State Uni- Education. Journal of Education for Li- versity. 1973. brarianship 14 (no. 3) (Winter 1974). 23. Sloane, Margaret N. / Continuing Breivik, Patricia Senn / Continuing Education for Special Librarians: Where Education. Journal of Education for Li- do wego from here? New York, Special Li- brarianship 14 (no. 4) (Spring 1974). braries Association, 1968. ERIC ED Committee on Continuing Education and microfiche 032 086. Professional Growth / Report. Ithaca, 24. Solomon, Daniel, ed. / The Continuing N.Y., Cornell University Libraries, Aug 8, Learner. Chicago, Center for the Study of 1969. Liberal Education for Adults. 1964. Conroy, Barbara / A Descriptive and 25. Stone, Elizabeth W. / Continuing Library Evaluative Report of the Washington Education Center: A Design for Action. Seminar: Library Career Development In- National Commission on Libraries and In- stitute. Washington, D.C., The Catholic formation Science. January 1974. (A University of America, Jul 197 1. preliminary Draft) Danton, J. Periam / Between M.L.S. and 26. Stone, Elizabeth W.,'R. J. Patrick, and B. Ph. D. Chicago, American Library Asso- Conroy / Continuing Library and In- ciation. 1970. formation Science Education (Final Goldwyn, A. J. and A. M. Rees, eds. / The Report). National Commission on Li- Education of Science Information Person- braries and Information Science. Wash- nel-1964. Cleveland, Ohio, Center for ington, D.C., U.S. Govt. Print. Ofc. May Documentation and Communication Re- 1974. search. School of Library Science Case 27. Strauss, Lucille J., I. M. Strieby, and A. L. Western Reserve University. 1965. Brown. / Scientij?~ and Technical Li- braries; Their Organization and Adminis- Received for review Jun 18, 1975. Manu- tration. New York, Interscience, 1964. script accepted for publication Aug 22, 28. Swanson, Don R.9 ed. / The Intellectual 1975. Presenled Jun 10, 1975, as a winning Foundations of Library Education. paper in the Science-Technology Division Chicago, The Of Chicago Press, contest of papers co-sponsored by 1965. 29. Vagianos, Louis / Education for Scien- the Oficer and the tific and ~~~h~,~~l1,,forrnation work, Business and Finance Division at the SLA Journal of Education for Librarianship. 14 Conference in Chicago. (no. 2) (Fall 1973). Evaluation of Excerpta Medica On-Line James R. Powell, Jr. The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Mich. 49001

The Excerpta Medica on-line test data improvements are suggested concerning base of 181,653 records was found to be RECON IV command language, the on- supplementary to MEDLINE and TOX- line thesaurus, searchable fields, and LINE but especially responsive to output format. searches on drug products. A number of

THEUpjohn Company Technical Li- tions and abstracts derived from ap- brary participated in a recent user evalua- proximately 3,500 biomedical journals tion of Excerpta Medica on-line. This data indexed at Amsterdam. base is now commercially available Records were searchable on-line via the through Informatics Inc., Rockville, Md. Informatics computer Monday through There were several reasons why the Friday 890 a.m.-990 p.m. and Saturday study of Excerpta Medica (E-M) on-line 8:00 a.m.-4:00 p.m. (Eastern time). was undertaken. The author liked E-M's Throughout the test, phone calls were coverage of the pharmaceutical literature made to the WATS numbers provided by in Drugdoc when it was available from 31 Informatics. All searches employed Company. The scope of E-M's interna- RECON IV command language and were tional biomedical titles was especially performed on a Computer Devices good and supplemented Index Medicu.. Teleterm 1030. Indexing in E-M was known to be different Informatics provided a two-day training from MEDLINE (1) and the availability session for searchers. This included an of an on-line thesaurus (MALIMET: orientation to E-M, the uniqueness of Master List of Medical Terms) was ap- E-M's indexing, the search capabilities of pealing. Overall, the E-M study fit in RECON IV, actual on-line searching, and nicely with the data base evaluation experience with the on-line thesaurus. program at the Technical Library. Three kinds of search manuals were made The objective was to test E-M's re- available: "RECON IV User Manual," sponse to demand searches in the "Excerpta Medica On-Line Users biomedical field and to searches on phar- Manual Vol. I," "Excerpta Medica On- maceutical products. Line Users Manual Vol. 11: Classification Descriptors." Test Conditions The test period on the six-month data The test data base covered three bi- base began Dec. 13, 1974, and continued monthly periods of E-M approximately until Feb. 15, 1975. During November the May to October 1974 and contained 18 1,- data base was being built up; however, it 653 records. These corresponded to cita- was available for searches or for practice. MARCH1976 Informatics personnel were available for Figure 1. Excerpta Medica On-Line Unit help if difficulties were encountered in Record making on-line searches. EXCERPT* HEOICAI 43135871 PROOUCTION NUMBEY: 07*026076 ENGLISH TITLE, CITOSINE &RA81NOS10E TREATMENT OF YARICELLI ZOSTER Command Language AUTHOR: HALL 1.C.l OOUGLAS P.G.8 MOLTON C. AUTHOR ADDRESS: 01". ONCOL., UNIV. ROCWESTER NED. CENT., ROCHESTER, N.Y. JOURNAL TITLE: POST6RAO.M~D.J. The RECON IV command language PUBLICATION YEAR: 1973 REFERENCE: 69157Z ,629-4361 proved to be easy to use. It was not CODEN COOE: PGMJLENC LANGUAGE: ENGL necessary to master all 18 RECON com- COUNTRY OF ORIGIN OF AUTHOR: USI ABSTRACTI OVER THE PIST 6 YEARS TnE ruTnoU5 TREATED FIXTEEN IOUIT PATIENTS ANO CHILDREN *IT* OISSEMINATEO VARICELLA AND LOSTEP USINE mands applicable to E-M. As a practical CYTARABINE. INCLUDING TWO WITH POST nEHPETlC PAIN FROM ZOSTER, rITH ENCOURAGING RESULTS IN MOST. IN AOOITlON 3 PaTIENTS WITH NEONATAL minimum a searcher needs to know how to DISSEM1NATED HERPES SIMPLEX INFECTION WERE T*ELTEO WITH IUD9 WITH GOOD RESULTS. do the followong: 1) Log in, 2) SELECT, SECTION CLASSIFICATION: 8.18.i 11.1.1 13.32.5.1 13.66.3.1 30.20.7.1 37.15.6.1 38.*3.1 39.1 67.9.8 *7.21.3. 3) COMBINE, 4) Use proper Boolean PYEFERREO TERM: ANTIVIRUS IGENTI CHICKENPOX1 CYTARABINE I HERPES SIMPLEXI MERPES VIRUSi MEflPES ZDSTEYI LEUKOPENlAi PAIN* POSTHERPETIC NEURALGIA8 THROMBOCYTOPENIAi VARICELLA VIRUSI VIRUS1 operators, 5) EXPAND (to see dictionary) VIRUS ENCEPWALITISI lOOXURlOlNE8 AOVEPSE DRUG MEACTION SECONDARY TERMZ IACYTOS&Rl IBUPJOIlNl 20 CASES or EXPAND TS/(to use thesaurus), 6) ITEM INDEX: TREATMENTI CLINICAL STUOVl INTRAVENOUS TYPE or PRINT, and 7) BYE. A fairly recent change in RECON now permits the searcher to type in search limited to these elements or any combina- words and Boolean operators without us- tion of elements in the complete record by ing SELECT and COMBINE commands. using FORMAT 4. This is a welcome simplification but it does The first five letters of the coden code not eliminate the usage of SELECT and are useful in identifying the full title of an COMBINE which are still needed on oc- unfamiliar journal. Letters 6 and 7 indi- casion. cate the country ofjournal. If letter 8 is an More development of RECON IV is A,C,E, or G it represents "the best 50%" likely to occur. For example, one of the of those journals covered by E-M. optional commands to start a search is An abstract may or may not be in the BEGIN. When BEGIN is initiated, record. The data base supplier claims an Search Title, Date/File, Search By, overall abstract rate of 40%-60%. Requestor, and Address are recorded. Generally older records have a higher oc- This is fine except BEGIN is not currence of abstracts than newer records. frequently employed. The data acquired The last four elements in the record are really needed in identifying an off-line constitute the detailed indexing used by print. It would be helpful if these data E-M: Section classification, Preferred could be entered by the searcher when the Terms, Secondary Terms, and Item PRINT command is initiated. Index. Section Classification (EM- CLASS) is a hierarchical arrangement of Unit Record subjects within the 48 sections of E-M. A brief description of the E-M unit Each subject category is identified by a record would be beneficial. Figure 1 unique number. Preferred Terms displays a typical E-M record with (MALIMET) are about 220,000 (2) in abstract. One can initiate the complete number and are related to twice as many record by using the TYPE or PRINT synonyms by means of the thesaurus. commands employing FORMAT 2. Secondary Terms are uncontrolled but The E-M number is useful in determin- frequently consist of drug trademarks ing currency of the record. In our ($A), company names ($B), and other free example, digits 4 and 3 before X indicate terms. The Item Index is made up of that the record was added to the file dur- nearly 130 general categories such as ing the third bimonthly period of 1974. review, clinical, drug administration Production number on the other hand is routes, and epidemiology. virtually useless to the searcher. Search Results A standard bibliographic citation consists of English title (TI), author (AU), Of the 40 searches performed during journal title (JT), publication year (YR), the test period, 21 were demand searches and reference (RE). The printout may be for users. The remaining searches Table 1. Currency of the retrieved citations was hard to measure. Most publication dates Time Searches were 1974 and 1973 with some in 1972. 8:00 AM ...... 6 Searchers felt that currency appeared to 9:OO ...... 4 be similar to Ringdoc and MED- 10:oo ...... 4 COMPIMEDLINE. 11:oo ...... 2 12:OO Noon ...... 2 1:00 PM ...... 5 Search Characteristics 2:oo ...... 1 3:OO ...... 5 Searchable fields were limited in the In- 4:OO ...... 3 formatics test to Section Classification, Preferred Terms, and Item Index. For this reason searches in E-M had to be sub- concerned Upjohn product literature or ject oriented. The Section classification explored aspects of E-M on-line. Because numbers were not utilized much because E-M was available throughout the work our preference was for usage of termi- day, demand searches could be made just nology. Another difficulty with Section about any time rather than be restricted Classification numbers was that they to a particular time. generally must be looked up. Alphabetical The chief frustration in conducting access in addition to Section access would searches was the communication link be much more convenient in the "E-M between our terminal and the Informatics On-Line Users Manual Vol. 11." computer. Many times it was necessary to The vocabulary of E-M seems to be well dial 2 or 3 times to get through on the 800 adapted to the jargon of biomedical numbers. Often a search would be cut off. personnel. With "hands on" experience a Fortunately the RESTART capability searcher begins to guess better and better saved the search or if there was any doubt whether a term will be in the dictionary the HISTORY command would review and thus part of the Preferred Terms or the details. Slowness in computer the Item Index. EXPAND is helpful in response was another frustration. This checking the dictionary for variant entries varied considerably but typically response and spellings. EXPAND TS/enables the was faster at the beginning of the work searcher to consult the thesaurus. On oc- day. Fortunately this coincided with the casion EXP TS/yields the display "not in period of minimal phone difficulties. Suc- the dictionary" when in reality the desired cess in the afternoons was sporadic (Table term is present. In spite of this present 1). deficiency the thesaurus is a necessary Users were pleased with an E-M search component of E-M on-line searches. as long as it retrieved what they wanted. In searching drug names, the thesaurus Often unfamiliar journal titles appeared in was specifically helpful. Drugs are ordi- the printouts. These articles have in some narily indexed by generic name rather cases been difficult to obtain via interli- than by trademark. One can therefore brary loan from our usual sources. enter the thesaurus with a trademark and Abstracts when available were both in- usually end up with the corresponding formative and helpful to users; however, generic name. Using Upjohn trademarks the frequency of abstracts (about 21 %) in it responded 43% of the time. If generic our searches was much lower than ex- names were entered for the same products pected. In some demand searches the the response increased to 67%. More small size of the test data base was a development work on the thesaurus would handicap. On the other hand there were likely improve these percentages. Another situations where we found items for users approach would be to make drug trade- in E-M which we could not find in MED- marks ($A) directly searchable. COMP. MEDLINE. or TOXLINE. This Overall, the searchers wanted to have was especially true' for certain medical the added capability of searching by syndromes and relatively new drugs. author. This capability is considered a basic bibliographic search parameter. In Table 2. addition, many scientists and physicians Refer- New associate the names of prominent investi- Search ences Refer- False gators with certain research areas. Subject Retrieved ences Drops Secondly, our searchers preferred a Fluoxymesterone 29 15 1 shorter output format: English title, Heparin 12 7 3 author, journal title, publication year, Prostaglandins 108 15 1 reference, and abstract (optional). This Tolbutamide 346 189 5 could be "FORMAT 5." A third desire was to be able to select English language Table 3. articles if the user made this request. This can be done partially with the SORT com- Top ZOO Total Productive mand but SORT takes too long; at least Journal Journal 45 seconds. Finally, there was consensus Titles' Data Base Titlest among the searchers that a list of E-M ------journal title abbreviations is needed like 3,500 Excerpta Medica 9 5% 2,300 Index Medicus 92% those abbreviations used in the search 1,000 International Pharmaceutical 88% output. The coden code does not help out Abstracts too much here because codens are not 427 de Haen Information Systems 81% preferred in the shorter format nor are 361 Ringdoc 7 2% codens normally used in citations. 140 FDA Designated Journals 70%

