Albertus Magnus

“Albertus” redirects here. For others with the same given began to study under Albertus.[3] name, see Albertus (given name). For the typeface, see Albertus (typeface).

Albertus Magnus, O.P. (before 1200 – November 15, 1280), also known as Albert the Great and Albert of Cologne, is a Catholic saint. He was a German Dominican friar and a Catholic bishop. He was known during his lifetime as doctor universalis and doctor exper- tus and, late in his life, the term magnus was appended to his name.[1] Scholars such as James A. Weisheipl and Joachim R. Söder have referred to him as the great- est German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages.[2] The Catholic Church honours him as a Doctor of the Church, one of only 35 so honoured.

1 Biography Bust of Albertus Magnus by Vincenzo Onofri, c. 1493 Albertus was the first to comment on virtually all of the Albert was eldest son of the Count of Bollstädt.[3] It writings of Aristotle, thus making them accessible to seems likely that Albertus was born sometime before wider academic debate. The study of Aristotle brought 1200, given well-attested evidence that he was aged over him to study and comment on the teachings of Mus- 80 on his death in 1280; more than one source says that lim academics, notably Avicenna and Averroes, and this Albert was 87 on his death, which has led 1193 to be would bring him into the heart of academic debate. commonly given as the date of Albertus’s birth.[4] Alber- In 1254 Albertus was made provincial of the Dominican tus was probably born in Lauingen in Bavaria, since he [3] called himself 'Albert of Lauingen', but this might sim- Order, and fulfilled the duties of the office with great ply be a family name.[4] care and efficiency. During his tenure he publicly de- fended the Dominicans against attacks by the secular and Albertus was probably educated principally at the regular faculty of the University of Paris, commented on University of Padua, where he received instruction in St. John, and answered what he perceived as errors of the Aristotle’s writings. A late account by Rudolph de No- Islamic philosopher Averroes. vamagia refers to Albertus’ encounter with the Blessed Virgin Mary, who convinced him to enter Holy Or- In 1259 Albert took part in the General Chapter of [5] the Dominicans at Valenciennes together with Thomas ders. In 1223 (or 1229) he became a member of [8] [9] the Dominican Order, against the wishes of his fam- Aquinas, masters Bonushomo Britto, Florentius, and Peter (later Pope Innocent V) establishing a ratio studio- ily, and studied theology at Bologna and elsewhere. Se- [10] lected to fill the position of lecturer at Cologne, Germany, rum or program of studies for the Dominicans that fea- where the Dominicans had a house, he taught for sev- tured the study of philosophy as an innovation for those eral years there, and at Regensburg, Freiburg, Strasbourg, not sufficiently trained to study theology. This innova- and Hildesheim. During his first tenure as lecturer at tion initiated the tradition of Dominican scholastic phi- Cologne, Albert wrote his Summa de bono after discus- losophy put into practice, for example, in 1265 at the Or- sion with Philip the Chancellor concerning the transcen- der’s studium provinciale at the convent of Santa Sabina [6] in Rome, out of which would develop the Pontifical Uni- dental properties of being. In 1245, Albert became [11] master of theology under Gueric of Saint-Quentin, the versity of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum first German Dominican to achieve this distinction. Fol- In 1260 Pope Alexander IV made him Bishop of Regens- lowing this huge turn of events, Albert was able to teach burg, an office from which he resigned after three years. theology at the University of Paris as a full-time profes- During the exercise of his duties he enhanced his repu- sor, holding the seat of the Chair of Theology at the Col- tation for humility by refusing to ride a horse, in accord lege of St. James.[6][7] During this time Thomas Aquinas with the dictates of the Order, instead traversing his huge

1 2 2 WRITINGS

diocese on foot. This earned him the affectionate sobri- quet “boots the bishop” from his parishioners. After his time as Bishop, he spent the remainder of his life partly in retirement in the various houses of his order and of- ten preaching throughout southern Germany. In 1270 he preached the eighth Crusade in Austria. After this, he was especially known for acting as a mediator between conflicting parties. In Cologne he is not only known for being the founder of Germany’s oldest university there, but also for “the big verdict” (der Große Schied) of 1258, which brought an end to the conflict between the citizens of Cologne and the Archbishop. Among the last of his labors was the defense of the orthodoxy of his former pupil, Thomas Aquinas, whose death in 1274 grieved Al- bertus (the story that he travelled to Paris in person to defend the teachings of Aquinas can not be confirmed).

