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Antibiosis Resistance Against Larval Cabbage Root Fly, Delia Radicum, In Euphytica DOI 10.1007/s10681-016-1724-0 Antibiosis resistance against larval cabbage root fly, Delia radicum, in wild Brassica-species Wang Shuhang . Roeland E. Voorrips . Greet Steenhuis-Broers . Ben Vosman . Joop J. A. van Loon Received: 15 January 2016 / Accepted: 17 May 2016 Ó The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Cabbage root flies (Delia radicum) are a found in several accessions of other Brassica species major threat to cabbage production in Western Europe (B. villosa BRA2922, B. montana BRA2950, B. and North America. Host plant resistance is the most hilarionis HRIGU12483, B. macrocarpa BRA2944) promising option in controlling cabbage root fly which are more amenable for crossing with B. damage. In a no-choice field test, we evaluated 94 oleracea. Selection of the most resistant plants accessions belonging to 16 Brassica-species for belonging to these accessions may yield promising antibiosis resistance against the larvae. Thirteen candidates for breeding cabbages resistant to Delia accessions were selected as putatively resistant, which radicum. were subsequently re-tested in the greenhouse. The proportion of eclosed flies was introduced as the main Keywords Cabbage root maggot Á Host plant parameter to assess antibiosis in the greenhouse, resistance Á Eclosion Á Brassica oleracea Á Insect together with other insect and plant parameters. High resistance levels of antibiosis resistance were identified in B. fruticulosa PI663081 and B. spinescens BRA2994, with significantly lower proportions of eclosed flies (1 % of the number of eggs used for infestation) Introduction compared to other accessions. Both species are difficult to cross with B. oleracea. Plants with a high Cabbage root fly [Delia radicum (Linnaeus 1758) level of antibiosis and medium to high tolerance were (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)] is one of the most damaging pests in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) production in Western Europe and North America (Dosdall et al. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10681-016-1724-0) contains supple- 1994; Finch and Coaker 1969). Female flies lay eggs mentary material, which is available to authorized users. close to the stem base on the soil surface. Larvae of the root flies feed on the root tissue of the cabbage plants & W. Shuhang Á J. J. A. van Loon ( ) followed by fungal invasion of the wound, which may Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands result in growth retardation or even plant mortality. In e-mail: [email protected] temperate zones root fly damage is severe in spring and early summer (Griffiths 1986) when overwintered R. E. Voorrips Á G. Steenhuis-Broers Á adult flies oviposit on young plants, whereas in B. Vosman Á J. J. A. van Loon Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen, warmer climatic zones the root fly persists the whole The Netherlands year (Joseph and Martinez 2014). In Western Europe 123 Euphytica and North America, economic losses due to root fly push–pull system by intercropping of repellent and damage have been estimated to amount up to $100 trap plants to limit D. radicum density, though further million in some years. Furthermore, cabbage root fly investigation on its effectiveness is pending. To cope infestations cause substantial yield losses in various with the increasing threat by root flies, alternative other Brassica crops including broccoli, cauliflower, control methods are urgently needed. turnip, and rutabaga (Finch and Ackley 1977). Host plant resistance is the most promising option The threat by cabbage root fly has recently become in controlling insect pests in crops (Broekgaarden acute due to the restrictions in the use of chemical et al. 2011; Schoonhoven et al. 2005). Examples can insecticides worldwide. Over the last 20 years, farm- be found in many vegetable crops, e.g. host plant ers extensively applied chemical insecticides to con- resistance in Lactuca spp. to the lettuce aphid, trol cabbage root flies. Apart from the fact that the root Nasanovia ribisnigri (Mosely 1841) (Homoptera: fly has already developed resistance to many insecti- Aphididae) was found economically and environmen- cides (Myrand et al. 2015), most of these chemicals are tally effective in controlling this pest (McCreight hazardous to the environment and have been banned or 2008). The resistance conferred by the Nr-locus are likely to be banned in the near future. For example, resulted in reduced performance and feeding rate of the European Union has banned the major insecticide aphids (Eenink and Dieleman 1983; ten Broeke et al. Lindane, a chlorinated hydrocarbon [European Union 2013). To find host plant resistance, natural variation Regulatory Decision 79/117/EEC (1981) and among wild relatives of crop species can provide good 304/2003 (00/801)]; in the U.S., increasing