'Source: Ref. (4). t Source: Ref. (3). Drug Literature Coverage 0 0 Drug literature coverage appeared to be covered by Index Medicur. In this case especially good although most of the they were not indexed by our search sub- searching concerned Upjohn products. A ject. How were we able to retrieve them sample of product searches is displayed in through E-M? Table 2. In most cases an E-M search Part of the answer lies in the indexing in retrieved a significant number of new E-M which is thesaurus controlled. Also references. A new reference was one not E-M employs what might be called in Upjohn product literature files. Ordi- multiparametric indexing where an array narily Upjohn coverage of the drug litera- of classification descriptors and several ture includes Chemical Abstracts, Bio- arrays of indexing descriptors are used to logical Abstracts, Ringdoc, MEDCOMP, identify each reference in the file. In MEDLINE, and TOXLINE. Coverage by contrast, Index Medicur uses a smaller these sources is extensive, so the author set of controlled vocabulary terms was somewhat surprised by the high (MeSH). Assuming that a given article is number of new references. included by both data bases, the Upon analysis of these references probability is much better that the article several things were established. A small will be retrieved through E-M's indexing. percentage of the references were false Another aspect which should not be drops. These contained some inaccuracies overlooked is E-M's inclusion of journal in the unit record such as the wrong data titles which are likely to contain articles or indexing which did not match the about pharmaceutical products. In a study reference. Less obvious false drops be- conducted by Katherine Owen (3) data came a bit of a nuisance when the were obtained from fifteen libraries in the reference was later found to be incorrect pharmaceutical industry to identify and or the article to be irrelevant. No doubt rank journal titles which account for 90% these false drops are file errors of some of the citations on drug product bibliogra- nature which can be purged and corrected phies. Of the secondary sources Excerpta by the data base vendors. Medica had the highest percentage A much higher proportion of the new coverage. Table 3 is a comparison based references were found to be already on Owen's data showing the relationship between number of journal titles (4) in The Excerpta Medica unit record displayed each data base and the percent coverage in Figure 1 is used with the kind permission of of the top 200 productive journal titles. Informatics, Inc. Our on-line experience with E-M tends to support Owen's findings. Literature Cited 1. Blanken, R. R. and B. T. Stern / Excerpta Conclusions Medica's System for the Automated Overall, E-M on-line appears to have Storage and Retrieval of Biomedical In- formation. Federation Proceedings considerable potential and supplements 33(no.6): 1719-1721(Jun 1974). usage of MEDLINE and TOXLINE. The 2. Goldstein, Seth, ed. / Informatics Offers coverage of the biomedical literature Excerpta Medica File On-Line. Advanced seems to be complete and worldwide. In- Technology Libraries 4(no 3):3(Mar 1975). depth indexing of E-M enables the user to 3. Owen, Katherine C. / Productive Journal retrieve journal articles also covered by Titles in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Spe- Index Medicus that might otherwise be cial Libraries 65(nos. 10111):430-439 missed. Literature coverage of drug (Oct/Nov 1974). products is especially good. 4. Total journal titles were determined by The improvements suggested by this actual count or were reported in Krusas, study concerning RECON IV command Anthony T., ed. / Encyclopedia of In- formation Systems and Services. 2d ed. Ann language, the on-line thesaurus, search- Arbor, Kruzas, 1974. 1,271~. able fields, and output format will enable easier and faster retrieval of information from this new on-line data base. Received for review Jun 19. 1975. Acknowledgments Manuscript accepted Sep 3, 1975. The author wishes to thank Donald Galow, Presented at the Pharmaceutical Manu- Marvin Guthaus, Nettie Mehne, and Sandra facturers Association, Science Informa- Springer of The Upjohn Company for their tion Subsection, Excerpta Medica Round contributions to the Excerpta Medica on-line Table, Mar 12, 1975, during the PMA 5th study. Annual Meeting in New Orleans, La.

Dr. James R. Powell. Jr.. is information scientist. Technical Library, The Upjohn Companv. Kalamazoo, Mich. The Cape Cod Canal Special Collection Richard D. Poisson Massachusetts Maritime Academy, Buzzards Bay, Mass. 02532

