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1 Introduction Agata Godula-Jopek
1 1 Introduction Agata Godula-Jopek We find ourselves on the cusp of a new epoch in history, where every pos- sibility is still an option. Hydrogen, the very stuff of the stars and our own sun, is now being seized by human ingenuity and harnessed for human ends. Charting the right course at the very beginning of the journey is essential if we are to make the great promise of a hydrogen age a viable reality for our children and a worthy legacy for the generations that will come after us. Jeremy Rifkin [1]. Hydrogen is being considered as an important future energy carrier, which means it can store and deliver energy in a usable form. At standard temperature and pressure (0 ∘C and 1013 hPa), hydrogen exists in a gaseous form. It is odourless, colourless, tasteless, non-toxic and lighter than air. The stoichiometric fraction of hydrogen in air is 29.53 vol%. Abundant on earth as an element, hydrogen is present everywhere, being the simplest element in the universe representing 75 wt% or 90 vol% of all matter. As an energy carrier, hydrogen is not an energy source itself; it can only be produced from other sources of energy, such as fossil fuels, renewable sources or nuclear power by different energy conversion processes. Exothermic combustion reaction with oxygen forms water (heat of combustion 1.4 × 108 Jkg−1) and no greenhouse gases containing carbon are emitted to the atmosphere. Selected physical properties of hydrogen based on Van Nostrand are presented in Table 1.1 [2]. The energy content of hydrogen is 33.3 kWh kg−1, corresponding to 120 MJ kg−1 (lower heating value, LHV), and 39.4 kWh kg−1, corresponding to 142 MJ kg−1 (upper heating value, UHV). -
Efficient Dynamics
A subsidiary of BMW AG BMW U.S. Press Information For Release: February 11, 2015 Contact: Hector Arellano-Belloc BMW Product & Technology Spokesperson 201-307-3755 / [email protected] Rebecca Kiehne BMW Product & Technology Spokesperson 201-307-3709 / [email protected] Alex Schmuck BMW Product & Technology Communications Manager 201-307-3783 / [email protected] The New BMW ALPINA B6 xDrive Gran Coupe Enhancements for 2016 model year deliver more power and refinement than ever. Woodcliff Lake, N.J. – February 11, 2015… The new 2016 model year BMW ALPINA B6 xDrive Gran Coupe gains subtle BMW enhancements and benefits in particular from the results of continuous development by ALPINA. The four-door Gran Coupe, already widely recognized for aesthetic beauty and impressive driving performance, raises the benchmark with exciting new details. The new BMW ALPINA B6 xDrive Gran Coupe will become available to order starting in March 2015, with US deliveries slated to begin at BMW Centers in June. The MSRP including Destination and Handling is $122,195. The BMW ALPINA B6 xDrive Gran Coupe is available as a special-order vehicle with capacity-limited production underscoring its exclusivity. The B6’s body is manufactured in the BMW 6 Series factory (Plant Dingolfing) and hand-finished with the remaining ALPINA components at the ALPINA factory in Buchloe, Germany. The hand-finishing sequence at ALPINA increases the production lead-time by approximately two weeks. European Delivery at the BMW Welt delivery center is available for the BMW ALPINA B6, as is BMW Performance Center Delivery in Greer, SC, USA. -
2009 BMW 6 Series 650I Coupe 650I Convertible the Ultimate Driving
2009 BMW 6 Series 650i Coupe The Ultimate 650i Convertible Driving Machine® E63E6 LUSA20 S00 B A reward above all others: the BMW 6 Series. The most beautiful scenery isn’t always snow-covered. The power to upstage a scenic lookout. Before you decide what to drive, fi rst discover what drives you. This is how much has gone in. And this is what comes out. At BMW, we create dynamic vehicles that thrill you with quick acceleration, predictable handling and unshakable control. We are also busy fi nding ways to sustain this level of performance while incorporating innovative fuels and technologies to help preserve the