E-Learning Concepts and Techniques
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E-Learning Concepts and Techniques E-Learning Concepts and Techniques E-Learning Concepts and Techniques is a collaborative e-book project by Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania's Department of Instructional Technology students and guest authors. It was a project-based assignment for the online class, E-Learning Concepts and Techniques Spring 2006 and is dedicated in memory of Justin Bennett (1989-2006). It is also dedicated to those who love to learn as well as to those who inspire that love in others. 2006 - Institute for Interactive Technologies , Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, USA This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License . Contact Information • Pamela Berman • 2221 McCormick Center • Bloomsburg PA 17815-1301 • USA • [email protected] Graphics by David Cerreta E-Learning Concepts and Techniques Table of Contents Introduction...................................................................................................................... i Authors........................................................................................................................... iv Contributors .................................................................................................................. xii About the Institute for Interactive Technologies (IIT) ................................................ xiv Chapter 1 – What is E-Learning?.................................................................................... 1 1.1 - Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 – The E-Learning Evolution ................................................................................. 3 1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of E-Learning..................................................... 5 1.4 E-Learning and the Corporate World ................................................................... 7 1.5 E-Learning in the Pre-K-12 Market...................................................................... 8 1.6 E-Learning and the Demise of Brick-and-Mortar Schools................................. 11 Chapter 2 - Instructional Design Models for E-Learning ............................................. 13 2.1 Instructional Design Models for E-Learning ...................................................... 13 2.2 Applying User-Centered Design to E-Learning ................................................. 16 2.3 Rapid E-Learning – Accomplishing more with less ........................................... 18 Chapter 3 – E-Learners ................................................................................................. 26 3.1 E-Learners........................................................................................................... 26 3.2 Julie Schmidt: Success in E-Learning................................................................. 35 3.3 Social Networking - A Growing Phenomenon ................................................... 38 Chapter 4 – E-Learning Tools....................................................................................... 42 4.1 E-Learning Tools ................................................................................................ 42 4.2 What is an e-learning tool? ................................................................................. 53 4.3 Wikis and E-Learning......................................................................................... 55 Chapter 5 – Instructional Strategies for E-Learning..................................................... 58 5.1 Instructional Strategies for Online Learning....................................................... 58 5.2 Mentorship in Self-Directed E-Learning ............................................................ 68 5.3 E-Learning and Cognitive Disabilities................................................................ 73 Chapter 6 - Information Ownership.............................................................................. 75 6.1 The Origin and History of Copyright ................................................................. 75 Section 6.2 Creative Commons License ................................................................... 82 6.3 The Future of Copyright ..................................................................................... 87 6.4 Copyright: An Overview..................................................................................... 91 Chapter 7 – Development ............................................................................................. 94 Bonus Podcasts ......................................................................................................... 94 7.1 - Leading Authoring Tools.................................................................................. 95 7.2 - Understanding Authoring Tools ....................................................................... 96 7.3 - Hearing Your Web Pages ................................................................................. 98 7.4 - Making PDFs Accessible to Assistive Technology........................................ 100 7.5 - Importance of Web Development Standards within an Organization............ 107 7.6 - The Role of Technical Writing in E-Learning................................................ 110 7.7 Globalization and Learning Barriers in Synchronous E-Learning Tools ......... 112 7.8 Where have the text-based menus gone?.......................................................... 114 E-Learning Concepts and Techniques Chapter 8 - Delivering E-Learning ............................................................................. 117 8.1 Delivering E-Learning ...................................................................................... 117 8.2 Instructional Game Characteristics................................................................... 121 8.3 Educational Podcasting..................................................................................... 126 8.4 Gaming at Work: Taking the Boredom Out of Training .................................. 128 8.5 Delivering E-Learning Synchronously ............................................................. 130 Chapter 9 – E-Learning Evaluation ............................................................................ 132 Bonus Podcast......................................................................................................... 132 9.1 - Introduction to Evaluating E-Learning........................................................... 132 9.2 – Kirkpatrick's Four Levels of Evaluating Learning ........................................ 133 9.3 – Learning Analytics......................................................................................... 138 9.4 – Balanced Scorecards ...................................................................................... 144 9.5 Evaluation Models ............................................................................................ 149 Chapter 10 – Managing the Data ................................................................................ 154 10.1 Project Management for Virtual Teams.......................................................... 154 10.2 The Key to Managing all the Data .................................................................. 157 10.3 Virtual Leadership in the 21st Century........................................................... 159 10.4 Virtual Workplaces and Tools ........................................................................ 163 Chapter 11 – Web Standards....................................................................................... 165 11.1 What are web standards? ................................................................................ 165 11.2 Who is involved in web standards? ................................................................ 166 11.3 Resources for Guidance on Web Standards.................................................... 168 11. 4 How are web standards used in education? ................................................... 169 11.5 Web Standards for Designers.......................................................................... 170 11.6 Validators........................................................................................................ 175 11.7 W3C: Keeping it Simple – Making it Accessible........................................... 178 E-Learning Concepts and Techniques Introduction This e-book, E-Learning Concepts and Techniques, is the result of a collaborative effort by students in the Bloomsburg University, Department of Instructional Design spring 2006 E-Learning Concepts and Techniques online class as well as several guest authors and contributors from around the world. In order to properly introduce the E-Learning Concepts and Techniques e-book, it is important to share a little bit about our department. This description currently appears on our home page: The Department of Instructional Technology has become a nationally acclaimed, unique program for the preparation of instructional designers, eLearning designers and interactive multimedia developers. The program integrates extensive experiences in all phases of instructional design: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Students are provided with "hands-on" experiences with authoring, web development, graphics, eLearning, and project management tools. In addition, the eclectic nature of this program focuses on teamwork as students combine their theoretical learning with practical, hands-on