Service. These records have been re- The initial steps taken to gather and produced for the Academy in 35mm preserve all available information and to microfilm format and consist of two reels develop a collection of historical value of microfilm. The records include the concerning the Cape Cod Canal are re- following: viewed. 1. Operation ofthe Cape Cod Canal (Wash- ington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1920), 94 pages, a transcript of a hearing before a committee of the House THEMassachusetts Maritime Academy of Representatives. is establishing an historical collection of 2. Atlantic Intracoastal Canals. (Wash- information and artifacts regarding the ington, D.C.: Government Printing Cape Cod Canal. The academy is a four Office, 1918), 139 pages, a Department of year college specializing in marine en- Commerce publication prepared in the gineering and nautical science and is a Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Com- member of the state college system of merce. Massachusetts. The 55 acre campus is 3. A file of correspondence from captains located at the west end of the Cape Cod and owners of vessels which have passed Canal in Buzzards Bay. The location and through the canal from 1914 to 1917. facilities of the academv make for an ideal 4. The 1907 and 1909 editions of Cape Cod location for this specialized collection. Canal. Reports Acts, Orders, Contracts, This project is designed to gather and Letters, and Other Documents Relaring preserve all available information and to to Undertaking. create a collection worthy of display to the 5. Typescript, "Notes on the Cape Cod Canal, December 14, 1921," by Charles ~ublic. Maass, Secretary, Boston, Cape Cod and In order to create a center of informa- New York Canal Company. tion designed to serve scholars and 6. Miscellaneous correspondence, in excess students in their study and research, and of 1,000 pages. to display to the public those important documents and artifacts which illustrate In addition to the National Archives in- the development of the canal, all published formation the academy has obtained and privately held documents, papers, through University Microfilms, Disserta- reports, notes, correspondences, pictures, tion Division, the microfilm copy of Dr. maps, blueprints, artifacts, plans, charts William J. Reid's doctoral dissertation: and surveys will be collected and arranged The Cape Cod Canal (2).This study was for use. presented to the Boston University The major portion of the collection thus Graduate School in 1958 by Mr. Reid in far established consists of various docu- partial fullfillment for the PhD degree. ments, publications and reports obtained Dr. Reid subsequently prepared a book from the National Archives and Records based upon his work entitled: The Building Figure 1. Cape Cod Canal 1916. This document was donated to the academy by a local resident. The publication is entitled Cape Cod Canal; General Information and Regulations June 1, 1916 (7) and is 19 pages long with fold-out maps. The document contains the regulations, plans, maps, light list, navigational aids of the canal, and the toll fare schedule. This information was especially prepared for the navigator who had to use the canal, whether it was for pleasure or business. Another original document in the collection is an 1826 document issued by the House of Representatives regarding a survey conducted by Major P. H. Per- of the Cape Cod Canal (3). This project rault, of the Topographical Engineers (8). was done at the request of Mrs. August This document is in excellent condition Belmont, widow of the builder of the and is of importance since it is one of the canal, and privately printed in 1961. Dr. original route surveys for the proposed Reid has also written an article on the canal and advocated the use of adjacent military importance of the canal for the ponds to provide a water supply for the United States Naval Institute Proceed- proposed double lock canal. ings (4). There are many sources of information The US. Army, Corps of Engineers, both privately and publicly held in addition 16mm film: The Cape Cod Canal Story to what is in the academy collection. The adds an informative and entertaining privately held collections are for the most document to the collection. The Corps of part in the safe keeping of responsible in- Engineers are presently busy on producing dividuals who know the im~ortanceof an up to date version of this 1965 film. preservation of primary documents. In July 1973 a letter to Mrs. August However, there is a danger that much of Belmont requested that the August Bel- this material will be lost,damaged, stolen, mont papers be donated to the academy. or auctioned off with the passing away of Mrs. Belmont replied that she had un- the individuals involved. To counter this fortunately already donated her husband's the academy is prepared to microfilm, and papers to the Historical Society of Massa- reproduce these collections so that they chusetts in Buzzards Bay. will be preserved for posterity. The near miss of having vital original Publicly held records can be found in a documents at so early a stage in the variety of locations, among which the development of the collection was a set more important locations are the Massa- back. However, through the encourage- chusetts Historical Society, the Massa- ment of various individuals the momentum chusetts State House Library and the was reestablished and contact was made large and small public libraries in the area with Mr. Stephen T. Riley, director, of Cape Cod and across the state. Massachusetts Historical Society, in With the permission of the individuals January of this year. Mr. Riley agreed to responsible for the documents, a bib- reproduce the August Belmont papers for liography of the holdings of the privately the Academy in 35mm microfilm format and publicly held sources of information (6). These papers add substantially to the will be established. This bibliography will existing material. be in effect a union catalog of all material An original document that we are available and known to exist and the loca- fortunate to have in the collection is a tion(~)of each item. The list will be publication issued by the Boston, Cape printed for distribution to the major Cod and New York Canal Company in research libraries and institutions throughout the country for purposes of Son, 1961. Based upon the author's publicizing the existence of material as dissertation, Boston University, 1958. well as to make the academy collection as 4. Reid, William J. / The Military Value of useful as possible. the Cape Cod Canal. United States Naval The building of the Cape Cod Canal was ~nstituieProceedings 9 1(no. 8):82-9 1 (Aug 1965). a project which spanned the time period 5. u.s.' Army, Corps of Engineers. / The from 1623 to 1914. The building of the Cape Cod Canal Story. (Motion Picture) 15 canal is a story of human drama having min., sound, color, 16mm. Distributed by many aspects. The whole story has yet to the National Audio-visual Center, Wash- be told in its entirety. The collection and ington, D.C. organization of known documents is the 6. Massachusetts Historical Society. August first step in preparing for the telling of this Belmont Papers. story. 7. Boston, Cape Cod and New York Canal Co. / Cape Cod Canal; General Informa- tion and Regulations June l, 1916. New Literature Cited York, The Company.- - 1916. (Privately U.S. National Archives and Records Printed). Service. / Records of the Cape Cod Canal. 8. U.S. House of Representatives / Letter Chief of Engineers File No. 114219 and sub- from the Secretary of War Transmitting a units thereof in the custody of the Modem Memoir on the Survey of the Route of a Military Branch. 2 reels of microfilm (nega- Canal, to Connect Buzzards and Barnstable tive) 35mm. Bays, in the State of Massachusetts, with Reid, William J. / The Cape Cod Canal. Three Sheets of Drawings. House Docu- Dissertation. Boston University, 1958. 1 ment, 19 Congress, 1st session, No. 174, reel of microfilm (negative) 35mm. (Availa- March 2, 1826. Washington, D.C. 1826. ble from Dissertation Division. University Microfilms. Order No. 58031 18) Reid, William J. / The Building of the Received for review May 9, 1974. Manu- Cape Cod Canal, 1627-1914. Privately script accepted for publication Jul 23, Printed. New York, George McKibbin and 1974.

Lt. Richard D. Poisson is associate librarian, The Commonwealth of Massa- chusetts Maritime Academy, Buzzards Bay. Mass. This Works For Us

A Union List of Books on Toxicology James H. Schwartz and Helen D. Swanson Dynapol, Palo Alto, Calif. 94304

Figure 1 . Predetermined Responses The rationale and methodology for pre- We are very interested. You are welcome to paring a union list of books are discussed. use our library and include our books. When Use of a mail questionnaire is described completed, send us a copy of the bib- and results, including probable reasons for liography. We are very interested. We will send you a disinterest, are presented. The compila- list of our books on toxicology. When the tion of union book lists by either SLA proiect is completed, send us a copy of the Chapters or Divisions is worth considera- bibliography. tion. The idea is good. However, we do not wish to have our library's books included. Send us a copy of the bibliography. We are not interested. Thank you. WHENCOMPARED to union lists of serials, union lists of books have received little attention. A recent survey showed aspects of food chemicals are of major union lists of serials as valuable tools for interest to Dynapol, the library staff de- special libraries. Of ten Chapters of the cided to compile a union list of books on Special Libraries Association which have toxicology. The planned list would include sponsored the preparation of such lists, bibliographic information as well as names four are currently planning or already of libraries in the San Francisco Bay Area have new editions in progress.* What which have the books. about union book lists? Such lists, espe- A questionnaire consisting of prede- cially those dealing with specific topics, termined responses (Figure 1) along with a are useful to small libraries with limited cover letter was mailed to librarians at 40 shelf space and to libraries confronted libraries affiliated with chemical com- with requests for out-of-print books. Li- panies, pharmaceutical firms, food brarians are often asked to get a book processing companies, research institutes, "right away." One way to satisfy im- hospitals, and medical centers. patient patrons is to borrow from neigh- boring libraries. Dynapol, a company formed in Jul 1972, Results of the Questionnaire is conducting research on food additives As indicated by Table 1, 13 libraries which are nonabsorbable in the human were interested in participating in the gastrointestinal tract. Since toxicological union list. Twelve libraries had no interest in the project and six others failed to *Betz, C., C. Bissei, and B. Sherwood/Survey respond to the questionnaire. The results of Union Lists of Serials Sponsored by SLA were not disappointing since all of the li- Chapters. Special Libraries 65 (no. 8): 337-341 braries thought to have the greatest (Aug 1974). number of toxicology books were among MARCH1976 Table 1. Number of Replies books covered the following subjects: chemical and drug induced allergy, Predetermined carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, terato- Response No. of Replies 1 3 genicity , chemical induced occupational 2 10 diseases, drug interactions, poisons, and 3 9 poisoning. 4 12 Based on the book lists, a bibliography of 300 citations was prepared. Titles, regarded as the most informative part of Table 2. Affiliation of Participants the citations, were capitalized and presented ahead of authors and other bib- Library Affiliation No. liographic information for each of the 300 Chemical co. 2 entries. At the end of each entry, code let- Food processing co. 2 ters were added for the one or more Bay Medical center-hospital 2 Area libraries which possess the listed 3 Pharmaceutical co. book. Research center 4 - Although the union list covers a tech- 13 nical discipline and the participating libraries are relatively proximate, the the participants. Affiliations of the partici- methodology is suitable for nontechnical pating libraries are shown in Table 2. fields and is adaptable for use by either We conjectured that lack of mterest Chapters or Divisions of the Special Li- among nonparticipants was due to one or braries Association. more of the following reasons: 1) In- sufficient books in a library which justify preparation of a list. 2) Users of a library would not be interested in the union book Received for review May 12, 1975. catalog. 3) Librarians do not want to be Manuscript accepted for publication Sep bothered by requests for books by "out- 3, 1975. siders." 4) Librarians do not need a formal directory of available books. James H. Schwartz is manager, library Preparation of the Union List services, and Helen D. Swanson is library Within two months, lists of books were assistant, library services, Dynapol. Palo received,from the 13 libraries. Titles of the Alto, Calif. sla news

SLA Employment Clearing House at Conference

The SLA Employment Clearing House will New York, NY 10003. The completed resume be available to SLA inembers and to em- forms must be returned by May 28. The Clear- ployers registered at the Conference in ing House will arrange interviews at the Denver. The Clearing House will be open Sun., Conference. Jun 6 (1-4 p.m.); Mon., Jun 7 (9 a.m.-4 p.m.); Employers with vacancies may request "Job Tues., Jun 8 (9 a.m.-4 p.m.); Wed., Jun 9 Opening" forms from the same address as (Noon-2 p.m.). above; the deadline for their submission is also Rt5sumi forms for members can be obtained May 28. Job descriptions for the vacancies will from the Membership Department, Special Li- be posted at the Clearing House. braries Association, 235 Park Avenue South,

The 1976 SLA Annual Business Meeting Jun 9, 1 976 As required by Article VII, Section 3 of the on Wednesday, Jun 9, 1976, at Currigan Hall, Association's Bylaws, notice is hereby given Denver, Colorado, during the Association's that the Annual Business Meeting of Special 67th Annual Conference. Libraries Association will be held at 9:00 a.m.