Albertus Magnus monument at the University of Cologne.

geography, astronomy, astrology, mineralogy, alchemy, zoology, physiology, phrenology, justice, law, friendship, Roman sarcophagus containing the relics of Albertus Magnus in and love. He digested, interpreted, and systematized the the crypt of St. Andrew’s Church, Cologne, Germany whole of Aristotle’s works, gleaned from the Latin trans- lations and notes of the Arabian commentators, in accor- After suffering a collapse of health in 1278, he died dance with Church doctrine. Most modern knowledge of on November 15, 1280, in the Dominican convent in Aristotle was preserved and presented by Albertus.[3] Cologne, Germany. Since November 15, 1954, his relics Albertus’ activity, however, was more philosophical are in a Roman sarcophagus in the crypt of the Domini- than theological (see Scholasticism). The philosophi- can St. Andreas Church in Cologne.[12] cal works, occupying the first six and the last of the Albertus is frequently mentioned by Dante, who made his twenty-one volumes, are generally divided according to doctrine of free will the basis of his ethical system. In the Aristotelian scheme of the sciences, and consist of his Divine Comedy, Dante places Albertus with his pupil interpretations and condensations of Aristotle’s relative Thomas Aquinas among the great lovers of wisdom (Spir- works, with supplementary discussions upon contempo- iti Sapienti) in the Heaven of the Sun. Albertus is also rary topics, and occasional divergences from the opinions mentioned, along with Agrippa and Paracelsus, in Mary of the master. Shelley's Frankenstein, in which his writings influence a His principal theological works are a commentary in young Victor Frankenstein. three volumes on the Books of the Sentences of Peter Albertus was beatified in 1622. He was canonized and Lombard (Magister Sententiarum), and the Summa The- proclaimed a Doctor of the Church on December 16, ologiae in two volumes. The latter is in substance a more 1931 by Pope Pius XI and the patron saint of natural sci- didactic repetition of the former. entists in 1941. St. Albert’s feast day is November 15. Albertus’s knowledge of physical science was consider- According to Joan Carroll Cruz, his body is incorrupt.[13] able and for the age remarkably accurate. His industry in every department was great, and though we find in his system many gaps which are characteristic of scholastic 2 Writings philosophy, his protracted study of Aristotle gave him a great power of systematic thought and exposition. An Albertus’ writings collected in 1899 went to thirty-eight exception to this general tendency is his Latin treatise volumes. These displayed his prolific habits and encyclo- “De falconibus” (later inserted in the larger work, De pedic knowledge of topics such as logic, theology, botany, Animalibus, as book 23, chapter 40), in which he dis- 3

plays impressive actual knowledge of a) the differences he did record that he witnessed the creation of gold by between the birds of prey and the other kinds of birds; “transmutation.”[20] Given that Thomas Aquinas died six b) the different kinds of falcons; c) the way of preparing years before Albertus Magnus’ death, this legend as stated them for the hunt; and d) the cures for sick and wounded is unlikely. [14] falcons. His scholarly legacy justifies his contempo- In his Little Book of Alchemy Albertus said that alchemic raries’ bestowing upon him the honourable surname Doc- gold and iron lack the properties of natural gold and iron, tor Universalis. alchemical iron not being magnetic and alchemical gold In De Mineralibus Albert claims, “The aim of natural phi- turning to powder after several ignitions. losophy (science) is not to simply to accept the statements of others, but to investigate the causes that are at work in nature.” Aristotelianism greatly influences Albert’s view 4 Astrology on nature and philosophy.[3] Another example of his rea- son to formally search for the causes is in his treaties on plants, he begins with the principle, experiment is the only safe guide in such investigations. His studies of Aris- totle and theology show their colors in nearly all of his works and volumes. Albert placed emphasis on experiment as well as investi- gation, but he respected authority and tradition so much that many of his investigations or experiments were un- published. Albert would often keep silent about many is- sues such as astronomy, physics and such because he felt that his theories were too advanced for the time he was living in.[3]

