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Floristic Survey and Five New Records of Fresh-Water Coccoid Green Algae (Genus Coenochloris, Radiococcus, Schizochlamydella, and Thorakochloris)

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Floristic Survey and Five New Records of Fresh-Water Coccoid Green Algae (Genus Coenochloris, Radiococcus, Schizochlamydella, and Thorakochloris) JOURNAL OF Research Paper ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT http://www.jecoenv.org J. Ecol. Environ. 37(4): 351-363, 2014 Floristic survey and five new records of fresh-water coccoid green algae (genus Coenochloris, Radiococcus, Schizochlamydella, and Thorakochloris) Yong Jae Kim* Department of Life Science, Daejin University, Pocheon 487-711, Korea Abstract A study on fresh-water green coccoid algae was carried out at ponds, swamps, reservoirs, lakes and rivers (290 sites) from May 2011 to January 2014. In this study, 4 genera and 13 taxa of the family Radiococaceae having the remnants of cell wall existing for a long time in the colonial gelatinous envelope are classified and identified from 24 sites. Many taxa of this family, however, have not been recorded in Korea yet. Of these 13 taxa, 5 taxa are newly recorded in Korea by this study: 1) Schizochlamydella solitaria, 2) Thorakochloris planktonica, 3) Radiococcus bavaricus, 4) R. nimbatus, and 5) R. planktonicus. Key words: coccoid green algae, gelatinous envelope, newly recorded, Radiococcaceae, remnants of the mother cell wall INTRODUCTION The family Radiococcaceae is distributed in freshwa- produced a subdivision within the system and many oth- ter as well as terrestrial habitats worldwide. This family er genera. The classification principles of Chlorococcales is defined broadly as coccoid green algae with mucilagi- were adopted based on those for other groups of algae. nous cover reproducing only by autospores, and it is one For example, the presence or absence of mucilage used to of the most taxonomically difficult groups in green algae be deemed taxonomically significant, but Hindak (1980) (Pazoutova 2008). The name Radiococcaceae was first re- pointed out that mucilage sheath was not a meaningful ported by Fott (1959) in German but was not valid accord- taxonomic characteristics. In the Radiococcaceae, how- ing to International Botanical Nomenclature. This fam- ever, several genera were classified according to spherical ily name has been previously used by some researchers or oval cells (Korshikov 1953, Hindak 1977, 1980, Komarek (Bourrelly 1966, Philipose 1967, Hindak 1977), but since and Fott 1983). In addition, many taxa in the genera are then the family Radiococcaceae have been determined to classified based on if the mother cell wall gelatinizes rela- be valid by the description of Komarek (1979) in Latin. As tively quickly after protoplast division and in the process stressed by Hindak (1977) the present state of the taxono- of autospore growth such that its remnants remain only my of the family Radiococcaceae is not satisfactory (Hin- temporarily in the gelatinous envelope of a colony. Some dak 1980). Hindak (1980) explained that the acceptance of taxa have the characteristics that the remnants of cell wall traditionally acknowledged genera based on characters of exist for a long time in the colonial gelatinous envelope. a lower taxonomically value in other groups of green algae The family Radiococcaceae is composed of 4 subfami- http://dx.doi.org/10.5141/ecoenv.2014.037 Received 13 October 2014, Accepted 29 October 2014 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of *Corresponding Author the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which E-mail: : [email protected] permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any Tel: +82-31-539-1851 medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright © 2014 The Ecological Society of Korea. All rights are reserved. 351 pISSN: 2287-8327 eISSN: 2288-1220 J. Ecol. Environ. 37(4): 351-363, 2014 lies that are Radiococcoideae, Disporoideae, Dictyochlo- cystis (Komarek and Fott 1983). The genus Gloeocystis, relloideae and Palmodictyoideae. Of these, Radiococcoi- however, was included in the family Palmellaceae of the deae includes the genera Mycanthococcus, Myurococcus, order Tetrasporales by Prescott (1962) and Smith (1950). Schizochlamydella, Coenochloris, Thorakochloris, Radio- Komarek and Fott (1983) merged the family Palmellaceae coccus, Euteramorus, Coenocystis, Coccomyxa and Gloeo- which lack pseudocilia into the family Radiococcaceae. Table 1. Sampling sites of genera Coenochloris, Radiococcus, Schizochlamydella and Thorakochloris from 2011 to 2014 Station Collected data Locality Coordinate Baengduimot 31 May 2014 Guemak, Hanrim, Jeju-do 33˚26′14″ N, 126˚40′48″ E Bongpo Reservoir 03 Apr. 2014 Tosung, Gosung, Gangwon-do 38˚14′27″ N, 128˚34′08″ E Bongwoomot 31 May 2014 Boseong, Seoguipo, Jeju-do 33˚15′16″ N, 126˚16′16″ E Bukhan River 26 Aug. 2012 Yangsoori, Yangpyeong, Gyeonggi-do 37˚32′25″ N, 127˚18′47″ E Pond in Bundang Jungang Park 02 Jun. 2012 Soonae, Boondang, Sungnam city, Gyeonggi-do 37˚22′30″ N, 127˚07′32″ E Pond around Docho elementary