Concerned about YOUR Association? Propose a future SLA officer

The Nominating Committee for Spring 1977 Chapter Cabinet, Chairman-Elect of the Divi- Elections requests YOUR assistance in its sion Cabinet and two Directors. search for the best qualified candidate to Please submit your suggested names by let- represent YOU as future officers of YOUR ter with a brief note giving qualifications. Association. This means that YOU, as a Contact a member of the Committee whom member of the Association, must be concerned you know best or the Chairman of the with the calibre and abilities of these officers Nominating Committee, Anne C. Roess, In- who will be leading YOUR Association. We stitute of Gas Technology, 3424 S. State need YOUR recommendations for those Street, Chicago, IL 60616. This must be done members who are most knowledgeable of all prior to the Denver Conference. June 6-10, phases of Association activity, who have shown 1976. a dedication to the goals of the Association, who are representative of its diversified professional interests and various geographical Rod Casper areas, and who would be willing and able to ac- Eugene Jackson cept nomination. Mary M. Grant Candidates are needed for the offices of Joan Toeppe President-Elect, Chairman-Elect of the Anne C. Roess. Chairman INFORMATION: THE UNLIMITED RESOURCE Special Libraries Association - 67th Annual Conference Denver, Colorado, June 6-10,1976 The 1976 Special Libraries Association Services is sponsoring a colloquium Conference in Denver, Colorado, will scheduled for Thursday, to be focus on the quality of information, moderated by Joseph Becker of Becker one of our most valuable resources. and Hayes. Five speakers will be on Some of the questions to be explored: hand to discuss their research-in- Is repetitive or poor-quality informa- progress. This session, co-ordinated by tion polluting this natural resource? Is Joel Goldhar, Program Director for the retrieval of desired or specific in- User Requirements of OSIS, is seen as a formation hindered by the sheer way for the Office to make information volume of information available? How on the research they sponsor available can the special librarian and the in- before the final report is out. formation professional participate in The Divisions, of course, are planning resolving these problems? These ques- their own programs, everything from a tions must be resolved, for information session on information delivery as op- is essential for the effective evaluation posed to information retrieval, to a and utilization of all our other natural "fly-by" look at a proposed new town resources. to be developed within Denver. We're To introduce you to the Conference sure you'll want to sample many of and its participants, and to Denver and these programs and field trips, from Colorado, the Conference Committee other Divisions as well as your own. has planned a "Wild West Welcome" Save either Monday, Tuesday, or for Sunday afternoon. This informal in- Wednesday night, for this year there troduction to the history, sights, and are three separate Scholarship events. lore of Denver and Colorado will fea- All give you an opportunity to see some ture Western entertainment, a slide of Colorado's spectacular mountain show on Colorado, Division program country. On Monday and Tuesday information, drawings for prizes, and evenings buses will leave Denver for a potables. trip through a mountain canyon to The General Sessions begin the next Central City, one of Colorado's old morning. Monday's Keynote Address is mining towns. Victorian buildings by Russell L. Ackoff, of the Wharton abound in Central City, making it easy School of Business, University of to envision what this town was like Pennsylvania. A Micrographics Seminar when it was known as "the richest is the second general sessions planned. square mile on earth." Museums, gold It will begin with a "state of the art" mines, and a narrow gauge locomotive session, to survey the impact on special add to the historic atmosphere, not to libraries of current technology and fu- mention the old-time-still operat- ture trends in the micrographics in- ing-saloons, including the one with dustry. Three concurrent sessions will the famed "Face on the Barroom follow: an introduction to micro- Floor." Wednesday night's Scholarship graphics for those selecting and plan- event is a trip to Estes Park, high in the ning for micrographics systems; a Rockies, and surrounded by Rocky review of indexing and retrieval Mountain National Park, 405 square systems, for those in the setting up miles of natural wonder. Here we'll stage; and a session on Computer stop for a chuckwagon supper and Output Microfilming and its applica- some Western entertainment. So tions in the special libraries environ- register for a Scholarship tour which ment. will take you back in time for a few The Office of Science Information hours in the Old West. Of course there will be ample op- When you come to Denver for the portunity for socializing at the Conference, we hope you'll plan to stay Conference: luncheons and cocktail awhile and see something of Denver parties and get acquainteds, time to and Colorado. Denver has many build- make new friends and look up old ings of historic interest (Molly Brown, ones. Take time to examine the Exhibits the Unsinkable, lived in Denver, as did and see the new publications and Horace Tabor, Colorado's Silver King); equipment. This year the Exhibit area as well as modern skyscrapers. The will surround a food and drink bar, The University of Denver is here, an art Four Corners Cafe. There will be table museum, a natural history museum, a space nearby so you can lunch or snack zoo, one of two United States Mints, quickly and conveniently, and tour the and many fine restaurants. And the Exhibits as well. mountain country of Colorado is only a The Contributed Papers sessions are half hour's drive from the city. You may always a good way to hear of new visit a mining town or a ghost town, go developments in the field. This year a hiking or camping, picnicing or fishing. different communication technique, So bring your camera and hiking boots the Poster session, will be utilized along and enjoy the attractions of Denver and with the usual oral presentations. Indi- of Colorado, as well as the stimulation viduals using poster sessions will ar- of an SLA Conference. range their material (charts, graphs, -Denver Conference Committee photos, text, etc.) for display on poster- board space assigned to them for If you want a vacation packet to make concurrent time periods. This will allow your trip to Colorado more enjoyable, a mobile audience to interface with write to: Hal Haney, director, Colorado several authors in a single session with a Department of Travel Marketing, 602 high level of flexibility. State Annex, Denver, CO 80203. 1976 Denver Conference Program The preliminary Conference Program for the 1976 Denver Conference will not appear in Special Libraries as in the past. It will be printed in a Conference Program Brochure to be mailed with the pre-registration materials to all members on approximately April 1,1976.

CHAPTERS &DIVISIONS New York-This year two Elizabeth Ferguson Seminars were held. One was on weeding li- Mid-Missouri-The Nov 17 meeting was held brary collections; the other concerned Bureau at the Supreme Court Library, Jefferson City. of Labor Statistics publications and their uses. Librarian D. A. Divilbiss explained the com- In January a Janus Seminar was held with puterized LEXIS system. Jim Parkinson ASIS on the topic of legal aspects of informa- demonstrated the operation of the com- tion. puterized scheduling of court cases. New York, Social Sciences Group-The fall Minnesota-The joint SLA/ASIS meeting meeting on Oct 7 convened at the NYU Bobst began with dinner on Sep 17. The program was Library. The guest speaker, from Wildcat Ser- concerned with "Information as a Com- vice, presented a movie about their vocational modity ." rehabilitation program for ex-convicts and The topic "Let's Stop DE-Motivating Our drug addicts. Some area libraries are making Employees" occupied the October meeting. use of individuals in the program. The Chapter also sponsors a continuing education series. Topics include: Library Manage- North Carolina-The year began with a worth- ment Problems; Job Descriptions and Perfor- while experience at Appalachian State Uni- mance Appraisals; and Budget Planning, Pres- versity. Forty-five people met at a joint entation to Management and Implementation. SLA/ASIS symposium Sep 19-20 for a session on organization design focusing on the human Montreal-The guest speakers at a dinner elements of management. Twenty-nine meeting held on Oct 1 were Paul Kitchen, enrolled in two continuing education courses: executive director of the Canadian Library Human Factors in Medical Library Adminis- Association, and Lu Rider, senior reference li- tration and Systems Analysis. brarian at McGill University. Mr. Kitchen discussed "librarians as a pressure group, the Oklahoma-The fall meeting and dinner was process of influencing public policy." Ms. held in Norman on Nov 20. The afternoon Rider explained the functions of the recently program was a panel discussion "on the 'work- formed Committee on Bibliographic Services ings' of special libraries." Questions from the for Canada. Awards were presented to winners membership were answered after the initial of the Chapter's special libraries prize. presentations. The Directory of Special Libraries in the Montreal .4 rea, eleventh edition, is now available for $5.00 prepaid. Checks should be made Oregon-A colloquium described as "an edu- out to Montreal Chapter, Special Libraries cational and social program" was held at the Association, and sent to Eleanor MacLean, Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory Blacker-Wood Library, McGill University, on Nov 15. The subject of the meeting was on- 3459 McTavish St., Montreal, Quebec H3A line information. Included in the discussions 1 Y 1, Canada. were the Dialog and Orbit systems. New Jersey-The Chapter visited the informa- Pacific Northwest-Health sciences information facilities at the Picatinny Arsenal in Sep- tion services and networks occupied the tember. Col. E. Hein explained the purposes afternoon on Nov 8. A panel discussion was and functions of the installation following din- followed by a visit to the University of Wash- ner and a brief business meeting. ington Health Sciences Library. The Chapter has compiled a listing of special of the city librarian relates to the special li- information resources in King County, Wash- braries in the Bay Region after a dinner meet- ington. Items include special libraries and ing on Oct. 21. A visit to the Naval Regional unique or obscure subject collections. The cost Medical Center in Oakland was also organized is $3.00 (prepaid) to Pacific Northwest for October. Chapter members or libraries included in the A joint SLAIASIS group met Nov 19 in directory and $5.00 (prepaid) for nonmembers. Sacramento. The panel discussed the Checks should be made out to Special Li- California Library Authority for Systems and braries Association, Pacific Northwest Services. Chapter and sent in care of Pat Van Mason, 161 1-30th Avenue West, Seattle, Wash. 98199. South Atlantic-A Directory of Special Li- braries in the Georgia-South Carolina ,4rea is complete. Included are special libraries and Pittsburgh-Justin T. Horan, executive vice- special subject collections in the area. The president of the Greater Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce, was the guest speaker at the price is $6.50. Prepaid orders should be sent to September meeting. He discussed the organi- Mary Slack, Library, Northwest Georgia Re- zation's plans to acquire the New York Times gional Hospital, Redmond Rd., Rome, Ga. Data Bank and the Inter-Active Data Re- 30161. sources of the Chase Manhattan Bank. It is the Southern California-Miriam Tees visited the aim of the Chamber of Commerce to make Chapter Oct 18-22. During her stay she ad- these data base services available to member dressed a dinner meeting of the Chapter and companies at a fraction of the cost of individual visited several area library schools. rental. The program for Nov 20 was addressed by The Chapter gathered for a buffet dinner Richard Ayer, research officer, Security Pa- and a trip to the Old Post Office Museum of cific National Bank, on the topic of the the Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foun- California economy. A tour of the bank library dation. A member of the foundation lectured was also included in the evening. on the acquisition and restoration of homes in the Mexican War Streets district. Texas-The focus of the first Chapter meeting A panel discussion with representatives of of the year was on micrographics and was co- medical, financial, legal, and retail sales infor- sponsored by the Southwest Chapter of the mation organizations considered the question National Micrographics Association. The of "Data Banks vs. lnvasion of Privacy" Nov session was aimed at increasing general knowl- 18. edge of the field and to aid individuals in selecting microforms and equipment. The second Rio Grande-The Lovelace Foundation for day was filled with a business meeting and a Medical Education and Research was the host discussion of bibliographic control of mi- for a visit Sep 19 to the Inhalation Toxicology croforms and the storage, preservation, and Research Institute. The institute investigates restoration of microforms. the effects of airborne noxious particles and Texas State documents was the topic under gases on man and his environment. discussion at the November gathering. Six An Oct 31-Nov 1 meeting took place at the panel members spoke and answered questions University of Arizona Graduate Library from the audience. This session was preceded School. The Friday session included back- one day by a continuing education seminar on ground on the school, current and future pro- ". . . Identifying Funding Sources and Writing grams. The second session was used to explain Grant Proposals." general curriculum areas as they applied to special librarianship. Toronto-The September meeting was held at In January the Chapter visited the Albu- the Craven Foundation. John McCormack, querque Public Library. program director, gave the history of the Ca- nadian auto industry. Lois Watson lectured on San Francisco Bay Region-A banquet in Chi- the reference library for antique cars. Lloyd natown began the meetings for 75/76. David Brown spoke about the collections. A tour of Gavreaux, San Francisco Consumer Action, the museum followed. advised attendees of various avenues open to The October gathering was at the Ontario those who have been victimized by unscrupu- Institute for Studies in Education. The in- lous businessmen. formation referral experiment of the National Kevin Starr, city librarian for San Research Council's Scientific and Technical Francisco, expressed his views on how the role Enquiry Service was explained. Professor R. F. Garrison explored "The Washington, D.C.-A series of continuing edu- Scientific Case for Life on Other Worlds" at a cation seminars is being sponsored throughout November session at the David Dunlap Ob- the year. The first was held Oct 8. Dr. Eva servatory. Chindler-Rainman, consultant, Los Angeles, discussed effective public relations. Upstate New York-The restoration of a flooded library with slides of before, during, Washington, D.C., Documentation Group-The and after was the subject of John Martin's ad- "International Referral System for Environ- dress at the Sep 27 meeting. Dr. Martin is on mental Information Sources" and a report on the administrative staff of the Corning Mu- EPA Library system developments were cov- seum of Glass Library. ered by Sarah Thomas Kadec, chief, Library The Chapter celebrated its 30th anniversary Systems Branch, EPA, on Sep 25. at a luncheon Nov 8th. The speaker, Robert C. Weber, patent attorney, considered recent de- Washington, D.C., Picture Group-A tour of velopments in the copyright laws in his ad- the Smithsonian's Archives and Picture collec- dress. A tour of the Craft Museum followed. tion was conducted by James M. Goode. Virginia-There was a sizable turn-out for the Washington, D.C., Social Sciences Group September meeting. The speaker for the even- -The topic of career management was taken ing was John E. Molnar, lib'rary planning coor- up by Jinx Melia, a career consultant, at the dinator, State Council of Higher Education for Oct 1 luncheon. Virginia. A tour of the Health Sciences Library, Uni- Washington, D.C., Transportation Group-A versity of Virginia, Charlottesville, occupied cruise up the Potomac on the Dandy was the morning of the November meeting. The scheduled for Sep 28. luncheon topic was new gadgets for libraries. A joint meeting with the Geography and Optional tours of other UV libraries were Map Group was held Nov 13 at AAA Head- available in the afternoon. quarters in Falls Church.