3 Alchemy

In the centuries since his death, many stories arose about Albertus as an alchemist and magician. On the sub- ject of alchemy and chemistry, many treatises relating to Alchemy have been attributed to him, though in his au- thentic writings he had little to say on the subject, and then mostly through commentary on Aristotle. For ex- ample, in his commentary, De mineralibus, he refers to the power of stones, but does not elaborate on what these powers might be.[15] A wide range of Pseudo-Albertine works dealing with alchemy exist, though, showing the belief developed in the generations following Albert’s death that he had mastered alchemy, one of the funda- mental sciences of the Middle Ages. These include Met- als and Materials; the Secrets of Chemistry; the Origin of Metals; the Origins of Compounds, and a Concordance which is a collection of Observations on the philosopher’s stone; and other alchemy-chemistry topics, collected un- Painting by Joos (Justus) van Gent, Urbino, ~ 1475 der the name of Theatrum Chemicum.[16] He is credited [17] with the discovery of the element arsenic and exper- Albertus was deeply interested in astrology, as has imented with photosensitive chemicals, including silver [21] [18][19] been articulated by scholars such as Paola Zambelli. nitrate. He did believe that stones had occult prop- Throughout the Middle Ages – and well into the early erties, as he related in his work De mineralibus. However, modern period – astrology was widely accepted by sci- there is scant evidence that he personally performed al- entists and intellectuals who held the view that life on chemical experiments. earth is effectively a microcosm within the macrocosm According to legend, Albertus Magnus is said to have dis- (the latter being the cosmos itself). It was believed that covered the philosopher’s stone and passed it to his pupil correspondence therefore exists between the two and thus Thomas Aquinas, shortly before his death. Albertus does the celestial bodies follow patterns and cycles analogous not confirm he discovered the stone in his writings, but to those on earth. With this worldview, it seemed reason- 4 10 CULTURAL REFERENCES able to assert that astrology could be used to predict the 8 Natural law probable future of a human being. Albertus made this a central component of his philosophical system, argu- Albert devoted the last tractatus of De Bono to a theory of ing that an understanding of the celestial influences af- justice and natural law. Albert places God as the pinnacle fecting us could help us to live our lives more in accord of justice and natural law. God legislates and divine au- with Christian precepts. The most comprehensive state- thority is supreme. Up until his time, it was the only work ment of his astrological beliefs is to be found in a work specifically devoted to natural law written by a theologian he authored around 1260, now known as the Speculum as- or philosopher.[24] tronomiae. However, details of these beliefs can be found in almost everything he wrote, from his early Summa de bono to his last work, the Summa theologiae. 9 Friendship

Albertus mentions friendship in his work, De bono, as 5 Matter and form well as presenting his ideals and morals of friendship in the very beginning of Tractatus II. Later in his life he pub- lishes Super Ethica.[25] With his development of friend- Albert believed that all natural things were composed of ship throughout his work this is evident that friendship composition of matter and form, he referred to it as quod ideals and morals took relevance as his life went on. Al- est and quo est. Albert also believed that God alone is the bert comments on Aristotle’s view of friendship with a absolute ruling entity. Albert’s version of hylomorphism quote from Cicero, who writes, “friendship is nothing is very similar to the Aristotelian doctrine, but he also other than the harmony between things divine and human, [22] took a some concepts from Avicenna. with goodwill and love. Albert agrees with this commen- tary but he also adds in harmony or agreement.[26] Albert calls this harmony, “consensiom”, itself a certain kind of movement within the human spirit. Albert fully agrees 6 Music with Aristotle in the sense that friendship is a virtue. Al- bert relates the inherent metaphysical contentedness be- Albertus is known for his commentary on the musical tween friendship and moral goodness. Albert describes practice of his times. Most of his written musical obser- several levels of goodness; the useful (utile), the pleasur- vations are found in his commentary on Aristotle’s Poet- able (delectabile) and the authentic or unqualified good ics. He rejected the idea of "music of the spheres" as (honestum). Then in turn there are three levels of friend- ridiculous: movement of astronomical bodies, he sup- ship based on each of those levels. Friendship based on posed, is incapable of generating sound. He wrote exten- usefulness (amicitia utilis), friendship based on pleasure sively on proportions in music, and on the three different (amicitia delectabilis), and friendship rooted in unqual- subjective levels on which plainchant could work on the ified goodness (amicitia honesti; amicitia quae fundatur [27] human soul: purging of the impure; illumination leading super honestum). to contemplation; and nourishing perfection through con- templation. Of particular interest to 20th-century music theorists is the attention he paid to silence as an integral 10 Cultural references part of music.

