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'The Italians and the IWMA'
Levy, Carl. 2018. ’The Italians and the IWMA’. In: , ed. ”Arise Ye Wretched of the Earth”. The First International in Global Perspective. 29 The Hague: Brill, pp. 207-220. ISBN 978-900-4335-455 [Book Section] https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/23423/ The version presented here may differ from the published, performed or presented work. Please go to the persistent GRO record above for more information. If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Goldsmiths, University of London via the following email address: [email protected]. The item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated. For more information, please contact the GRO team: [email protected] chapter �3 The Italians and the iwma Carl Levy Introduction Italians played a significant and multi-dimensional role in the birth, evolution and death of the First International, and indeed in its multifarious afterlives: the International Working Men's Association (iwma) has also served as a milestone or foundation event for histories of Italian anarchism, syndicalism, socialism and communism.1 The Italian presence was felt simultaneously at the national, international and transnational levels from 1864 onwards. In this chapter I will first present a brief synoptic overview of the history of the iwma (in its varied forms) in Italy and abroad from 1864 to 1881. I will then exam- ine interpretations of aspects of Italian Internationalism: Mazzinian Repub- licanism and the origins of anarchism, the Italians, Bakunin and interactions with Marx and his ideas, the theory and practice of propaganda by the deed and the rise of a third-way socialism neither fully reformist nor revolutionary, neither Marxist nor anarchist. -
Translation and Revolution: the Case of Guglielmo Pepe’S Relazione Delle Circostanze Relative Agli Avvenimenti Politici E Militari in Napoli, Nel 1820 E Nel 1821
1 Massimiliano Demata Translation and revolution: the case of Guglielmo Pepe’s Relazione delle circostanze relative agli avvenimenti politici e militari in Napoli, nel 1820 e nel 1821. When we talk about Guglielmo Pepe, we refer to a key figure in the history of Italian Risorgimento and a very important military officer in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies who followed the roller coaster-like evolution of revolutionary movements in Italy in the first half of the nineteenth century. He first joined the Neapolitan Republic in 1799, but lost the struggle against Cardinal Ruffo’s troops and was exiled to France. In 1813 he returned to Italy and led the Neapolitan army of Joaquin Murat, fighting against the Austrians. On the fall of Murat and the return of King Ferdinand IV, Pepe retained his post and organized the local carbonari into some kind of militia acting as an instrument of pressure to the king, who eventually granted a liberal constitution. However, the king had no intention to respect his promise, and secretly negotiated with the Austrians for a return of the absolute monarchy. This is what happened in March 1821, when Pepe’s army was defeated in Rieti by the Austrians and constitutional hopes collapsed. Pepe was forced again into exile, this time to England, but this was not the end of the story: he re-entered the history of Risorgimento later on, when in 1848 he joined the Neapolitan army again, after another false promise of a constitution, then joined the Venetian army, which was then defeated by the Austrians. -
By Filippo Sabetti Mcgill University the MAKING of ITALY AS AN
THE MAKING OF ITALY AS AN EXPERIMENT IN CONSTITUTIONAL CHOICE by Filippo Sabetti McGill University THE MAKING OF ITALY AS AN EXPERIMENT IN CONSTITUTIONAL CHOICE In his reflections on the history of European state-making, Charles Tilly notes that the victory of unitary principles of organiza- tion has obscured the fact, that federal principles of organization were alternative design criteria in The Formation of National States in West- ern Europe.. Centralized commonwealths emerged from the midst of autonomous, uncoordinated and lesser political structures. Tilly further reminds us that "(n)othing could be more detrimental to an understanding of this whole process than the old liberal conception of European history as the gradual creation and extension of political rights .... Far from promoting (representative) institutions, early state-makers 2 struggled against them." The unification of Italy in the nineteenth century was also a victory of centralized principles of organization but Italian state- making or Risorgimento differs from earlier European state-making in at least three respects. First, the prospects of a single political regime for the entire Italian peninsula and islands generated considerable debate about what model of government was best suited to a population that had for more than thirteen hundred years lived under separate and diverse political regimes. The system of government that emerged was the product of a conscious choice among alternative possibilities con- sidered in the formulation of the basic rules that applied to the organi- zation and conduct of Italian governance. Second, federal principles of organization were such a part of the Italian political tradition that the victory of unitary principles of organization in the making of Italy 2 failed to obscure or eclipse them completely. -