restrictions sources (Broekgaarden et al. 2011). Tomato resistance on the use of organophosphate insecticides also led to to the whitefly species Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, increased yield loss in cabbage crops due to cabbage 1889) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Trialeurodes root fly (Joseph and Martinez 2014). Furthermore, the vaporariorum (Westwood 1856) (Hemiptera: Aleyro- lack of effective biological or cultural/physical control didae) was found in several wild species and QTLs methods is an issue. Biological control measures were identified for reduced oviposition rate (Lucatti include the use of predators e.g. Aleochara bipustulata et al. 2010, 2013, 2014) and whitefly adult survival (Linnaeus 1761) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) (Coaker (Muigai et al. 2002, 2003; Firdaus et al. 2013; Lucatti and Williams 1963), parasitoids Trybliographa rapae et al. 2013). Also, sources of resistance against the (Westwood 1835) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) and Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Aleochara bilineata (Gyllenhal 1810) (Coleoptera: (Say, 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) were found Staphylinidae), entomopathogenic nematodes Stein- among wild relatives of potato (Maharijaya and ernema carpocapsae (Weiser) and S. feltiae (Filipjev) Vosman 2015). Important resistance to biotic stresses (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) (Georgis et al. 2006) was found among wild B. oleracea species (Kole and entomopathogenic fungi e.g. Metarhizium aniso- 2011). Regarding insect resistance, Ellis et al. (2000) pliae (Sorokin 1883) and Beauveria bassiana (Vuille- found germplasm that was resistant to the cabbage min 1912) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) (Bruck aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus 1758) (Hemi- et al. 2005; Chandler and Davidson 2005;Va¨nninen ptera: Aphididae) in B. villosa and B. incana. Resis- et al. 1999). However, these methods are either costly tance to flea beetles Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze or labour intensive, or not effective enough to offer 1777) was found in B. incana (Bodnaryk 1992). In sufficient control of D. radicum (Finch 1993;Va¨nni- addition, several authors (Bodnaryk 1992; Ramsey nen et al. 1999; Myrand et al. 2015). Cultural methods and Ellis 1996; Pelgrom et al. 2015) have reported on such as cover crops are only economical for organic accessions resistant to cabbage whitefly Aleyrodes Brassica crops sold at higher prices (Finch 1993). proletella (Linnaeus 1758) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Adapting sowing times could avoid root fly infection, among B. oleracea var. capitata landraces and in the but would lead to large reductions in yield (Finch wild species B. villosa, B. incana, B. montana, B. 1993). Other cultural practices such as intercropping cretica, B. spinosa, B. insularis and B. macrocarpa. (Hummel et al. 2010) and using exclusion fences Three resistance mechanisms have been described (Bomford et al. 2000) can reduce crop damage in the literature on Delia–Brassica interactions, (Dosdall et al. 2000) to a certain extent, yet not antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance (Painter 1951). sufficiently. Kergunteuil et al. (2015) proposed a Antixenosis, also called non-preference, is based on 123 Euphytica morphological and/or chemical characteristics that et al. (2010) introduced the resistance from canola into make a plant unattractive to insects for feeding or rutabaga (B. napus. var. napobrassica), using marker oviposition (Painter 1941; Kogan and Ortman 1978; assisted selection (MAS). In a comparative study of Acquaah 2012). Antibiosis causes adverse effects on four B. fruticulosa and two B. oleracea accessions, insect life history when the insect uses a resistant host– Felkl et al. (2005) found evidence for antibiosis, as few plant variety for food (Painter 1941). Typically, individuals reared on resistant B. fruticulosa acces- antibiosis increases mortality or reduces the growth sions developed into pupae that had reduced pupal and development of insects (Acquaah 2012). This weight, adult dry weight, and an extended pupal mechanism manifests itself after a host has been eclosion time. It should be noted that the most attacked and thus affects only the D. radicum larvae susceptible B. fruticulosa accession was comparable that feed on the root system. Tolerance refers to the to the two B. oleracea accessions for various damage ability of plants to grow and reproduce normally or to and insect growth parameters, indicating that within B. repair injury to a marked degree in spite of supporting fruticulosa considerable variation in level of antibiosis a population approximately equal to that damaging a resistance against D. radicum exists. susceptible host (Painter 1951). Different from the In this
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