7 Metaphysics of morals

Both of his early treaties, De natura boni and De bono, start with a metaphysical investigation into the concepts of the good in general and the physical good. Albert refers to the physical good as bonum naturae. Albert does this before directly dealing with the moral concepts of metaphysics. In Albert’s later works, he says in order to understand human or moral goodness, the individual must first recognize what it means to be good and do good deeds. This procedure reflects Albert’s preoccupations The tympanum and archivolts of Strasbourg Cathedral, with with neo-Platonic theories of good as well as the doctrines iconography inspired by Albertus Magnus of Pseudo-Dionysius.[23] Albert’s view was highly valued by the Catholic Church and his peers. The iconography of the tympanum and archivolts of the 5

late 13th-century portal of Strasbourg Cathedral was in- species Alberta magna and the asteroid 20006 Albertus spired by the writings of Albertus Magnus.[28] Albertus is Magnus were named after him. recorded as having made a mechanical automaton in the Numerous Catholic elementary and secondary schools form of a brass head that would answer questions put to [29] are named for him, including schools in Toronto, it. Such a feat was also attributed to Roger Bacon. Cologne, and Dayton, Ohio. In The Concept of Anxiety, Søren Kierkegaard wrote The Albertus typeface is named after him. that Albert Magnus, “arrogantly boasted of his spec- ulation before the deity and suddenly became stupid.” Kierkegaard cites Gotthard Oswald Marbach whom he quotes as saying “Albertus repente ex asino factus 12 See also philosophus et ex philosopho asinus” [Albert was sud- denly transformed from an ass into a philosopher and • Brazen Head from a philosopher into an ass].[30] • Christian mysticism In Walter M. Miller, Jr.'s post-apocalyptic novel A Can- ticle for Leibowitz there is an order of monks devoted • Incorruptibles to saving knowledge named the Albertian Order of Lei- • List of Catholic saints bowitz in reference to Albert Magnus. • List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics • 11 Influence and tribute River Forest Thomism • Science in the Middle Ages A number of schools have been named after Albert, in- cluding Albertus Magnus High School in Bardonia, New York,[31] Albertus Magnus Lyceum in River Forest, Illi- 13 References nois, and Albertus Magnus College in New Haven, Con- necticut.[32] The main science building at Providence Col- [1] Weisheipl, James A. (1980), “The Life and Works of St. lege is named in honor of Albertus Magnus. The main Albert the Great”, in Weisheipl, James A., Albertus Mag- science building at Aquinas College in Grand Rapids, nus and the Sciences: Commemorative Essays, Studies and Michigan, is also named after Albertus Magnus. texts 49, Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Stud- ies, p. 46, ISBN 0-88844-049-9 The central square at the campus of the University of Cologne features a statue of Albertus Magnus and is [2] Joachim R. Söder, “Albert der Grosse – ein staunen- erre- named after him. gendes Wunder,” Wort und Antwort 41 (2000): 145; J.A. Weisheipl, “Albertus Magnus,” Joseph Strayer ed., Dic- The Academy for Science and Design in New Hampshire tionary of the Middle Ages 1 (New York: Scribner, 1982) honored Albertus by naming one of its four houses Mag- 129. nus House. [3] Kennedy, Daniel. “St. Albertus Magnus.” The Catholic As a tribute to the scholar’s contributions to the law, the Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Com- University of Houston Law Center displays a statute of pany, 1907. 10 Sept. 2014 Albertus Magnus. It is located on the campus of the University of Houston. [4] Simon Tugwell, Albert and Thomas, New York Paulist Press, 1988, p. 3, 96–7 The Albertus-Magnus-Gymnasium is found in Regensburg, Germany. [5] Simon Tugwell, Albert and Thomas, New York Paulist Press, 1988, p. 4, 5 In Managua, Nicaragua, the Albertus Magnus Interna- tional Institute, a business and economic development re- [6] Kovach, Francs, and Rober Shahan. Albert the Great: search center, was founded in 2004. Commemorative Essays . Norman, Oklahoma: Univer- sity of Oklahoma Press, 1980, p.X In The Philippines, the Albertus Magnus Building at the University of Santo Tomas that houses the Conservatory [7] Hampden, The Life, p. 33. of Music, College of Tourism and Hospitality Manage- ment, College of Education, and UST Education High [8] Histoire literaire de la France: XIIIe siècle 19. p. 103. Retrieved October 27, 2012. School is named in his honor. The Saint Albert the Great Science Academy in San Carlos City, Pangasinan, which [9] Probably Florentius de Hidinio, a.k.a. Florentius Gallicus, offers preschool, elementary and high school education, Histoire literaire de la France: XIIIe siècle, Volume 19, p. takes pride in having St. Albert as their patron saint. Its 104, Accessed October 27, 2012 main building was named Albertus Magnus Hall in 2008. [10] Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Volume 10, p. 701. Due to his contributions to natural philosophy, the plant Accessed 9 June 2011 6 15 TRANSLATIONS