DO AS the SPANIARDS DO. the 1821 PIEDMONT INSURRECTION and the BIRTH of CONSTITUTIONALISM Haced Como Los Españoles. Los Movimi
DO AS THE SPANIARDS DO. THE 1821 PIEDMONT INSURRECTION AND THE BIRTH OF CONSTITUTIONALISM Haced como los españoles. Los movimientos de 1821 en Piamonte y el origen del constitucionalismo PIERANGELO GENTILE Universidad de Turín [email protected] Cómo citar/Citation Gentile, P. (2021). Do as the Spaniards do. The 1821 Piedmont insurrection and the birth of constitutionalism. Historia y Política, 45, 23-51. doi: https://doi.org/10.18042/hp.45.02 (Reception: 15/01/2020; review: 19/04/2020; acceptance: 19/09/2020; publication: 01/06/2021) Abstract Despite the local reference historiography, the 1821 Piedmont insurrection still lacks a reading that gives due weight to the historical-constitutional aspect. When Carlo Alberto, the “revolutionary” Prince of Carignano, granted the Cádiz Consti- tution, after the abdication of Vittorio Emanuele I, a crisis began in the secular history of the dynasty and the kingdom of Sardinia: for the first time freedoms and rights of representation broke the direct pledge of allegiance, tipycal of the absolute state, between kings and people. The new political system was not autochthonous but looked to that of Spain, among the many possible models. Using the extensive available bibliography, I analyzed the national and international influences of that 24 PIERANGELO GENTILE short historical season. Moreover I emphasized the social and geographic origin of the leaders of the insurrection (i.e. nobility and bourgeoisie, core and periphery of the State) and the consequences of their actions. Even if the insurrection was brought down by the convergence of the royalist forces and the Austrian army, its legacy weighed on the dynasty. -
Quadrilatero
CPIA 1 FOGGIA In copertina: Eugène Delacroix, La libertà che guida il popolo ,1831 Il decennio francese La Rivoluzione francese e l’età napoleonica trasformarono profondamente l’Europa. Sul piano sociale furono eliminati in gran parte dell’Europa i privilegi della nobiltà e del clero; sul piano politico fu abbattuta la monarchia assoluta; sul piano territoriale Napoleone modificò i confini fra gli Stati; sul piano ideologico si affermarono i nuovi ideali di libertà, uguaglianza e fraternità. La marcia delle truppe francesi, guidate dal giovane Bonaparte fu inarrestabile. J. L. David, Napoleone attraversa le Alpi CPIA 1 FOGGIA L’Italia napoleonica Le vittorie di Napoleone sconvolsero l’ordine dell’ Europa ed anche degli Stati italiani. Nel marzo 1796 l’esercito valicò le Alpi e in poco tempo tutta l’Italia del Nord veniva conquistata. I sovrani dei vari stati fuggirono e sotto la protezione delle truppe napoleoniche furono create le repubbliche sorelle della Francia: nel 1797 la Repubblica Cisalpina con capitale Milano e la Repubblica Ligure con capitale Genova; nel 1798 le forze francesi cacciarono il papa da Roma e crearono la Repubblica Romana; nel 1799 il sovrano del regno di Napoli fuggì incalzato dall’esercito francese e nacque la Repubblica Partenopea. L’Italia era ormai un dominio francese, uniche eccezioni il Veneto, che col trattato di Campoformio veniva ceduto all’Austria e la Sicilia e la Sardegna ancora in mano ai Borbone. Fatta eccezione per una breve interruzione la dominazione francese durò quasi un decennio, durante cui l’Italia conobbe un’età di progresso economico e di modernizzazione amministrativa. CPIA 1 FOGGIA Il congresso di Vienna Nell’ottobre 1813 a Lipsia (nell’attuale Germania) una coalizione formata da Austria, Russia, Inghilterra e Prussia sconfisse Napoleone Bonaparte e lo costrinse a firmare la rinuncia al trono francese e ad andare in esilio nell’isola d’Elba. -
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declared war on Austria, in alliance with the Papal States and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and attacked the weakened Austria in her Italian possessions. embarked to Sicily to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, ruled by the But Piedmontese Army was defeated by Radetzky; Charles Albert abdicated Bourbons. Garibaldi gathered 1.089 volunteers: they were poorly armed in favor of his son Victor Emmanuel, who signed the peace treaty on 6th with dated muskets and were dressed in a minimalist uniform consisting of August 1849. Austria reoccupied Northern Italy. Sardinia wasn’t able to beat red shirts and grey trousers. On 5th May they seized two steamships, which Austria alone, so it had to look for an alliance with European powers. they renamed Il Piemonte and Il Lombardo, at Quarto, near Genoa. On 11th May they landed at Marsala, on the westernmost point of Sicily; on 15th they Room 8 defeated Neapolitan troops at Calatafimi, than they conquered Palermo on PALAZZO MORIGGIA the 29th , after three days of violent clashes. Following the victory at Milazzo (29th May) they were able to control all the island. The last battle took MUSEO DEL RISORGIMENTO THE DECADE OF PREPARATION 1849-1859 place on 1st October at Volturno, where twenty-one thousand Garibaldini The Decade of Preparation 1849-1859 (Decennio defeated thirty thousand Bourbons soldiers. The feat was a success: Naples di Preparazione) took place during the last years of and Sicily were annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia by a plebiscite. MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY HISTORY LABORATORY Risorgimento, ended in 1861 with the proclamation CIVIC HISTORICAL COLLECTION of the Kingdom of Italy, guided by Vittorio Emanuele Room 13-14 II. -
