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Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics Isabella Paoletti Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal abstract The aim of this Sociopedia.isa entry is to provide a brief description of this interdisciplinary area of research, and to sketch its evolution. The article stresses the importance of maintaining and devel - oping the legacy of interdisciplinary connections developed in the past and the social commitments behind many of these studies. After describing the main areas in sociolinguistics, some recent directions are outlined, introducing some of its most promising developments. keywords discursive approaches to human sciences u ethnography of communication u language contact and language rights u language and society u sociolinguistics u variationist sociolinguistics The first commandment of the study of discourse must be: and until now it has not been univocally definable. Let people surprise you as to what they can do, and what (For a history of sociolinguistics see: Bratt-Paulston they can use to do it. (Hymes, 1974: 102) and Tucker, 1997; Figueroa, 1994; Hymes, 2000; We will be using observation as a basis for theorizing. Koerner, 1991; Rampton, 2006; Samarin, 2000). Thus we can start with things that are not currently Hymes (1974: 195) writes: ‘The term “Socio - imaginable, by showing that they happened. We can then linguistics” means many things to many people, and come to see that a base for using close looking at the world of course no one has a patent on its definition’; this for theorising about it is that from close looking at the assertion would appear to be still valid nowadays. world we can find things that we could not, by imagina - Below are some of the research areas that have been tion, assert were there. (Sacks, 1984: 25) included under sociolinguistics, in various combina - tions and according to different authors. This group - ing of research areas is useful for descriptive reasons, Introduction but in fact many of these fields of research are strictly interrelated: ‘Sociolinguistics’ and ‘language and Society’ are terms that are often used interchangeably to refer to an • Quantitative and qualitative approaches to the interdisciplinary field of research in which linguistics study of language and variationist sociolinguistics; and sociology, and other human sciences, join togeth - • Ethnographic and anthropological approaches to er to study verbal and other human conducts; but in the study of language; fact their definition is a highly controversial matter. • Language contact: Creole studies, code-switching, Sociolinguistics (Ammon et al., 2006; Bratt-Paulston language death and survival, language rights and lan - and Tucker, 2003; Chambers, 2009; Coulmas, 2005; guage policy; Coupland and Jaworski, 2009a, 2009b; Figueroa, • Discursive approaches to sociology and other 1994; Halliday, 2007; Llamas et al., 2007; Mesthrie et human sciences. al., 2009; Meyerhoff, 2006; Meyerhoff and Schleef, 2010; Romaine, 2000; Trudgill, 2000) is a research The term ‘language and society’ offers the broadest area with a relatively short history (Gumperz and meaning, to include all the research areas, though it is Cook-Gumperz, 2008). Since the term was initially frequently used interchangeably with sociolinguistics. created, it has adopted shifting shades of meanings It is certainly noticeable that there is a difference in Sociopedia.isa © 2011 The Author(s) © 2011 ISA (Editorial Arrangement of Sociopedia.isa ) Isabella Paoletti, 2011, ‘Sociolinguistics’, Sociopedia.isa , DOI: 10.1177/205684601113 1 Paoletti Sociolinguistics the meaning attributed to the term ‘sociolinguistics’ The main research areas in between Europe and the United States. In the 1960s sociolinguistics the term ‘sociolinguistics’ started to be used mainly to refer to a broad area of studies in language and Since the 1960s a very fruitful coalition has devel - society on both sides of the Atlantic. It embraced oped among scholars in linguistics interested in the variationist sociolinguistics, ethnography of commu - relation between social phenomena and language, nication, anthropological linguistics, interactional while sociologists and social scientists became sociolinguistics, symbolic interactionism, conversa - increasingly aware of the centrality of language in tion analysis, discourse analysis and so on. In order any social and cultural phenomenon (Ferguson, to refer to this interdisciplinary coalition nowadays, 1959; Fishman, 1968; Giglioli, 1972; Gumperz and Bucholtz and Hall (2008: 404), for example, use the Hymes, 1972; Hymes, 1964; Lambert, 1967; Laver term sociocultural linguistics , mainly for reasons of and Hutcheson,1972; Pride and Holmes, 1972). clarity. The term ‘sociolinguistics’, they say, is Giglioli (1972: 7–8) writes: ‘Some linguists have increasingly used, particularly in linguistics in the become concerned with socially conditioned linguis - USA, to define the study of how variations in lan - tic phenomena, and some social scientists have guage relate to sociocultural phenomena. Topics cov - become more aware of the social nature of language. ered include dialects, gender- and age-specific speech The term sociolinguistics refers to this mutual con - forms, professional jargon, etc. However, in Europe, vergence.’ Coupland and Jaworski (2009b: 2), for example, In the early days, sociolinguistics was an interdis - conclude that ‘Sociolinguistics is now a broad and ciplinary, loosely defined field of research in which vibrant interdisciplinary project working across the scholars, mainly in linguistics and sociology but also different disciplines that were its origins.’ In their in anthropology, psychology, philosophy, education, edited collection they include articles from all of the gender study and so on, developed a wide variety of fields listed above. lines of research focusing on language and, mainly, The aim of this Sociopedia.isa entry is to provide on talk in interaction. Certainly, some perspectives a brief description of this interdisciplinary area of in sociology and in philosophy have contributed research, and to give an idea of its evolution. This greatly in creating an interest in language within the article stresses the importance of maintaining the human sciences, in particular with regard to the interdisciplinary connections developed in the past importance given to discourse and situated practices that have shown themselves to be so very fruitful. (Berger and Luckman, 1966; Bourdieu, 1977; Such connections do not necessarily interfere with Foucault, 1963; Giddens, 1976). For example, an clarity in relation to disciplinary boundaries. As interest in and a focus on language was developed Bucholtz and Hall (2008: 403) point out: ‘the devel - within sociology and it converged with the interest opment and spread of sociolinguistics and linguistic in sociology and other human sciences that had anthropology, along with discourse analysis, conver - independently developed in linguistics. In analysing sation analysis, and many other approaches, has cre - talk in interaction, conversation analysts study the ated an interdisciplinary foundation for the study of problem of order in ordinary conduct: the sociolog - language, culture, and society. These fields do not ical problem par excellence . Sacks (1984: 21), defin - come together under a single disciplinary banner but ing the field of conversation analysis, says: ‘I want to rather forge an alliance or coalition that fosters dia - propose that a domain of research exists that is not logue and collaboration between complementary part of any other established science. The domain is approaches.’ I also aim to point out the value of the one that those who are pursuing it have come to call social commitments behind many of the early stud - ethnomethodology/conversation analysis. That ies (Gumperz and Cook-Gumperz, 2008), hoping domain seeks to describe methods persons use in that these can maintained and strengthened. After doing social life.’ The interest in language fell within introducing the main areas in sociolinguistics, I the disciplinary boundaries; in other words, conver - describe some of the most interesting and expanding sation analysts had no interest in language per se, but fields. Then a discussion of possible future develop - language was of interest inasmuch as it could be ments of this interdisciplinary area of enquiry fol - informative in relation to the machinery that holds lows. A few suggestions for further reading are also the social world together. It is evident that conversa - included. tion analysis can be very interesting and useful to lin - guists; moreover, their investigations practically converge with those in pragmatics, but this is a sort of extra bonus. Nowadays, some of these lines of research, born 2 Paoletti Sociolinguistics at the boundaries of various disciplines in the human important part in sociolinguistics studies. Bucholtz sciences, constitute defined fields of enquiry that are and Hall (2008: 402) point out in relation to the closely interrelated, such as linguistic anthropology definition of sociolinguistics: ‘By the mid 80s, soci - (Duranti, 2009), ethnography of communication olinguistics did not necessarily refer to the broad (Saville-Troike, 2002), pragmatics (Östman and field originally conceptualised by Hymes and others; Verschueren, 2009), conversation analysis rather the term was often used, especially in linguis - (Schegloff, 2007), discourse analysis (Schiffrin et al., tics departments, to refer to a quantitative approach 2003), critical discourse
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