[11] “The Place of Study In the Ideal of St. Dominic”, J. A. [28] France: A Phaidon Cultural Guide, Phaidon Press, 1985, Weisheipl, O.P. (1923–1984), 1960. Accessed 19 March ISBN 0-7148-2353-8, p. 705 2013 [29] Chambers, Ephraim (1728). Androides “Cyclopaedia, [12] “Zeittafel”. Gemeinden.erzbistum-koeln.de. Retrieved or Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences”. Digi- 2013-08-09. coll.library.wisc.edu.

[13] Carroll Cruz, Joan (1977). The Incorruptibles: A Study of [30] The Concept of Anxiety, Princeton University Press, 1980, the Incorruption of the Bodies of Various Catholic Saints ISBN 0-691-02011-6, pp. 150–151 and Beati. Charlotte, NC: TAN Books. ISBN 0-89555- [31] “Albertus Magnus High School”. Albertusmagnus.net. 066-0. Retrieved 2013-08-09. [14] An Smets, “Le réception en langue vulgaire du “De fal- [32] “Albertus Magnus College”. Albertus.edu. Retrieved conibus” d'Albert le Grand,” in: Medieval Forms of Ar- 2013-08-09. gument: Disputation and Debate, ed. Georgiana Don- avin, Carol Poster, and Richard Utz (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2002), pp. 189–99. 14 Sources [15] Georg Wieland, “Albert der Grosse. Der Entwurf einer eigenständigen Philosophie,” Philosophen des Mittelalters • This article incorporates text from a publication (Darmstadt: Primus, 2000) 124-39. now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. article name needed [16] Walsh, John, The Thirteenth, Greatest of Centuries. (1728). " ". Cyclopædia, or an Uni- 1907:46.Available online. versal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (first ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. [17] Emsley, John (2001). Nature’s Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 43,513,529. ISBN 0-19-850341-5. 15 Translations [18] Davidson, Michael W.; National High Magnetic Field Laboratory at The Florida State University (2003-08-01). • On the causes of the properties of the elements, trans- “Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You — lated by Irven M. Resnick, (Milwaukee: Marquette Timeline — Albertus Magnus”. The Florida State Uni- University Press, 2010) [translation of Liber de cau- versity. Retrieved 2009-11-28. sis proprietatum elementorum] [19] Szabadváry, Ferenc (1992). History of analytical chem- • Questions concerning Aristotle’s on animals, trans- istry. Taylor & Francis. p. 17. ISBN 2-88124-569-2. lated by Irven M Resnick and Kenneth F Kitchell, [20] Julian Franklyn and Frederick E. Budd. A Survey of the Jr, (Washington, DC: Catholic University of Amer- Occult. Electric Book Company. 2001. p. 28-30. ISBN ica Press, 2008) [translation of Quaestiones super De 1-84327-087-0. animalibus]