Illinois Reports information services, J. Walter Thompson Co., "It's been a real opportunity to see how a com- The Illinois Chapter of the Special Libraries plex organization operates. I could test out Association conducted a pilot project last what the textbook says against what happens." spring with social sciences students from For Margie Trumbull, the contacts with George Williams College. people were most valuable. Four student interns spent one day each Gloria Worrill is interested in specializing in week from April through May in four special li- law in the medical field. Her exposure to a braries to learn about corporations, how they labor law firm with Marion McGregor, li- operate, and the responsibilities of special librarian for Seyfarth, Shaw, Fairweather and braries in business. Geraldson, "makes [her] a more rounded "To my knowledge this is the first program person." of this kind for undergraduate students.. . not Mary Beverly gained experience in the li- interested in becoming librarians," said Janet brary, the editorial "morgue," the archives de- Heiner, chairman, education committee, Illi- partment and the "Action Line" group with nois Chapter and manager of the library at the Chicago Tribune, where Mable Johnson, Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust. manager of library services, was her host. The The Chapter board of directors approved the experience might seem far afield for her an- project based on a previous experience with a ticipated employment in medical casework. student who had interned on an independent But she found valuable research material and study basis. Dr. Marilyn Domer, chairman of talked to reporters who have written features the college's social sciences division, conceived on subjects of papers she was writing. of the project as a way for students to gain Each student discovered that, "The library exposure to and understanding of business is a window to the organization and is called on through experience and research for a final for help from almost every office because of its paper. information service." These students gained a For Mary Ann Peterson, who interned with business experience they would not have had Edward Strable, vice-president and manager of any other way. Washington Letter Jan 12,1976 James Madison Memorial Library Alphonse Trezza, Director of the National Building Commission on Libraries and Information Consternation spread through the library Science, Allie Beth Martin, President of the world in mid-November, when the leadership American Library Association, Ervin Gaines, in the U.S. House of Representatives proposed Executive Director of the Urban Libraries taking over part or all of the new Library of Council, and a battery of officials from the Congress James Madison Memorial Building U.S. Office of Education all testified during the for use as office space for House members or course of the hearing. their staffs. The new library building is The Office of Education witnesses expressed scheduled for occupation in early 1977. the Ford Administration's opposition to con- A bipartisan group of four Representatives tinuing LSCA, while all other witnesses led the fight to prevent the conversion of the li- strongly supported its extension for three or brary building to office space; it appears as more years, with a number of amendments though their efforts have been successful. The proposed to tighten up the administration of four are Reps. Lucien Nedzi (D-Mich.), John the program and increase the amount of funds Anderson (R-Ill.), Richard Vander Veen (D- available for local libraries. Mich.), and Joel Pritchard (R-Wash.). Rep. Brademas made it clear in his opening In a "dear colleague" to their fellow House remarks that LSCA has strong bipartisan sup- members, the bipartisan group urged opposi- port in Congress. Brademas said, "the problem tion to the proposed takeover. They noted that is between this end of Pennsylvania Avenue LC currently has staff and collections housed (the Capitol) and the other end (the White in 10 different locations outside its two House)." The House Education and Labor permanent buildings. Staff members are Committee is expected to take action on LSCA crowded into book stack areas, in marble halls shortly after the 2nd session of Congress surrounded by temporary partitions, and in convenes, probably in mid-January. cellar space designed for storage purposes. The future of the Administration's proposed The letter went on to note that the James Library Partnership Act seems very much in Madison Building has been designed for the Li- doubt. During the hearing on LSCA, Adminis- brary's needs, with special humidity control, tration spokesmen discussed the partnership large areas (rather than individual offices) proposal somewhat gingerly, using a rather cu- designed to provide efficient work space for rious "past conditional" tense to describe their technical operations, and the majority of the proposal. (The library partnership act "would area without windows. Even the plumbing and have focused" temporary project grant sup- air conditioning facilities would need to be port on innovative library practices, and redesigned should the building be used for "would have led" the federal government out office space. of categorical service support it now has with The House leadership seems to have backed respect to library programs.) It almost seemed away from its proposed takeover of the library as though the Administration itself no longer building, at least for the time being. supported its Library Partnership Act. It should be noted in this connection, Library Services and Construction Act however, that the nongovernmental library witnesses at the hearing supported the goals of the The Library Services and Construction Act partnership proposal (improved interlibrary (LSCA), which with its predecessor legislation, cooperation, development of innovative and the Library Services Act (LSA), dates back to more effective delivery systems, etc.), although 1956, is scheduled to expire Jun 30, 1976. On none supported the precise terms in which the Dec 15, 1975, Rep. John Brademas (D-Ind.), Library Partnership Act has been proposed. chairman of the House Subcommittee on Select Education, held a hearing on extension Sara Case of LSCA. Washington, D.C. HAVE YOU HEARD? Center, 800 Massachusetts Ave., North An- dover, Mass. 01845. Cost: $12.00.

Computer Circulation Control ERIC Gaylord has a new computer-sharing circulation control system requiring minimal The Educational Resource Information equipment in the library. The computer Center has a brochure available for those who handles daily transactions, prints overdue wish to use its resources or teach others about notices, and weekly, monthly, and annual them. The paper is entitled "ERIC: What It statistical reports for each library. For in- Can Do for You/How to Use It." Price: $3.75 formation: Gaylord Bros., Inc., P.O. Box 61, prepaid. Write to: Box E, School of Education, Syracuse, N.Y. 13201. Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. 94305.

Doctor of Arts Program Simmons College School of Library Science NY Personnel Manual is now offering a program for managers who wish to advance in public, academic, special li- The New York Library Association has brary administration, and school media published a revised Outline of a Personnel Or- administration. Preliminary credentials should ganization and Policy Manual. It is available at include a background of several years of li- $2.00 each for 1-9 copies, $ 1SO each for 10-49 brary or media center supervisory or adminis- copies, and $1.00 each for over 50 copies. Send trative experience, a master's degree from prepayment to: New York Library Associa- either a graduate program in library tion, 60 E. 52nd St., Suite 1242, New York, science-accredited by the American Library N.Y. 10017. Association-or in educational media from an accredited institution. In addition, prospective Double Masters in Archival Administration students should offer evidence of quality The School of Library Science, Case academic performance and professional Western Reserve University, has a new degree competence, and have earned a second rele- program leading to an MS in library science vant subject master's degree, or its equivalent, and an MA in history or American studies. from an accredited institution. Contact: Forty-eight credit hours are required. For in- Administrative Assistant, School of Library formation inquire of the Admissions Office, Science, Simmons College, 300 The Fenway, School of Library Science, Case Western Boston, Mass. 021 15. Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106.

Microfiche Evaluation Metric Education Guide The Council on Library Resources has The American National Metric Council has published William R. Hawken's Evaluaring an in-service training guide for companies Microjiche Readers: A Handbook for Li- converting to metric. Single copies are avail- brarians. This kit is meant to supply the in- able at $6.00 each prepaid; there are discounts formation necessary for a nontechnically for larger quantities. Write for the Metric trained person to evaluate microfiche readers Education Guide for Employee Training to and reader-printers. The Handbook is being ANMC, 1625 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., distributed free to libraries. Write on your li- Washington, DC 20036. brary's letterhead to the Council on Library Resources, One Dupont Circle, Suite 620, Library Education Washington, D.C. 20036. Include a self addressed mailing label. Five MLS candidates (Alvarez, Canning, Chien, McDivitt, and Rock) at the University Conservation Proceedings Available of Maryland have compiled a Report on Li- brary and Information Science Education in The proceedings of the Boston Athe- the United States: 1975. The Report supplies naeum/New England Document Conservation data on 542 institutions of higher education in Center 1973 Seminar on the theoretical the U.S. and in Canada, if accredited by the aspects of the conservation of library and American Library Association. This volume is archival materials and the establishment of available from the Student Supply Store, conservation programs is available. Write to University of Maryland, College Park, Md. the New England Document Conservation 20742, at $5.00 per copy. New in Engineering monthly with an annual cumulation. Plants include coverage of approximately 100 industrial On Jul 18, 1975, a new Bibliographic Division and trade magazines. Price: $350.00 annually. was authorized for Engineering Index, Inc. Write to Information Access, c/o Micromedia Among its many responsibilities are the study Limited, Box 34, Station S, Toronto, Canada and evaluation of Ei's current system of bib- MNM 416 concerning the Canadian Business liographic control, the establishment of stan- Periodicals Index. dards for bibliographic description of all primary materials and the descriptive cataloging of nonjournal materials, and assisting Periodicals Directory publication of Publications Indexed for The Tehran Book Processing Centre of the Engineering. Institute for Research and Planning in Science and Education announced the publication of A Canadian Business Information Directory of Iranian Periodicals. 21st March A specialized index of Canadian business in- 1974-20th March 1975. The compiler is Poori formation provides comprehensive coverage of Soltani. Price: U.S. $8.00. Write: Tehran Book business events in Canada. It will be published Processing Centre, P.O. Box 11-1 126, Tehran.