De L'état Muratien À L'état Bourbon: La Transition De L
De l’État muratien à l’État bourbon: la transition de l’appareil étatique napolitain sous la Restauration (1815-1830) Pierre-Marie Delpu To cite this version: Pierre-Marie Delpu. De l’État muratien à l’État bourbon: la transition de l’appareil étatique napoli- tain sous la Restauration (1815-1830). Jean-Claude Caron, Jean-Philippe Luis. Rien appris, rien oublié? Les Restaurations dans l’Europe post-napoléonienne (1814-1830), Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2015. halshs-01226127 HAL Id: halshs-01226127 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01226127 Submitted on 8 Nov 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. in : Jean-Claude Caron, Jean-Philippe Luis (dirs), Rien appris, rien oublié ? Les Restaurations dans l’Europe post-napoléonienne (1814-1830), Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2015, pp. 37-50. De l’État muratien à l’État bourbon : la transition de l’appareil étatique napolitain sous la Restauration (1815-1822) Pierre-Marie Delpu (Centre d’histoire du XIXe siècle – EA3550) Dans l’ordre européen mis en place par Napoléon, objet d’un large effort de codification politique et juridique1, le royaume de Joseph Bonaparte (1806-1808) et de Joachim Murat à Naples (1808-1815) a occupé une place particulière. -
Italy, the Adriatic and the Balkans: from the Great War to the Eve of the Peace Conference
122 Caccamo Chapter 6 Italy, the Adriatic and the Balkans: From the Great War to the Eve of the Peace Conference Francesco Caccamo Background At the end of August 1914, one month after the Austrian attack on Serbia which began the Great War, the Italian foreign minister Marquis Antonino di Sangiuliano felt the need to explain to a German politician of his acquaintance the reasons why Antonio Salandra’s government had stepped back from the Triple Alliance and proclaimed neutrality. He relied on a sole argument, name- ly the fears and suspicions generated in Italy by Vienna’s policies towards South-Eastern Europe: [Italian public opinion] has always viewed Austria’s territorial ambitions in the Balkans and the Adriatic with mistrust; it has always sympathized with the weak who are threatened by the strong; it has always profoundly believed in the principles of liberalism and of nationality. It considered the real independence and territorial integrity of Serbia as a bulwark and an element of balance essential to Italy’s interests. It is against all of this that Austria’s aggression against Serbia has been directed, and it is this aggression which has led to the war.1 This explanation should be viewed cautiously, or at least in its context. An acute if casual observer, and Machiavellian on occasion, Sangiuliano hit the target when he highlighted the importance to Italy of the near regions of the eastern Adriatic and the Balkans, where the cultural networks of the Venetian Republic lived on and where the slow but inexorable decline of the Ottoman Empire had been the home of opportunities and dangers for many years.2 It was also 1 Sangiuliano to Bülow, 31 August 1914, Archivio Sonnino di Montespertoli, here used in the microfilm version preserved at the Archivio Centrale di Stato di Roma (hereafter ACS), bobina 47. -
The Roman Theocracy and the Republic, 1846-1849
^ney //n-ivm'iU^ ,-^ ^ c/6..y/io>^^ ^y^' wen^ 7/fm rr.jt/i/ </ l(f////</•/mi THE ROMAN THEOCRACY AND THE REPUBLIC .S«a_ The Roman Theocracy and The Republic 1846-1849 BY R. M. JOHNSTON Hontion MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited NEW YORK : THE MACMILLAN COMPANY I9CI jill rights reserved j1(?7^^ HE:NRY morse STePHCNS- — —— CONTENTS CHAPTER I Some Antecedents of the Roman Theocracy PAGE The Papacy and the Roman Empire— Continuity of traditions—Struggle be- tween North and South—Rise of Italian nationalism—Strength and weakness of the Popes—Character of the Italians — Conditions in the States of the Church—Secret Societies—The Memorandum of 183 1 Papal justice—Finance—Administration—The rule of the Theocracy Death of Gregory XVI I CHAPTER n The Election of Pius IX The Amnesty The Conclave summoned—Nationalist influences —The Primato and Ultimi Cast—The Bishop of Imola—His personality and opinions—The Papal election—Lambruschini and Micara—Proclamation of Pius IX—His first acts —The Amnesty—Popular enthusiasm— Metternich's foreboding . 29 CHAPTER HI Italian Sentiment and Parties Unrest of the Peninsula—Kingdom of Sardinia—The Austrian provinces and regime—The writers — Double current of nationalist sentiment— Mazzini and the Gio-vane Italia—Rise and fall of his popularity— Gioberti— His correspondence with Mazzini—The Primato—A remarkable prophecy Balbo—D' Azeglio—His interview with Charles Albert —Antagonism of democrats and Albertists . -41 511196 — ri THE ROMAN THEOCRACY CHAPTER IV Early Months of the Pontificate—The Congress of Genoa PAGE Popularity of Pius —Difficulty of his position—The Gregorian party opposes him— Gizzi State Secretary—First attempts at reform—Sanfedist agitation — Failure of crops Scientific Congresses Nationalist — — enthusiasm . -