School 24 Jun. 2013 Suhang, Docho, Sinan, Jeollanam-do 34˚41′46″ N, 127˚57′52″ E Dombaemul 30 May 2014 Yeoyeom, Aewol, Jeju, Jeju 33˚23′28″ N, 126˚21′19″ E Dongmyeong Reservoir 10 Jul. 2012 Gudeokri, Dongmyeon, Chilgok, Gyeongsangbuk-do 35˚58′42″ N, 128˚33′50″ E Estuary of the Dongjin River 22 Sep. 2012 Gumpanri, Baeksan, Gunsan, , Jeollabuk-do 35˚45′40″ N, 126˚46′39″ E Euirim Reservoir 31 Aug. 2012 Mosandong, Jecheon, Chungcheongbuk-do 37˚10′23″ N, 127˚12′37″ E Galchi Reservoir 24 Apr. 2013 Daeya, Gunpo, Gyeonggi-do 37˚19′06″ N, 127˚53′15″ E Gobok Reservoir 28 May 2013 Gobokri, Cheonan, Seomyeon, Chungcheongnam-do 36˚35′57″ N, 127˚13′45″ E Estuary lake of Geumgang 22 Mar. 2013 Dosam, Maseo, Seocheon, Chungcheongnam-do 36˚01′00″ N, 126˚44′55″ E Gyodong Reservoir 31 May 2013 Donggodori, Geumma, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do 35˚59′43″ N, 127˚03′49″ E Ilwang Reservoir 24 Apr. 2013 Songchook, Suwon city, Gyeonggi-do 37˚17′59″ N, 127˚00′02″ E Jooeul Reservoir 22 Jul. 2012 Gyenamri, Jain, Kungsan, , Gyeongsangbuk-do 35˚48′05″ N, 128˚48′48″ E Lake 88 07 Sep. 2012 Olympic Park, Songpa, Seoul city 37˚31′14″ N, 127˚07′03″ E Lake Seoho 12 Apr. 2013 Whaseo 2, Soowoon city, Gyeonggi-do 37˚16′40″ N, 126˚59′15″ E Okgu Reservoir 22 Sep.2012 Gaesadong, Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do 35˚55′34″ N, 126˚38′50″ E Oknyeo Reservoir 22 Sep. 2012 Gaesadong, Gunsan, , Jeollabuk-do 34˚19′34″ N, 126˚37′24″ E Sampori Reservoir 18 Aug. 2012 Sampo, Jookwang, Goseong, Gangwon-do 38˚18′45″ N, 128˚30′51″ E Samrak Park 03 Nov. 2011 Samrak-dong, Sasang, Busan city 35˚10′09″ N, 128˚58′06″ E Shinweol Reservoir 09 Jul. 2012 Shinwol, Bukgil, Haenam, Jeollanam-do 34˚30′34″ N, 126˚43′06″ E Wetted soil and spring at tennis courts of 26 Sep. 2012 Sundan, Pocheon, Gyeonggi-do 37˚52′29″ N, Daejin University 127˚09′28″ E http://dx.doi.org/10.5141/ecoenv.2014.037 352 Five taxa new records of the family Radiococcaceae from Korea The purpose of this study is to review and add newly from the water information system of the Ministry of En- recorded species of 3 genera and 5 taxa in which the rem- vironment (NIER 2014). nants of the mother cell wall exist for a long time in the The identification of coccoid green algae is mainly colonial gelatinous envelope. based on guidelines from Komarek and Fott (1983), John and Tsarenko (2002), Hindak (1977, 1980, 1984, 1988), Prescott (1962), and Yamagishi and Akiyama (1984-1997). MATERIALS AND METHODS The samples of coccoid green algae were collected 290 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION sites including ponds, swamp, reservoirs, lakes and riv- ers from May 2011 to January 2014. Thirteen species in The family Radiococcaceae is composed of 6 genera, these 4 genera were identified and classified from 24 sites 24 species, 1 variety based on Komarek and Fott (1983), (Table 1). Sampling sites were located throughout Korea. Hindak (1977, 1980, 1984, 1988), John and Tsarenko (2002) All samples were collected by 10- or 20-μm mesh-sized and Komarek and Jankovska (2001). Schizochlamydella plankton nets with vertical and/or horizontal towing, or sphaerica, Coenochloris piscinalis, hindakii, C. mucosa, were submerged benthic or soil algae collected with spoid C. pyrenoidosa, C. helvetica, C. planconvexa, C. asymmet- or brush. Coccoid green algae samples were immediately rica and C. pyrenoidosa were recorded by Kim (2013), and fixed with Lugol’s iodine solution (0.5%) for immobilizing C. ovalis was reported by Jeon and Chang (1995). In this the cells to facilitate microscopic examination. To exam- study, 5 taxa are newly recorded in Korea: 1) Schizochla- ine the fine structures and cellular shapes, and to identify mydella solitaria, 2) Thorakochloris planktonica, 3) Radio- and classify species of the coccoid green algae, temporary coccus bavaricus, 4) R. nimbatus, and 5) R. planctonicus. slides were made by the following steps: 1) the phyto- This study details the taxonomic information, illustra- plankton samples (coccoid green algae) were mixed with tions, classifications, references, basionyms, synonyms glycerin in micro tubes. 2) The mixed sample was placed, and distributions of the newly recorded species of these drop-wise on a slide glass, and was fixed in position with families. cover slide. Permanent slides were made using the follow- ing steps. 1) The phytoplankton samples (coccoid green Class Chlorophyceae algae) were mixed with liquid glycerol gelatin for mount- Order Chlorococcales ing histochemical slides (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, Family Radiococcaceae USA); 2) the mixed sample was placed drop-wise on a Subfamily Radiococcoideae slide glass and was fixed in position with a cover slide; 3) Genus Schizochlamydella Korshikov 1953: 331 The margin of the cover glass was cemented with mani- cure (Thecashop, Seoul, Korea). The temporary and per- *Schizochlamydella solitaria (G.M. Smith) Fott 1974 (Fig. manent slides were observed at ×200 to ×1,000 magnifica- 1a−1c) tion using light microscopy (LM) (Axioskop 20 and Axio Basionym: Schizochlamydella solitaria G.M.
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