Alphabetically Cumulated 1 0-Year Microfile to POWER PLANTS-Contd.

Engineering Abstracts COS~SSee NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS-Costs

The ALPHA-DEKA Microfile incorporates Earth uake Resistance See NUCLEAR POWER 10 years of transdisciplinary engineering PLAAS-Site Selection. abstracts, published in Ei Annuals Fuel Economy See FUEL ECONOMY-Operations (1974-1965), alphabetically assimilated on in- Research. dividual cartridges or reels. All engineering main headings (as listed in Ei's "Subject Head- Fuels ings for Engineering"), beginning with "A" 005014 ENERGY IN EAST EUROPE THROUGH (arranged year by year), are on separate car- 1980. Presents the results of a factual and comprehen- tridges or reels. sive study of the potential of energy industry in East Europe and its longrange objectives. The report sites One can utilize the ALPHA-DEKA Micro- development of past and future interaction between file in conjunction with a readerlprinter for domestic sources of energy. It also discusses dependence printing out desired abstracts on a specific of East European communist countries on foreign topic and, by advancing the film using the rapid sources of fuels and power. This study is an endeavor to traverse, printing out abstracts for this topic present in more comprehensive form than any available, heretofore, a current analysis of the energy industry of for successive years. East Europe, together with forecasts of probable future One can also use ALPHA-DEKA in con- developments. 32 refs. junction with on-line search services such as Strishkov, V.V. US Bur of Mines, Washington, DC; Ei's COMPENDEX. Using the on-line interac- Markon, G.; Murphy, Z.E. ASME Pap n 74-Pwr-A tive services, the librarian may request search 1974, 15 p. output in the form of abbreviated surrogates Geothermal Energy (i.e., references reflecting subject heading, title and document number). The searcher may 005015 CIVIL ENGINEERING FEATURES OF then review the complete references, including GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT. Geothermal pow- the abstracts, with ALPHA-DEKA. Thus, the er is harnessed by releasing steam from a geothermal reservoir through bore holes and conducting it through microfile can provide savings in time (waiting a heavily insulated pipe system to a turbine-generator for off-line printouts), as well as savings in the unit. Low magnetic readings, a negative gravity anom- cost of printing search output off- or on-line. aly, elliptic topographic expressions, and recent nearby The ALPHA-DEKA Microfile is available volcanism indicate the heat source is intruded magma at relatively shallow depth. Selection of a plant site is on 16mm cartridges or 35mm reels to meet all determined by: (1) proximity to producing steam wells; readerlprinter specifications. Both microfilm (2) esthetic blending with the environment; (3) compe- forms are shipped in Princeton Micro-Shelf tent foundation material; and (4) the optimum economic units (free of charge) for compact storage. overall site development evaluation. A plant consists of a turbine-generator building and an induced draft Samples of ALPHA-DEKA are available on a cross-flow type cooling tower. The structures are de- 30 day loan basis for evaluation. For informa- signed to use corrosion-resistant materials. Seismically, tion: Engineering Index, Inc., 345 East 47th St., New York 10017. COMING EVENTS May 9-21. Library Administrators Develop- ment Program . . . Port Deposit, Md. Sponsor: College of Library and Information Services, Mar 10-12. Processing and Automation at the University of Maryland. For further informa- Library of Congress, Institute . . . Library of tion write to Mrs. E. T. Knight, Library Congress and Old Town Holiday Inn, Alexan- Administrators Development Program, dria, Va. Sponsor: American Library Associa- College of Library and Information Services, tion. Contact: Donald P. Hammer, Executive university of ~aryland,College Park, Md. Secretary, Information Science and Automa- 20742. tion Division, ALA, 50 E. Huron St., Chicago, Ill. 606 11. May 13-15. Library Orientation for Academic Libraries, 6th Annual Conference . . . Apr 3. Information Broker/Free Lance Li- Ypsilanti, Mich. Sponsor: Center of Educa- brarian, Workshop . . . School of Information tional Resources, Eastern Michigan Studies, Syracuse University. Purpose: to University. Theme: Library Instruction in the identify and discuss alternative information '70s: A State of the Art. Registration: $55.00. services. Contact: Hannelore Rader, Center of Educa- tional Resources, Eastern Michigan Univ., Apr 26-27. Hospital Librarians' Section, Ypsilanti, Mich. 48 197. Association of Western Hospitals, meeting . . . San Francisco, Calif. Contact: Mrs. P. May 25-26. National Micrographics Associa- Hamilton, Peninsula Hospital, 1783 El Camino tion, Computer Image Processing Division Real, Burlingame, Calif. Seminar . . . Peachtree Center Plaza, Atlanta, Ga. Apr 27-30. National Micrographics Associa- tion, 25th Annual Conference and Exposition May 27. Trends and Applications 1976: Micro . McCormick Place, Chicago, Ill. . . and Mini Systems. . . National Bureau 6f Stan- Apr 29-30. Maryland Library Association, An- dards, Gaithersburg, Md. Sponsored by the nual Meeting. . . Pikesville, Md. Contact: Jean IEEE Computer Society and the National Bu- Barry Molz, Program Committee Chairman, reau of Standards. Contact: Marvin V. Maryland Library Association, c/o Baltimore Zelkowitz, University of Maryland (301) 454- County Public Library, Administrative Offices, 425 1. 320 York Rd., Towson, Md. May 31-Jun 5. International Federation of Li- Apr 30. Elizabeth Ferguson Seminar . . . brary Associations, Open Seminar . . . Seoul, YWCA, New York. Sponsored by the New South Korea. Theme-Eastern Publications: York Chapter, SLA and the YWCA, City of Their Control and Use by East and West. New York. For and About Business Libtaries. Contact: Secretary, IFLA, P.O. Box 9128, The Contact: Tessie Mantzoros, Business Week Li- Hague, Netherlands. brary, 2112 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020. Jun 1-4. On-Line Retrieval Workshop . . . Ur- bana, Ill. Sponsor: Graduate School of Library May 2-6. Acquisition of Latin American Li- Science, University of Illinois. brary Materials, 21st Seminar . . . Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind. For information Jun 6-10. Special Libraries Association, write: Rosa Abella, Acquisitions Department, 67th Annual Conference . . . Denver, University of Miami Library, P.O. Box 248214, Colo. Theme-Information: The Unlimited Coral Gables, Fla. 33124. Resource. Contact: John Rock, SLA, 235 Park May 3-7. Association for Educational Data Ave. So., New York, N.Y. 10003. Systems, 14th Annual Convention . . . Phoenix Arizona. Contact: Rick Meyer, Phoenix Union Jun 6-12. Educating Library Users, an ad- High School District, 2526 W. Osborn Rd., vanced reader service course . . . Brooklyn, Phoenix, Ariz. 8528 1. N.Y. Sponsor: Graduate School of Library and Information Science, Pratt Institute, Cost: May 6-8. New England Educational Media $314. 3 credits. Association, Spring Conference and Exhibition . . . Portsmouth, N.H. For information: Joseph Jun 6-19. Intercultural Processes in Libraries, F. Giorgio, Fairfield Public Schools, Fairfield, an institute . . . University of Texas at Austin, Conn. 06430. Austin, Texas. Jun 7-10. National Computer Conference, Jun 22-25. Library Association, Library 1976 Annual Conference. . .New York. Write: Management Course . . . Easthampstead Dr. Stanley Winkler, IBM, 18100 Frederick Park, Wokingham, Berkshire, England. Write: Pike, Gaithersburg, Md. 20760. David Baynes, 61 Crossways, Crawley, West Sussex, U.K. Jun 18-20. Institute of Information Scientists, Jun 28-Jul 1. International Codata Conference, 7th Biennial Conference . . . Saint Andrews, 5th Biennial . . . Boulder, Colo. In the Western Scotland. Contact: L. Corbett, University of Hemisphere and Japan, write to Dr. H. Van Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland. Olphen, National Academy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. June 20-24. American Association of Law Li- 20418, U.S.A. Others contact: CODATA braries, Annual Meeting . . . Sheraton Boston Secretariat, 5 1 Boulevard de Montmorency, Hotel, Boston, Mass. 75016 Paris, France.

