3=AUSTRONESIAN Phylosector

Home , Abai language, Amanatun, Aniwa Island, Araki Island, Atiahu, Baluan Island

3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 225

3=AUSTRONESIAN phylosector

This phylosector covers 72 sets of languages (1,179 outer languages, comprising 3,182 inner languages) spoken by predominantly island-dwelling communities, located from the western Indian Ocean to the eastern Pacific and constituting the Austronesian intercontinental affinity. They extend more than half-way around the planet (eastwards from 43º E to 109º W; see note under phylozone 39=), and have also been associated with the languages of phylozone 47=Daic, within the "Austro-Tai" hypothesis. Zone 30= covers languages spoken on the island of Taiwan (Formosa), and zone 31= covers languages spoken by communities situated on most of the islands from the Philippines and the Celebes through Java, Southeast Asia (including Hainan island in China), Borneo and Sumatra to Madagascar: 30=TAIWANIC 31=HESPERONESIC Zones 32= to 39= cover languages spoken on most of the islands from the Nusa Tenggera archipelago through New Guinea and across the Pacific, as far as New Zealand / Aotearoa, French Polynesia and Hawaii: 32=MESONESIC 33=HALMAYAPENIC 34=NEOGUINEIC 35=MANUSIC 36=SOLOMONIC 37=KANAKIC 38=WESTPACIFIC 39=TRANSPACIFIC

☛ Before consulting the following tables, please see Guide to the Register in Volume One

Additional or improved data on languages and communities covered by this sector will be welcomed by e-mail at: [email protected], or by letter-post at: LINGUASPHERE PRESS, HEBRON SA34 0XT, WALES (UK).

COLUMN 1 & 2 COLUMN 3 COLUMNS 4 & 5 layers of reference other nomenclature and notes nation-states scale of codes and reference-names (+ provinces) and speakers

TAIWANIC covers the "Formosan" grouping, part of the "Austronesian" China (Taiwan) 5 30= intercontinental affinity; comprising 11 sets of languages (= 24 phylozone outer languages) spoken by communities on Taiwan island (Formosa): 30-A SQOLEQ+ SEDEQ 30-B BASAY+ KAVA* 30-C SAISIYAT+ TAOKAS 30-D THAO 30-E TSOU+ KANABU 30-F HOANYA+ SIRAYA* 30-G PAIWAN 30-H RUKAI 30-I BUNUN+ BUKUN 30-J PIYUMA+ PIMAMBA 30-K AMIS+ NATAORAN

The languages covered by this zone display the greatest degree of internal diversity within the "Austronesian" affinity, but have been largely submerged by [79] Min-nan (Chinese).

30-A SQOLEQ+ SEDEQ ATAYALIC, "formosan"-NE. $bilingual in [79] Min-nan set 30-AA SQOLEQ+ SEDEQ chain 30-AAA SQOLEQ+ TSOLE atayal, ataiyal, attayal, tayal, tyal, taiyal, taijyal further dialects to be net identified (to a total of at least 34, for Sqoleq and Tsole combined) 30-AAA-a Sqoleq sqoliq, squliq ⊕Tatu… Hain-bon valleys dialects to be added Taiwan 4 30-AAA-aa bonotsek Taiwan 30-AAA-ab chin-wan Taiwan 30-AAA-ac shabogala Taiwan 30-AAA-ad takonan Taiwan 30-AAA-ae tangao Taiwan 30-AAA-af yukan Taiwan page 226 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

30-AAA-b Tsole ts'ole', ci'uli ⊕in fragmented enclaves around northern mountains: Taiwan 4* Wanta… Nan-shih… Chien-shih… Nan-ao coast dialects to be added 30-AAA-ba mana-wyan Taiwan 30-AAA-bb mayrinax heavily influenced by Sqoleq dialects Taiwan 30-AAA-bc pa'kuali' Taiwan 30-AAA-bd sikikun heavily influenced by Sqoleq dialects Taiwan 30-AAB SEDEQ net Taiwan 30-AAB-a Sedeq sedek, sediakka, sedik, sediq, seedik, seedeq, shedekka, sejiq, Taiwan 4 saediq, daiya-ataiyal, daiya ataiyal ⊕Wan-li middle valley… Ho-ping coast 30-AAB-aa taroko "standard" sedeq Taiwan 30-AAB-ab bu-hwan Taiwan 30-AAB-ac che-whan Taiwan 30-AAB-ad hogo hoogoo Taiwan 30-AAB-ae iboho Taiwan 30-AAB-af paran Taiwan 30-AAB-ag sazek Taiwan 30-B BASAY+ KAVA* set FORMOSAN-NORTH influenced (sinicised) and submerged by [79] Min-nan 30-BA BASAY* chain Ã 30-BAA BASAY net Taiwan Ã 30-BAA-a Basay ⊕Tan-shui… Su-ao ¶extinct Taiwan 0 30-BAA-aa kawanu-wan kawanu, basay-A., kiwanu-wan ⊕Taipei-N.&-E.: Tan-shui… Jui-fang Taiwan 0 30-BAA-ab trobia-wan ⊕I-lan-E. coastal enclave… Taiwan 0 30-BAA-ac linaw-quaqual* ⊕Su-ao coastal enclave… Taiwan 0 30-BB KATANGA+ LUI* Ã chain 30-BBA KATANGA+ LUI net Ã 30-BBA-a Katanga+ Lui ⊕Taipei-S.&-W.: Lin-kou… Hsin-tien ¶extinct Taiwan 0 30-BBA-aa katanga-lan katanga, ketaban, ketanga-nan, ketaga-lan, tanga-lan Taiwan 0 30-BBA-ab lui-lang Taiwan 0 30-BC KULUN* chain Ã 30-BCA KULUN* net Ã 30-BCA-a Kulun ⊕Tamshui lower left bank: T'ao-yuan-E. ¶extinct Taiwan 0 30-BCA-aa kulun kulon Taiwan 0 30-BD KAVA+ KAREO* chain 30-BDA KAVA+ KAREO net 30-BDA-a Kava+ Kareo ⊕formerly Tou-cheng… Lan-yang valley; migration of last speakers > Taiwan 1* Hualien east coast $bilingual in [79] Min-nan ¶last surviving language in Basay-Kava set, with less than 100 speakers in 1987; now submerged by [79] Min-nan and/or replaced by [30] Sqoleq 30-BDA-aa kava-lan kaba-laan, kaba-ran, caba-ran, kamalan, kba-lan, kava-nan, kiba-lan, Taiwan kiwa-raw, kuva-lan, kavara-uan, kuvara-wan, kuwara-wan, kva-lan 30-BDA-ab kareo-wan kareo-van Taiwan 30-BDA-ac shek-wan* Taiwan 30-C SAISIYAT+ TAOKAS FORMOSAN-NORTHWEST influenced (sinicised) and submerged set by [79] Min-nan 30-CA SAISIYAT chain 30-CAA SAISIYAT net 30-CAA-a Saisiyat saiset, saisett, saisiat, saisiett, saisirat, seisirat, saisyet, saisyett, Taiwan 3 amutoura, bouiok ⊕Wu-chih mountains… $bilingual in [79] Min-nan 30-CAA-aa taai saisiyat-N. Taiwan 2 30-CAA-ab tungho saisiyat-S. Taiwan 3 30-CB TAOKAS+ BABUZA Ã chain 30-CBA TAOKAS net Ã 30-CBA-a Taokas ⊕Tou-chien… Taan valleys ¶extinct Taiwan 0 30-CBA-aa taokas taoka, taokat Taiwan 0 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 227

30-CBB PAZEH+ KAHABU net 30-CBB-a Pazeh+ Kahabu ⊕Tachia middle valley… ¶last few elderly speakers alive in 1990 Taiwan 1* $bilingual in [79] Min-nan 30-CBB-aa pazeh pazehe, pazex, pazzehe Taiwan 1* 30-CBB-ab kahabu kazebu Taiwan 0 30-CBB-ac lek-whan Taiwan 0 30-CBB-ad shek-hwan shek-hoan, sek-hwan 2 Taiwan 0 30-CBC BABUZA net 30-CBC-a Babuza ⊕Tatu+ Cho-shui lower rivers & coastal plain Taiwan 1 30-CBC-aa babuza-A. babusa, poavosa $bilingual in [79] Min-nan Taiwan 1 30-CBC-ab favor-lang* favor-langsch Taiwan 0* 30-CBC-ac jabor-lang* Taiwan 0* 30-CC PAPORA* chain Ã 30-CCA PAPORA net Ã 30-CCA-a Papora ⊕Ta-chia river-mouth… Tai-chung ¶extinct Taiwan 0 30-CCA-aa papora-A. bupuran, papola, vupuran Taiwan 0 30-CCA-ab hinapavosa* Taiwan 0 30-D THAO set FORMOSAN-NORTH-CENTRAL influenced (sinicised) and submerged by [79] Min-nan 30-DA THAO chain 30-DAA THAO net 30-DAA-a Thao sao, sau, shao, vulung, vonum 2, nakuijyo 2 ⊕Sui-sha, Jih-yŸeh Taiwan 2 lake… $bilingual in [79] Min-nan 30-DAA-aa brawbraw Taiwan 30-DAA-ab shtafari Taiwan 30-DAA-ac tsui-whan chui-huan, chui-hwan Taiwan 30-E TSOU+ KANABU set FORMOSAN-WEST-CENTRAL, "tsouic" 30-EA TSOU+ KANABU chain 30-EAA TSOU net "tsouic"-N. 30-EAA-a Tsou tsu-u, tsoo, tso'o, tsuou, tsu-wo, tzo, namakaban, niitaka, tibola, Taiwan 3 tibolah, tibolak, tibolal, nakuijyo ⊕Yu+ Ali+ Shih-pi massif… Tseng- wen upper valley… Chi-shan upper valley $bilingual in [79] Min-nan and/or Putonghua 30-EAA-aa duhtu luhtu ⊕Ho-she… Taiwan 30-EAA-ab tapangu ⊕Ta-pang… Taiwan 30-EAA-ac tfuea ⊕Ali-W. mountain.… Taiwan 30-EAA-ad imutsu iimutsu Taiwan 0 30-EAB KANABU+ SAAROA "tsouic"-S. net 30-EAB-a Kanabu+ Saaroa saaroa+ kanabu ⊕Chi-shan, Lao-nung middle valleys $bilingual in Taiwan 2 [30] Bunun and [79] Min-nan submerged by [79] Min-nan and also partially replaced by [30] Bunun 30-EAB-aa kana-kanabu kanabu, kanagou, kanakanavu ⊕Chi-shan middle valley: Min-chuan Taiwan 2 30-EAB-aaa kana-kanabu-A. Taiwan 30-EAB-aab nagisaru Taiwan 30-EAB-ab sek-hwan* Taiwan 2 30-EAB-ac saaroa saroa, saarua, rarua, la'alua ⊕Lao-nung middle valley…2 30-EAB-aca saaroa-A. Taiwan 30-EAB-acb haisen pachien, paichien, paitsiana Taiwan 30-EAB-acc sisyaban Taiwan 30-F HOANYA+ SIRAYA* FORMOSAN-SOUTHWEST, siraya+ hoanya influenced (sinicised) Ã set and submerged by [79] Min-nan 30-FA HOANYA+ SIRAYA Ã chain 30-FAA HOANYA+ SIRAYA Ã net 30-FAA-a Hoanya+ Arikun kali ⊕Nan-t'ou… Pu-tai ¶extinct Taiwan 0 30-FAA-aa hoanya hoannya Taiwan 0 30-FAA-ab lloa loa Taiwan 0 30-FAA-ac arikun Taiwan 0 30-FAA-ad baksa Taiwan 0 30-FAA-ae kongana* Taiwan 0 page 228 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

30-FAA-b Siraya siraia, siraiya, sideia, sideis, sideisch, "formosan proper" ⊕Tseng- Taiwan 0 wen… Chi-shan valleys ¶extinct 30-FAA-ba pepo-hwan pepo, pepo-hoan, baksa, siraya "proper", kongana 2 Taiwan 0 30-FAA-bb taivoan tevorang ⊕Tseng-wen middle valley… Taiwan 0 30-FAA-bc sinkan Taiwan 0 30-FAA-bd lamai Taiwan 0 30-FAA-be longkiau Taiwan 0 30-FAA-bf pongsoia+ dolatok Taiwan 0 30-FAA-bg makatao makattao, takaraya, tta'o ⊕Chi-shan lower valley… Taiwan 0 30-FAA-bh liuchiu ⊕Liu-chiu island… Taiwan 0 30-G PAIWAN set 30-GA PAIWAN chain 30-GAA PAIWAN net further dialects to be identified (to a total of at least 22) 30-GAA-a Paiwan paiuan, payowan, kadas 3, tsalisen 2, tsarisen 3 ⊕Wuta mountain… Taiwan 4 Taimali coast… Heng-ch'un Kuoyü script $bilingual in [79] Min-nan 30-GAA-aa shimo-paiwan ka-paiwan-an Taiwan 30-GAA-ab kale-whan kale Taiwan 30-GAA-ac kapiangan kapiyan, kaviangan, kipiyan Taiwan 30-GAA-ad katsausan Taiwan 30-GAA-ae lilisha laliklik, raorik, rikiriki Taiwan 30-GAA-af samobi Taiwan 30-GAA-ag samohai Taiwan 30-GAA-ah saprek Taiwan 30-GAA-ai tamari tsaovali Taiwan 30-GAA-aj butanglu Taiwan 30-GAA-ak stimul Taiwan 30-GAA-al kachirai tsoa-qatsilai Taiwan 30-GAA-am kunanau kulalau Taiwan 30-GAA-an naibun tsa'ovo'ovol, tsa'ova'ovul Taiwan 30-GAA-ao raisha tsala'avus Taiwan 30-GAA-ap tachaban patsavan, patsaval Taiwan 30-H RUKAI set FORMOSAN-CENTRAL-SOUTH 30-HA RUKAI chain 30-HAA RUKAI net 30-HAA-a Rukai drukay, drukai, dyokay, dukai, rutkai, tsalisen, tsarisen, sarisen, kadas Taiwan 3 ⊕Wuta-N.&-E. mountain: Mao-lin… Ta-nan $bilingual in [79] Min-nan 30-HAA-aa rukai-A. rukai "proper" Taiwan 30-HAA-aaa banga Taiwan 30-HAA-aab bantan-lang bantan, bantau-rang Taiwan 30-HAA-ab rukai-paiwan "paiwanised" rukai influenced by [30] Paiwan Taiwan 30-HAA-ac taloma taromak, taromaki, taramakau, talamakau, takamakau, dainan Taiwan 30-HAA-ad budai Taiwan 30-HAA-ae labuan Taiwan 30-HAA-af tanan Taiwan 30-HAA-ag maga tordukana Taiwan 30-HAA-ah tona Taiwan 30-HAA-ai mantau-ran upunuhu, opunoho Taiwan 30-I BUNUN+ BUKUN set FORMOSAN-CENTRAL-EAST 30-IA BUNUN+ BUKUN chain 30-IAA BUNUN+ BUKUN net 30-IAA-a Bunun+ Bukun bunti, bunan, bunum, vonun, vonung, vonum, vunum, vunun, vunung, Taiwan 4 nakuijyo 3 ⊕Cho-shui+ Hua-lien+ Hsiukuluan+ Pi-nan+ Lao-nung upper valleys Kuoyü; Latin scripts $bilingual in [79] Min-nan 30-IAA-aa tako-pulan pulan, bunun-W. ⊕Tapu-E.: Tseng-wen upper valley Taiwan 0 30-IAA-ab si-bukun bukun, boukun, boukaun, bukaun, bucoon, vukun, bunun-S., ish- Taiwan 3* bukun, shi-bukun, si-boukun, si-boukaun, si-bukaun, si-bucoon, si- vukun, bu-bukun ⊕Tungchu+ Pi-nan upper valleys 30-IAA-ac bunun-N. ⊕Tan-nan… Wan-li upper valley Taiwan 3* 30-IAA-aca take-todo todo, taki-tudu Taiwan 30-IAA-acb take-bakha bakha, taki-bakha Taiwan 30-IAA-ad bunun-C. ⊕Cho-shui upper valley: Tili Pi-nan upper headwaters Taiwan 3* 30-IAA-ada tak-banuath banuath Taiwan 30-IAA-adb take-vatan vatan, taki-vatan Taiwan 30-IAA-ae randai Taiwan 3* 30-IAA-af tondai Taiwan 3* 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 229

