DOCUMENT RESUME CS 509 909 Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communicati
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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 423 565 CS 509 909 TITLE Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (81st, Baltimore, Maryland, August 5-8, 1998). International--Part I. INSTITUTION Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. PUB DATE 1998-08-00 NOTE 570p.; For other sections of these Proceedings, see CS 509 905-922. PUB TYPE Collected Works Proceedings (021) -- Reports Research (143) EDRS PRICE MF02/PC23 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Advertising; Asian Studies; Civil Liberties; *Foreign Countries; *Freedom of Speech; Higher Education; *International Communication; Internet; *Journalism Education; *Mass Media Effects; Mass Media Use; Media Research; News Reporting; *Newspapers; Political Attitudes; Reading Attitudes; Student Attitudes IDENTIFIERS Brain Drain; *Media Coverage; Spanish American War ABSTRACT The International--Part I section of the Proceedings contains the following 20 papers: "Hollywood Attracts South Korean Capital" (Doobo Shim); "Worldview Differences of Natural Resources between Spain and Costa Rica: A Content Analysis of On-Line Newspapers" (Lorena Corbin); "Can the Leopard Change Its Spots: Parliamentarians' Attitudes about Press Freedom in Zambia" (Greg Pitts); "The Structure of International News Flow in Cyberspace: A Network Analysis of News Articles in 'Clarinet'" (Naewon Kang and Junho Choi); "Defining the Press Arbitration System: Its Impact on Press Freedom during the Sociopolitical Transition in South Korea" (Jae-Jin Lee); "Popular Literature and Gender Identities: An Analysis of Young Indian Women's Anxieties about Reading Western Romances" (Radhika E. Parameswaran); "Considering Alternative Models of Influence: Conceptualizing the Impact of Foreign TV in Malaysia" (Michael G. Elasmar and Kathleen Sim); "Fighting for New Export Markets: U.S. Agricultural Press Coverage of the Philippines Theater of the Spanish-American War (1898-1902)" (Dane Claussen); "Television News in a Transitional Media System: The Case of Taiwan" (Yu-li Chang and Daniel Riffe); "Korean Students' Use of Television: An Expectancy-Value Approach" (No-Kon Heo and Russell B. Williams); "South Asian Student Attitudes toward and Beliefs about Advertising: Measuring across Cultures" (Jyotika Ramaprasad and Michael L. Thurwanger); "The Role of Culture in International Advertising" (Niaz Ahmed); "Reporting under Civilian and Military Rulers in Africa: Journalists' Perceptions of Press Freedom and Media Exposure in Cameroon and Nigeria" (Festus Eribo and Enoh Tanjong); "Saudi Arabia's International Media Strategy: Influence through Multinational Ownership" (Douglas A. Boyd); "Factors Influencing Repatriation Intention, an Aspect of the Brain Drain Phenomenon" (Kingsley 0. Harbor); "American Imperialist Zeal in the Periphery: The Rural Press Covers the Spanish-American War and the Annexation of the Philippines" (Dane Claussen and Richard Shafer); "A Content Analysis of 'The Jerusalem Post'--Bias in Syria-Related and Har Homa Articles" (Hala Habal); "Sources in 'New York Times" Coverage of China before and after June 4th, 1989: A Content Analysis +++++ ED423565 Has Multi-page SFR---Level.1 +++++ Focusing on Influence of Crisis Situation on Sourcing Patterns of US Media in World News Coverage" (Guoli Li); "Finnish Women and Political Knowledge: What Do They Know and How Do They Learn It?" (Helena K. Sarkio); and "Beyond Asian Values in Journalism: Towards Cultural Politics in the Asian Media Globalization" (Min Soo Kim). (RS) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR EDUCATION IN JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATION (81st, Baltimore, MD, August 5-8, 1998). INTERNATIONAL - Part I U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS CENTER (ERIC) BEEN GRANTED BY This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. j. 