REVIEWS

Library Operations Research: Computer Pro- the fact that the book was plainly prepared gramming of Circulation, by Robert J. Daiute from double-spaced, typewritten copy, with and Kenneth A. Gorman. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y., hand-drawn radical signs and other figures Oceana Publications, 1974. 368p. $25.00. often awkwardly spaced on the pages. These factors are likely to turn off the very Fr6m the standpoint of a systems person, people who need the book's message the most. this book is well organized and well docu- There is a clear need for more books dealing mented. It begins with a 29-page summary with quantitative methods in librarianship that is both non-trivial and fairly readable. for better research, particularly in the social This is followed by an eight-page introduction and behavioral science areas, where statistics and four major sections on sampling theory, a can hardly be avoided, and also for better description of a research project on in-library management and administration, where deci- book use, the rationale of computer methods sions are all too often made on the basis of in- employed, and an overview of selected prob- tuition alone. On this latter point, the authors lem areas of library operations. There are 100 have the following to say: pages of appendixes, 74 of which are given over to complete listings of the FORTRAN IV pro- Quantitative standards serve to supplement grams that were actually used in the study. the judgment ofprofessional librarians. Statis- The book is also indexed. tics cannot (repeat cannot) be used indepen- From the standpoint of the average li- dent of the competent librarian's judgment. brarian, the subtitle will be misleading, the Where there appears to be a conflict between subject matter will seem abstruse and tech- judgment based on professional experience nical, and the price will be deemed exorbitant. and what is suggested by the results of the The subtitle is unfortunate, because it im- quantitative analysis, the two must be in- plies a study of automated circulation systems tegrated. The libraria~,himself. must in- to most people familiar with library literature. tegrate the two. In reality, the authors mean to imply a com- The proper inference to be drawn from this puter-based, quantitative study of the use of li- would seem to be that operations research and brary materials. The subject matter will not be statistics are not a panacea, but that more li- bothersome at all to those already familiar brarians must familiarize themselves with with inferential statistics; the authors have quantitative methods of analysis such as those used the student t-test and the chi-square test described in this book. in their work. However, most librarians' training is limited to descriptive statistics, thus Charles H. Davis making the reading more difficult than it School of Library Science 'would be for a different population. With University of Michigan respect to price, it does seem high considering Ann Arbor, Mich. Continuing Library and Information Science schools made up the balance of the audience to Education: Final Report to the National Com- which questionnaires were sent (271 total, of mission on Libraries and Information Science, which 12 were sent to special libraries). The by Elizabeth W. Stone, Ruth J. Patrick and survey had a 74% response rate but only 70% Barbara Conroy. Washington D.C., G.P.O., were received in time for tabulation. The spe- May 1974. $5.05. Stock # 5203-0045 cial libraries had a 67% response rate. If 12 libraries seems like a small sample of special li- For anyone with an interest in continuing braries, one should note that there were only education (not only for librarianship), this book 12 academic libraries, 13 public libraries and is more than worth the price for the bib- 13 school libraries. liography alone. In 83 pages it covers a wide In addition to the questionnaire, over 100 range of materials: books, chapters, articles people were selected to be interviewed either in from journals; many elusive materials such as person or by telephone. (Interview guides for mimeographed papers, unpublished doctoral interviewee and interviewer with probe direc- dissertations, university published reDorts. tions are included in appendix A). etc., that areoften ma& ietrievable though the Office of Education identifying numbers; The third instrument was a mini-charette. A even one or two news releases are listed (but "charette" is described as taking a week or always so identified!) Difficult-to-find reports longer; "mini" implied one day or evening. The are extremely well documented. No attempt mini-charette format calls for gathering was made on the part of this reviewer to find experts to react and "brainstorm" to come up the "earliest" citation listed but there were with ideas for designing a conceptual and many as recent as 1973. For a book dated May practical plan. Suggestions for the mini-cha- 1974, that is extremely timely. rettes and instructions were included as well as There are four chapters (each separately forms to be used to report. A bibliography with paged) and five appendixes as well as the bib- extensive abstracts of some ten citations was liography. The appendixes include: Survey also included. This package was sent to members of the CLEN (Continuing Library Instruments; Questionnaire Survey-Tables and Analyses of Data (which is a gold mine of in- Education Network) of the Association of formation); List of Persons Interviewed; Al- American Library Schools. ternative Models; and AALS-CLEN Position Persons from other professions were to be Paper on continuing library education for sub- invited to these mini-charettes. There were 12 mission to other relevant and interested held in time to be used, including one of 25 groups. people over a telephone network. Chapters 1 through 4, with six figures and 40 An Advisory Board of 10 persons was used. tables make a well-organized, explicit plan of While only one person officially represented the study with clear and descriptive headings to SLA, several others on this Board are help the reader return to the section wanted members of SLA. The board's purpose was to (there is no index). guide and counsel the project team in every Chapter 1, entitled "A Nation-wide Plan to phase of the project, including development of Meet the Information Needs of the Public" the models. gives the background of the study and details Chapter 2 describes "A View from the of the research methodology. It is here that the Field" interweaving information from the philosophy (to involve as many people as possi- literature as well as data gathered through the survey instruments. In 88 pages it defines con- ble in order to build on their expertise and ~ experience) and the three survey instruments tinuing education incorporating six broad con- are described. These include a questionnaire cepts, discusses priorities that were articu- sent to representatives of all national libraries, lated, and identifies major issues underlying a all state, regional and national library associa- national plan for continuing education. In addi- tions, all accredited library schools and all tion to examining areas of librarianship state library agencies (a total of 201). There (medical libraries, law libraries, etc.), other was a response of 139 or 69%. Regional professions were also examined in relation to associations and state library associations had continuing education: medicine, engineering, a response of only 57% but state library architecture, banking and education, among agencies and accredited library schools others. responded 76% and 78%. respectively, national Chapter 3, "The Continuing Library Educa- library associations only 63% (24 of 38), but nation Network and Exchange (CLENE)-A tional libraries responded 100%. Service and Resource Facility," presents the A partial sample of academic, public, school basic recommendation of the report and and special libraries and unaccredited library describes the components: an assembly, a steering committee, an administrative board, a For the first three-quarters of this book, panel of review and evaluation, a CLENE Lynch talks about computers and their charac- executive director and a small central staff to teristics as they relate to information systems. carry out the four processes: needs assessment I felt that this introduction to the computer has and problem definition, information acquisition been done much better in books by Lancaster, and coordination, program and resource Vickery, Becker and Hayes, and others. development, and communications and de- In addition to my feeling that other books livery. had done better than Lynch in terms of Chapter 4, "Implementation Plans," content, I also felt the same about writing describes the five stages of implementation ability. The four authors I mentioned are, in with four alternative plans regarding responsi- my estimation, better with the English lan- bility. Several alternative institutional environ- guage than Lynch. I also felt it difficult to ments are discussed with the recommendation understand why we need one more book in the that CLENE be organized as a nonprofit cor- already crowded area of information retrieval. poration. In the last thirteen pages of this book, Mr. Five different possibilities for housing are Lynch describes the various data bases avail- discussed with pros and cons for each and fund- able for computer manipulation. This portion ing possibilities are presented. of the book is no match for the latest effort by Appendix A gives complete details of the Lancaster in his Information Retrieval On- questionnaire, the interview schedules and Line. From the title of Lynch's book, I thought instructions for conducting the mini-charettes. these last thirteen pages contained the meat of Appendix B covers the questionnaire survey the book. But packaging this portion in only fif- and presents tables and detailed analyses. Ap- teen percent of the book does undermine its pendix C lists all the persons interviewed. emphasis. Appendix D includes for each of the three al- All in all, I was not impressed. There are ternative models: the rationale, the picture (a other books which cover the same ground and diagrammatic plan of how it would work), a do it with more depth and with greater interest verbal explanation of "how it works" with for the reader. examples, and finally a critique of the models. Masse Bloomfield Appendix E is a position paper by AALS- Hughes Aircraft Company CLEN and finally there is the excellent bib- Culver City, Calif. liography, which covers continuing education in dental, dental hygiene, medical, nursing, legal, engineering, teaching (on all levels, including Indexing Languages and Thesauri: Construction graduate teaching), banking, public account- and Maintenance. by Dagobert Soergel. Los ing, psychology, paramedical, business Angeles, Melville Publishing Co., 1974. xliii, administration, clergy, and library professions 632 p. $29.50 as well as in adult education in general, continuing education for military personnel, Vocabulary Control for Information Retrieval. government employees and mid-career retrain- by F. W. Lancaster. Washington, D.C., In- ing. formation Resources Press, 1972. xiii, 223 p. As a well planned, scholarly study written in $17.50 a clear manner, it is of tremendous importance to the entire library field and of great im- The Thesaurus in Retrieval. by Alan Gilchrist. portance to special librarianship. New York, Chicorel Library, 1972 / London, This is an historic document that will be ASLIB, 1971. viii, 184 p. $18.75 widely quoted. It should be in every library; but, more importantly, it should be read by Guidelines for Thesaurus Structure, Construc- every librarian. tion, and Use. 239.19-1974. New York, Pauline M. Vaillancourt American National Standards Institute, Inc. State University of New York at Albany 1974.20 p. $4.50 Albany, N.Y. 12222 The past decade has seen many and varied forms of thesauri, vocabulary lists, and subject headings lists for both generalized and specific areas of study. As a topic of interest, the in- Computer-Based Information Services in formal history of the subject proves enlighten- Science and Technology: Principles and Tech- ing. niques, by Michael F. Lynch. Stevenage, En- In the early sixties, COSATI was es- gland, Peregrinus, 1974.96 p. $9.20. tablished as the model format for thesaurus development; then came the ERIC guidelines, chapter 9: "Query formulation and Venn dia- essentially similar although one was for science grams." Otherwise only chapter 2: "The and the other education. These two provided Thesaurus and Its Terms" and chapter 4: "Re- the basic rules of entry, but lacked the careful, call Oriented Devices" deal with the theory considered reasoning behind the choice and de- needed for the decision-making processes at cisions that governed the final rules. The the construction level of thesauri commitment. newest equivalent is the American National F. W. Lancaster (Washington, D.C., 1972) Standards guide (New York, 1974) which sets issued a parallel effort at vocabulary control the rules to be followed while constructing a about the same time as Gilchrist. Although it thesaurus, with a brief explanation for the was not written specifically for thesaurus beginner. In effect, this is like reading the construction, its first twelve chapters deal with AACR rules without a basic cataloging text in problems encountered in development of the hand or a long-term memory from the catalog- thesaurus, as the most rigid of controlled vo- ing workshop. It provides only a rudimentary cabularies in present information activities. help for the beginning thesaurist (one who His illustrations of those areas of decision- develops a thesaurus-author's term). making and choice guidance are very well writ- During the later sixties, numerous articles ten. The rules governing the linguistic applica- appeared, directly or indirectly concerned with tion in English are extremely lucid. As is to be vocabulary control, primarily for indexing and expected, Lancaster uses the American automatic information retrieval systems. schemes of retrieval as examples, contrasted Sometimes these articles were theoretical, to Gilchrist's European ones. Probably this some pragmatic, usually limited in scope to the book is the best one to use with novices who particular type of subject literature being have a background of indexing or subject indexed by the author. Several treatises on cataloging, but lack experience in term classification and indexing also were published, development. but seemed to be tangential to thesaurus Dagobert Soergel (Los Angeles, 1974) construction. provides an advanced text to Lancaster's work. It was not until the seventies that the prob- He covers many of the same topics, but in lems of thesauri were defined per se and pro- much greater detail. Moreover, as an active mulgated for discussion by both experts and thesaurist, he has included many comments on novices. The latter, by this time, were the ones the personal level which help define areas of usually called upon to perform the actual work potential problems-often leading to major re- involved in making the actual thesauri for the vision of the novice's work. Designed to be individual or societal information retrieval utilized at several levels of learning, this text systems being developed all across the world. fails to cover the beginning level adequately. (By 1972, it seemed to have become a fad The introduction, parts I and 11, are presented rather than a serious attempt to develop a tool as beginning material, but the average begin- for retrieval). But from all this activity, mostly ner may find them a little difficult to follow. un-coordinated by either professional li- They seem to be a logical introduction for the brarians or information scientists, some good intermediate student, one who has already had thesauri did result, thereby testing the experience in developing and using controlled theoretical guidelines under 'real' conditions of vocabulary of some sort. Parts 111 and IV are use. Where these results were published, or the the advanced part of the test, containing the actual thesauri were published, they helped pragmatic concerns involved in large-scale, illustrate which guidelines were important and complex thesaurus construction and its sub- which were really relicts of traditional catalog- sequent maintenance. Soergel does not include ing, once necessary-or maybe still necessary cost figures as part of these sections in a manual system-but inadequate or un- (Lancaster includes some costs in his chapter necessary for thesauri construction. 24) nor the administrative structure necessary Alan Gilchrist (New York, 1972 / London, to coordinate the activities and purposes of the 1971) issued the first text suitable for use in a thesaurus project, but otherwise he deals with novice class to explain the purposes and prob- the major problems of long-term thesaurus lems of thesauri construction. His emphasis is maintenance quite admirably. None of the on automated retrieval systems, with exam- authors mentioned deal with the administra- ples, especially chapter 8: "Case Studies." As tion structure adequately, but then neither has usual, his thesauri examples dealt with the any of the current thesaurists written articles subject languages for "hard sciences" which dealing with it adequately either. (I now refer already had a fairly standardized vocabulary. to costs, stress-lines and personnel changes Hence his explanations for term selection are within the parent or supporting administration rather general. More important to the novice is sponsering the thesaurus project.) A comprehensive study of MeSH would be a ment and construction. The organization of good example of a "real" thesaurus project knowledge will never be either complete or en- within the U.S. National Library of Medicine's compassing (UDC and Dewey notwithstand- activities and mandate for information dissemi- ing), but retrieval remains specific to the nation. Lancaster has done some work within system. And thesauri or other controlled voca- this area, but it has not been adequately in- bulary modes seem to be the most efficient cluded in his vocabulary control work. Perhaps retrieval tools for a specific area, at least in the this aspect of thesaurus construction is better opinion of the reviewer. Hence it is well, for the listed in the works about management rather benefit of those dealing with retrieval, that than the intellectual problems of thesaurus thesaurus construction can be taught and development. developed with good texts available. Using these books as a set, one can follow the progress of knowledge from the beginning Julie L. Moore level (Gilchrist or Lancaster) to the advanced Biological Information Service level of our current state of thesaurus develop- Los Angeles, Calif. 90005