[21] Paola Zambelli, “The Speculum Astronomiae and its • The cardinal virtues: Aquinas, Albert, and Philip Enigma” Dordrecht. the Chancellor, translated by RE Houser, (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2004) [22] Kovach, Francs, and Rober Shahan. Albert the Great: [contains translations of Parisian summa, part six: Commemorative Essays . Norman, Oklahoma: Univer- On the good and Commentary on the Sentences of sity of Oklahoma Press, 1980, p. 133-135 Peter Lombard, book 3, dist. 33 & 36] [23] Cunningham, Stanley. Reclaiming Moral Agency: The • The commentary of Albertus Magnus on book 1 of Moral Philosophy of Albert the Great. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University Of America Press, 2008 p. 93 Euclid’s Elements of geometry, edited by Anthony Lo Bello, (Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2003) [24] Cunningham, Stanley. Reclaiming Moral Agency: The [translation of Priumus Euclidis cum commento Al- Moral Philosophy of Albert the Great. Washington, D.C.: berti] The Catholic University Of America Press, 2008 p.207 • On animals: a medieval summa zoologica, trans- [25] Cunningham, Stanley. Reclaiming Moral Agency: The lated by Kenneth F Kitchell, Jr. and Irven Michael Moral Philosophy of Albert the Great. Washington, D.C.: Resnick, (Baltimore; London: Johns Hopkins Uni- The Catholic University Of America Press, 2008 p.242 versity Press, 1999) [translation of De animalibus] [26] Cunningham, Stanley. Reclaiming Moral Agency: The • Paola Zambelli, The Speculum astronomiae and its Moral Philosophy of Albert the Great. Washington, D.C.: enigma: astrology, theology, and science in Alber- The Catholic University Of America Press, 2008 p.243 tus Magnus and his contemporaries, (Dordrecht; [27] Cunningham, Stanley. Reclaiming Moral Agency: The Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992) [in- Moral Philosophy of Albert the Great. Washington, D.C.: cludes Latin text and English translation of Specu- The Catholic University Of America Press, 2008 p.244 lum astronomiae] 7

• Albert & Thomas: selected writings, translated by • Albertus Magnus: “Secrets of the Virtues of Herbs, Simon Tugwell, Classics of Western Spirituality, Stones and Certain Beasts” London, 1604, full on- (New York: Paulist Press, (1988) [contains trans- line version. lation of Super Dionysii Mysticam theologiam] • Albertus Magnus – De Adhaerendo Deo – On Cleav- • On union with God, translated by a Benedictine ing to God of Princethorpe Priory, (London: Burns Oates & • Washbourne, 1911) [reprinted as (Felinfach: Llan- Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, erch Enterprises, 1991) and (London: Continuum, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution 2000)] [translation of De adherendo Deo] images of works by Albertus Magnus in .jpg and .tiff format.

16 Further reading

• Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. ISBN 0-14-051312- 4.

• Collins, David J. “Albertus, Magnus or Magus?: Magic, Natural Philosophy, and Religious Reform in the Late Middle Ages.” Renaissance Quarterly 63, no. 1 (2010): 1–44.

• Honnefelder, Ludger (ed.) Albertus Magnus and the Beginnings of the Medieval Reception of Aristotle in the Latin West. From Richardus Rufus to Franciscus de Mayronis, (collection of essays in German and English), Münster : Aschendorff, 2005.