environment. This is what we refer to as “Effi cientDynamics.” This goal has led to the visionary CleanEnergy hydrogen-powered engine, which is currently used in the BMW Hydrogen 7 Sedan. BMW Advanced Diesel with BluePerformance, which offers diesel power with quick acceleration, increased fuel effi ciency and reduced emissions, is being introduced to the U.S. in 2009 in select models. In fact, every BMW on the road today comes standard with technology that boosts performance while simultaneously reducing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Valvetronic Instead of using a traditional throttle, Valvetronic technology lets the engine breathe more easily by varying the lift height of the valves to regulate air intake. The result: improved cold starts, smoother running, and a significant drop in fuel consumption. Using revolutionary tech nology such as this, BMW has improved its overall average fuel economy more than any other manufacturer. BMW models have low CO2 emissions today. But that’s just for starters. -
BMW M Motorsport Presents the New BMW M4 GT3.Pdf
BMW Corporate Communications For Release: Immediate Contacts: Bill Cobb BMW of North America Motorsport Press Officer 215-431-7223 (cell) / [email protected] Oleg Satanovsky BMW of North America Product and Technology Spokesperson 201-414-8694 (cell) / [email protected] Thomas Plucinsky BMW of North America Motorsport Communications 201-406-4801 (cell) / [email protected] BMW M Motorsport presents the new BMW M4 GT3 • Newest addition to BMW Motorsport’s Customer Racing program. • Based on new M4 Competition Coupe. • Eligible for 2022 IMSA WeatherTech GTD and SRO GT Classes • $530,000 excluding shipping. • Competition Package available for $55,000. Woodcliff Lake, N.J. – June 2, 2021…BMW Motorsport is proud to announce the new state-of-the-art BMW M4 GT3 customer race car based on the recently launched 2021 M4 Competition Coupe. Powering the new Coupe is the P58 3.0-liter inline-6-cylinder M TwinPower Turbo engine producing up to 590 hp. The BMW M4 GT3 will retail for $530,000 in the US (excl. shipping). The Competition Package adds $55,000 and includes additional headlights, backlit door numbers, TPMS with 8 sensors, spring and brake pedal travel measurement systems, BOSCH CAS-M rear-view camera radar system, an additional set of rims, and one day of training on the BMW M Motorsport M4 GT3 simulator. In North America, the BMW M4 GT3 will be eligible to compete in the GT Daytona and GT Daytona Pro classes of the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship, as BMW Corporate Communications well as the GT class of the SRO Fanatec GT World Challenge America powered by AWS and SRO GT America powered by AWS series. -
FPP8407 X6 F16 January2015.Indd
BMW X6 xDrive35i xDrive40d xDrive50i M50d Sheer www.bmw.co.za/X6 Driving Pleasure BMW X6 PRICE LIST. JANUARY 2015. BMW X6 PRICE LIST. JANUARY 2015. CO2 Tax including 14% VAT X6 xDrive35i X6 xDrive40d X6 xDrive50i X6 M50d 8-speed Sport Automatic Transmission Steptronic 8 002.80 4 411.80 10 773.00 5 540.40 Recommended retail price including 14% VAT but excludes CO2 emissions tax Standard Model X6 xDrive35i X6 xDrive40d X6 xDrive50i X6 M50d 8-speed Sport Automatic Transmission Steptronic 947 500 1 052 500 1 163 000 1 327 000 Exterior Design Pure Extravagance X6 xDrive35i X6 xDrive40d X6 xDrive50i X6 M50d 8-speed Sport Automatic Transmission Steptronic 994 200 1 099 200 1 207 000 – M Sport package X6 xDrive35i X6 xDrive40d X6 xDrive50i X6 M50d 8-speed Sport Automatic Transmission Steptronic 988 000 1 093 000 1 185 400 – Engine Specifi cations and Performance X6 xDrive35i X6 xDrive40d X6 xDrive50i X6 M50d Cylinders/valves 6/4 6/4 8/4 6/4 Capacity (cc) 2 979 2 993 4 395 2 993 Maximum Power (kW/rpm) 225/5 800 - 6 400 230/4 400 330/5 500 - 6 000 280/4 000 - 4 400 Maximum Torque (Nm/rpm) 400/1 200 - 5 000 630/1 500 - 2 500 650/2 000 - 4 500 740/2 000 - 3 000 Acceleration 0 – 100 km/h (s) 6.4 5.8 4.8 5.2 Top speed (km/h) 240 240 250 250 Combined Consumption (l/100 km) 8.5 6.2 9.7 6.6 CO2 (g/km) 198 163 225 174 Code Drivetrain technology X6 xDrive35i X6 xDrive40d X6 xDrive50i X6 M50d SA2TB 8-speed Sport Automatic transmission Steptronic with adaptive transmission control, sporty ■■■■ selector-lever and gearshift paddles on the steering wheel SA217 -