SLA at '76 NCC Special Libraries Association is again on "housekeeping" operations, which may or sponsoring a program at the 1976 National may not benefit the library user directly. The Computer Conference to be held June 7-10, intent of this session is to focus attention on 1976, at the New York Coliseum. The session, ways of employing the computer, telecom- the theme of which is "Enhancing Library munications, and associated technologies to de- Services Through Computer Technology ," was liver products and services which improve in- organized by SLA's NCC Coordinator Carol formation acquisition for individuals. A. Johnson (director, AFCRL Research Li- Vivian S. Sessions (associate professor, brary, Hanscom AFB, MA). Center for the Advancement of Library/In- Recent advances and cost reductions in com- formation Science, City University of New puter and information technology now make it York, NY) will speak on "On-Line Informa- possible to extend the library's basic role of tion Services for Users in the Special Library helping its users. This improvement can be ex- Environment." The respondent will be Gordon pected in the following ways: increase in the Randall (librarian, Research Division, IBM, amount of information available; greater va- Yorktown Heights, NY). Murray Turoff riety in packaging; more power of information (associate professor of computer science, New selection for increased efficiency of access Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ) from a large variety of data bases by the indi- will discuss "Interpersonal Communications vidual; improved information processing ca- for Special Library Users." The respondent pability through computer aided scanning of will be Donald King (associate dean and text; improved feedback communication to associate professor, Graduate School of Li- originator of information; improved interper- brary Science, Rutgers University, New sonal communication. Much of the computer Brunswick, NJ). application in libraries has been concentrated PUBS

Single photocopies of articles listed in this section are Examination of some of the variables affecting the available from the SLA Library for the noncom- future demand for librarians. Among those examined mercial purpose of scholarship or research. Articles are: population growth; retirement rate; hiring pat- up to four pages in length are available at no charge. terns; and, the growth of industry in education, There is a charge of $0.50 per page for articles five health, and local government sectors. pages or more in length to cover the costs of duplica- tion, processing and postage. (76-032) "The Status of Women in the Administra- tion of Health Science Libraries." Goldstein, Monographs Rachael K. and Dorothy R. Hill. Bulletin of the (76-024) Handbook of Special Librarianship and In- Medical Library Association 63(4):386-395 (Oct formation Work. Batten, W.E., ed. 4th ed. London, 1975) Aslib, 1975.430~.SBN 85142-073-7 Results of a suwey of 140 large health science li- Series of essays providing an analysis of information braries in the United States indicate that they are service. most likely to be administered by men. The percentage of women directors has declined radically (76-025) Manual of Business Library Practice. since 1950. Campbell, Malcolm J., ed. Hamden, Conn., Linnet Books, 1975. 186 p. $10.00. LC 75-20223. ISBN 0- Standards 208-01359-8 (76-033) Microfilm Package Labeling. National Micrographics Association. 1975. ANSI PH5.19- Basic work on business and commercial librarianship 1975. NMA MS6-1975. National Micrographics in the United Kingdorh. Assn., Silver Spring, Md. $2.00 ($1.50 NMA members). (76-026) Micrographic Systems. Costigan, Daniel M. Silver Spring, Md., National Micrographics Approved Aug 20, 1975, as an American National Assn., 1975.228~.illus. (NMA Reference Series No. Standard. Available from: NMA, Publication Sales, 16). $16.50 ($12.50 NMA members). LC 75-29532 8728 Colesville Rd., Silver Spring, Md. 20910.

Introduction to micrographic systems planning. (76-034) Dimensions and Operational Constraints for Glossary and list of published micrographic stan- Double Core (Bi-Axial) Cassette for 16-mm dards included. Available from: NMA, Publication Processed Microfilm. National Micrographics Sales, 8728 Colesville Rd., Silver Spring, Md. 20910. Association. 1975. ANSI PH5.22- 1975. NMA MS16-1975. National Micrographics Assn., Silver (76-027) A Glossary of Indexing Terms. Buchanan, Spring, Md. lop. $4.00 ($3.00 NMA members). Brian. Hamden, Conn., Linnet Books, c1976. 144p. $9.00. LC 75-20312. ISBN 0-208-01377-6 Approved Oct 16, 1975, as an American National Standard. Available from: NMA, Publication Sales, Expansion of a list used at Loughborough School of 8728 Colesville Rd., Silver Spring, Md. 209 10. Librarianship. Includes definitions, examples and listing of related terms.

(76-028) Library Planning Institute, June 23-27, 1975, Proceedings. Sponsored by the California State Library. Sacramento, Calif., California State Li- brary, 1975.222~. Available from: California State Library, Public In- formation Office, Sacramento, Calif. 95809.

(76-029) Libraries in Higher Education; the User Approach to Service. Cowley, John, ed. Hamden, Human potential Conn., Linnet Books, ~1975.163p. $1 1.50. ISNB 0- 208-01371-7 One investment where your dollar is still Compilation of essays primarily concerned with li- worth a dollar. . . and more. brary sewices in polytechnics. Give to Periodicals (76-030) Indian Journal of Library Science. Vol. 1 Easter Seals (Nos. 1 & 2) (Mar/Jun 1975). Changdar, K.G., ed. Calcutta, India, Instituteof Librarians. Quarterly. for crippled children (76-031) "An Analysis of the Demand for Li- and adults brarians." Cooper, Michael D. The Library u Quarterly 45(4): 373-404 (Oct 1975). micro&aphics equipment review Micrographics Equipment Review has been developed to provide the decision maker with all of the information needed for intel- ligent micrographics equipment purchasing decisions. For the first time, a steady flow of critical reviews of equipment manufactured in the United States and around the world is available to the user community, whether librarian, purchasing agent, or other responsible equipment selector. The editor and primary reviewer for Micrographics Equipment Review is William R. Hawken. Mr. Hawken has for many years been a micrographics consultant to Library Technology Reports, a service publication of the Ameri- can Library Association. Reviews will range from hand-held viewers to the most elabo- . rate reader-printers. Emphasis will also be placed on equipment designed for COM microforms. In general reviews will exclude equipment for engineering drawings applications. Subscribers however, may request reviews of certain types of equipment.

Micrographics Equipment Review is offered as a yearly subscription. Printed reviews (designed to fit an accompanying three-ring binder) are sent quarterly-January, April, July and October (for 1976 only, subscribers will receive reviews on June 1 and Decem- ber 1). Subscribers also receive an annual five-part index. Access points include manufacturer's name, model name and/or number, year of introduction, price range, and function. The price for the yearly service corresponds to the classifica- tions listed below: Basic Rate: Class A. Corporations, associations and all others except those eligible for rates specified below. $1 50.00 Institutional Rate: Class B. Academic, public, and governmental libraries with annual book and periodical budgets over $400,000. $125.00 Class C. Libraries with annual book and periodical budgets under $400,000 but over $200,000. $105.00 Class D. Libraries with annual book and periodical budgets under $200,000 but over $75,000. $95.00 Class E. Libraries with annual book and periodical budgets under $75,000. $85.00

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Beginning Reference Librarian-formerly a jr. ac- Science Reference Librarians-Reference responsi- countant, seeks pos. in bus. or newspaper library on bilities, selection of materials, liaison with faculty L.I. or in Monmouth Co., N.J. MLS 1975, BA- and students in designated subject area, class English, Resume: L. A. Dapson, 47 Hampshire Rd., instruction, leadership responsibility in a technical Rockville Ctr., N.Y. 11570. activity. Qualifications: MLS; 2 years experience, science library preferred, science subject background desirable. Faculty status, TIAA, salary $1 1,- Experienced cataloger-with AMLS plus another 500 up. Open Jul 1, 1976. Send risumt to Dr. G. master's degree, eight years cataloging experience, Donald Smith, Director of Libraries, Washington has worked in both public and university library, has State University, Pullman, Washington 99 163 before worked with both Dewey and ANSCR, seeks posi- May 1, 1976. An equal opportunity/afirmative action in field of history, political science, or interna- tion employer. tional relations. Box S-229.

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