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Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies Hydraulic and Hydrologic Factors on Conveyance Efficiency: Case of Fantale and Tibila Irrigation Schemes Adam Tefera A Thesis Submitted to The School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (Hydraulic Engineering) Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia October 2013 i Hydraulic and Hydrologic Factors on Conveyance Efficiency: Case of Fantale and Tibila Irrigation Schemes By Adam Tefera Dinsa Advisor Mebruk M. (Dr) A Thesis Submitted to The School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (Hydraulic Engineering) Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia October 2013 i Declaration I, the undersigned person, declare that this thesis is my original work and that all sources of materials used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged. Name Adam Tefera Dinsa Signature _________________ Place Addis Ababa University Date of submission October 2013 ii Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Adam Tefera, entitled: Hydraulic and Hydrologic Factors on Conveyance Efficiency: Case of Fantale and Tibila Irrigation Schemes and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Hydraulic Engineering) compiles with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the Examining Committee: Examiner Dr. Daneal F. Signature_______________ Date________________ Examiner Dr.-Ing. Asie K. Signature_______________ Date________________ Advisor Dr.-Ing. Mebruk M. Signature_______________ Date________________ ____________________________________________ Chair of Department or Graduate Program Coordinator iii Abstract Hydraulic and Hydrologic Factors on Conveyance Efficiency: Case of Fantale and Tibila Irrigation Schemes By: Adam Tefera Dinsa Advisor: Mebruk M. (Dr) Addis Ababa University, 2013 In planning and designing an irrigation system, a major problem is to decide what efficiency to apply in the calculations. Since basic knowledge on this subject is lacking, it is common practice that this efficiency is either assumed or derived from existing irrigation systems. Obviously, the efficiency thus obtained is unlikely to suit the conditions of the project area in its future state. Most irrigation projects in Ethiopia are found to work below their expectation. One of the main reason behind is the difference in the conveyance & application efficiency envisioned (designed) and the actual values obtained in the projects design life. For irrigation projects having extensive length of main canal and secondary canals, the effect of conveyance efficiency is far more important than the application efficiency in deciding the project future performance. To evaluate the effect of conveyance efficiency, variation from the designed value, two irrigation schemes, Fantale and Tibila constructed in 2003 and 2008 respectively were used as case study. The designed value was taken from the respective design reports and the existing conveyance efficiency is obtained by measuring discharge, depth of flow, wetted perimeter, wetted area and bed slope of the canal at different locations. The conveyance efficiency given at the design stage was 95% for both schemes which was directly taken from FAO recommendations. However, the values obtained during the study were 34.4% and 89% respectively for Fantale and Tibila schemes. Such a decrease in conveyance efficiency is found to be due to hydraulic and hydrologic factors. The factor is hydraulic in a sense that the conveyance characters (roughness coefficient, hydraulic radius and bed slope) used in the designed stage has no longer exists in the current situation of the schemes. The factor is hydrologic in a sense that the variation in hydraulic radius from the designed values has resulted in increase in the water depth which intern increases the top width of the water surface which further resulted in increasing in seepage and evaporation losses. Thus a designed conveyance efficiency taken directly from standard books has effect on the overall performance of an irrigation project. Conveyance efficiency selected should be based on construction material, method and quality, managerial activities, technological and other factors affecting conveyance efficiency. Key words: Conveyance efficiency, Evaporation loss, Fantale & Tibila irrigation schemes iv Acknowledgments For all his sincere, faithful and immense devotion to help me for the accomplishment of this thesis work and to bring me here from the start, much appreciation is expressed for my advisor Dr. Ing. Mebruk M, his smart and sweet advice put me on the journey of education and assisted me to print out this thesis. I would also like to express my gratitude to Ministry of Water and Energy for financial assistance given me in data collection. Acknowledgment is expressed to the staff of Oromia Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise and Oromia Water, Mineral and Energy bureau. Special thanks are due to my colleagues, family, relatives and friends for their cooperation to accomplish this study. v Table of Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................................. ix List of Tables .................................................................................................................................... x List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................................... xii 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background of the study area ...................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Statement of the problem ............................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Objective ...................................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.1 General objective ...................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.2 Specific objectives .................................................................................................................... 5 2. Literature review ......................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Irrigation ...................................................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Small-scale irrigation ................................................................................................................ 6 2.1.2 Large-scale irrigation ................................................................................................................ 7 2.2 Irrigation potential in Ethiopia ..................................................................................................... 7 2.3 Irrigation development in Ethiopia .............................................................................................. 9 2.4 Water Resources of the Awash River Basin .............................................................................. 10 2.4.1 Hydrological description of Awash River Basin .................................................................... 12 2.5 Some irrigation schemes in Awash River Basin ........................................................................ 14 2.6 Irrigation efficiency definitions ................................................................................................. 16 2.7 Evaluating irrigation system performance. ................................................................................ 17 2.7.1 Application efficiency ............................................................................................................. 17 2.7.2 Conveyance efficiency ............................................................................................................ 18 2.7.3 Storage efficiency ................................................................................................................... 18 2.7.4 Distribution efficiency ............................................................................................................ 18 2.8 Factors affecting conveyance efficiency .................................................................................... 18 2.8.1 Soil salinity and water logging ............................................................................................... 18 2.8.2 Performance gaps and technological transfer ......................................................................... 20 2.8.3 Effects of hydraulic parameters on conveyance efficiency .................................................... 22 vi 2.8.4 Hydrological effect on conveyance efficiency ....................................................................... 22 2.8.5 Agronomy effect on conveyance efficiency ........................................................................... 23 2.9 Discharge measuring structures ................................................................................................. 23 2.9.1 Notches ..................................................................................................................................
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