Der Neue Bmw X5
DER NEUE BMW X5. MIT DEM BESTEN xDRIVE ALLER ZEITEN. Freude am Fahren HERZLICH WILLKOMMEN ZUR PREMIERE BEI ENTENMANN AM 24. NOVEMBER, 10 – 16 UHR. Kraftstoffverbrauch (in l/100 km) der neuen BMW X5 Modelle kombiniert: 8,7 – 6,0; CO2-Emission (in g/km) kombiniert: 197 – 158. Abbildung zeigt Sonderausstattung. DIE STADT STEHT IHNEN OFFEN. BMW FÖRDERT DEN UMSTIEG. BIS ZU 6.000,– EURO MIT DEN BMW UND MINI UMWELTPRÄMIEN. Freude am Fahren Individuelle Mobilität sicherstellen und die Luftqualität in belaste- betroffene Stadt angrenzenden Landkreis haben. Auch Pendler, ten Städten verbessern – das sind die Ziele der BMW UMWELT- die ihren Arbeitsplatz in einer betroffenen Stadt haben, können die PRÄMIE+. BMW UMWELTPRÄMIE+ erhalten.*** Diese gilt für Halter von BMW und MINI Dieselmodellen mit der Der Kaufvertrag muss zwischen dem 01.10.2018 und dem 31.12.2019 Abgasnorm Euro 5 und Euro 4 in Städten, die von Stickstoffdioxid- abgeschlossen werden. Grenzwertüberschreitungen in besonderem Maße betroffen sind.* Ohne örtliche Begrenzung wird nach wie vor bundesweit für alle Bei Inzahlungnahme Ihres aktuellen BMW oder MINI Dieselmodells Dieselmodelle mit der Abgasnorm Euro 5 und älter bis 31.12.2018 erhalten Sie bei Kauf eines BMW oder MINI Neuwagens 6.000,– die BMW UMWELTPRÄMIE**** angeboten. Neu ist: Für Diesel- EUR und bei Kauf eines BMW oder MINI Vorführwagens oder eines modelle mit der Abgasnorm Euro 5 wird diese Prämie bis zum Jungen Gebrauchten BMW oder MINI 4.500,– EUR.** 31.12.2019 verlängert. Berechtigt sind Sie, wenn Sie Ihren Erstwohnsitz in einer der be- troffenen Städte, innerhalb eines Radius von 70 Kilometern um Die BMW UMWELTPRÄMIE und die BMW UMWELTPRÄMIE+ den Mittelpunkt einer der betroffenen Städte oder in einem an eine können nicht miteinander kombiniert werden. -
Vehicle Applicatons, Future of IC Engines
Part 10: Vehicle Applications, Future of IC Engines Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines Prof. Rolf D. Reitz Engine Research Center University of Wisconsin-Madison 2014 Princeton-CEFRC Summer School on Combustion Course Length: 15 hrs (Mon.- Fri., June 23 – 27, 2014) Copyright ©2014 by Rolf D. Reitz. This material is not to be sold, reproduced or distributed without prior written permission of the owner, Rolf D. Reitz. 1 1 CEFRC9 CEFRC5 June-10, 29, 2014 2012 Part 10: Vehicle Applications, Future of IC Engines Short course outine: Engine fundamentals and performance metrics, computer modeling supported by in-depth understanding of fundamental engine processes and detailed experiments in engine design optimization. Day 1 (Engine fundamentals) Part 1: IC Engine Review, 0, 1 and 3-D modeling Part 2: Turbochargers, Engine Performance Metrics Day 2 (Combustion Modeling) Part 3: Chemical Kinetics, HCCI & SI Combustion Part 4: Heat transfer, NOx and Soot Emissions Day 3 (Spray Modeling) Part 5: Atomization, Drop Breakup/Coalescence Part 6: Drop Drag/Wall Impinge/Vaporization/Sprays Day 4 (Engine Optimization) Part 7: Diesel combustion and SI knock modeling Part 8: Optimization and Low Temperature Combustion Day 5 (Applications and the Future) Part 9: Fuels, After-treatment and Controls Part 10: Vehicle Applications, Future of IC Engines 2 CEFRC5-10, 2014 Part 10: Vehicle Applications, Future of IC Engines Kokjohn, IJER 2011, SAE 2011, SAE 2009 Light- & heavy-duty engine RCCI Heavy Light Duty Duty HD and LD engines compared over Engine CAT GM 1.9 L IMEP (bar) 9 gasoline/diesel fuel ratio sweep at 9 Engine speed (rev/min) 1300 1900 bar IMEP Mean piston speed (m/s) 7.2 5.7 LD engine intake temperature and Total fuel mass (mg) 94 20.2 pressure adjusted in to match HD EGR (%) 41 compression stroke Premixed gasoline (%) 82 to 89 81 to 84 Diesel SOI 1 (°ATDC) -58 -56 Engine size scaling laws do not provide Diesel SOI 2 (°ATDC) -37 -35 a scaling parameter for engine speed Diesel inj. -