30-J PIYUMA+ PIMAMBA FORMOSAN-SOUTH set 30-JA PIYUMA+ PIMAMBA chain 30-JAA PIYUMA+ PIMAMBA net 30-JAA-a Piyuma+ Pimamba puyuma, pyuma, kadas 2 ⊕Pi-nan lower right bank: Lu-yeh Chihpen Taiwan 3 $bilingual in [79] Min-nan 30-JAA-aa pi-yuma-C. yuma-C., nanwang ⊕T'ai-tung-E.… Taiwan 3 30-JAA-ab pi-yuma-paiwan yuma-paiwan, "paiwanised" pi-yuma influenced by [30] Paiwan Taiwan 30-JAA-ac pi-nan nan Taiwan 30-JAA-ad pi-lam lam, pe-lam Taiwan 30-JAA-ae pi-mamba mamba Taiwan 30-JAA-af panapanayan Taiwan 30-JAA-ag tipun Taiwan 30-K AMIS+ NATAORAN set 30-KA AMIS chain 30-KAA AMIS net 30-KAA-a Amis amia, including bakurut… lam-si-hoan… pangtsah, pagcah… sabari… Taiwan 5 maran… tanah, in [79] Han-yu: ami ⊕Mei-lun… T'ai-tung coast Kuoyü script Latin $bilingual in [79] Min-nan 30-KAA-aa amis-S. ⊕Cheng-kung… T'ai-tung coast Hsin-hiang-lan… Tawu coastal Taiwan 4* enclaves 30-KAA-aaa peinan Taiwan 30-KAA-aab hengch'un hengch'un-amis Taiwan 30-KAA-aac taitung ⊕T'ai-tung… Taiwan 30-KAA-ab chengkung+ kwangshan+ chengkung, amis-CS. ⊕Cheng-kung… Kuan-shan Taiwan 4* kwangshan 30-KAA-aba kwangshan ⊕Kuan-shan… Taiwan 30-KAA-abb chengkung ⊕Cheng-kung… Taiwan 30-KAA-ac amis-C. Taiwan 4* 30-KAA-aca haian-amis Taiwan 30-KAA-acb hsiukulan-amis Taiwan 30-KAA-ad tavalong+ vataan vataan+ tavalong, amis-CN., kwangfu, kuangfu Taiwan 4* 30-KAA-ada tavalong Taiwan 30-KAA-adb vataan Taiwan 30-KAA-ae nanshi-amis amis-N. Taiwan 4* 30-KB NATAORAN+ SAKIZAYA chain 30-KBA NATAORAN+ sakizaya+ nataoran SAKIZAYA net 30-KBA-a Nataoran ⊕Fenglin-N.… $bilingual in [79] Min-nan Taiwan 1* 30-KBA-aa nataoran Taiwan 1* 30-KBA-b Sakizaya ⊕Meilun-NW.… $bilingual in [79] Min-nan Taiwan 1 30-KBA-ba sakizaya sakiraya, sakiray Taiwan 1 page 230 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

31= HESPERONESIC covers the "Hesperonesian" grouping, part of the Brunei; Cambodia; Guam; 8 "Austronesian" intercontinental affinity; comprising 18 sets of Indonesia; Madagascar, Malaysia; phylozone languages (= 462 outer languages) spoken by communities Micronesia; New Caledonia / from western Pacific to Indian Ocean, on most islands from Kanaky; Northern Mariana Islands; Philippines (including numbered Philippines and Celebes through Java, mainland Southeast administrative regions); Singapore; Asia, Hainan, Borneo and Sumatra to Madagascar: Sri Lanka; Thailand; Vietnam; with migration to Surinam; French 31-A ARTA* 31-B DITAYLIN+ KABALUWEN* Guiana 31-C TAGALOG+ ILOCANO 31-D BLAAN+ GIANGAN 31-E SAMA+ BAJAW 31-F IDA'AN+ BAGAHAK 31-G TAMBANUA+ SUMAMBUQ 31-H LUNDAYE+ KELABIT 31-I BINTULU+ BURUSU 31-J MODANG+ TUBU 31-K JAGOI+ AHE* 31-L MAANYAN+ MERINA 31-M MALAYU+ CHAM 31-N BUGIS+ GORONTALO 31-O SANGIR+ TONDANO 31-P PALAU 31-Q YAP 31-R CHAMORRO

including 3 arterial languages: [31-C] Tagalog (Filipino); [31-M] Malay with Indonesian; [31-M] Jawa (Javanese)

31-A ARTA* set part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities 31-AA ARTA chain 31-AAA ARTA net 31-AAA-a Arta ⊕Luzon-N. island… Philippines (Region III) 1 31-AAA-aa arta nagtipunan 'agta' ⊕Villa Santiago… Nagtipunan Philippines (Region III) 1 31-B DITAYLIN+ ALTA, part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', KABALUWEN* set 'negrito' communities Latin script 31-BA DITAYLIN+ alta-N. KABALUWEN chain 31-BAA DITAYLIN net 31-BAA-a Ditaylin ⊕Luzon-N. island: Bayanihan… Diteki Philippines (Region V) 2 31-BAA-aa ditaylin edimala, ditaylin dumagat; baler-'negrito', ditaylin 'agta' community Philippines (Region V) 2 31-BB KABALUWEN chain alta-S. 31-BBA KABALUWEN net 31-BBA-a Kabaluwen kabuluen, kabuluwan, kabulowan, kaboloan, baluga, pugot, kabuluwen Philippines (Regions IV; V) 3 'agta', kabaluwen 'agta', ita ⊕Luzon-N. island: Sierra Madre-S. range 31-BBA-aa 'san-miguel' ⊕San Miguel… Philippines (Region V) 3 31-BBA-ab bulacan-N. bulakan-S. ⊕Bulacan province… Philippines (Region IV) 3 31-C TAGALOG+ MACRO-PHILIPPINE Latin script ILOCANO set 31-CA IVATAN+ YAMI chain "bashiic" 31-CAA YAMI net 31-CAA-a Yami botel-tabago, botel-tobago ⊕Lanyu, Botel-Tobago island Taiwan 3 31-CAA-aa yami-A. Taiwan 3 31-CAA-ab imurut imurud, imrut, imrud Taiwan 3* 31-CAB IVATAN net 31-CAB-a Ivatan-N. ⊕Batan, Batanes islands ⊕also displaced to Minadanao island… Philippines (Region III) 4 31-CAB-aa itbayat itbayaten ⊕Itbayat island… Philippines (Region III) 31-CAB-ab bat-an bat- ⊕Batan, Basco-Ivatan… Sabtang islands… Philippines (Region III) 31-CAB-b Ivatan-S. ⊕Babuyan island… Philippines (Region III) 3 31-CAB-ba i-bat-an bat, ibat-aan, ivat-an 2, babuy-an Philippines (Region III) 3 31-CB ILOCANO chain 31-CBA ILOCANO net 31-CBA-a Ilocano ilokano, iloko ⊕Luzon-N. island… Philippines (Regions II; III) 6 31-CBA-aa ilocano-A. ⊕Luzon-N.&-W. coasts… Magat middle valley Philippines (Regions II; III) 6 31-CBA-ab ilocano-V. "vehicular" ilocano, "vehicular" luzon-N. Philippines (Regions II; III) 6 31-CC ISNAG+ IBANAG "ibanagic" chain 31-CCA ISNAG+ ADASEN adasen+ isnag net 31-CCA-a Isnag isneg ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-N. mountains: Kabugao… Philippines (Region II) 4 Apayo valley 31-CCA-aa dibagat+ kabugao kabugao+ dibagat Philippines (Region II) 31-CCA-ab bayag Philippines (Region II) 31-CCA-ac calanasan Philippines (Region II) 31-CCA-ad karagawan daragawan Philippines (Region II) 31-CCA-ae talifugu-ripang tawini Philippines (Region II) 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 231

31-CCA-b Adasen adasen tinguian, addasen, adasen itneg ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera- Philippines (Region II) 3 Central-N. mountains: Tineg headwaters… 31-CCA-ba adasen-W. ⊕Tineg upper valley… Philippines (Region II) 3* 31-CCA-bb adasen-E. Philippines (Region II) 3* 31-CCB IBANAG+ ITAWIT itawit+ ibanag net 31-CCB-a Ibanag ybanag ⊕Luzon-N. island… Philippines (Regions III; II) 5 31-CCB-aa ibanag-N. "coastal" ibanag, ⊕Pamplona… Cagayan river-mouth Philippines (Region III) 5 31-CCB-ab ibanag-S. "interior" ibanag ⊕Cagayan middle valley: San Pablo… Philippines (Region III) 5 31-CCB-b Ibanag-Agta cagayan 'agta'-N., cagayan 'negrito'-N. communities, part of (non- Philippines (Region III) 3 linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities ⊕Luzon-N. island… 31-CCB-ba pamplona-agta pamplona 'agta', pamplona 'atta' ⊕Pamplona… Philippines (Region III) 3 31-CCB-bb pudtol-agta pudtol 'agta', pudtol 'atta' ⊕Pudtol… Philippines (Region II) 2 31-CCB-bc villaviciosa-agta villaviciosa 'agta' ⊕Villaviciosa… Philippines (Region II) 2* 31-CCB-c Itawit ⊕Luzon island: Cagayan middle valley… Rizal Philippines (Region III) 5 31-CCB-ca itawis itawit, tawit, itawes ⊕Cagayan middle valley: Iguig, Chico lower valley: Philippines (Region III) 5 Piat 31-CCB-d Itawit-Agta cagayan 'agta'-C., cagayan 'negrito'-C. communities, part of (non- Philippines (Region III) 4 linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities ⊕Luzon island: Cagayan middle valley… Rizal 31-CCB-da malaweg malaueg, rizal 'atta', rizal 'agta' ⊕Rizal… Philippines (Region III) 4 31-CCB-db faire-agta faire 'agta', faire 'atta' ⊕Sinundungan valley: Faire-Rizal Philippines (Region III) 2 31-CCC GA'DANG+ GADDANG net 31-CCC-a Ga'dang gadang-N., "pagan" gadang, "upland" gadang ⊕Luzon island: Philippines (Region II) 3 Cordillera-Central foothills: Paracelis… 31-CCC-aa baliwon Philippines (Region II) 31-CCC-ab ginabwal Philippines (Region II) 31-CCC-ac iraya-2 Philippines (Region II) 31-CCC-ad masablang Philippines (Region II) 31-CCC-ae katalangan Philippines (Region II) 31-CCC-af kalinga kalina Philippines (Region II) 31-CCC-ag maddukayang Philippines (Region II) 31-CCC-b Gaddang gadang-S., "christian" gadang, "lowland"-gadang ⊕Luzon-C. island… Philippines (Region III) 4 31-CCC-ba gaddang-SW. cagayan 2=⊕Bagabag… Magal upper valley: Bayombong… Philippines (Region III) 4 31-CCC-bb gaddang-SE. ⊕Cagayan-H valley… Philippines (Region III) 4 31-CCD YOGAD net 31-CCD-a Yogad ⊕Luzon island: Cagayan-H valley… Philippines (Region III) 4 31-CCD-aa yogad ⊕Echague… Philippines (Region III) 4 31-CD DUPANINAN+ DUMAGET, part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', PARANAN chain 'negrito' communities 31-CDA DUPANINAN net 31-CDA-a Dupaninan dupaninan 'agta', cagayan 'agta'-E., cagayan-'negrito' communities-E. Philippines (Region III) 3 ⊕Luzon island: Palaui island…: Palanan bay 31-CDA-aa palaui palaui 'agta' ⊕Palaui island… Philippines (Region III) 31-CDA-ab yaga Philippines (Region III) 31-CDA-ac tanglagan Philippines (Region III) 31-CDA-ad 'santa-ana'-gonzaga ⊕Santa Ana-Gonzaga… Philippines (Region III) 31-CDA-ae barongagunay Philippines (Region III) 31-CDA-af camonayan Philippines (Region III) 31-CDA-ag 'valley-cove' ⊕Valley Cove… Philippines (Region III) 31-CDA-ah bolos ⊕Bolos Point… Philippines (Region III) 31-CDA-ai 'pe-a-blanca' ⊕Pe-a-Blanca… Philippines (Region III) 31-CDA-aj roso cagayan-SE. Philippines (Region III) 31-CDA-ak 'santa-margarita' ⊕Santa Margarita… Philippines (Region III) 31-CDB PARANAN+ dumagat-C. KASIGURANIN net 31-CDB-a Paranan ⊕Luzon island: Palanan… Philippines (Region III) 4 31-CDB-aa paranan-A. palanenyo, "lowland" paranan Philippines (Region III) 31-CDB-ab palanan palanan 'agta', palanan-dumagat, dumagat-palanan, "palanan-valley" Philippines (Region III) ⊕Palanan valley… 31-CDB-b Cagayan ⊕Luzon-N. island… Philippines (Region III) 3 31-CDB-ba cagayan cagayan 'agta', cagayan-C. Philippines (Region III) 3 31-CDB-c Dicamay ⊕Luzon-N. island: Jones… Philippines (Region III) 0 31-CDB-ca dicamay dicamay 'agta', dicamay-dumagat 'agta', dumagat-dicamay Philippines (Region III) 0 page 232 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

31-CDB-d Casiguran ⊕Luzon-NE. island: Digollorin cape… Baler bay Philippines (Region V) 3 31-CDB-da casiguran casiguran 'agta', casiguran-dumagat Philippines (Region V) 3 31-CDB-e Kasiguranin ⊕Luzon-NE. island: Casiguran… San Ildefonso peninsula Philippines (Region V) 4 31-CDB-ea kasiguranin Philippines (Region V) 4 31-CDC ALABAT+ ANGLAT dumagat-S. net 31-CDC-a Alabat+ Anglat ⊕Luzon-E. island… Philippines (Regions V; VI) 3* 31-CDC-aa alabat alabat 'agta', ⊕Alabat island… Philippines (Region V) 3* 31-CDC-ab umiray umiray 'agta', umirey, umiray-dumagat, umiray-dumagat 'agta' Philippines (Region V) 3* 31-CDC-ac anglat anglat 'agta' Philippines (Region V) 3* 31-CDC-ad camarines camarines 'agta', camarines-norte 'agta', manide, agiyan Philippines (Region VI) 2 31-CE ITNEG+ KANKANAY CORDILLERAN-CENTRAL chain 31-CEA ITNEG +LUBUAGAN itneg+ kalinga net 31-CEA-a Itneg+ Binongan ⊕Luzon-NW. island: Tineg middle valley… Philippines (Region II) 4 31-CEA-aa binongan tinguian, tingguian ⊕Ba-ay valley…: Licuan Philippines (Region II) 3 31-CEA-ab inlaod Philippines (Region II) 31-CEA-ac masadiit Philippines (Region II) 3 31-CEA-ad itneg-S. lubo-tiempo, lubo-tiempo itneg Philippines (Region II) 3* 31-CEA-b LIMOS+ TANUDAN kalinga-N.==⊕Luzon-NW. island: Cordillera-CE. mountains: Cagayan Philippines (Region II) 4 upper valley… perhaps to be re-classified as 2 or more outer- languages 31-CEA-ba butbut ⊕Butbut… Philippines (Region II) 3 31-CEA-bb limos+ liwan liwan+ limos Philippines (Region II) 4 31-CEA-bc mabaka mabaka itneg, kal-uwan ⊕Mabaka valley… Philippines (Region II) 31-CEA-bd madukayang Philippines (Region II) 31-CEA-be mangali Philippines (Region II) 31-CEA-bf pangul Philippines (Region II) 31-CEA-bg 'lower'-tanudan ⊕Tanudan lower valley… Philippines (Region II) 3 31-CEA-bh 'upper'-tanudan ⊕Tanudan upper valley… Philippines (Region II) 3 31-CEA-c Lubuagan+ kalinga-C. ⊕Luzon-N. island: Cordillera-Central-C. mountains… Philippines (Region II) 4 Guinaang 31-CEA-ca guinaang Philippines (Region II) 31-CEA-cb balbalasang Philippines (Region II) 31-CEA-cc banao banao itneg, kalinga itneg Philippines (Region II) 31-CEA-cd lubuagan lubuagan "proper" Philippines (Region II) 4 31-CEA-ce ableg-salegseg Philippines (Region II) 31-CEA-d Sumadel+ Tinglayan kalinga-S. ⊕Luzon-N. island: Cordillera-Central-CE. mountains: Chico Philippines (Region II) 4 upper valley… 31-CEA-da mallango Philippines (Region II) 31-CEA-db sumadel Philippines (Region II) 31-CEA-dc tinglayan Philippines (Region II) 31-CEA-dd bangad Philippines (Region II) 31-CEB BALANGAO net 31-CEB-a Balangao ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-CE. mountains… Philippines (Region II) 3 31-CEB-aa balangao balangao bontoc, bontoc-N., balangaw, farangao ⊕Paracelis-W.… Philippines (Region II) 3 31-CEC KANKANAY+ bontoc+ kankanay IGOROT net 31-CEC-a Igorot+ Sadanga* central bontoc ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-C. mountains … Philippines (Region II) 4 31-CEC-aa i-gorot* gorot, "pseudo" guinaang bontoc Philippines (Region II) 31-CEC-ab sadanga Philippines (Region II) 31-CEC-ac bayyu Philippines (Region II) 31-CEC-b Kadaklan+ Barlig barlig+ kadaklan, bontoc-SE. ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-C. Philippines (Region II) 3 mountains … 31-CEC-ba lias Philippines (Region II) 31-CEC-bb barlig Philippines (Region II) 31-CEC-bc kadaklan Philippines (Region II) 31-CEC-c Kankanay-N. sagada-igorot, igorot, bontoc-W. ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-C. Philippines (Region II) 4 mountains: Abra upper valley… 31-CEC-ca kankanay-A. kankanay "proper" Philippines (Region II) 4 31-CEC-cb kankanay-itneg* kankaney itneg, ⊕Abra valley: Pilar-SE.… Philippines (Region II) 4 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 233