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this docu- ment do not necessarily represent official TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES OERI position or policy. INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 1 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 2 Hollywood Attracts South Korean Capital By: Doobo Shim Ph.D. candidate School of Journalism and Mass Communication University of Wisconsin-Madison Contact Address: 7502 Carrington Dr. #B Madison WI 53719 (608) 833-4992 [email protected] A paper presented at the 1998 Convention of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Baltimore, August 5-8, 1998 Abstract: This study investigates the reasons for the Korean chaebols' sudden participation in culture industry and capital investment in Hollywood in the 1990s. To do this, the Kim Young Sam government policy that made the change in the culture industry will be examined in view of the traditional economic system in Korea, especially with regard to chaebol policy. Finally, the implications of the globalization and the culture industry development on the whole Korean economy will be examined. Hollywood Attracts South Korean Capital I A new phenomenon arose in the early and mid 1990s: South Korean large conglomerates, orchaebol,1began to do business in the entertainment industry. Before, small and mid-sized companies dominated the Korean film industry and the government ran the broadcasting systems in the country; for the past 30-odd years, chaebols have focused on manufacturing such as heavy and chemical industries. What is mere; the chaebols began to invest their capital in Hollywood. Cheil Jedang, the biggestfooa Producer and disVibutor in Korea, invested $300 million in the newly-formed Hollywood studio Dream Works SKG in 1995, for an 11.2% stake. Sams:.:.!g Business Group bought Korean copyrights of films made by a Hollywood independent film studio, Regency Productions, in return for paying 7.4 percent of the production cost of movies made by the studio. Several other chaebols also invested in Hollywood ("Mi Youngwha"). This study investigates the reasons for the Korean chaebols' sudden participation in culture industry and capital investment in Hollywood. To do this, the Kim Young Sam government poli-y tha: ruazie the han in the culture industry will be examined in view of the traditional economi6 syste:.1 in Korea, especially with regard to chaebol policy. Finally, the implications of the globalization and the culture industry development on the whole Korean economy will be examined. 1. Globalization Policy of Kim Young Sam Regime Historically, the ekistence of COmmunist North Korea and the experience of the Korean War provided a hegemonic ideology to the Republic of Korea (South Korea) to operate as a "developmental state." Since the mid-1960s, under the first Korean military dictator Park Chung As "chaebol" is a Korean word, there is no English word such as,==chaebols" in the plural. For a distinction, however, I use both "chaebol" and "chaebols" as the singular and the plural respectively. 4 Hollywood Attracts South Korean Capital 2 Hee, economic w;314-C.;, iocu3:1g on aggressive export promotion with protectionism, became a national goal for the country. For a nation of few natural resources, processing trade policy was the one and only way to survive. This policy succeeded: in 1962, Korea was ranked as the 40th biggest exporter to the U.S. and its standing rose to fifth in 1986. In 1997, Korea was the 11th exporter in the world (Wade 1992: 278). Until early 1970s as a late industrializer, Korea focused on light industry such as cotton textile. With comparative advantage in the lower labor costs and with the subsidies frol:2 the governmmt, fr.c- Korean products could compete in the world market. From the rnid-197Gs as capital-intensive industries began to show higher profit rates than light industries, heavy and chemical industries replaced the former as the main export industry Korea. Chaebols, as a dynamo of the national economy, have grown, receiving preferential treatment from the state-run banks.2 Under the aegis of the government, the big firms favored bank loans over equity finance and their debt was almost four times their equity. To provide capital to the big fi-ms, Korea-n banks bormwed short-term loan from foreign banks (this custom, finally caused the economic debacle in late 1997) ("Hastening Slowly"). As the banks preferrect chaebols to small firms, concentration of the economy was realized. The huge conglomerates expanded into new, often unrelated fields in order to spread risks and pursue market share in competition with each other.3 The number of business units under the 30 chaebols was as many as 623 in 1994. The four biggest chaebols equaled a third of domestic sales and the top 30 chaebols accounted for 70 percent of Korea's annual GDP in the same year ("South Korea's"; Oh 1995: 8). With this size and diversification of the chaebols, economic transactions in Korea are less subject to the market, and more characterized as "intrafirm" (Wade 1992: 285). Hyundai Business Group proudly advertised: 2 In return, the military dictators acquired slush fund from the conglomerates. 3 The "greed" of the Korean conglomerates, however, led them to be even import agents for goods and services ranging from