Safety Consideration on Liquid Hydrogen
Safety Considerations on Liquid Hydrogen Karl Verfondern Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft der 5/JULICH Mitglied FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................1 2. PROPERTIES OF LIQUID HYDROGEN..........................................................................................3 2.1. Physical and Chemical Characteristics..............................................................................................3 2.1.1. Physical Properties ......................................................................................................................3 2.1.2. Chemical Properties ....................................................................................................................7 2.2. Influence of Cryogenic Hydrogen on Materials..............................................................................9 2.3. Physiological Problems in Connection with Liquid Hydrogen ....................................................10 3. PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROGEN AND SLUSH HYDROGEN................................... 13 3.1. Liquid Hydrogen Production Methods ............................................................................................ 13 3.1.1. Energy Requirement .................................................................................................................. 13 3.1.2. Linde Hampson Process ............................................................................................................15 -
Recommended Retail Price List – June 2020
Recommended Retail Price List – June 2020 Fuel Consumption Electrical Energy VES (band) Retail Price (l/100km) (kWh/100km) BMW 1 Series 118i Luxury B 5.9 $139,888 118i M Sport B 5.9 $142,888 BMW 2 Series 216i Active Tourer Sport B 6.3 $141,888 216i Gran Tourer Sport B 6.5 $147,888 216i Gran Tourer Luxury B 6.5 $154,888 216i Gran Tourer M Sport B 6.5 $157,888 218i Gran Coupe Luxury B 5.9 $155,888 218i Gran Coupe M Sport B 5.9 $158,888 218i Coupe Sport C1 5.5 $161,888 218i Convertible Sport C1 5.8 $177,888 225xe Active Tourer B 2.4 17.4 $176,888 BMW 3 Series 320i Sedan Luxury B 6.3 $200,888 320i Sedan M Sport B 6.3 $206,888 330i Sedan M Sport B 6.4 $233,888 330e Sedan Luxury A2 2.2 15.4 $240,888 BMW 4 Series 420i Coupe Sport B 5.8 $200,888 420i Convertible Sport B 6.2 $242,888 420i Gran Coupe Sport B 5.8 $194,888 BMW 5 Series 520i Sedan Sport B 6.5 $237,888 520i Sedan Luxury B 6.5 $240,888 520i Sedan M Sport B 6.5 $251,888 530i Sedan Luxury B 6.5 $256,888 530i Sedan M Sport B 6.5 $274,888 530e Sedan Sport B 2.0 15.6 $272,888 540i Sedan M Sport C1 7.3 $345,888 Booking Fees (Non-refundable and inclusive of $10,000 COE deposit): A1. -
BMW U.S. Media Information Technical Data 2018 BMW X5
BMW U.S. Media Information Technical Data 2018 BMW X5 Sports Activity Vehicle X5 sDrive35i X5 xDrive35i X5 xDrive50i X5 xDrive35d X5 xDrive40e Transmission type automatic automatic automatic automatic automatic Body Seats -- 5 5 5 5 5 Number of Doors -- 5 5 5 5 5 drive type -- RWD AWD AWD AWD AWD Veh. length inch 193.2 193.2 193.2 193.2 193.2 Veh. width inch 76.3 76.3 76.3 76.3 76.3 Width incl mirrors inch 86 86 86 86 86 Veh. height inch 69.4 69.4 69.4 69.4 69.4 Wheelbase inch 115.5 115.5 115.5 115.5 115.5 Overhang front inch 35.9 35.9 35.9 35.9 35.9 Rear overhang inch 41.9 41.9 41.9 41.9 41.9 Ground clearance inch 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 Turning circle ft 41.7 41.7 41.7 41.7 41.7 Legroom front inch 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.4 Legroom 2nd row inch 36.6 36.6 36.6 36.6 36.6 Shoulder room front inch 60.5 60.5 60.5 60.5 60.5 Shoulder room rear inch 58.3 58.3 58.3 58.3 58.3 Headroom front inch 40.5 40.5 40.5 40.5 40.5 Maximum headroom 2nd row inch 38.8 38.8 38.8 38.8 38.8 Headroom front with moonroof inch 39.8 39.8 39.8 39.8 39.8 Maximum headroom 2nd row with moonroof inch 38.3 38.3 38.3 38.3 38.3 Front Seat Volume ft³ 57.3 57.3 57.3 57.3 57.3 Rear Seat Volume ft³ 47.9 47.9 