31-CEC-d Kankanay-S. kankanaey, kankanai, 'central kankanay' ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera- Philippines (Region II) 5 Central-S. mountains: Amburayan upper valley… Abra headwaters 31-CEC-da mankayan-buguias mankayan buguias Philippines (Region II) 31-CEC-db kapangan Philippines (Region II) 31-CEC-dc bakun-kibungan bakun kibungan Philippines (Region II) 31-CEC-dd guinzadan Philippines (Region II) 31-CED AMGANAD+ ifugao TUWALI net 31-CED-a Amganad+ Banaue banaue+ amganad ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-S. mountains: Philippines (Region II) 4 Amuyao-S. mountain.… 31-CED-aa amganad Philippines (Region II) 31-CED-ab burnay Philippines (Region II) 31-CED-ac banaue ⊕Banaue… Philippines (Region II) 31-CED-b Batad+ Mayoyao mayoyao+ batad ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-S. mountains Philippines (Region II) 4 31-CED-ba ayangan Philippines (Region II) 31-CED-bb batad Philippines (Region II) 31-CED-bc ducligan Philippines (Region II) 31-CED-bd mayoyao mayaoyaw, mayaoyao, mayawyaw, pungianes Philippines (Region II) 31-CED-c Tuwali ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-S. mountains: Tabayoc-NE. Philippines (Region II) 4 mountain… 31-CED-ca kiangan quiangan, gilipan, fugao, I-fugao "proper" Philippines (Region II) 31-CED-cb hapao Philippines (Region II) 31-CED-cc hungduan Philippines (Region II) 31-CED-cd lagawe lagaui ⊕Lagawe… Philippines (Region II) 31-CF ISINAI chain 31-CFA ISINAI net 31-CFA-a Isinai ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-S.: Magal upper valley… Philippines (Region III) 3 31-CFA-aa i-sinai sinai, i-sinay, in-meas ⊕Bambang… Aritao Philippines (Region III) 3 31-CG KALAHAN+ "cordilleran"-S., pangasinan+ kalahan, "pagasinic" PANGASINAN chain 31-CGA KALAHAN+ IBALOI ibaloi+ kalahan net 31-CGA-a Keleyi+ Bayninan ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-S. mountains: Napayo… Philippines (Region II) 3 31-CGA-aa keley-i keley, keleyqiq, keleyqiq i-fugao, keley-i kalahan, keley-i kallahan, Philippines (Region II) 3 antipolo, antipolo i-fugao distinct from [31] Amganad+Tuwali (Ifugao) net and [31] Kalahan 31-CGA-ab bayninan Philippines (Region II) 3* 31-CGA-b Iwak* ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-S. mountains ⊕Tojongan… Philippines (Region II) 3 Salaksak 31-CGA-ba i-wak wak, i-waak Philippines (Region II) 3 31-CGA-c Kalahan i-kalahan, kallahan, kalangoya, kalanguyya, kalkali ⊕Luzon island: Philippines (Regions II; III; IV) 4 Cordillera-Central-S. mountains … 31-CGA-ca kayapa akab ⊕Kayapa… Philippines 31-CGA-cb tinoc tinoc kalangoya, tinoc kalahan Philippines 31-CGA-d Karao ⊕Luzon island: Cordillera-Central-S.: Tabayoc-S. mountain Philippines (Region II) 3 31-CGA-da karao-A. karaw ⊕Karaw… Philippines (Region II) 31-CGA-db ekip* ⊕Ekip… Philippines (Region II) 31-CGA-e Ibaloi+ Daklan bengeut, benguet i-gorot, i-gorot, i-godor, gorot, godor ⊕Luzon island: Philippines (Regions II; III) 4 Cordillera-Central-S. mountains: Tabayoc-SW mountain… 31-CGA-ea i-baloi baloi, i-baloy, i-badoy, ini-baloi, na-baloi Philippines 31-CGA-eb daklan Philippines 31-CGA-ec kabayan Philippines 31-CGA-ed bokod Philippines 31-CGA-f Pangasinan ⊕Luzon island: Alaminos, Lingayen Gulf bay… Agno lower valley Philippines (Region IV) 6 31-CGA-fa pangasinan Philippines (Region IV) 6 31-CGB ILONGOT+ IBALAO net 31-CGB-a Ilongot+ Ibalao ⊕Luzon island: Cabarroquis… Sierra Madre mountains Philippines (Region III) 3 31-CGB-aa i-lon-got lon-got, lin-got, bugkalut, bukalot Philippines (Region III) 31-CGB-ab abaka abaca Philippines (Region III) 31-CGB-ac e-gon-got gon-got Philippines (Region III) 31-CGB-ad i-balao balao, i-bilao Philippines (Region III) 31-CGB-ae i-talon talon Philippines (Region III) 31-CGB-af i-yon-gut yon-gut Philippines (Region III) page 234 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

31-CH BOLINAO+ LUZON-SOUTH, pampangan+ sambalic PAMPANGAN chain 31-CHA BOLINAO+ TINA net SAMBALIC, sambal, zambal, part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities 31-CHA-a Bolinao ⊕Luzon island: Bolinao… Philippines (Region IV) 4 31-CHA-aa bolinao bolinao sambal, bolinao zambal Philippines (Region IV) 4 31-CHA-b Tina+ Botolan botolan+ tina ⊕Luzon island: Infanta… Bucao valley Philippines (Region IV) 5 31-CHA-ba tina tino, tina sambal ⊕Infanta… Iba coast Philippines (Region IV) 4 31-CHA-bb botolan botolan zambal, aeta, aeta 'negrito' communities ⊕Bucao valley… Philippines (Region IV) 4 31-CHB PAMPANGAN net 31-CHB-a Pampangan pampango ⊕Luzon island: Tarlac valley… Manila bay Philippines (Region IV) 6 31-CHB-aa ka-pampangan pampangan ⊕Pampanga province Philippines (Region IV) 6 31-CHB-ab pampangan-V. "vehicular" pampangan, in [51] Español: pampangueño Philippines (Region IV) 6 31-CHC ABENLEN net part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities 31-CHC-a Abenlen ⊕Luzon island: Maontoc… Pilyen Philippines (Region IV) 3 31-CHC-aa abenlen abenlan 'agta', abenlen 'ayta', abenlan, abenlan sambal, aburlin Philippines (Region IV) 3 'negrito' communities 31-CHD MAG-ANCHI net part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities 31-CHD-a Mag-Anchi ⊕Luzon island: Manila bay-NW. (scattered) Philippines (Region IV) 3 31-CHD-aa mag-anchi mag-anchi 'agta', mag-anchi 'ayta', mag-anchi sambal Philippines (Region IV) 3 31-CHE BATAAN net part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities 31-CHE-a Bataan ⊕Luzon island: Mariveles… Philippines (Region IV) 2 31-CHE-aa bataan bataan 'agta', bataan sambal, bataan 'ayta', mariveles 'ayta' Philippines (Region IV) 2 31-CHF AMBALA net part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities 31-CHF-a Ambala ⊕Luzon island: Subic… Philippines (Region IV) 3 31-CHF-aa ambala ambala 'agta', ambala 'ayta', ambala sambal Philippines (Region IV) 3 31-CHG MAG-INDI net 31-CHG-a Mag-Indi ⊕Luzon island: Florida Blanca… Porac Philippines 3 31-CHG-aa mag-indi mag-indi 'agta', mag-indi 'ayta', baloga, mag-indi sambal, indi 'ayta' Philippines 3 31-CHH SINAUNA net 31-CHH-a Sinauna ⊕Luzon island: Santa Inez… Paimohuan Philippines (Region V) 3 31-CHH-aa sinauna remontado, remontado 'agta', hatang, hatang-kayey Philippines (Region V) 3 31-CI IRAYA+ ALANGAN MINDORO-NORTH chain 31-CIA IRAYA net 31-CIA-a Iraya ⊕Mindoro-N. island: Halcon-W. mountain… Philippines (Region V) 3 31-CIA-aa abra-de-ilog Philippines (Region V) 31-CIA-ab alag-bako Philippines (Region V) 31-CIA-ac pagbahan Philippines (Region V) 31-CIA-ad palauan-calavite Philippines (Region V) 31-CIA-ae pambuhan Philippines (Region V) 31-CIA-af 'santa-cruz' Philippines (Region V) 31-CIB ALANGAN net 31-CIB-a Alangan ⊕Mindoro-CN. island: Halcon-S. mountain Philippines (Region V) 3 31-CIB-aa alangan Philippines (Region V) 3 31-CIC TADYAWAN* net 31-CIC-a Tadyawan ⊕Mindoro-E. island: Naujan-SW. lake Philippines (Region V) 3 31-CIC-aa tadyawan-A. tadianan Philippines (Region V) 31-CIC-ab pula Philippines (Region V) 31-CIC-ac balaban Philippines (Region V) 31-CJ MANGYAN+ MESO-PHILIPPINE-WEST, palayan+ mangyan PALAYAN chain 31-CJA BUHID+ TAWBUID* mangyan-S., tawbuid+ buhid net 31-CJA-a Buhid+ Batangan including tawbuid-E. ⊕Mindoro-S. island: Lumintao-E. valley.… Philippines (Region V) 3 31-CJA-aa buhid buid, bu'id, mindoro bukid Philippines (Region V) 31-CJA-ab bukil buhil, buquil Philippines (Region V) 31-CJA-ac baribi beribi Philippines (Region V) 31-CJA-ad batag-non bangon, bangot Philippines (Region V) 31-CJA-ae batangan binatangan, barangan, bangon, bangot Philippines (Region V) 31-CJA-af tiron Philippines (Region V) 31-CJA-ag suri Philippines (Region V) 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 235

31-CJA-b Tawbuid-W. ⊕Mindoro-S. island Philippines (Region V) 3 31-CJA-ba tawbuid-W. Philippines (Region V) 3 31-CJB HANUNOO net mangyan-S. 31-CJB-a Hanunoo+ ⊕Mindoro-S. island: San Jose-E.… Philippines (Region V) 4 Kagankan 31-CJB-aa hanu-noo hanu Philippines (Region V) 31-CJB-ab gubat-non gubat, gubata-non Philippines (Region V) 31-CJB-ac sorsogo-non sorsogo Philippines (Region V) 31-CJB-ad binli Philippines (Region V) 31-CJB-ae kagankan Philippines (Region V) 31-CJB-af waigan Philippines (Region V) 31-CJB-ag wawan Philippines (Region V) 31-CJB-ah bulalakaw-non bulalakaw, bulalakao Philippines (Region V) 31-CJC KALAMIA+ AGUTAY net 31-CJC-a Kalamia+ Baras ⊕Calamian… Palawan-NE. islands Philippines (Region V) 31-CJC-aa kalamia-nen kalamian, calamiano, karamiana-non ⊕ Coron+ Busuanga islands… Philippines (Region V) 3 31-CJC-ab kalamian-tagbanwa. tagbanwa-N. ⊕Calamian islands… Philippines (Region V) 3 31-CJC-ac baras ⊕Palawan-NE. island:opposite Dumaren island Philippines (Region V) 2* 31-CJC-b Agutay ⊕Cuyo-N. islands: Agutaya… Quiniluban (Palawan) islands Philippines (Region V) 4 31-CJC-ba agutay-nen agutay-non, agutay-no Philippines (Region V) 4 31-CJD BATAK+ ABORLAN aborlan+ batak net 31-CJD-a Batak-E. ⊕Palawan-CN. island… Philippines (Region V) 2 31-CJD-aa batak-E. palawan batak, tinitianes, babuyan ⊕Babuyan… 2 31-CJD-b ABORLAN+ ⊕Palawan-C. island… Philippines (Region V) 3 SILANGA 31-CJD-ba aborlan-tagbanwa tagbanwa-C., apurahuano ⊕Aborlan… Philippines (Region V) 3 31-CJD-bb tandula-non* Philippines (Region V) 31-CJD-bc silanga-non* Philippines (Region V) 31-CJE PALAWANO+ BONGGI net 31-CJE-a Palawano-C. ⊕Palawan-S. island… Philippines (Region V) 4 31-CJE-aa palawano-C. palawa-nen, quezon palawano, in [51] Español: palaweño ⊕Quezon… Philippines (Region V) 4 31-CJE-b Palawano-SW. ⊕Palawan-SW. island… Philippines (Region V) 3 31-CJE-ba palawano-SW. Philippines (Region V) 3 31-CJE-c Palawano-SE. ⊕Palawan-SE. island… Philippines (Region V) 3 31-CJE-ca palawano-SE. brooke's-point palawano ⊕Brooke's Point… Philippines (Region V) 3 31-CJE-d Bugsuk palawano-S. ⊕Palawan island: Bugsuk island… Philippines (Region V) 3 31-CJE-da bugsuk Philippines (Region V) 3 31-CJE-e Molbog ⊕Palawan island: Balabac island… Philippines (Region V) 3 31-CJE-ea molbog molbog palawano Philippines (Region V) 3 31-CJE-f Bonggi ⊕Banggi island… Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-CJE-fa bonggi banggi, bangay, banggi dusun, molbog-S. Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-CK TAGALOG+ TRANSPHILIPPINE, comprising [31-CKA- to -CKM] "philippine"-C.… MARANAO chain [31-CKN to 31-CKO] "philippine"-S. since c.+950: Tagala+Bisaya script; Perso-Arabic script; Latin script 31-CKA TAGALOG net part of "philippine"-C. 31-CKA-a Tagalog 7 31-CKA-aa tagalog-A. tagalog "proper", pilipino, filipino, philippino, tagala, tagal Philippines 31-CKA-aaa ✍ tagalog-F. "standard" tagalog, "old standard" pilipino+ "new standard" filipino Philippines 6 31-CKA-aab tagalog-V. "vehicular" tagalog Philippines 31-CKA-aac manila-U. "popular urban" manila Philippines (Region I) 31-CKA-ab lubang ⊕Lubang island: Lubang… Philippines (Region V) 31-CKA-ac marinduque ⊕Boac island: Marinduque… Philippines (Region V) 31-CKA-ad batangas ⊕Luzon-C. island: Batangas… Philippines (Region V) 31-CKA-ae bulacan-S. bulakan-S. ⊕Luzon-C. island: Bulacan… Philippines (Region V) 31-CKA-af bataan-'peninsula' ⊕Bataan peninsula… distinct from [31] Bataan ('Agta') Philippines (Region IV) 31-CKA-ag tanay-paete ⊕Tanay… Philippines (Region IV) 31-CKA-ah tayabas-'bay' "post"-tayabas-'agta' ⊕Tayabas bay… distinct from [31] Tayabas Philippines (Region IV) ('Agta') 31-CKB TAYABAS* net part of "philippine"-C.; part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', Ã 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities 31-CKB-a Tayabas ⊕Luzon-S. island… Philippines (Region VI) 0 31-CKB-aa tayabas tayabas 'agta', tayabas 'ayta' ⊕Tayabas bay assimilated to [31] Philippines (Region VI) 0 Tagalog page 236 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

