CARACTERIZACIÓN MOLECULAR DEL GEN 16S EN LA ESPECIE Atractus Crassicaudatus Y ANÁLISIS DE LA RELACIÓN FILOGENÉTICA DEL GÉNERO Atractus (Serpentes: Dipsadidae)

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CARACTERIZACIÓN MOLECULAR DEL GEN 16S EN LA ESPECIE Atractus Crassicaudatus Y ANÁLISIS DE LA RELACIÓN FILOGENÉTICA DEL GÉNERO Atractus (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) CARACTERIZACIÓN MOLECULAR DEL GEN 16S EN LA ESPECIE Atractus crassicaudatus Y ANÁLISIS DE LA RELACIÓN FILOGENÉTICA DEL GÉNERO Atractus (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) MARÍA CAMILA GÓMEZ ÁVILA LUIS ALEJANDRO YATE SÁNCHEZ UNIVERSIDAD DISTRITAL FRANCISCO JOSÉ DE CALDAS FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS Y EDUCACIÓN PROYECTO CURRICULAR DE LICENCIATURA EN BIOLOGÍA BOGOTA D.C. 2019 CARACTERIZACIÓN MOLECULAR DEL GEN 16S EN LA ESPECIE Atractus crassicaudatus Y ANÁLISIS DE LA RELACIÓN FILOGENÉTICA DEL GÉNERO Atractus (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) MARÍA CAMILA GÓMEZ ÁVILA LUIS ALEJANDRO YATE SÁNCHEZ Proyecto de Trabajo de Grado para optar al título de Licenciado en Biología Dr. LUIS FRANCISCO BECERRA GALINDO Licenciado en Biología. Msc. Ciencias Biológicas. Grupo de investigación: Biología molecular BIOMOL Director UNIVERSIDAD DISTRITAL FRANCISCO JOSÉ DE CALDAS FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS Y EDUCACIÓN PROYECTO CURRICULAR DE LICENCIATURA EN BIOLOGÍA BOGOTA D.C. 2019 2 Nota de la Universidad ―La universidad no se hace responsable de las ideas, ni del contenido del presente trabajo, debido a que estas hacen parte única y exclusivamente de los autores‖. Capítulo XV, Artículo 117, Acuerdo NÚMERO 029 DE 1988 del Consejo Superior de la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Calda 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradecemos a la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas nuestra alma mater, al proyecto Curricular de Licenciatura en Biología, por ser pilares en la construcción de esta investigación. De nuestra formación como Docentes, profesionales enfocados en la enseñanza e investigación, sujetos en pro al desarrollo de conocimientos que puedan implementarse y generen cambios significativos en sociedades futuras. 4 Al finalizar este trabajo de grado y pese a las dificultades inevitables de una investigación, es de suma importancia reconocer que sin la participación de personas e instituciones que contribuyan en la construcción de este, no sería posible culminar la tesis. Por lo cual quiero expresar mis agradecimientos más profundos. Gracias infinitas a la mujer de mi vida, mi mamá Aurora Angélica del Carmen, por ser un ejemplo de lucha, por enseñarme que el amor que se otorga viene de la mano con sabias palabras, sus palabras me enseñaron que sin importar los momentos de tribulación o los momentos en los que las fuerzas se comienzan agotar, el cuerpo se niega andar, el alma sucumbe ante la aflicción y se vive en sombras, siempre existe la esperanza de ver la vida más allá de una ausencia de color o una absorción de todos ellos, la vida es la percepción visual que se decida usar llena de múltiples posibilidades que pueden generen cambios significativos. A mi hermano Roy Alejandro por enseñarme que la paciencia es necesaria y una virtud de pocos, que sin importar lo complejo que sea el camino siempre puede encontrase una solución en diversas proposiciones. A mi viejo, mi querido viejo, desde cualquier lugar del universo seguirá inspirándome siendo el capitán de este navío, este Título siempre será por ti y para ti!. A mi querida amiga Alejandra Beltrán que sin su mano amiga que siempre están para levantarme ante alguna caída, a sus palabras llenas de cariño y conocimiento que te hacen ver y sentir la vida en una forma extensa así como los multiversos. A mi compañero Luis Alejandro por ser un cimiento ante los momentos de adversidad durante este proyecto. Gracias por persistir y creer en nuestra investigación. Camila Avila. 5 La formación profesional y personal que he vivido los últimos años no habría sido posible sin los aportes de un gran número de personas que han creido en mí y en este proyecto de vida, les ruego que me perdonen si su nombre se me escapa en estas cortas líneas, se que en su espíritu vive la satisfacción de haber sido esa ayuda, guía, apoyo y comprensión en cada una de las trivialidades que representa una formación profesional y el desarrollo del presente proyecto de investigación. Quiero agradecer a mis padres, Patricia y Luis por su inmensa paciencia, por su apoyo económico, por sus regaños, por su atención y en general por su crianza, en la cual he aprendido que vale la pena luchar por ser cada dia mejor y que todo buen proceder tiene su recompensa, deseo que esta meta que se culmina con esta tesis los llene de orgullo y sirva como medio de pago para la deuda que tengo con ustedes, la deuda de la vida. A Gabriel por ser el motor de la inspiración para embaracar este viaje, este triunfo es por ti. A las personas maravillosas que conoci en todo este proceso, a Sandra Rios por ser esa ayuda divina en el momento más difícil de mi vida y mi carrera, a Andres Berbeo