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An Investigation Into the Drivers, Barriers and Policy Implications of Circular Economy Using a Mixed-Mode Research Approach

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An Investigation Into the Drivers, Barriers and Policy Implications of Circular Economy Using a Mixed-Mode Research Approach AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE DRIVERS, BARRIERS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY USING A MIXED-MODE RESEARCH APPROACH Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Sheffield University Management School March 2018 Supervisors: Professor Lenny Koh Dr Andrea Genovese PhD Candidate: Faisal Abubakar Registration Number: 110239628 Declaration This PhD thesis is my own original work and has not been submitted elsewhere in fulfilment of this or any other award. ii Abstract The 21st century presents a new set of challenges to mankind, notably intensive global competition, increasing greenhouse gas emissions and rapid growth in population relying on a resource base that is finite in nature. Addressing these challenges has therefore become a matter of global concern and urgency, prompting government industries and the financial markets to rethink their approaches with the view to move towards a low-carbon economy. The move towards a circular economy which presents a shift from the current produce-use-dispose approach is touted as a practical solution to the planet's emerging resource crunch given its potential to address both environmental and socio-economic issues. However, despite the promising nature of the circular economy paradigm, a lack of understanding of the concept is rendering its acceptance and implementation a difficult proposition. This is further compounded by lack of genuine interest from key stakeholders regarding the concept, given that a shift to a circular economy would require considerable changes in all parts of the value chain. At present, relevant stakeholders are scrambling for an efficient, consistent and reliable approach towards understanding the concept for onward implementation. In pursuit of a system of operation that satisfies the dual role of GHG mitigation and wealth generation, the current research presents a rigorous analysis of the concept of circular economy with the view to shed light on its drivers, barriers and policy implications. This was carried out using two approaches. The first approach entails an exhaustive examination of the supply chain of representative metals that have primary and secondary routes of production through using environmental lifecycle assessment framework. For the four case studies considered, the competitive edge of the circular economy paradigm over the linear approach was demonstrated, at least from a purely environmental perspective. Building upon the LCA study, the current work examines the barriers and drivers towards circular economy practices implementation. Set against a background of stakeholder engagement, key stakeholders from the metals supply chains were identified (including scrap dealers, public authorities, consumers, manufacturers, recyclers, civil society) and interviewed with the view to provide qualitative empirical evidence of the feasibility of such transition. Thematic content analysis of the interviews with key actors and stakeholders yielded seven themes and several sub-themes which can shape the understanding and facilitate the transitioning from a linear economy to circular economy, whilst laying a solid foundation for its acceptance and future implementation. Overall, the analysis iii presented in this work highlight the competitive edge of circular economy, however, a key concern is that the economic viability of such transition may be questionable given that mechanisms to endorse them are deemed weak at the moment. For a move to circular economy to become a reality, concerted effort from all stakeholders including policy makers, energy professionals and the society at large is required. iv Dedication To my parents, who have always supported me and given me unconditional love. To my late grandfather Shaikh Abubakar Mahmoud, who sadly never lived long enough to see me achieve anything but always believed in me, encouraged and prayed for me. v Acknowledgement All praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, the Nourisher and the Sustainer for giving me the will and strength, good health, faith and the right state of mind throughout my study. I would like to thank my institution Bayero University Kano, Prof Abubakar Rasheed and Prof Yahuza Bello for granting me the opportunity and scholarship to undertake this study here at the University of Sheffield. I would also like to thank EPSRC and the E-Futures DTC for funding and support especially Dr Neil Lowrie. I am grateful to my supervisors; Prof Lenny Koh and Dr Andrea Genovese. I thank you all for your huge support, inspiration, continuous encouragement and constructive feedback. I feel privileged to have worked with both of you. I have learnt a lot and look forward to future productive collaborations. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to Dr Taofeeq Ibn-Mohammed, in his capacity as my PhD project advisor and third supervisor for his support, guidance, helping me with ideas, proofreading, fixing styles, and overall formatting the layout of the thesis. A Special thank you goes to the Management School Research team especially Mandy Robertson for the dependable administrative and moral support through difficult times Many thanks also go to all the participants of my study for kindly taking the time to speak to me, sharing their valuable expertise and knowledge, allowing me to gather such quality data and carry out this research. My gratitude goes to the numerous colleagues, and friends I met in the course of the PhD journey in the SUMS especially those within OMDS, and AREC research groups (Liam, Lucy, Ahmed-Raes, Syed, Zati, Deepak, Akis, Jamal, Mengfang, Eunice and Muhammad Surya amongst many others), who have contributed with suggestions and words of wisdom that have been a abundant source of motivation through this journey. To my friends back home, Mukhtar, Salim, Amina (ummi), Musa, Mus’ab and Yusuf. Thank you for your support, all the calls, updates and constant check-ups. More importantly my heart goes to my immediate family; Naima, Fatima, Nusayba and Aisha, nieces and little brothers and my extended family. Your love and support inspired me to keep going. Thanks for your patience, prayers and faith in me. All Praise be to Allah the Most High. vi Table of contents Declaration ....................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... iii Dedication ........................................................................................................................................ v Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................... vi Table of contents ............................................................................................................................ vii Abbreviations and acronyms used in this thesis .............................................................................. xi List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ xii List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. xv Chapter one: Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Project aim and specific objectives .................................................................................. 7 1.3 Key research gaps identified ............................................................................................ 7 1.4 Thesis structure and organisation ..................................................................................... 9 Chapter Two: Literature Review ................................................................................................ 10 2.1 Circular economy ........................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Previous Circular economy reviews ............................................................................... 11 2.3 Systematic Literature Review ......................................................................................... 11 2.3.1 Distribution across the time period and main journals ........................................... 12 2.4 Evolution of Circular economy ...................................................................................... 17 2.5 Circular economy barriers and drivers ........................................................................... 24 2.5.1 Circular economy barriers ...................................................................................... 24 2.5.2 Circular economy drivers ....................................................................................... 25 2.6 Circular economy implementation ................................................................................. 26 2.6.1 Circular economy at the micro level (study with case studies) ..................................... 29 2.6.2 Circular economy at the meso level .............................................................................. 31 2.6.3 Circular economy
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