31-CKC KATABAGA* net part of "philippine"-C.; part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', Ã 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities 31-CKC-a Katabaga ⊕Luzon-S. island… Philippines (Region VI) 0 31-CKC-aa catabaga katabaga 'agta' assimilated to [31] Tagalog ⊕Bondoc peninsula… Philippines (Region VI) 0 31-CKD BIKOL net bicolano, central bikol; part of "philippine"-C. 31-CKD-a Bikol-A. "coastal" bicol, bicol "proper" ⊕Luzon-SE. island… Philippines (Region VI) 6 31-CKD-aa naga ⊕Daet… Naga: Bicol lower valley Philippines (Region VI) 6 31-CKD-ab legaspi ⊕Legaspi… Philippines (Region VI) 5* 31-CKD-ac bicol-V. "vehicular" bikol Philippines (Region VI) 5* 31-CKD-b Bikol-Agta bicol-agta; part of "philippine"-C.; part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', Philippines (Region VI) 2 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities 31-CKD-ba isarog isarog 'agta' ⊕Isarog mountain… Philippines (Region VI) 2 31-CKD-bb iraya-agta iraya 'inagta', itbeg rugnot, buhi-E. 'agta', buhi rugnot-E. including 4 Philippines (Region VI) 2 dialects ⊕Iraya mountain: Buhi-E. lake 31-CKD-c Virac ⊕Cantanduanes-S. island… Philippines (Region VI) 4 31-CKD-ca virac cantanduanes bikol, bikol-S. ⊕Virac… Philippines (Region VI) 4 31-CKE PANDAN-NORTH net bikol-N.; part of "philippine"-C. 31-CKE-a Pandan-N. cantanduanes bikol, bikol-N. ⊕Luzon-SE. island: Cantanduanes-N. Philippines (Region VI) 4 island… 31-CKE-aa pandan-N. ⊕Pandan… distinct from [31] Pandan-S. Philippines (Region VI) 4 31-CKF BUHI+ IRIGA net "inland" bikol, bikol-S.; part of "philippine"-C. 31-CKF-a 'Rinconada' ⊕Luzon-SE. island… Philippines (Region VI) 5 31-CKF-aa 'rinconada' rinconada bikol, iriga bikol ⊕Iriga #[51] Español rinconada =«corner» Philippines (Region VI) 5 31-CKF-b Buhi+ Daraga albay bikol Philippines (Region VI) 5 31-CKF-ba buhi-non ⊕Buhi lake… Philippines (Region VI) 5 31-CKF-bb oas ⊕Oas… Philippines (Region VI) 4* 31-CKF-bc daraga Philippines (Region VI) 4* 31-CKF-bd libon Philippines (Region VI) 4* 31-CKF-c Iriga part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' Philippines (Region VI) 3 communities ⊕Iriga mountain: Buhi-W. lake 31-CKF-ca iriga san-ramon 'inagta', buhi-W. 'agta', iriga 'negrito' communities Philippines (Region VI) 3 31-CKG CEBUAN+ AKLAN "WIDER"-BISAYAN, comprising [31-CKG-a to –f] "wider bisayan"-W. net … [31-CKG-g to –o] "wider bisayan"-C.… (-p to -r) "wider bisayan"-S.; part of "philippine"-C. 31-CKG-a Datag* ⊕Mindoro-S. island… Tablas island Philippines (Region V) 1 31-CKG-aa datag-non datag, ratagnon, latagnun, latan, lactan, aradigi ⊕Mindoro-S. island… Philippines (Region VI) 1 (including Ilin island… ) 31-CKG-ab 'santa-teresa' ⊕Mindoro-S. island… Philippines (Region VI) 1* 31-CKG-b Cuyo kuyo ⊕Cuyo island… ⊕migration> Palawan-N. island… Philippines (Region V) 5 31-CKG-ba cuyo-non cuyono, cuyonon, cuyo, kuyunon, kuyonon Philippines (Region V) 5 31-CKG-c Kinaray kinaray-a, hinaray-a, karay-a ⊕Panay-W. island… Guimaras-S. island Philippines (Region VII) 5 31-CKG-ca pandan-S. distinct from [31] Pandan-N. Philippines (Region VII) 31-CKG-cb hamtik-non hamtik, hamtic, sulud, panayano, in [51] Español: antique, antiqueño Philippines (Region VII) 31-CKG-cc hamtik-ati* hamtik 'ati', part of "philippine"-C., part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', Philippines (Region VII) 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities 31-CKG-cd anini-y Philippines (Region VII) 31-CKG-ce pototan Philippines (Region VII) 31-CKG-cf lambunao Philippines (Region VII) 31-CKG-cg miag-ao Philippines (Region VII) 31-CKG-ch guimaras ⊕Guimaras-S. island… Philippines (Region VII) 31-CKG-d Aklan panay, aklano, aklanon bisayan ⊕Panay-NW. island… Philippines (Region VII) 5 31-CKG-da akla-non akla, aklan-N. ⊕Panay coast-N.… Philippines (Region VII) 5* 31-CKG-db buruanga aklan-NW. ⊕Buruanga… Philippines (Region VII) 5* 31-CKG-dc alcan aklan-SE. ⊕Alcan valley Philippines (Region VII) 5* 31-CKG-dd malay-non ⊕Panay island: Malay Philippines (Region VII) 3 31-CKG-e Semirara+ Sibay ⊕Semirara islands… Philippines (Region V) 4 31-CKG-ea semirara-A. ⊕Semirara island… Philippines (Region V) 31-CKG-eb caluya-nun caluya, caluya-nen, caluya-nhon ⊕Caluya island… Philippines (Region V) 31-CKG-ec sibay ⊕Sibay island… Philippines (Region V) 31-CKG-f Inonhan 'unhan', looc+ alcantara ⊕Tablas-S.+ Carabao island… Philippines (Region V) 4 31-CKG-fa looc-non looc Philippines (Region VII) 31-CKG-fb dispohol-non dispohol Philippines (Region VII) 31-CKG-fc alcantara-non alcantara Philippines (Region VII) 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 237

31-CKG-g Bantua+ Odioñgan asiq ⊕Tablas-NW. island… Banton+ Simara+ Maestre de Campo Philippines (Region VII) 4 islands 31-CKG-ga odioñgan-non odioñgan, odioñga-non ⊕Tablas-W. island: Odioñgan… Philippines (Region VII) 31-CKG-gb sibale-non sibale, sibale-nhon Philippines (Region VII) 31-CKG-gc calatrava-non calatrava, calatrava-nhon ⊕Tablas-N. island: Calatrava… Philippines (Region VII) 31-CKG-gd simara-non simara, simara-nhon ⊕Simara island… Philippines (Region VII) 31-CKG-ge bantua-non bantua, banton ⊕Banton island… Philippines (Region VII) 31-CKG-h Rombloma+ ⊕Tablas-NE. island… Romblon island… Sibuyan island… Panay-N. Philippines (Region VII) 5 Sibuyan island 31-CKG-ha rombloma-non rombloma, romblon ⊕Romblon island… Philippines (Region VII) 4* 31-CKG-hb sibuyan ⊕Sibuyan island… Philippines (Region VII) 5* 31-CKG-hc basiq Philippines (Region VII) 4* 31-CKG-i Masbate+ Burias ⊕Burias-S. island… Masbate island… Luzon-S. island Philippines (Region VII) 5 31-CKG-ia burias ⊕Burias-S. island… Philippines (Region VII) 4* 31-CKG-ib masbate-o masbate, minasbate, masbate-nyo ⊕Masbate-C.+ S. island… Ticao Philippines (Region VII) 5 island 31-CKG-ic sorsogon-N. sorsogon bikol-N. ⊕Sorsogon bay… Philippines (Region VII) 4* 31-CKG-j Sorsogon-S. ⊕Luzon-S. island… Philippines (Region VI) 5 31-CKG-ja sorsogon-S. waray-sorsogon, sorsogon bikol-S., gubat ⊕Bulusan peninsula… Philippines (Region VI) 5 31-CKG-k Samar+ Leyte waray-waray, waray, binisaya Philippines (Region VIII ) 6 31-CKG-ka samar-N. samaran-N., samareño-N. ⊕Samar-N. island… Philippines (Region VIII) 5* 31-CKG-kb samar-S. samaran-S., samareño-S. ⊕Samar-S. island… Philippines (Region VIII) 5* 31-CKG-kc leyte ⊕Leyte-W. island… Philippines (Region VIII ) 5* 31-CKG-kd homo-nhon homo ⊕Homonhon island… Philippines (Region VIII ) 4* 31-CKG-l Hiligay hiligay-non, hiligainon, ilonggo ⊕Panay-E. island… Negros-W. island Philippines (Regions VI; VII; VIII) 6 31-CKG-la panay ⊕Panay-E.… Guimaras-N. islands Philippines (Region VII) 31-CKG-lb bantayan ⊕Bantayan island… Philippines (Region VIII ) 31-CKG-lc bacolod ⊕Negros-N. island: Baclod… Philippines (Region VI) 31-CKG-ld kawayan ⊕Negros-W. island: Cauayan… Philippines (Region VI) 31-CKG-le hiligay-V. "vehicular" hiligay Philippines (Region VI; VII; VIII) 31-CKG-m Capiz Philippines (Region VII) 5 31-CKG-ma capiz-non capiz, capisa-no, capise-ño Philippines (Region VIII) 5 31-CKG-n Panay-Ati panay 'ati', panay 'ata', panay 'inati'; part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', Philippines (Region VII) 3 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities ⊕Panay island (scattered) 31-CKG-na barotac in [51] Español: viejo nagpana (=«old» nagpana) Philippines (Region VII) 3 31-CKG-nb malay-ati influenced by [31] Malay-non ⊕Malay Philippines (Region VII) 1 31-CKG-o Poroha ⊕Camotes islands… Philippines (Region VIII) 4 31-CKG-oa poroha-non poroha, camotes 4 31-CKG-p Cebuan+ Visayan "Wider"-Cebuano, cebuan-no, sebuano, sebuan-no, sugbuha-non, Philippines (Regions VIII; IX; X) 7 sugbua-non ⊕Negros-E. island… Cebu island… Bohol island 31-CKG-pa cebuan-V. "vehicular" cebuan Philippines (Regions VIII; IX; X) 7 31-CKG-pb cebuan-negros ⊕Negros island… Philippines (Region VIII ) 6* 31-CKG-pc cebuan-no cebuan, cebu, ⊕Cebu island… Philippines (Region VIII ) 6* 31-CKG-pd cebuan-masbate ⊕Masbate-S. island… transition to [31] Masbate+ Burias Philippines (Region VIII) 5* 31-CKG-pe cebuan-leyte ⊕Leyte-W.… Biliran-W. islands transition to [31] Samar+ Leyte Philippines (Region VIII) 6* 31-CKG-pf bohol-a-no bohol, boholano ⊕Bohol island… Philippines (Region VIII) 6* 31-CKG-pg cebuan-siquijor ⊕Siquijor island… Philippines (Region VIII) 5* 31-CKG-ph 'visayan'-N. bisayan "proper"-N., binisaya-N. ⊕Mindanao-N. island… Philippines (Region IX) 6* 31-CKG-pi 'visayan'-S. bisayan "proper"-S., binisaya-S. ⊕Mindanao-S. island… Philippines (Region X) 6* 31-CKG-q Butuan+ Tausug Philippines 5 31-CKG-qa butuan-non butuan, butuanon ⊕Mindanao-N. island: Butuan bay… Philippines (Region IX) 5* 31-CKG-qb moro-joloan-no moro-joloan, sulu, sooloo ⊕Sulu archipelago: Julu island… Tapul Philippines (Regon X) 4* islands 31-CKG-qc suluk ⊕migration from Sulu archipelago> Borneo-NE. island: Banggi island… Malaysia (Sabah); Indonesia 5 Darvel bay… Sembakung delta (Kalimantan) 31-CKG-qd tau-sug-V. "muslim vehicular" tau-sug, taw-sug, tau-sog, taosug Philippines; Malaysia; Indonesia 5 31-CKG-r Surigao ⊕Mindanao-N. island… Philippines (Region IX) 6* 31-CKG-ra surigao-non surigao, ⊕Mindanao-N. island… Philippines (Region IX) 31-CKG-rb cantilan kantilan ⊕Mindanao-N. island… Philippines (Region IX) 31-CKG-rc jaun-jaun Philippines (Region IX) 31-CKG-rd 'naturalis' Philippines (Region IX) 31-CKG-re dinagat ⊕Dinagat island… Philippines (Region IX) 31-CKG-rf siargo ⊕Siargo island… Philippines (Region IX) page 238 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

31-CKH SORSOGON-AGTA part of "philippine"-C., part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', net 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities 31-CKH-a Sorsogon-Agta ⊕Luzon-SE. island: Sorsogon Philippines (Region VI) 1 31-CKH-aa sorsogon-agta sorsogon 'agta', sorsogon 'ayta' ⊕Prieto Diaz… distinct from [31] Philippines (Region VI) 1 Masbate+ Burias (incl. Sorsogon-N.) and [31] Sorsogon-S. 31-CKI SULOD* net part of "philippine"-C., part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities 31-CKI-a Sulod ⊕Panay island… Philippines (Region VII) 4 31-CKI-aa sulod sudlod 'agta', panay bukid-non, mondo Philippines (Region VII) 4 31-CKJ MAGAHAT* net part of "philippine"-C., part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities 31-CKJ-a Magahat ⊕Arniyo mountain… Negros-SW. island… Philippines (Regions VII; VIII) 1* 31-CKJ-aa magahat negros-bukid-non, bukid-non, ata-man Philippines (Regions VII; VIII) 31-CKK 'NEGROS-AGTA'* part of "philippine"-C., part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', net 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities 31-CKK-a 'Negros-agta' ⊕Mabinay… Negros-E. island… Philippines (Region VIII) 1 31-CKK-aa 'negros-agta' negros 'atta', negros-ata Philippines (Region VIII) 1 31-CKL 'CAROLANOS'* net karolanos, part of "philippine"-C. 31-CKL-a 'Carolanos' carolanos ⊕Negros-C. island… Philippines (Regions VII; VIII) 2* 31-CKL-aa 'carolanos' Philippines (Regions VII; VIII) 31-CKM MAMANWA net part of "philippine"-C., part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities 31-CKM-a Mamanwa ⊕Mindanao-N. island… Philippines (Region IX) 3 31-CKM-aa mamanwa minamanwa, mamanwa 'negrito' communities, mamanwa samba Philippines (Region IX) 3 ⊕Mainit lake… 31-CKN MANDAYA+ MANSAKAN; part of "philippine"-S. CAMAYO net 31-CKN-a Camayo ⊕Mindanao-E. island… Philippines (Region IX) 4* 31-CKN-aa camayo-N. ⊕Bislig… Philippines (Region IX) 4* 31-CKN-ab camayo-S. ⊕Lingig… Philippines (Region IX) 4* 31-CKN-b Davawenyo-E. ⊕Mindanao-SE. island… Philippines (Region X) 5 31-CKN-ba davawenyo-E. "highland" davawenyo, in [51] Español: davaoeño oriental ⊕Cateel… Philippines (Region X) Tarragona coastal mountains 31-CKN-c Davawenyo-W. ⊕Mindanao-S. island… Philippines (Region X) 5 31-CKN-ca davawenyo-W. matino, "lowland" davawenyo, transphilippine-creole, davaweño Philippines (Region X) creole, in [51] Español: davaoeño occidental ⊕Davao… 31-CKN-d Mandaya ⊕Compostela… Pujada bay Philippines (Region X) 4 31-CKN-da sangab ⊕Carraga headwaters… Philippines (Region X) 3* 31-CKN-db cataelano cataelano-mandaya, cateelenyo ⊕Cateel… Philippines (Region X) 4 31-CKN-dc karaga caraga, carraga, mandaya, caraga-mandaya, manay-mandayan, Philippines (Region X) 3 mangaragan-mandaya ⊕Lamiyawan… 31-CKN-dd mansaka mandaya-mansaka Philippines (Region X) 4 31-CKN-e Kalagan ⊕Mindanao-S. island: Davao Gulf bay… Philippines (Region X) 4 31-CKN-ea i-samal samal ⊕Samal island… Philippines (Region X) 31-CKN-eb piso Philippines (Region X) 31-CKN-ec tumuaong Philippines (Region X) 31-CKN-ed lactan Philippines (Region X) 31-CKN-f Cagan ⊕Mindanao-S. island: Davao Gulf-NW. bay… Philippines (Region X) 3 31-CKN-fa cagan kagan, kalagan ⊕Davao… Philippines (Region X) 3 31-CKN-g Tagakaulu ⊕Mindanao-S. island: Davao Gulf-SW. bay… Philippines (Region X) 4 31-CKN-ga tagakaulu tagakaulu kalagan, tagakaolo Philippines (Region X) 4 31-CKO AGUSAN+ MANOBO, part of "philippine"-S. SARANGANI net 31-CKO-a Cagayanen kagayanen, part of manobo-N.=⊕Cagayanen islands… ⊕Palawan N.+ Philippines 4 C. island 31-CKO-aa cagayanen cagayano-cillo, cagayancillo Philippines 4 31-CKO-b Cinamigin part of manobo-N. ⊕Mindanao island: Camiguin island… Philippines (Region IX) 4 31-CKO-ba cinamigin cinamiguin, cinamiguin manobo, kinamigin, kamigin Philippines (Region IX) 4 31-CKO-c Binukid part of manobo-N. ⊕Mindanao-CN. island… Philippines (Region IX) 5 31-CKO-ca binukid-non binukid, binokid-non, mindanao bukid-non-N. ⊕Cagayan middle Philippines (Region IX) 5 valley… Pulangi upper valley 31-CKO-d Higao part of manobo-N. ⊕Mindanao-C. island… Philippines (Region IX) 3 31-CKO-da higao-non higao, misamis-higao-non, higao-non manobo Philippines (Region IX) 3 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 239