• Kovach,Francis J. & Shahan,Robert W. Albert the Great. Commemorative Essays, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980.

• Miteva, Evelina. “The Soul between Body and Im- mortality: The 13th Century Debate on the Defini- tion of the Human Rational Soul as Form and Sub- stance”, in: Philosophia: E-Journal of Philosophy and Culture, 1/2012. ISSN: 1314-5606.

• Wallace, William A. (1970). “Albertus Magnus, Saint”. In Gillispie, Charles. Dictionary of Scien- tific Biography 1. New York: Scribner & American Council of Learned Societies. pp. 99–103. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9..

17 External links

• Albert the Great entry by Markus Führer in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

• Kennedy, D.J. (1913). "St. Albertus Magnus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Apple- ton Company.

• Alberti Magni Works in Latin Online

• Albertus Magnus on Astrology & Magic

• “Albertus Magnus & Prognostication by the Stars” 8 18 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

18 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

18.1 Text • Albertus Magnus Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Magnus?oldid=632284994 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Kpjas, MichaelTinkler, Bryan Derksen, Andre Engels, Deb, Renata, Rbrwr, Delirium, William M. Connolley, Irmgard, Poor Yorick, Andres, Sethmahoney, Charles Matthews, Radgeek, Zoicon5, Tpbradbury, Maximus Rex, Phoebe, Raul654, Chl, Gentgeen, Robbot, Nilmerg, Snobot, Tom harrison, Varlaam, Pteron, Jorge Stolfi, Matthead, Chowbok, Andycjp, Antandrus, Phil Sandifer, Necrothesp, Icairns, Karl- Henner, Nulzilla, Karl Dickman, Tstevenson, Lucidish, D6, Jayjg, Simonides, DanielCD, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Dbachmann, Stbalbach, Brian0918, Wareh, Whosyourjudas, Ruszewski, Knucmo2, Alansohn, Hektor, Rosenzweig, JoaoRicardo, Sligocki, Noosphere, Marianika, OwenX, Mindmatrix, FeanorStar7, Rocastelo, Benbest, Hailey C. Shannon, Scm83x, Relarity, Ignus, Doric Loon, Palica, Jwoodger, Lawrence King, Graham87, Cuchullain, BD2412, Icey, Mayumashu, Nightscream, Koavf, Lockley, Josiah Rowe, FlaBot, RexNL, Jaraalbe, DVdm, VolatileChemical, YurikBot, Nighm, Serinde, Pigman, Rapomon, NawlinWiki, Clashfrankcastle, Gerhard51, Py- roclastic, Aldux, Mlouns, ToddC4176, Zwobot, Tomisti, Dolledre, Saranghae honey, Spondoolicks, JoanneB, Staffelde, Palthrow, Whobot, T. Anthony, GrinBot, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, Reedy, Notafly, Istvan, KocjoBot, Jagged 85, Sebesta, Carl.bunderson, Endopol, Ludi, Bluebot, Josteinn, John Reaves, Leinad-Z, Liontooth, Stevenmitchell, Pastorwayne, RJN, Hgilbert, Sbluen, Victor Eremita, TenPoundHam- mer, SashatoBot, Esrever, Eliyak, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Chrisch, MTSbot, Kripkenstein, Hu12, Clarityfiend, Catherineyronwode, MJO, Maelor, Eastlaw, J Milburn, CmdrObot, Gholson, Geremia, 5-HT8, Ken Gallager, Chicheley, Gregbard, Shanoman, Vaquero100, Cyde- bot, Aristophanes68, Bellerophon5685, Lugnuts, Chrislk02, SteveMcCluskey, Gimmetrow, Mattisse, Malleus Fatuorum, Thijs!bot, Memty Bot, Fluxbot, Itsmejudith, TheDean, Juxtatype, Escarbot, AntiVandalBot, Goldenrowley, Fayenatic london, Hannes Eder, Dr. Submil- limeter, LawfulGoodThief, XyBot, Andonic, ForDorothy, Boris B, Magioladitis, VoABot II, GearedBull, Ling.Nut, JMBryant, Alekjds, STBot, Johnpacklambert, Trusilver, Gem-fanat, Polenth, Kimedoncius, Skier Dude, Pastordavid, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, RRKennison, Java7837, Rei-bot, John Carter, Ontoraul, JhsBot, Scotthendrix, Irojius, SieBot, Jauerback, Æthelwold, Parhamr, Jorgelopez5000, Mon- egasque, Android Mouse Bot 3, Lightmouse, Ealdgyth, Albertbollstadt, Pinkadelica, Francvs, Gr8opinionater, LAX, GorillaWarfare, The Thing That Should Not Be, Parkjunwung, Razimantv, TheOldJacobite, CounterVandalismBot, Coolercircle, Dcrocket, Auntof6, Anossal, Alexbot, Rhododendrites, Elizium23, Editor2020, Schinleber, Ambrosius007, Lastentwife, XLinkBot, Valtyr, Dthomsen8, Mahmudss, The Sage of Stamford, Pitt 32, CanadianLinuxUser, Rmkiernan, Тиверополник, Numbo3-bot, VASANTH S.N., Lightbot, Legobot, Luckas- bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, Japanx7, Azylber, Roltz, AnomieBOT, Mnewhous, Baraqa1, JoopRemme, Law, Carolina wren, Citation bot, Xqbot, Jayarathina, Sionus, Frosted14, Omnipaedista, Mattis, Shadowjams, Schekinov Alexey Victorovich, Erik9, Jc3s5h, Chenopodi- aceous, Skyerise, A8UDI, Bmclaughlin9, RedBot, Ezrdr, Julien1978, TobeBot, Trappist the monk, Lotje, Freemium Man, Fastilysock, Daniel the Monk, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, FreshCorp619, WikitanvirBot, Farragutful, Werieth, PBS-AWB, CanonLawJunkie, ZH2010, EWikist, Akasseb, Jbribeiro1, Ruan1d10t, Jensenkennedy, ClueBot NG, Mannanan51, Helpful Pixie Bot, Rylinrocks, Carjoyg, Kempf EK, Vagobot, Omnispo, Theol11111, Johnpfmcguire, Supremeaim, MrBill3, Nheyob, Summax07, BattyBot, ChrisGualtieri, 2Flows, Aronstan- dley, Rollbacker, Webclient101, Ssnowman, Makecat-bot, VIAFbot, BirgittaMTh, Topfin, Glockyer, XercesBlue1991, Spaghettiman19, Meteor sandwich yum, BillMoyers, Happymommy65 and Anonymous: 197