(2017) 2 Jansen Region Province Municipality Spatial Planning And
www.ssoar.info Region - Province - Municipality: Spatial Planning and Spatial Policy in Italy, 1860-2016 Jansen, Christian Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: GESIS - Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Jansen, C. (2017). Region - Province - Municipality: Spatial Planning and Spatial Policy in Italy, 1860-2016. Historical Social Research, 42(2), 267-294. https://doi.org/10.12759/hsr.42.2017.2.267-294 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY Lizenz (Namensnennung) zur This document is made available under a CC BY Licence Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden (Attribution). For more Information see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de Diese Version ist zitierbar unter / This version is citable under: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-51883-8 Region – Province – Municipality. Spatial Planning and Spatial Policy in Italy, 1860-2016 ∗ Christian Jansen Abstract: »Region – Provinz – Stadt. Raumplanung und Raumpolitik in Italien, 1860-2016«. This article explores the history of regions, centralism and regional- ism in Italy ‒ a highly controversial political field of state reorganization over 150 years. Focusing on the status of regions within Italy’s political power structure and the development of the multi-level governance system, the article draws a line from the foundation of the Italian national state in 1860/61 to the immedi- ate present. It examines political aspirations for decentralized structures and changing perceptions of how to reorganize the state to create efficient structures in different eras as well as power shifts between the different political levels. -
Exporting the Cult of Martyrs to Lands of Exile. the Communities of Banished Italians in France and Piedmont-Sardinia in the Early 1850S Pierre-Marie Delpu
Exporting the cult of martyrs to lands of exile. The communities of banished Italians in France and Piedmont-Sardinia in the early 1850s Pierre-Marie Delpu To cite this version: Pierre-Marie Delpu. Exporting the cult of martyrs to lands of exile. The communities of banished Italians in France and Piedmont-Sardinia in the early 1850s. Catherine Brice. Exile and the circulation of political practices, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2020, 978-1527548121. halshs-02924904 HAL Id: halshs-02924904 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02924904 Submitted on 28 Aug 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Exporting the cult of martyrs to lands of exile. The communities of banished Italians in France and Piedmont-Sardinia in the early 1850s Pierre-Marie Delpu 1. Exile and martyrdom, two tools for mass liberal politicisation The aftermath of the 1848 European revolutions saw significant increase in political exiles. The drift back towards authoritarian monarchies, coupled with the new role played by measures to take in political migrants in certain European states (France, Great Britain, and Piedmont), contributed to a massive increase in their number and the generalisation of the practice of exile. -
The Sale of Parga in the Nationalist Imaginary of 19Th Century Italy: 1819-1858
University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 8-21-2017 The aleS of Parga in the Nationalist Imaginary of 19th Century Italy: 1819-1858 Fabiana Viglione University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Viglione, Fabiana, "The aleS of Parga in the Nationalist Imaginary of 19th Century Italy: 1819-1858" (2017). Doctoral Dissertations. 1560. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/1560 The Sale of Parga in the Nationalist Imaginary of 19th Century Italy: 1819-1858 Fabiana Viglione, PhD University of Connecticut, 2017 ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of the sale of the Greek city of Parga to the Ottoman Turks by the English government in 1819 on the cultural work of Romantic Italian intellectuals and artists. I place Parga at the intersection of cultural, political, and historical discourses, and argue that this event is a prism to chart the major leading forces, tensions, and ideas that coalesced in the formation of Italian cultural nationalism, or Risorgimento - the movement that led to the unification of the peninsula in 1861. By extending the boundaries of the Italian national movement to another national cause and, by implication, to the larger European geo-political and geo-cultural space, I also shed light on the transnational aspects of 19th century Italian nationalist culture. In this study, I refer to the different branches of philhellenism in Europe and to the solidification of a hierarchy of European civilizations, which saw Southern Europe as a region impermeable to the progress and advances of Northern modernity and thus unsuited for political freedom and economic independence.