31-CKO-e Agusan+ Banua agusan manobo; part of manobo-C. ⊕Mindanao-NE. island: Agusan Philippines (Region IX) 4 middle river-basin… 31-CKO-ea agusan ⊕Agusan middle valley… Philippines (Region IX) 31-CKO-eb omayam-non omayam, umayam-non ⊕Umayan valley… Philippines (Region IX) 31-CKO-ec adga-wan Philippines (Region IX) 31-CKO-ed banua-non banua, banwaon Philippines (Region IX) 31-CKO-ee sagunto Philippines (Region IX) 31-CKO-f Dibaba+ Manguaga part of central manobo=⊕Mindanao-E. island… Philippines (Region X) 4 31-CKO-fa dibaba-won didaba, mandaya, dibabaon, debabaon, dibabawon manobo ⊕Agusan Philippines (Region X) 3* upper valley: Monkayo… 31-CKO-fb manguaga manguagan, manguagan manobo Philippines (Region X) 3* 31-CKO-g Kabunsuwan part of central manobo=⊕Mindanao-E. island… Philippines (Region IX) 3* 31-CKO-ga kabunsu-wan rajah-kabunsuwan, rajah-kabungsuan manobo ⊕Bislig-N. coast… Philippines (Region IX) 3* 31-CKO-h 'Manobo-Agta' part of central manobo;=part of (non-linguistic) 'agta', 'ayta', 'atta', Philippines (Region X) 4 'inagta', 'ati, 'ata', 'negrito' communities ⊕Mindanao-C. island… 31-CKO-ha 'manobo-agta' 'agta' manobo, 'ata' manobo, 'ata'-o-manobo, davao 'ata', langilang Philippines (Region X) 4 ⊕Kapalong… Davao upper valley 31-CKO-i Matig-Salug+ Tigwa part of central manobo=⊕Mindanao-C. island… Philippines (Regions IX; X) 4 31-CKO-ia matig-salug salug-E., matig salug, matig salud, matig-salug manobo ⊕Davao upper Philippines valley… 31-CKO-ib kulamanen Philippines 31-CKO-ic tigwa Philippines 31-CKO-id tala-ingod Philippines 31-CKO-ie langilan langilang 2 Philippines 31-CKO-j Obo part of central manobo=⊕Mindanao-C. island… Philippines (Region X) 4 31-CKO-ja obo obo bagobo, bagobo, kidapawan, kidapawan manobo Philippines (Region X) 4 31-CKO-k Pulangi+ Kiriyente mindanao bukid-non-S., ' manobo-bukid-non-W.'; part of central Philippines (Region IX) 4 manobo ⊕Mindanao-C. island: Mulita upper valley… Pulangi upper & middle valley (Maramag) 31-CKO-ka ilentun-gen Philippines (Region IX) 31-CKO-kb kiriyente-ken Philippines (Region IX) 31-CKO-kc pulangi-yen pulangi "proper" ⊕Pulangi upper & middle valley… Philippines (Region IX) 31-CKO-l Ilia+ Puleni ilianen manobo; part of central manobo ⊕Mindanao-C. island: Pulangi Philippines (Region X) 4 middle river-basin… 31-CKO-la ilia-nen Philippines (Region X) 3 31-CKO-lb livunga-nen Philippines (Region X) 3 31-CKO-lc puleni-yan Philippines (Region X) 3 31-CKO-m Tagabawa part of manobo-S.=⊕Mindanao-S. island… Philippines (Region X) 4 31-CKO-ma tagabawa tagabawa manobo, tagabawa bagobo ⊕Apo-S. mountain Philippines (Region X) 4 31-CKO-n Tasaday+ Blit cotabato manobo, cotabato-S.; part of manobo-S. ⊕Mindanao-SW. Philippines (Region X) 4 island: Limulan valley… (Lebak… Palimbang) 31-CKO-na tasaday Philippines (Region X) 31-CKO-nb blit Philippines (Region X) 31-CKO-o Sarangani sarangani manobo; part of manobo-S. ⊕Mindanao-S. island: Davao Philippines (Region X) 4 Gulf bay… 31-CKO-oa sarangani-SW. ⊕Batulaki… Jose Abad Santos Philippines (Region X) 4 31-CKO-ob sarangani-NE. governor-generoso manobo ⊕Governor Generoso… Surub Philippines (Region X) 4 31-CKP MARANAO+ DANAO MAGINDANAO net 31-CKP-a Maranao+ Ila maranao+ iranon, including maginda-naon, maginda-nao, maguinda- Philippines (Regions IX; X; 6 nao, maginda-naw ⊕Mindanao-SW. island… Borneo-NE. island Malaysia (Sabah) 31-CKP-aa ma-ranao ranao, ma-ranaw ⊕Mindanao-SW. island: Lanao lake… Philippines (Region IX) 5 31-CKP-ab sabah-ila-nun sabah ila-non, ila-nun, illa-noan, illa-noon, la-noon, ylanos, la-nun, Malaysia (Sabah) 3 illanos ⊕Borneo-NE. island… ¶migrated in 1850 from Mindanao 31-CKP-ac mindanao-ila-non mindanao ila-non, ira-nun, ila-non, illa-non, ira-non ⊕Mindanao-SW. Philippines (Region X) 5 island: Parang… 31-CKP-ad isebanga-nen mindanao ila-non 2 ⊕Mindanao-SW. island… Philippines (Region X) 5* 31-CKP-b Magindanao maginda-naon, maginda-nao, maguinda-nao, maginda-naw Philippines (Region X) 5 ⊕Mindanao-SW. island: Cotabato… Buluan lake 31-CKP-ba laya Philippines (Region X) 31-CKP-bb ilud Philippines (Region X) 31-CKP-bc biwangan Philippines (Region X) 31-CKP-bd sibugay Philippines (Region X) 31-CKP-be tagakawa-nan tagakawa Philippines (Regions X; IX) page 240 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

31-CKQ TUBOY+ SIOCON subanon, subanen net 31-CKQ-a Tuboy+ Salog tuboy subanon, subanon-NE. ⊕Mindanao-W. island: Zamboanga Philippines (Regions IX; X) 4 peninsula… 31-CKQ-aa tuboy Philippines (Region X) 31-CKQ-ab dapitan Philippines (Region X) 31-CKQ-ac salog salug Philippines (Region X) 31-CKQ-ad dikayu Philippines (Region X) 31-CKQ-b Lapuyan lapuyan suba-non, suba-non-SE. ⊕Mindanao-W. island: Zamboanga Philippines (Region X) 4 peninsula… 31-CKQ-ba lapuyan lapuyen, margosatubig, suba-nen ⊕Katpunan… Margosatubig Philippines (Region X) 4 31-CKQ-c Sindangan sindangan suba-non, suba-non-C. ⊕Mindanao-W. island: Zamboanga Philippines (Region X) 4 peninsula… 31-CKQ-ca sindangan-A. Philippines (Region X) 4* 31-CKQ-cb kolibugan-E. kalibugan-E., calibugan-E. Philippines (Region X) 4* 31-CKQ-d Siocon+ Kolibugan suba-non-W., calibugan suba-non ⊕Mindanao-W. island: Zamboanga Philippines (Region X) 4 peninsula… 31-CKQ-da siocon Philippines (Region X) 4* 31-CKQ-db kolibugan-C. kalibugan-C., calibugan-C. Philippines (Region X) 4* 31-CKQ-dc kolibugan-W. kalibugan-W., calibugan-W. Philippines (Region X) 4* 31-D BLAAN+ GIANGAN MINDANAO-SOUTH Latin script set 31-DA BLAAN+ TIRURAY chain 31-DAA TIRURAY net 31-DAA-a Tiruray ⊕Mindanao-SW. island… Philippines (Region X) 4 31-DAA-aa tiruray tirurai, teduray ⊕Upi… Philippines (Region X) 4 31-DAB BLAAN+ TBOLI net "bilic" 31-DAB-a Tboli tiboli, t'boli, 'tagabili' ⊕Mindanao-S. island… Philippines (Region X) 4 31-DAB-aa sinalon Philippines (Region X) 4* 31-DAB-ab kiamba ⊕Kiamba… Philippines (Region X) 4* 31-DAB-ac ubu Philippines (Region X) 4* 31-DAB-b Blaan bilaan, bilanes, biraan, baraan ⊕Mindanao-S. island… Philippines (Region X) 5 31-DAB-ba koronadal koronadal blaan, cotabato blaan, tagalagad ⊕Sarangani-E. bay… Philippines (Region X) 5 31-DAB-bb sarangani-blaan balud, tumanao ⊕Sarangani-W. bay… Philippines (Region X) 5 31-DB GIANGAN chain bagobo 31-DBA GIANGAN net 31-DBA-a Giangan ⊕Mindanao-S. island Philippines (Region X) 4 31-DBA-aa giangan bagobo, jangan, guanga, gulanga, clata, eto, atto ⊕Apo-E. mountain Philippines (Region X) 4 31-E SAMA+ YAKAN set 31-EA SAMA+ YAKAN ⊕languages scattered across Sulu+ Sulawesi seas ¶semi-nomadic chain seafaring communities 31-EAA ABAK net 31-EAA-a Abak ⊕Capul island… and scattered elsewhere throughout Philippines Philippines 4 31-EAA-aa abak-non abak, inbak-non, inabak-non, capul, kapul, in [51] Español: capuleño Philippines 4 31-EAB YAKAN net 31-EAB-a Yakan ⊕Sulu archipelago… Philippines (Region X) 4 31-EAB-aa yakan yacan, yacanes ⊕Basilan island… also migration > Borneo island Philippines (Region X) 4 31-EAC SAMA+ BAJAW net sama-bajau, sama bajau, sama badjao; comprising 2 overlapping communities: sulu-sama, si-nama, samah, a'a-sama, a'a-samah, sama', same', samal, samar, in [31] Malay: sama-laut; (and)… bajaw, bajao, bajau, badjo, bajo, bayo, badjao, in [31] Malay: bajaw-laut 31-EAC-a Balangingi+ sama-N., si-nama-N., balangingi bajaw, balangingi sama, bangingi Philippines (Region X); Malaysia 4 Lutangan sama ⊕Luzon island: Subic bay ⊕Mindanao island: Olutanga+ Vitali+ (Sabah) Basilan islands ⊕Sulu archipelago… Borneo-E. island 31-EAC-aa balingingi balangingi, balanguingui, baangingi', balanian, balagnini, balanini, Philippines (Region X); Malaysia 4 balignini, binadan, banadan (Sabah) 31-EAC-ab si-buguey buguey, batuan, si-buguey sama Philippines (Region X) 2 31-EAC-ac lutangan lutango ⊕Mindanao-W. island: Olutanga island… Philippines (Region X) 4* 31-EAC-ad si-buco buco, si-buku, si-buco+ vitali ⊕Mindanao-W. island: Vitali island… Philippines (Region X) 4 31-EAC-ae daongdung Philippines (Region X) 4* 31-EAC-af kabinga'an Philippines (Region X) 4* 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 241

31-EAC-b Sama-S.* south+ central sama; including mande-laut, samadi-laut, in [31] Malay: Philippines (Region X); Malaysia 5 orang-laut, gaj, luaan, lutaos, lutayaos, turije'ne', "sea"-bajaw, "sea- (Sabah); Indonesia (Kalimantan) gypsies", including also: banaran… darat… laminusa ⊕Sulu ”; Indonesia (Sulawesi; archipelago… Borneo-E. island… Caroline islands… Halmahera Halmahera); Micronesia (Caroline islands… Sulawesi islands Islands) 31-EAC-ba siasi siasi sama, sinam-C., bajaw-S., part of sama-C. ⊕Siasi island… Philippines (Region X); Malaysia 3* (Sabah) 31-EAC-bb di-laut dilaut bajaw, part of sama-C. Philippines (Region X) 3* 31-EAC-bc ubian obian, sama-ubian, tau-ubian ⊕Sulu archipelago: North Ubian island… Philippines (Region X) 3* 31-EAC-bd si-munul munul, sama-simunul ⊕Sulu archipelago: Simunul island… Philippines (Region X) 3* 31-EAC-be si-butuq butuq, sama-sibutuq, sibutu', sibutu, samah-lumbah, samah-samah Philippines (Region X) 3* ⊕Sulu archipelago: Sibutu island… 31-EAC-bf tandu-bas ⊕Tawi-Tawi islands: Tandu-batu island… Philippines (Region X) 31-EAC-bg sama-borneo-E. "east-coast" sama, "east-coast" bajau, including si-kubung… bajaw- Malaysia (Sabah); Indonesia 4 asli ⊕Borneo-E. island… (Kalimantan) 31-EAC-bga balembangan-banggi ⊕Balembangan+ Banggi islands… (Sabah) 31-EAC-bgb paitan-jembongan ⊕Paitan bay… Jembongan island… (Sabah) 31-EAC-bgc labuk-sandakan ⊕Labuk bay… Sandakan coast… (Sabah) 31-EAC-bgd tambisan ⊕Tambisan peninsula… (Sabah) 31-EAC-bge semporna ⊕Semporna peninsula… Sebatik island (Sabah; Kalimantan) 31-EAC-bgf sama-tarakan tarakan 2 ⊕Tarakan island… (Kalimantan) 31-EAC-bgg maratua ⊕Maratua+ Kakaban islands+ coast… (Kalimantan) 31-EAC-bgh balabalangan ⊕Balabalangan islands+ coast… (Kalimantan) 31-EAC-bgi kotabaru ⊕Laut island: Kotabaru (Kalimantan) 31-EAC-bh pala'au sama-pala'au ⊕Palau islands… Micronesia (Caroline Islands) 3* 31-EAC-bi kajoa ⊕Halmahera island: Kayoa island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 31-EAC-bj bacan-bajaw ⊕Halmahera island: Bacan island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 31-EAC-bk obi-bajaw ⊕Halmahera island: Obi island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 31-EAC-bl sula-mu ⊕Sula islands… Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 31-EAC-bm poso-bajaw ⊕Sulawesi island: Teluk Tomini bay: Poso… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-EAC-bn butung-bajaw ⊕Sulawesi-SE. islands… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-EAC-bna wowoni ⊕Wowoni island… (Sulawesi) 31-EAC-bnb butung ⊕Butung-N. island… (Sulawesi) 31-EAC-bnc muna-bajaw muna 2 ⊕Muna island… (Sulawesi) 31-EAC-bo kabaena-bajaw ⊕Sulawesi-SE. island: Kabaena island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-EAC-c Pangutaran+ Lapara sulu sama-W., sulu-si-nama-W. ⊕Sulu archipelago… Philippines (Region X) 4 31-EAC-ca panguturan sama-panguturan ⊕Panguturan islands… Philippines (Region X) 4 31-EAC-cb lapara sama-lapara ⊕Laparan islands… Philippines (Region X) 31-EAC-d Bajau-Borneo-W.* "west-coast" bajao, "land" bajaw, including kawang… putatan Malaysia (Sabah; Sarawak); 4 ⊕Borneo island… Brunei ” 31-EAC-da sandakan-bajau ⊕Sandakan… Malaysia (Sabah) 31-EAC-db jembongan ⊕Jembongan island… Malaysia (Sabah) 31-EAC-dc banggi ⊕Banggi island… Malaysia (Sabah) 31-EAC-dd pitas-bajau pitas bajau, ⊕Marudu bay: Pitas… Malaysia (Sabah) 31-EAC-de bajau-borneo-NW. ⊕Borneo-NW. coast… Malaysia (Sabah; Sarawak); Brunei 31-EAC-dea kota-belud ⊕Kota Belud coast… (Sabah) 31-EAC-deb bajau-bukit papar, papar bajau ⊕Papar coast… (Sabah) 31-EAC-dec brunei-bay ⊕Brunei bay… (Sabah); Brunei 31-EAC-ded sibuti ⊕Sibuti… (Sarawak) 31-EAC-e Mapun ⊕Cagayan Sulu island… Palawan-S. islands… Borneo-NW. coast Philippines (Region X); Malaysia 4 (Sabah)” 31-EAC-ea mapun sama-mapun, jama-mapun, pullon-mapun, sulu-cagayan, cagayanon, Philippines (Region X); Malaysia 4 kagayan, bajau-kagayan, orang-cagayan, cagayano (Sabah) 31-F IDA'AN+ BAGAHAK set 31-FA IDA'AN+ BAGAHAK chain 31-FAA IDA'AN+ BAGAHAK net 31-FAA-a Ida'an+ Bagahak ⊕Borneo-NE. island… Latin script Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-FAA-aa ida'an idahan, idan, idayan, idaan, eraans, bulud-upi ⊕Kinabatangan… Malaysia (Sabah) 3 Segama lower valleys 31-FAA-ab bagahak begak ⊕Tungku… Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-FAA-ac subpan supan, sungai Malaysia (Sabah) 3* page 242 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

31-G TAMBANUA+ BORNEO-NORTHEAST SUMAMBUQ set 31-GA TAMBANUA+ PAITANIC SINABU chain 31-GAA TAMBANUA+ SINABU net 31-GAA-a Abai-Sungai ⊕Kinabatangan lower valley… Malaysia (Sabah) 2 31-GAA-aa abai-sungai Malaysia (Sabah) 2 31-GAA-b Tambanua Paitan, tambanuo, tambanuva, tambanwas, tembenua, tombonuva, Malaysia (Sabah) 4 tombonuwo, tunbumohas, tumbunwha, paitan, sungai 2, sungei 2, orang-sungai 2, orang-sungei ⊕Sugut valley… 31-GAA-ba tambanua-C. Malaysia (Sabah) 3* 31-GAA-bb tambanua-W. Malaysia (Sabah) 3* 31-GAA-bc tambanua-N. Malaysia (Sabah) 3* 31-GAA-bd lingkabau-sugut linkabau sugut ⊕Sugut headwaters: Lingkabau upstream Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GAA-c Lingkabau ⊕Lingkabau headwaters… Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GAA-ca lingkabau linkabau Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GAA-d Lanas-Lobu ⊕Lanas… Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GAA-da lobu Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GAA-db rumanau-alab rumanau, romanau-alab, roomarrows Malaysia (Sabah) 2 31-GAA-e Tampias-Lobu ⊕Tampias… Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GAA-ea tampias-lobu Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GAA-f Segama ⊕Segama valley… Malaysia (Sabah) 2 31-GAA-fa segama dusun-segama, segama-dusun, saga-i, soghai, segai Malaysia (Sabah) 2 31-GAA-g Kinabatangan "upper" kinabatangan ⊕Kinabatangan upper valley… Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GAA-ga kalabuan kolobuan Malaysia (Sabah) 3* 31-GAA-gb makiang Malaysia (Sabah) 3* 31-GAA-gc sinarupa sinarupo Malaysia (Sabah) 3* 31-GAA-h Sinabu Malaysia (Sabah) 2 31-GAA-ha sinabu sinabu' Malaysia (Sabah) 2 31-GB KADAZAN +TIDONG DUSUNIC chain 31-GBA KADAZAN+ RUNGUS net 31-GBA-a Dumpas* ⊕Labuk lower right bank… Malaysia (Sabah) 2 31-GBA-aa dumpas doompas ⊕Perancangan… Malaysia (Sabah) 2 31-GBA-b Rungus+ Nulu dusun dayak, melobong rungus, memagun, memogun, melobong, Malaysia (Sabah) 4 momogun, rungus dusun ⊕Marudu bay… 31-GBA-ba rungus roongas ⊕Marudu-E. bay… Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GBA-bb nulu ⊕Marudu-W. bay… Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GBA-bc gonsomon ⊕Marudu-W. bay… Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GBA-c Kimaragang kimaragan, kimaragangan, maragang, marigang ⊕Marudu-SE. bay… Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GBA-ca tandek garo Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GBA-cb pitas-kimaragang ⊕Pitas… Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GBA-cc sandayo Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GBA-d Sonsogon Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GBA-da marudu-sonsogon kota-marudu sonsogon ⊕Kota Marudu district… Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GBA-db pitas-sonsogon ⊕Pitas-S. collines… Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GBA-e Tinagas+ Talantang sugut dusun, sugut, sugut kadazan, sugut kadayan ⊕Sugut Malaysia (Sabah) 3 headwaters… 31-GBA-ea marudu-tinagas kota-marudu tinagas Malaysia (Sabah) 3* 31-GBA-eb tanggal Malaysia (Sabah) 3* 31-GBA-ec tilau-ilau ⊕Tilau-Ilau… Malaysia (Sabah) 3* 31-GBA-ed talantang garo, kota-marudu talantang ⊕Kota Marudu district… Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GBA-f Tebilung ⊕Marudu-SW. bay… Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GBA-fa tebilung tabilong, tobilang, tobilung ⊕Bandau… Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GBA-g Tempasuk ⊕Tempasuk Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GBA-ga tempasuk tempasuk dusun, tindal, kedamaian, kedamaian dusun, tampasuk, Malaysia (Sabah) 3 tampassuk, tampasok, tempasok 31-GBA-h Lotud ⊕Tuaran… Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GBA-ha lotud latod, latud, suang-lotud, tuaran, tuaran dusun Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GBA-i Sinulihan+ Ranau dusun, dusan, dusum, dusur, 'kadazan-C.' ⊕Sugut… Labuk… Pagalan Malaysia (Sabah) 5 upper valleys… 31-GBA-ia sinulihan dusun sinulihan, sinulihan dusun Malaysia (Sabah) 4* 31-GBA-ib kadazan kadazan "proper", kadayan, kedayan, kadasan Malaysia (Sabah) 4* 31-GBA-ic tagaro kadazan-tagaro Malaysia (Sabah) 4* 31-GBA-id kiundu Malaysia (Sabah) 4* 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 243