18.2 Images • File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg License: CC-BY-SA- 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MarkusMark • File:2004_Köln_Sarkophag_Albertus_Magnus.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/2004_K%C3% B6ln_Sarkophag_Albertus_Magnus.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kempf EK • File:Albertus_Magnus-Denkmal.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Albertus_Magnus-Denkmal.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Tim Bartel • File:Albertus_Magnus_Painting_by_Joos_van_Gent.jpeg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Albertus_ Magnus_Painting_by_Joos_van_Gent.jpeg License: Public domain Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Justus van Gent (fl. 1460– 1480) • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Edit-clear.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: ? Contributors: The Tango! Desktop Project. Original artist: The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the file, specifically: “Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (although minimally).” • File:France_Strasbourg_Cathedral_Tympanum.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/France_ Strasbourg_Cathedral_Tympanum.jpg License: CC-BY-2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rebecca Kennison • File:Gloriole_blur.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg License: Public domain Contrib- utors: Own work Original artist: Eubulides • File:Kirchenfenster_Böckweiler.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Kirchenfenster_B%C3% B6ckweiler.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/11596438@N00/2435169073/sizes/o/in/ photostream/ Original artist: tiegeltuf • File:PD-icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/62/PD-icon.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Vincenzo_onofri,_sant'alberto_magno,_1493.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Vincenzo_ onofri%2C_sant%27alberto_magno%2C_1493.JPG License: CC-BY-2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: sailko • File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Original artist: Nicholas Moreau 18.3 Content license 9

18.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0