47.9 47.9 47.9 Approach angle front ° 22.2 22.2 22.2 22.2 22.2 Departure angle rear ° 20.4 20.4 20.4 20.4 20.4 Ramp angle ° 17.3 17.3 17.3 17.3 17.3 Axle clearance front inch 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 Axle clearance rear inch 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 fording depth (without auxiliary heating) inch 19.7 19.7 19.7 19.7 19.7 climbing ability % 50 50 50 50 50 climbing ability starting % 32 32 32 32 32 Press Trunk volume (SAE) ft³ 35.8-76.7 35.8-76.7 35.8-76.7 35.8-76.7 34.2-72.5 US Tank capacity - series gal 22.4 22.4 22.4 22.4 22.4 Weight distribution front / rear (empty car) % 47.9 / 52.1 49.1 / 50.9 50 / 50 50.4 / 49.6 45.8 / 54.2 US Curb weight lbs 4625 4735 5095 4875 5220 Engine Engine type -- N55B30M0 N55B30M0 N63B44O1 N57D30O1 N20B20O0 Cylinders -- 6 6 8 6 4 Valves p.cyl. -
BMW M4 GT4 Information Brochure
Sheer Driving Pleasure SHEER RACING PLEASURE. THE BMW M4 GT4 IN DETAIL. Motorsport FOREWORD. BMW MOTORSPORT DIRECTOR JENS MARQUARDT. Dear BMW Motorsport customers, I am delighted to present the “Race Car of the Year 2018”* in detail: the BMW M4 GT4. Developing a classic customer racing car such as this, and making it available to private customer teams has always been one of BMW Motorsport’s core competencies. The BMW M4 Coupé production model is the perfect foundation for the development of our latest GT4 contender. Building upon it, our engineers have closed the gap between our entry-level car, the BMW M240i Racing, and our top model, the BMW M6 GT3. The BMW M4 GT4 is designed for use by private customer teams, and in 2018, for its debut season, already obtained considerable success around the world in the booming GT4 class. Using advanced technical solutions and characterized by its high build quality, the BMW M4 GT4 remains affordable, making it a compelling offer within the class. We are grateful to our customers around the world who, like us, believed in the car early on and chose to partner with us on the track. As a new racing season dawns, we believe the best is yet to come for the BMW M4 GT4 and the car has a lot more potential for success around the world. Interested? Look no further than this brochure for more information on the BMW M4 GT4. Kind regards, This is an interactive brochure. Click on the tabs below for example to choose a specific chapter. -
The Bmw 6 Series. Gran Coupé, Coupé and Convertible
BMW 6 Series Gran Coupé Coupé Convertible Sheer www.bmw.com Driving Pleasure THE BMW 6 SERIES. GRAN COUPÉ, COUPÉ AND CONVERTIBLE. BMW EFFICIENTDYNAMICS. LESS EMISSIONS. MORE DRIVING PLEASURE. F12 · F13 · F06 VELKOMMEN TIL UDSTYRSSEKTIONEN. De resterende sider i kataloget er en oversigt over det ekstra- og standardudstyr, bilen leveres med i Tyskland. På de allersidste sider i kataloget finder du en udstyrsrsliste, som er gældende specifikt for det danske marked. Med venlig hilsen BMW Danmark A/S NEW DIMENSIONS OF DRIVING PLEASURE. In 2016 the BMW brand will be celebrating its 100th anniversary. Find out more at www.next100.bmw THE MODELS SHOWN. 04 BMW 6 SERIES GRAN COUPÉ WITH BMW INDIVIDUAL: BMW TwinPower Turbo 8-cylinder petrol engine, 330 kW (450 hp), 20" BMW Individual light alloy wheels V-spoke 374 I, forged, with mixed tyres, BMW Individual Frozen Brilliant White metallic exterior colour, seats in Amaro Brown BMW Individual full fine-grain Merino leather, BMW Individual fine-wood interior trim Ash Grain White. inspired by BMW Individual BMW 6 SERIES COUPÉ WITH M SPORT PACKAGE: BMW TwinPower Turbo 8-cylinder petrol engine, 330 kW (450 hp), 20" M light alloy wheels Double-spoke 373 M with mixed tyres, Mediterranean Blue metallic exterior colour, seats in Bicolour Ivory White/Black exclusive Nappa leather, Aluminium Hexagon interior trim. BMW 6 SERIES CONVERTIBLE WITH DESIGN PURE EXPERIENCE: BMW TwinPower Turbo 8-cylinder petrol engine, 330 kW (450 hp), 20" light alloy wheels Multi-spoke 616 with mixed, runflat tyres, Melbourne Red metallic exterior colour, seats in Bicolour Cognac/ Black exclusive Nappa leather, Fineline Brown fine-wood interior trim.