31-GBA-ie pahu' Malaysia (Sabah) 4* 31-GBA-if sokid Malaysia (Sabah) 4* 31-GBA-ig bundu taginambur Malaysia (Sabah) 4 31-GBA-ih ulu-yuaran ⊕Ulu Yuaran… Malaysia (Sabah) 4* 31-GBA-ii luba* ⊕Bandau valley. Malaysia (Sabah) 4* 31-GBA-ij menggatal kiulu, telepok Malaysia (Sabah) 4 31-GBA-ik ranau ⊕Ranau district Malaysia (Sabah) 4 31-GBA-il 'beaufort' ⊕Beaufort district Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GBA-j Kadazan-E. labuk+ kinabatanga ⊕Labuk… Kinabatangan valleys Malaysia (Sabah) 4 31-GBA-ja labuk-kadazan Malaysia (Sabah) 4 31-GBA-jb mangkaak mangkahak, mangkok, mangkak Malaysia (Sabah) 3* 31-GBA-jc sukang Malaysia (Sabah) 3* 31-GBA-jd sogilitan Malaysia (Sabah) 3* 31-GBA-je tompulung Malaysia (Sabah) 3* 31-GBA-jf kinabatangan- lamag, lamag sungai, sungai, sungei, kinabatangan sungai Malaysia (Sabah) 3* sungai ⊕Kinabatangan (Lamag)… Segaliud (Sukang) valleys… 31-GBA-jg orang-sungai Malaysia (Sabah) 3* 31-GBA-jh tindakon-sungai tindakon, tindakon sungai Malaysia (Sabah) 3* 31-GBA-k Minokok ⊕Kinabatangan headwaters… Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GBA-ka minokok Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GBA-l Tambunan ⊕Tambunan district… Malaysia (Sabah) 3* 31-GBA-la tambunan-A. Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GBA-lb monsok-dusun kuala-monsok, kuala-monsok dusun Malaysia (Sabah) 2 31-GBA-m Kuijau sabah-kuijau, "hill" dusun Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GBA-ma kuijau-A. kijau, kujau, kwijau, kuliow, kuiyow, kuriyo, koijoe Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GBA-mb minansut Malaysia (Sabah) 3* 31-GBA-mc menindal mendaq, tindal 2 Malaysia (Sabah) 3* 31-GBA-n Ganaq ⊕Baiaya valley… Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GBA-na ganaq gana, gana', minansut, keningau dusun Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GBA-o Kadazan-W. "coastal" kadazan ⊕Kota Kinabalu… Papar… Bongawan coast… Malaysia (Sabah) 4 31-GBA-oa putatan Malaysia (Sabah) 4* 31-GBA-ob penampang penampang kadazan Malaysia (Sabah) 4* 31-GBA-oc papar-kadazan Malaysia (Sabah) 4* 31-GBA-od membakut-kadazan Malaysia (Sabah) 4* 31-GBA-p Klias klias-river kadazan ⊕Klias valley… Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GBA-pa klias Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GBA-q Tatanaq+ Bisaya-N. Malaysia (Sabah) 4 31-GBA-qa tatanaq tatana, tatana' ⊕Kuala Panyu district… Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GBA-qb bisaya-N. basaya-N., besaya-N., bisaia-N., bisayah-N., jilama bawang-N., jilama Malaysia (Sabah) 4 sungai-N., jilama-N. ⊕Brunei-N. bay… Padas lower valley 31-GBB BISAYA+ LIMBANG* net 31-GBB-a Bisaya-C. Brunei; Malaysia (Sabah) ” 4 31-GBB-aa bisaya-C. bisayah-C., bisaya-bukit-C., visayak-C., bekiau-C., lorang-bukit-C., Brunei; Malaysia (Sabah) 4 basaya-C., besaya-C., bisaia-C., jilama bawang-C., jilama sungai-C., jilama-C. 31-GBB-b Bisaya-S. bisayah-S., bisaya bukit-N., visayak-N., bekiau-S., lorang bukit-S. Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 ⊕Marudi>SE.… 31-GBB-ba 'lower'-bisaya Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-GBB-bb 'middle'-bisaya "mid" bisaya Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-GBB-bc 'upper'-bisaya Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-GBB-c Limbang-Tutong ⊕Limbang lower valley… Malaysia (Sarawak); Brunei ” 4 31-GBB-ca limbang-tutong tutong distinct from neighbouring [31] Tutung (Tutong) Malaysia (Sarawak); Brunei 4 31-GC SUMAMBUQ+ MURUTIC TIDONG chain 31-GCA SUMAMBUQ+ MURUT #the designation Murut occurs also in the names or TIMUGON net alternative names of 3 inner-languages of the [31] Tidong+Baukan net and in an alternative name of [31] Lun-Daye (Murut-S. or Sarawak Murut) 31-GCA-a Bintaq+ Sandiwar padas murut, murut padas; part of "lowland" murut ⊕Padas, Beaufort Malaysia (Sabah) 3 lower valley… 31-GCA-aa bintaq beaufort murut, binta' Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-ab bukow Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-ac sandiwar sandewar Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-ad dabugus Malaysia (Sabah) page 244 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

31-GCA-b Timugon+ Poros timugon murut, timigun, timogon, timugun, timugan, tenom-murut; part Malaysia (Sabah) 3 of "lowland" murut ⊕Bukau… Padas confluence 31-GCA-ba kapagalan Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-bb poros Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-bc timugon-S. Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-c Tambual+ Nabay keningau murut, murut-C.; part of "lowland" murut Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GCA-ca nabay nabai, nebee, dabi, dabay, dabai, rabay, rabai ⊕Keningau-W. Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-cb tambual ⊕Keningau-NE. Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-cc apin-kuijau apin-apin kuijau ⊕Apin-E.… Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-cd dusun-murut Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-d Paluan+ Pandewan paluan murut ⊕Padas tributaries… Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GCA-da paluan peluan Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-db dalit-murut Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-dc sook-murut ⊕Sook lower valley… Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-dd takapan Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-de makaheeliga makialiga Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-df pandewan pandewan murut Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-e Sumambuq+ Tagal tagal murut ⊕Walker… Maitland-S. mountain ranges Malaysia (Sabah; Sarawak); 4 Indonesia (Kalimantan) ” 31-GCA-ea tumaniq omani Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-eb sumambuq sumabug, semambu, semembu Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-ec maligan mauligan, maligan murut Malaysia (Sabah; Sarawak) 31-GCA-ed tagal tagol, tagul, taggal Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-ee bol bole, bol murut, bole murut Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-ef rundum arundum, rundum murut Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-eg tolokoson Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-eh pentjangan pensiangan, pensiangan murut Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-ei sapulut sapulot, sapulut murut Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-ej lagunan lagunan murut Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-ek kalimantan-kuijau Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-el tenom Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCA-em alumbis lumbis, loembis Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-GCA-en salalir sadalir, sedalir, saralir Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-GCA-eo taw Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-GCA-f Okolod ⊕Pakerayan headwaters… Malaysia (Sarawak; Sabah); 3 Indonesia (Kalimantan) ” 31-GCA-fa okolod kolod, kolour, kolur, okolod murut 3 31-GCA-g Selungai selungai murut ⊕Sapulut+ Pensiangan confluence… Sembakung valley Malaysia (Sabah); Indonesia 3 (Kalimantan) ” 31-GCA-ga selungai Malaysia (Sabah); Indonesia 3 (Kalimantan) 31-GCB TIDONG+ BAUKAN net 31-GCB-a Baukan+ Tengara tidong-N. ⊕Sook+ Kinabatangan headwaters… Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GCB-aa baukan baokan, bokan, boken, bokun, bukun, bokon, ulun-no bokon, ulun-no Malaysia (Sabah) bokan, ulun-no, pingas 31-GCB-ab kokoroton kokoroton murut close to but distinct from languages of [31] Murut net Malaysia (Sabah) 31-GCB-ac tengara tungara, tingara, tenggaraq, tangara', tanggaraq, kinabatangan murut Malaysia (Sabah) 2* transitional to [31] Tagal-Murut 31-GCB-b Sembakung+ tidong-C. ⊕Sembakung… Kalabakan valleys Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia 3 Serudung (Sabah) ” 31-GCB-ba sembakung simbakuong, sembakoeng, sembakong, sembakung murut, simbakong Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia (Sabah) adjacent 31-GCB-bb tinggalan* tinggalum, tingalun Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-GCB-bc serudung serudung murut ⊕Serudung valley… distinct from languages of [31] Malaysia (Sabah); Indonesia Murut net (Kalimantan) 31-GCB-bd kalabakan kalabakan murut ⊕Kalabakan valley… Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-GCB-c Tidong+ Tarakan tidong-S., camucones, tiran, tirones, tiroon ⊕Tawau coast+ Sebatik+ Malaysia (Sabah); Indonesia 4 Nunukay Timur islands… Kayan delta (Kalimantan) ” 31-GCB-ca tawau-murut ⊕Tawau… distinct from languages of [31] Murut net, and from [31] Malaysia (Sabah) Tawau 31-GCB-cb tidong tidong "proper", tedong, tidoeng, zedong Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-GCB-cc nonukan nunukan ⊕Nunukay Timur island… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-GCB-cd penchangan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-GCB-ce sedalir salalir, sadalir, saralir, selalir Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-GCB-cf sibuku Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-GCB-cg sesayap sesajap ⊕Sesajap… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-GCB-ch tarakan terakan ⊕Tarakan island… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 245

31-H LUNDAYE+ APO-DUAT KELABIT set 31-HA LUNDAYE+ KELABIT chain 31-HAA LUNDAYE+ KELABIT net 31-HAA-a Putoh+ Abai ⊕Mentarang valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-HAA-aa putoh ⊕Longberang… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-HAA-ab pa-kembaloh ⊕Bangalan… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-HAA-ac abai ⊕Mensalong-W.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-HAA-b Lengilu ⊕Mentarang upper valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 1 31-HAA-ba lengilu Indonesia (Kalimantan) 1 31-HAA-c Lun-Daye daye, lun dayeh, lun dayah, lun daya, lun dayoh, lun lod, lun bawang, Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia 4 murut-S., sarawak murut ⊕Brunei bay… Padas+ Sesayap headwaters (Sarawak; Sabah); Brunei ” distinct from languages of [31] Murut net 31-HAA-ca kawang-menadong Malaysia (Sarawak; Sabah) 3 31-HAA-cb lawas Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-HAA-cc trusan Malaysia (Sarawak; Brunei) 3 31-HAA-cd long-sukang Malaysia (Sarawak; Brunei) 3 31-HAA-ce long-semado Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-HAA-cf adang Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-HAA-cg limbang Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-HAA-ch tabun Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-HAA-ci treng tring 2 ⊕Tutoh lower valley: Long Terawan Malaysia (Sarawak) 3* 31-HAA-cj balait Malaysia (Sarawak) 3* 31-HAA-ck ba-kelalan Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-HAA-cl padas ⊕Padas upper valley… Malaysia (Sabah) 3* 31-HAA-cm long-pa-sia Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-HAA-cn papadi Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-HAA-co lun-bawang bawang, long bawan, lun daye "proper" Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-HAA-d Sa'ban saban ⊕Mentarang upper valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia 3 (Sarawak) ” 31-HAA-da sa'ban Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia 3 (Sarawak) 31-HAA-e Kelabit kalabit, kerabit Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia 3 (Kalimantan) ” 31-HAA-ea long-napir napir Malaysia (Sabah) 1 31-HAA-eb long-seidan seidan ⊕Long-Seridan… Malaysia (Sabah) 2 31-HAA-ec long-lellang Malaysia (Sabah) 2 31-HAA-ed long-bangaq bangaq ⊕long-bangag Malaysia (Sabah); Indonesia 2 (Kalimantan) 31-HAA-ee brung Malaysia (Sabah) 2* 31-HAA-ef libbung Malaysia (Sabah) 2* 31-HAA-eg lepu-potong Malaysia (Sabah) 2* 31-HAA-eh bario Malaysia (Sabah) 2 31-I BINTULU+ BURUSU TRANSBORNEO, rajang+ baram set 31-IA BINTULU+ "transborneo"-W., rajang+ baram "proper" BALINGIAN chain 31-IAA KIPUT+ BERAWAN baram-tinjar net 31-IAA-a Tutung "coastal" tutong==⊕Tutung, Tutong… distinct from neighbouring [31] Brunei 4 Limbang-Tutong 31-IAA-aa tutung Brunei 4 31-IAA-b Kiput+ Lemiting ⊕Seria-S.… Marudi Brunei; Malaysia (Sarawak) ” 3 31-IAA-ba long-kiput Brunei; Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-IAA-bb balait-jati Brunei; Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-IAA-bc lemiting Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-IAA-c Berawan+ Terawan ⊕Tutoh… Baram valleys Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IAA-ca berawan-W. Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IAA-cb long-pata pata Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IAA-cc batu-baleh batu-bla Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IAA-cd long-terawan terawan Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IAA-ce long-jegan jegan Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IAA-d Lelak+ Dali Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IAA-da lelak ⊕Tinjar valley… Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IAA-db dali-sibuti dali 2 ⊕Sibuti-E.… Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 page 246 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

31-IAA-e Narom+ Miri ⊕Baram-S. river-mouth.… Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-IAA-ea narom narum Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IAA-eb miri ⊕Miri… Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-IAB BINTULU net "coastal" rajang-bintulu, "coastal" rejang-bintulu 31-IAB-a Bintulu ⊕Sibuti… Balingian coast (5 enclaves) Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-IAB-aa bintulu Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-IAC LAHANAN+ "interior" rajang-bintulu, "interior" rejang-bintulu BUKITAN net 31-IAC-a Kajaman+ Sekapan ⊕Rajang upper valley… Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-IAC-aa sekapan sekepan Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IAC-ab kajaman kayaman, kejaman Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IAC-b Lahanan ⊕Rajang upper left bank… Malaysia (Sarawak) 2

31-IAC-ba lahanan lanun, lanan ⊕Long Murum downstream… Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IAC-c Bukitan+ Ukit ⊕Rajang upper valley & headwaters… Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia 2 (Kalimantan) ” 31-IAC-ca bukitan bakitan, bakatan, beketan, mangkettan, manketa, pakatan ⊕Merit- Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 W.… 31-IAC-cb sian Malaysia (Sarawak) 1 31-IAC-cc punan-batu-W. ⊕Long Murum-S.… ¶community of nomadic hunter-gatherers Malaysia (Sarawak) 1 31-IAC-cd ukit-NW. Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IAC-ce punan-ukit-SE. punan ukit-SE. Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia 2 31-IAC-cf punan-busang punan busang Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia 2 (Kalimantan) 31-IAD BALINGIAN+ melanau, milanau, milano, belana'u, "lower" rejang KANOWIT net 31-IAD-a Balingian ⊕Balingian river-mouth… Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-IAD-aa balingian Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-IAD-b Mukah+ Oya mukah, muka+ oya, oya', oga Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-IAD-ba mukah muka ⊕Mukah river-mouth… Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-IAD-bb oya oya', oga ⊕Oya river-mouth… Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-IAD-bc dalat dalad ⊕Oya lower valley… Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-IAD-c Daro+ Matu ⊕Rajang-N. delta… Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-IAD-ca matu ⊕Matu… Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-IAD-cb daro ⊕Daro… Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-IAD-d Bruit ⊕Bruit island… Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-IAD-da bruit Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-IAD-e Sarikei ⊕Rajang-S. delta… Malaysia (Sarawak) 3* 31-IAD-ea sarikei Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-IAD-f Sibu siduani, seduan+ banyok ⊕Sibu… Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IAD-fa sibu-W. ⊕Rajang lower valley: Sibu-W.… Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IAD-fb sibu-N. igan ⊕Igan valley: Sibu-N.… Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IAD-g Kanowit ⊕Rajang middle valley: Kanowit upstream… Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IAD-ga kanowit Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IAD-h Tanjong ⊕Rajang middle valley: Song downstream… Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IAD-ha tanjong Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IAD-i Seru ⊕Kabong… Malaysia (Sarawak) 0 31-IAD-ia seru Malaysia (Sarawak) 0 31-IAD-j Segahan* segalang Malaysia (Sarawak) 2* 31-IAD-ja segahan segalang Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-IAD-k Prehan* Malaysia (Sarawak) 2* 31-IAD-ka prehan Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-IAD-l Siteng* Malaysia (Sarawak) 2* 31-IAD-la siteng Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-IAE BAH+ BIAU net rajang+ sajau-W., rejang+ sajau-W. 31-IAE-a Bah+ Biau ⊕Rajang middle valley: Merit… ¶nomadic hunter-gatherers Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IAE-aa punan-bah bah, ba Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IAE-ab punan-biau Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-IB BURUSU+ BASAP "transborneo"-E., rajang+ sajau-E. chain 31-IBA BURUSU+ JEMBAYAN net 31-IBA-a Punan-Merap ⊕Malinau upper valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-IBA-aa punan-merap Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 247