por su amistad incondicional y por enseñarme que con disciplina todo es posible. A Diego, David, Matias, Sergio, Cristian y Julián, gracias por las grandes anécdotas, siempre recordare las vivencias con nostalgia. A mi compañera Camila Avila, por luchar junto conmigo en el difícil camino de la investigación. A Angie por los bonitos recuerdos de estos últimos años en la universidad y el lugar que siempre tendrá en mi corazón. Finalmente a la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, mi gloriosa UD, Por ser la institución que transformo mi vida, por ser mi segundo hogar, por hacer parte de los mejores años de mi vida, gracias, ¡MUCHAS GRACIAS! Alejandro Yate 6 RESUMEN Actualmente Colombia cuenta con alrededor de 270 especies de serpientes, cerca de un 8% de la diversidad mundial de este grupo, con una amplia distribución sobre el territorio nacional, exceptuando la costa Caribe y alturas mayores a los 3.500m, estos animales cumplen papeles fundamentales en los ecosistemas, sin embargo es importante efectuar cambios en las concepciones de estudios de la ofidiofauna colombiana y contribuir en investigaciones que representen un enfoque genético. El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue secuenciar un segmento del gen 16s mtDNA de la especie Atractus crassicaudatus y construir mediante análisis bioinformáticas las posibles relaciones filogenéticas con el género Atractus, esto tras el estudio de la secuencia obtenida junto con 29 secuencias de ADN, recuperadas de la base de datos genómica Genbank. Como resultado se obtuvo una secuencia de 364 pb, con un total de 3 regiones conservadas en 65 posiciones, además se propone la construcción de un árbol filogenético del género. Lo anterior permite inferir cercanía filogenética con especies descritas para el sur de Colombia y Ecuador. Estos resultados constituyen un aporte al conocimiento molecular de las especies colombianas, al ser la primer descripción de un gen para Atractus crassicaudatus, lo que a su vez ofrece una aproximación a la resolución del interrogante de las relaciones filogenéticas dentro del género perteneciente a la familia Colubridae. Palabras claves: Serpientes, Atractus, secuencias, molecular, máxima verosimilitud. 7 ABSTRACT Currently Colombia has around 270 species of snakes, about 8% of the world's diversity of this group, with a wide distribution over the national territory, except the Caribbean coast and heights greater than 3,500m, these animals fulfill fundamental roles In ecosystems, however, it is important to make changes in the conceptions of Colombian ophidian studies and contribute to research that represents a genetic approach. The main objective of this investigation was to sequence a segment of the 16s mtDNA gene of the species Atractus crassicaudatus and to construct by bioinformatic analysis the possible phylogenetic relationships with the genus Atractus, this after the analysis of the sequence obtained together with 29 DNA sequences recovered from the genbank Genbank database. As a result, a sequence of 364 bp was obtained, with a total of 3 regions conserved in 65 positions. It is also proposed the construction of a phylogenetic tree of the genus, which allows inferring phylogenetic proximity with species described for southern Colombia and Ecuador. These results constitute a contribution to the molecular knowledge of Colombian species, being the first description of a gene for Atractus crassicaudatus, which in turn offers an approach to the resolution of the question of phylogenetic relationships within the genus belonging to the Colubridae family. Keywords: Snakes, Atractus, sequences, molecular, maximum likelihood. 8 ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDO RESUMEN………………………………………………………………….….…VII ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………..… VIII ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDO …………………………… …………………….…...IX LISTA DE FIGURAS……………………………… …………………..…….....XIII LISTA DE TABLAS………………………………………………………...……XV LISTA DE ANEXOS ….………………………………………………………...XVI Pag. INTRODUCCIÓN....…………………………………………………………………17 1.PLANTEAMIENT ..…….……………....................................................................19 1.1 DESCRIPCIÓN DEL PROBLEMA………………………… …….…...……....19 1.1.2 PREGUNTA PROBLEMA……………………… …………………...……....20 1.1.2 HIPOTESIS…………………………………………………………………….20 1.3JUSTIFICACIÓN…………………………………………………….…...…...…..21 1.4OBJETIVOS………………………………………………………………………..23 9 2. MARCO TEÓRICO……………………………………………………...……......24 2.1 ANTECEDENTES ……………………………………………………………......24 2.2GENERALIDADES DE ATRACTUS CRASSICAUDATUS……………..….........27 2.3TAXONOMÍA…………………………………………… ……….…….……….29 2.4 GENBANK……………………………………………… ………………… …...31 2.5MARCADORES MOLECULARES………………………………………….. ...32 2.6GEN 16S …………………………………………..…………..…………..………..34 2.7 HOMOLOGÍA DE SECUENCIAS …………………………………….… …......35 2.8 ALINEAMIENTOS ……………………………………………………….............35 2.9ALINEAMIENTOS MÚLTIPLES………………………………………….. …....36 2.10DISTANCIA GENÉTICA ………………….……..…………………..…… …..36 2.11 ESTIMACIÓN DE ÁRBOLES FILOGENÉTICOS ………………………..…37 2.12 ÁRBOL CONSENSO………………………………………………………...…37
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