31-IBA-b Burusu ⊕Sekatakbunyi… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-IBA-ba burusu Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-IBA-c Sajau sajau-basap ⊕Muaramalinau-NE.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-IBA-ca sajau-basap sajau, sujau distinct from languages of neighbouring [31] Basap net Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-IBA-cb punan-sajau Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-IBA-cc punan-basap distinct from languages of neighbouring [31] Jembayan+ Dumaring Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 (Basap) net 31-IBA-cd punan-batu-E. Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-IBA-d Jembayan+ basap =⊕Kayan-S. river-mouth… Balikpapan estuary ¶scattered cave- Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 Dumaring dwelling communities 31-IBA-da jembayan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3* 31-IBA-db bulungan bulungan basap Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-IBA-dc berau-basap berau 2 Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-IBA-dd dumaring dumaring basap Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-IBA-de binatang binatang basap Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-IBA-df karangan karangan basap Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-J MODANG+ TUBU set kayan+ kenyah 31-JA NIBONG+ SIPENG chain 31-JAA NIBONG+ SIPENG net 31-JAA-a Nibong+ Sipeng ⊕Baram… Nibong… Balui upper valleys (scattered) ¶nomadic & semi- Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 nomadic hunter-gatherers, with Muslim agricultural settlements 31-JAA-aa punan-nibong penan nibong, nibon Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JAA-ab bok-punan bok Malaysia (Sarawak) 1 31-JAA-ac punan-silat silat Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JAA-ad punan-gang gang Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JAA-ae punan-lusong lusong Malaysia (Sarawak) 1 31-JAA-af punan-apo apo, penan apo Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JAA-ag sipeng speng Malaysia (Sarawak) 1 31-JAA-ah punan-lanying lanying Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JAA-ai jelalong-punan jelalong Malaysia (Sarawak) 1 31-JB MODANG+ ATIP KAYAN, kajan, kajang chain 31-JBA ATIP+ LAKAN net kayan-W. 31-JBA-a Atip+ Bawang baram-kayan, baram-kajan ⊕Baram valley… Brunei; Malaysia (Sarawak) ” 3 31-JBA-aa long-atip atip ⊕Long Atip… Brunei; Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-JBA-ab uma-bawang una bawang Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-JBA-ac long-akah akah, semuka, akah-semuka Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JBA-b Badan+ Geng rejang-kayan=⊕Rejang… Balui valleys ¶scattered communities Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-JBA-ba ma'-aging Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JBA-bb long-badan badan Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JBA-bc uma-daro daro Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JBA-bd long-kehobo kehobo, uma poh Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JBA-be uma-juman juman Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JBA-bf long-murun murun, murum ⊕Long Murum Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JBA-bg long-geng geng ⊕Long Geng Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JBA-bh kemena Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JBA-bi lisum Malaysia (Sarawak) 2* 31-JBA-c Lakan+ Kayaniyut kayan-"river" kayan, lakan kayan ⊕Kayan valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JBA-ca uma-lakan lakan ⊕Kayan upper valley: Datadian downstream Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JBA-cb kayaniyut ⊕Kayan middle valley Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JBA-d Wahau-S. wahau kayan ⊕Muara Wahau-N.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JBA-da wahau-S. wahau kayan distinct from neighbouring [31] Uma-Timai (Wahau- Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 N.) 31-JBA-e Mendalam mendalam kayan ⊕Mendalam valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JBA-ea mendalam Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JBA-f Mahakam kayan mahakam ⊕Mahakam valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JBA-fa mahakam Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JBA-g Belayan+ Bleh ⊕Mahakam upper valley… Oga… Belayan valleys Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JBA-ga mahakam-busang ⊕Mahakam upper valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JBA-gb belayan ⊕Belayan valley Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JBA-gc long-bleh bleh Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3* 31-JBA-h Bahau-C. ⊕Busang… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JBA-ha bahau-C. Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 page 248 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

31-JBB BANYUQ+ murik kayan, murik kajan, murik kajang SEMIANG net 31-JBB-a Banyuq+ Semiang ⊕Baram valley… Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-JBB-aa long-hubung hubung, bahau-SE. Malaysia (Sarawak) 2* 31-JBB-ab long-banyuq banyuq Malaysia (Sarawak) 3* 31-JBB-ac long-semiang semiang Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JBC MODANG+ SEGAI modang kayan, modang kajan, modang kajang net 31-JBC-a Segai ⊕Kelai valley… Longlaai Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JBC-aa kelai Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JBC-ab punan-kelai Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JBC-ac punan-segah segah Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JBC-ad bolongan* Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JBC-b Modang ⊕Segah… Kelinjau… Belayan valleys Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-JBC-ba long-wai wai, long we, kelingan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JBC-bb long-glat glat Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JBC-bc long-bento' bento' Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JBC-bd benehes Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JBC-be nahes-liah-bing Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JBD AOHENG+ BUKAT "muller-schwaner's punan" net 31-JBD-a Bukat ⊕Kapuass valley… (3 enclaves) Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JBD-aa bukat Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JBD-b Hovongan ⊕Cemaru-SW.mountain Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JBD-ba hovongan-A. punan bungan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2* 31-JBD-bb semukung-uheng Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2* 31-JBD-c Kereho-Uheng ⊕Kerihun mountain… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JBD-ca kereho-uheng punan-keriau Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JBD-d Aoheng ⊕Liangpran-S. mountain Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JBD-da aoheng penihing Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JBD-e Punan-Merah ⊕Mahakam valley: Ujohhilang-E. Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JBD-ea punan-merah merah Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JBD-f Punan-Aput ⊕Menyapa-NW. Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JBD-fa punan-aput aput Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JC TUBU+ BAKUNG KENYAH, "kenyahic" chain 31-JCA TUBU net 31-JCA-a Tubu Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JCA-aa punan-tubu Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JCB SIBOP+ MALEI net sebob kenyah 31-JCB-a Sibop+ Lirong sibop, sebob, sebop, sabup, sambup ⊕Tinjar upper valley… Rejang… Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 Baram valleys 31-JCB-aa tinjar-sibop Malaysia (Sarawak) 2* 31-JCB-ab lirong Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JCB-ac long-pokun pokun Malaysia (Sarawak) 2* 31-JCB-ad long-atun atun Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JCB-ae long-ekang ekang, long-ikang Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JCB-af long-luyang luyang Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JCB-b Bah-Malei* Malaysia (Sarawak) 1 31-JCB-ba bah-malei ba-mali Malaysia (Sarawak) 1 31-JCC BAKUNG+ kenyah, kenja, kinjin, kindjin, kehja, kenya, kanyay KAYANIYUT net 31-JCC-a Labid+ Wat tutoh kenyah ⊕Tutoh valley… Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JCC-aa long-wat wat Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JCC-ab long-labid labid Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JCC-ac lugat Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-JCC-b Madang+ Malang lepo-tau-kenyah, lepo-tau-kenya ⊕Tinjar valley… Malaysia (Sarawak) 2* 31-JCC-ba madang badang, medang, Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-JCC-bb malang Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-JCC-c Bangan+ Kakus kenyah-W.=⊕Rajang upper river+Balui river-basin (scattered)… Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-JCC-ca long-bangan bangan ⊕Belaga valley… Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JCC-cb kemena-penan punun kemena Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JCC-cc kakus-penan punun kakus Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JCC-cd uma-bakah bakah, long bulan ⊕Balui valley… Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JCC-ce lunan Malaysia (Sarawak) 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 249

31-JCC-cf lepu-anau* Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-JCC-cg lepu-pohun* Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-JCC-ch lepu-pun* Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-JCC-ci lepu-sawa* Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-JCC-d Jeeh+ Nyamok "upper baram" kenyah ⊕Baram valley… Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia 3 (Kalimantan) adjacent; Brunei ” 31-JCC-da long-anap anap Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JCC-db long-jeeh jeeh Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-JCC-dc long-moh moh Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JCC-dd nyamok Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JCC-de long-lamai lamai Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-JCC-e Atau+ Puyungan "bahau-river" kenyah ⊕Longkemuat… Iwan valley 3 31-JCC-ea long-atau atau Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JCC-eb long-bena bena Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JCC-ec long-puyungan puyungan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JCC-ed punan-benalui benalui Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JCC-f Kayaniyut+ Bia kayan-"river" kenyah ⊕Apo-Kayan massif… Iwan valley Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia 3 (Sarawak) ” 31-JCC-fa 'lower'-kayan "lower"-kayan kenyah Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JCC-fb punan-penjalin penjalin Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JCC-fc long-bia bia Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JCC-fd punan-ban Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JCC-fe kayaniyut-kenyah kayaniyut 2 distinct from [31] Lakan+ Kayaniyut Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JCC-ff long-nawan nawan Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia 3 (Sarawak) 31-JCC-fg long-kelawit kelawit Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JCC-g Mahakam-Kenyah+ mahakam kenyah=⊕Makaham valley… distinct from [31] Mahakam Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 Boh 31-JCC-ga mahakam-kenyah Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JCC-gb boh Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JCC-h Tau+ Jalam kelinyau kenyah=⊕Kinjau… Telen valleys Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JCC-ha uma-bem bem Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JCC-hb uma-tau tau, lepu tau Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JCC-hc lepo'-kulit kulit Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JCC-hd uma-jalam jalam Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JCC-i Timai wahau kenyah=⊕Muara Wahau+ Wahau Kayan>N.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JCC-ia uma-timai timai, wahau-N. distinct from neighbouring [31] Wahau-S. Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-JCC-j Bakung+ Poh bakung kenyah, bakong ⊕Oga valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia 3 (Sarawak) ” 31-JCC-ja boh-bakung Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-JCC-jb punan-oho' Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JCC-jc oga-bakung Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia 2 (Sarawak) adjacent 31-JCC-jd kayan-bakung "kayan-river" bakung Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-JCC-je punan-poh Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-K JAGOI+ AHE* set LAND-DAYAK 31-KA JAGOI+ AHE chain 31-KAA JAGOI+ AHE net 31-KAA-a Silakau ⊕Lundu… Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-KAA-aa silakau selekau Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-KAA-b Lara ⊕Lundu+ Sambas upper valleys Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia 4 (Kalimantan) ” 31-KAA-ba lara lara', luru, la Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia 4 (Kalimantan) 31-KAA-c Jagoi+ Tringus sarawak-dayak ⊕Samarahan… Lundu… Landak valleys Malaysia (Sarawak) 4 31-KAA-ca jagoi sentah, jaggoi, bau-jagoi Malaysia (Sarawak) 4 31-KAA-cb grogo gurgo, gugu Malaysia (Sarawak) 3* 31-KAA-cc sentenggau sentenggau-jagoi Malaysia (Sarawak) 3* 31-KAA-cd gumbang Malaysia (Sarawak) 3* 31-KAA-ce serambau serambo Malaysia (Sarawak) 3* 31-KAA-cf empawa Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-KAA-cg suti ⊕Tan>S.… Malaysia (Sarawak) 2 31-KAA-ch taup tahup Malaysia (Sarawak) 3* page 250 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

31-KAA-ci assem ⊕Landak upper valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-KAA-cj tengoh ⊕Landak upper valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-KAA-ck dongay ⊕Landak upper valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-KAA-cl krokong ⊕Krokong… Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia 3* (Kalimantan) 31-KAA-cm tringgus tringus, tring ⊕Tutoh lower valley… Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia 2 (Kalimantan) 31-KAA-d Singgi ⊕Kuching>W.… Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-KAA-da singgi singgie, singhi, singai, bi-singai Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-KAA-e Atah+ Sadong* ⊕Padawan… Balai Ringin Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia 4 (Kalimantan) ” 31-KAA-ea bi-atah siburan community Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia 4 (Kalimantan) 31-KAA-eb lundu landu Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-KAA-ec bi-deyu bukar-bidayuh, bi-dayuh, bi-dayah Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-KAA-ed sadong bukar-sadong, buka, bukar, serian, sabutan Malaysia (Sarawak); Indonesia 4 (Kalimantan) 31-KAA-ee tebakang Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-KAA-f Kuap+ Ta* Malaysia (Sarawak) 3* 31-KAA-fa bi-kuap kuap, kiap, quop, bi-kuab Malaysia (Sarawak) 3* 31-KAA-fb be-ta ta Malaysia (Sarawak) 3* 31-KAA-g Murang+ Busang* Malaysia (Sarawak) 3* 31-KAA-ga murang-punan Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-KAA-gb penyabung-punan Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-KAA-gc busang Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-KAA-gd djuloi Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-KAA-h Bekati ⊕Sambas… Seluas Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia 3 (Sarawak) ” 31-KAA-ha be-kati be-kati', ba-katiq Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia 3 (Sarawak) 31-KAA-i Benyadu+ Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 Balantiang 31-KAA-ia be-nyadu nyadu, be-nyadu', njadu ⊕Tan… Darit Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-KAA-ib ba-lantiang lantiang, balantian ⊕Sambas tributary… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-KAA-j Kembayan ⊕Landak valley… Balaikarangan… Kembayan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-KAA-ja kembayan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-KAA-k Ribun ⊕Kembayan>S.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-KAA-ka ribun Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-KAA-l Djongkang Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-KAA-la djongkang Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-KAA-m Sanggau ⊕Kapuas valley: Sanggau… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-KAA-ma sanggau Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-KAA-n Semandang+ Gerai ⊕Balaiberkuwak… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-KAA-na semandang Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-KAA-nb gerai Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-KAA-nc be-ginci ginci Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-KAA-nd bi-hak hak Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-KAA-o Sara ⊕Sanggau-Ledo… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3* 31-KAA-oa sara ⊕Sanggau-Ledo… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3* 31-KAA-p Ahe Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-KAA-pa ahe ahe-dayak, dayak-ahe Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-KAA-q Sau+ Ratak* Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3* 31-KAA-qa sau sauh Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-KAA-qb bi-ratak ratak Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-L MAANYAN+ barito+ malagasy MERINA set

31-LA DOHOI+ NGAJU chain BARITO-WEST 31-LAA DOHOI+ SIANG net barito-NW. 31-LAA-a Dohoi danum ⊕Muller… Schwaner massifs Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LAA-aa ot-balawan balawan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3* 31-LAA-ab ot-banu'u banu'u Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3* 31-LAA-ac ot-olang olang Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3* 31-LAA-ad ot-tuhup tuhup Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3* 31-LAA-ae sarawai melawi Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3* 31-LAA-af ot-danum uut-danum, danum "proper", dohoi "proper" Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LAA-ag ulu-ai' da'an ⊕Nangamentebai enclave… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 251

31-LAA-b Punan-Ratah ⊕Maruwai+ Busang confluence… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-LAA-ba punan-ratah ot-murung-NW., murung-NW. Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-LAA-c Siang ⊕Kapuas+ Maruwai upper valleys Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LAA-ca ot-siang Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4* 31-LAA-cb ot-murung-SE. ⊕Purukcahu… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LAB NGAJU+ BAKUMPAI barito-SW. net 31-LAB-a Katingan ⊕Katingan valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LAB-aa katingan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LAB-b Ngaju+ Mantangai ngadju, ngaju dayak, biadju, barito-SW. Indonesia (Kalimantan) 5 31-LAB-ba kapuas ngaju, ngadju, ngaju-dayak, biadju, biaju, bara-dia ⊕Kapuas valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 5 31-LAB-bb ngaju-V. "vehicular" kalimantan ⊕Borneo-S. island… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 5 31-LAB-bc pulopetak Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4* 31-LAB-bd ba'amang ba'amanjg-ngaju, bara-bare, sampit Indonesia (Kalimantan) 5 31-LAB-be oloh-mantangai Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4* 31-LAB-c Kahayan ⊕Kahayan… Kapuas valleys Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LAB-ca kahayan kahaian, kahajan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LAB-d Bakumpai bara-jida ⊕Kualakapuas>NE. … Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LAB-da bakumpai-A. Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LAB-db oloh-mengkatip mangkatip Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LB MAANYAN+ barito-E. LAWANGAN chain 31-LBA MAANYAN+ DEYAH barito-SE. net 31-LBA-a Maanyan+ Samihim ⊕Barito valley>E.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 5 31-LBA-aa dusun-malang ⊕Tewe lower valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LBA-ab dusun-witu ⊕Barito upper left bank: Buntokecil… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LBA-ac paku ⊕Barito upper left bank: Buntok+ Ampah… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LBA-ad ma'anyan maanyak-dayak, ma'anjan, siang-S., sihong, siong ⊕Barito upper left Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 bank: Tamanglayang… 31-LBA-ae dusun-balangan ⊕Paringin>E.… (enclave) Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LBA-af samihim buluh-kuning ⊕Damardatar… (enclave) Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LBA-b Dusun-Deyah ⊕Tabalong valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LBA-ba dusun-deyah deah, dejah ⊕Bengkang>E.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LBB LAWANGAN+ barito-NE. TABUYAN net 31-LBB-a Lawangan+ ⊕Tewe valley… Jangeru peninsula Indonesia (Kalimantan) 5 Tabuyan 31-LBB-aa benua Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LBB-ab benua-N. ⊕Dempar… Muarasiran Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3* 31-LBB-ac benua-S. ⊕Longikis>W.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3* 31-LBB-ad bantian bentian Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LBB-ae bantian-N. bentian-N. ⊕Namis… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3* 31-LBB-af bantian-S. bentian-S. ⊕Kandilo upper left bank Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3* 31-LBB-ag tabuyan taboyan, tabojan, tabojan-tongka, tawoyan, tawoyan-dayak ⊕Palori… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LBB-ah bawu ⊕Muarapayang>W.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LBB-ai lawangan luwangan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LBB-aj pasir ⊕Kandilo upper right bank Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LBB-ak ajuh Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-LBB-al bakoi borneo-lampung, lampung Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-LBB-am banuwang Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-LBB-an kali Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-LBB-ao karau beloh Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-LBB-ap lawa-kalimantan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-LBB-aq lolang Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-LBB-ar mantararen Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-LBB-as njumit Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-LBB-at purai Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-LBB-au purung Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-LBB-av tuwang Indonesia (Kalimantan) page 252 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

31-LC TUNJUNG+ barito makaham AMPANANG chain 31-LCA TUNJUNG+ AMPANANG net 31-LCA-a Tunjung tunjung-dayak Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LCA-aa tengah tunjung-tengah ⊕Adas… Dempar… Melak + Mahakam middle valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 Muntaiwan 31-LCA-ab linggang tunjung-linggang ⊕Melak>W.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 2 31-LCA-ac londong tunjung-londong ⊕Mahakam middle left bank Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-LCA-ad mahakam-pahu pahu 2 ⊕Mahakam middle right bank Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-LCA-b Ampanang ⊕Beratus mountain>N.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LCA-ba ampanang Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-LD MERINA+ TANDROY chain 31-LDA MERINA+ TANDROY MALAGASY, malagasi, in [51] Français: malgache net 31-LDA-a Merina+ Betsileo malagasy-C. ⊕Madagascar island… Madagascar 7 31-LDA-aa merina teny-malagasy (teny =«language»), malagasy "proper", mérina, hova Madagascar 7 ⊕Antananarivo… 31-LDA-aaa ✍ merina-F. "standard" malagasy, teny-ofisialy (=«official language») Latin script KMadagascar 31-LDA-aab merina-U. tananarivo "urban", in [51] Français: tananarivien ⊕Antananarivo Madagascar 31-LDA-aac merina-V. "vehicular" malagasy Madagascar 31-LDA-ab sihanaka a'tondrazaka Madagascar 5* 31-LDA-ac betsimisaraka-N. becimisaraka-N., betsimaraka-N. ⊕Madagascar coast-NE. Madagascar 5* 31-LDA-ad betsimisaraka-S. becimisaraka-S., betsimaraka-S. ⊕Madagascar coast-CE. Madagascar 5* 31-LDA-ae bezanuzanu Madagascar 5* 31-LDA-aea bezanuzanu-A. bezanozano Madagascar 31-LDA-aeb an-taiva an-tanka, tankay Madagascar 31-LDA-af vorimo vurimu Madagascar 5* 31-LDA-ag taimanambondro taimanambundru Madagascar 5* 31-LDA-ah tanala Madagascar 5* 31-LDA-aha an-tanala Madagascar 31-LDA-ahb menabe-ikongo including tanalana Madagascar 31-LDA-ai sahafatra sahaftra Madagascar 5* 31-LDA-aj betsileo becileu, betsiléo, betsileu ⊕Ambositra… Fianarantsoa transition to Madagascar 5* [31] Malagasy-SW. 31-LDA-b Tanosy+ Taimoro malagasy-SE. ⊕Madgascar-SE. island… Madagascar 6 31-LDA-ba an-tambahoaka tambahoaka, an-tamboaka, an-tambahuaka Madagascar 31-LDA-bb an-taimoro taimoro, an-taimuru Madagascar 31-LDA-bc zafisoro zafisuru Madagascar 31-LDA-bd zalisere Madagascar 31-LDA-be an-taifasy taifasy, an-taifasi Madagascar 31-LDA-bf an-taisaka taisaka Madagascar 31-LDA-bg an-tanosy tanosy, an-tanosi, an-tanusi, tanosy-E. ⊕Fort-Dauphin… Madagascar 31-LDA-c Tandroy+ Tanalana malagasy-SW. ⊕Madagascar-SW. island… Madagascar 6* 31-LDA-ca an-tandroy tandroy, an-tandrui, including "neutral" an-tandroy… "respectful" an- Madagascar tandroy registers 31-LDA-cb mahafale mahafaly, mahafali Madagascar 31-LDA-cc tanalana including "neutral" tanalana… "respectful" tanalana… "scornful" Madagascar tanalana registers 31-LDA-cca tanalana-tandriake #=«tanalana of the sea» ⊕Onilahy river-mouth>S.… Madagascar 31-LDA-ccb tanalana-tanolahy #=«tanalana of Onilahy» ⊕Onilahy lower valley.… Madagascar 31-LDA-cd onilahy-tanosy tanosy-W. ⊕Onilahy middle valley… Madagascar 31-LDA-ce vezu vezo Madagascar 31-LDA-cf masikoro Madagascar 31-LDA-cg bara-mikaty bara-W. Madagascar 31-LDA-ch bara-E. Madagascar 31-LDA-d Talaotsy+ Sakalava malagasy-W. ⊕Madagascar-W. island (west of central mountain Madagascar; also migration> 6 range)… Comores islands Mayotte 31-LDA-da sakalava-menabe ⊕Mangoky… Manambao river-mouths Madagascar 31-LDA-db sakalava-ambongo ⊕Manambao river-mouth… Soalala Madagascar 31-LDA-dc sakalava-boina ⊕Betsiboka lower valley… Madagascar 31-LDA-dd an-talaotsy ⊕Betsiboka… Mahajamba river-mouths Madagascar 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 253

31-LDA-e Sambiranu+ malagasy-NW. ⊕Madagascar-NW. island: Tsaratanana massif>W.+ S. Madagascar 5* Tsimihety 31-LDA-ea sambiranu sambirano, sakalava-sambiranu, sakalava-N. ⊕Tsaratanana Madagascar massif>W.: Maromandia… Anaborano 31-LDA-eb nosy-be ⊕Nosy-Be, Nossi Bé island… Madagascar 4* 31-LDA-ec tsimihety cimiheti, tsimiheti, tsimihetry ⊕Tsaratanana massif>S: Bealanana… Madagascar Mandritsara transition to [31] Malagasy-C. 31-LDA-f Tankarana malagasy-N. ⊕Madagascar extreme north island… Madagascar 5* 31-LDA-fa an-tankarana takarana ⊕Tsaratanana massif>N.… Madagascar 31-LDA-g Boshy+ Talaotra ki-boshy, boshy influenced by [99] shi-Maore ⊕Mayotte island… Mayotte 4* 31-LDA-ga ki-boshy boshy, bushi, ki-boshy "proper", ki-boshy-ki-maore, ki-maore, maore Mayotte with [99] Bantu language-prefix ki- 31-LDA-gb an-talaotra ki-antalaotsy, antalaotsy, ki-boshy-ki-antalaotsy, talauntsiu Mayotte 31-M MALAYU+ CHAM set SUNDIC, including malayic classification into chains and nets is provisional historical relationships have been blurred by maritime migrations and contacts and by sea-borne spread of [31] Malayu 31-MA CHAM+ UTSAT "chamic", part of "achinese+ chamic" chains chain 31-MAA UTSAT net "chamic"-N. 31-MAA-a Utsat ⊕Hainan-S. coast: Yanglian-W. China (Hainan) 3 31-MAA-aa utsat utset, hainan-cham, in [79] Han-yu (Chinese): huihui ⊕Huihui… Huixin China (Hainan) 3 31-MAB JARAI+ RHADE net "chamic plateau", part of "chamic"-S. 31-MAB-a Jarai djarai, gia-rai, jorai, cho-rai, chor, mthur ⊕San upper… Ayun valleys Vietnam; & adjacent Cambodia ” 5 31-MAB-aa hodrung hdrung ⊕Kontum-SW. … Vietnam 31-MAB-ab golar ⊕Pleiku… Vietnam 31-MAB-ac jhue Vietnam 31-MAB-ad arap Vietnam 31-MAB-ae habau ho-bau Vietnam 31-MAB-af to-buan Vietnam 31-MAB-ag sesan Vietnam 31-MAB-ah chuty Vietnam 31-MAB-ai plei-kly* ⊕Plei-Kly… Vietnam 31-MAB-b Haroi ⊕Hau Bon>E.… Vietnam 4 31-MAB-ba haroi hrway, hroi, hroy, hoi, aroi, bahnar-cham Vietnam 4 31-MAB-c Rhade rade, raday, rde, e-de, de ⊕Ea-Kan… Song-Ba middle valleys Vietnam; & adjacent Cambodia ”; 5 migration> U.S.A. 31-MAB-ca rde-kpa kpa Vietnam 31-MAB-cb krung-S. Vietnam 31-MAB-cc bih Vietnam 31-MAB-cd ndhur mdhur Vietnam 31-MAB-ce a-dham Vietnam 31-MAB-cf blo Vietnam 31-MAB-cg kodrao kdrao Vietnam 31-MAC CHAM+ NOANG net "coastal chamic", part of "chamic"-S., including ro-glai, ra-glai, radlai, adlai, ray-glay, rang-glai 31-MAC-a Cacgia-Roglai ⊕Phan-Rang>NE. coast… Vietnam 3 31-MAC-aa cacgia-roglai Vietnam 3 31-MAC-b Noang+ Chru ⊕Song-Cai+ Lagna upper valleys Vietnam 4 31-MAC-ba noang la-oang, roglai-N. Vietnam 4 31-MAC-bb roglai-S. Vietnam 4 31-MAC-bc rai-E. rai 2 Vietnam 4 31-MAC-bd chru churu, chrau-hma, cadoe-loang, seyu, cru, kru, choru, chu, Vietnam 4 31-MAC-c Cham tjam, chiem Vietnam; Cambodia ” 4 31-MAC-ca cham-E. chiem-thanh ⊕Phan-Rang>W.… Ham-Tan>E. (3 enclaves) Vietnam 4 31-MAC-cb cham-W. "new" cham ⊕Mekong middle valley: Phum Dey Dos downstream; Cambodia; Vietnam 5 Tonle Sap lake; Phnom-Penh>N.+ SE.… ;=Kampot>W. coast; Viet-nam frontier: Ky upper valley (enclaves) 31-MB ACEH chain ACHINESE, part of "achinese+ chamic" chains 31-MBA ACEH net 31-MBA-a Aceh acheh, atjeh, "achehnese", "atjehnese" ⊕Sumatra-N. island… Indonesia (Sumatera) 6 31-MBA-aa banda banda-aceh ⊕Banda-Aceh… Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MBA-ab baruh Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MBA-ac bueng Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MBA-ad daja Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MBA-ae pase Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MBA-af tunong Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MBA-ag pidie pedir+ timu Indonesia (Sumatera) page 254 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

31-MC GAYO chain 31-MCA GAYO net 31-MCA-a Gayo gayoo, gajo ⊕Sumatra-N. island… Takengon, Takingeun… Genten… Indonesia (Sumatera) 5 Lokon 31-MCA-aa dorot Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MCA-ab bobasan Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MCA-ac serbodjadi Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MCA-ad tampur Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MD PAKPAK+ LOM SUMATRA, sumatera, part of "wider malayic" chains chain 31-MDA PAKPAK+ KARO net BATAK-NORTH 31-MDA-a Alas+ Kluet Indonesia (Sumatera) 4 31-MDA-aa kluet-W. ⊕Leuser range-SW.… Indonesia (Sumatera) 3 31-MDA-ab kluet-E. ⊕Leuser range-E.… Indonesia (Sumatera) 3 31-MDA-ac alas ⊕Geumapang, Gumpang. valley: Kutacane, Kutatyane… Indonesia (Sumatera) 4 31-MDA-b Karo ⊕Wampu upper valley… Indonesia (Sumatera) 5 31-MDA-ba karo ⊕Sibuatan mountain>N.… Indonesia (Sumatera) 5 31-MDA-c Pakpak+ Dairi batak-pakpak, batak-dairi ⊕Sibuatan mountain>SW.… Indonesia (Sumatera) 6 31-MDA-ca dairi ⊕Sibuatan mountain>SW.… Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MDA-cb pakpak ⊕Sidikalang> S.… Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MDA-cc singkil ⊕Simpang-kiri lower river: Singkil upstream… Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MDB SIMALUNGUN net BATAK-CENTRAL 31-MDB-a Simalungun batak-simalungun ⊕Toba lake>N.… Indonesia (Sumatera) 5 31-MDB-aa simalungun simalungan, simelungan, timur ⊕Pematangsiantar… Indonesia (Sumatera) 5 31-MDC TOBA+ BATAK-SOUTH MANDAILING net 31-MDC-a Toba+ Mandailing ⊕Toba lake… Barumun valley Indonesia (Sumatera) 6 31-MDC-aa toba batak-toba, toba-batak, batta ⊕Toba lake+ island… Asehan valley Indonesia (Sumatera) 6 31-MDC-ab mandailing batak-mandailing, mandailing batak, batta, batak-S. "vehicular" Indonesia (Sumatera) 5 31-MDC-ac angkola batak-angkola, anakola Indonesia (Sumatera) 5 31-MDD SIMEULUE+ NIAS 5 net 31-MDD-a Simeulue simalur, simulul, simeulo', long-bano, bano, lekon ⊕Simeulue… Banjak Indonesia (Sumatera) islands 31-MDD-aa simeulue-W. ⊕Simeulue-W. island… Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MDD-ab simeulue-E. ⊕Simeulue-E. island… Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MDD-ac babi* ⊕Babi+ Lasia islands… Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MDD-ad banjak* ⊕Banjak islands: Tuangku+ Bangkaru islands… Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MDD-b Sichule ⊕Simeulue-C… island Indonesia (Sumatera) 4 31-MDD-ba sichule-A. sikhule, sikule, wali-banuah Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MDD-bb lekon Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MDD-bc tapah Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MDD-c Nias ⊕Nias… Batu islands Indonesia (Sumatera) 5 31-MDD-ca nias-NW. ⊕Nias-N.+ C. island… Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MDD-cb nias-SE. ⊕Nias-S.… island Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MDD-cc batu ⊕Batu+ Pini islands… Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MDE MENTAWAI net part of "sumatra" 31-MDE-a Mentawai mentawei, mentawi ⊕Mentawai islands… Indonesia (Sumatera) 4 31-MDE-aa siberut-N. ⊕Siberut-N. island… Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MDE-ab simalegi ⊕Siberut-N. island: ⊕Simaleke Hilin*… Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MDE-ac siberut-S. ⊕Siberut-S. island… Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MDE-ad sipura sipora ⊕Sipura, Sipora island… Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MDE-ae pagai ⊕Utara… Selatan islands Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MDE-af sakalagan Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MDE-ag silabu Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MDE-ah taikaku Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MDE-ai saumanganja Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MDF ENGGANO net 31-MDF ENGGANO 31-MDF-a Enggano ⊕ Sumatra-SW.: Enggano islands… Indonesia (Sumatera) 3 31-MDF-aa enggano "engganese" Indonesia (Sumatera) 3 31-MDG LOM net part of "sumatra" 31-MDG-a Lom ⊕Bangka-NE. island… Indonesia (Sumatera) 1 31-MDG-aa lom mapor, belom, maporese ⊕Belinya peninsula… Indonesia (Sumatera) 1 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 255

31-ME LAMPUNG+ ABUNG "lampungic", part of "wider malayic" chains chain 31-MEA ABUNG+ KOTABUMI net 31-MEA-a Abung ⊕Sumatra-S. island… Indonesia (Sumatera) 5 31-MEA-aa abung jabung, lampung-N. Indonesia (Sumatera) 5 31-MEA-b Kotabumi ⊕Kotabumi> NE.… Indonesia (Sumatera) 5* 31-MEA-ba kotabumi lampung-NW. Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MEA-c Menggala ⊕Menggala>E.… Indonesia (Sumatera) 5* 31-MEA-ca menggala lampung-NE. Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MEB LAMPUNG+ influenced by [31] Malayu KOMERING net 31-MEB-a Komering ⊕Sumatra-S. island… Indonesia (Sumatera) 5 31-MEB-aa komering-A. komerin, njo-N. ⊕Komering middle valley (Martapura+ Kangkung)… Indonesia (Sumatera) 5 Mesuji river-mouth 31-MEB-ab komering-ogan* ogan 2 Indonesia (Sumatera) 4* 31-MEB-b Sungkai ⊕Sumatra-S. island… Indonesia (Sumatera) 4* 31-MEB-ba sungkai ⊕Kanan upper valley… Indonesia (Sumatera) 4* 31-MEB-c Lampung ⊕Sumatra-S. island… Lampung script Indonesia (Sumatera) 6 31-MEB-ca lampung lampong, lampung-C., api ⊕Kanan middle valley (Karangan)… Indonesia (Sumatera) 6 Labuhanmeringgai coast 31-MEB-d Pubian pesisir-N. ⊕Sumatra-S. island… Indonesia (Sumatera) 5 31-MEB-da pubian Indonesia (Sumatera) 5 31-MEB-e Pesisir pesisir-S., lampung-S. ⊕Sumatra-S. island… Indonesia (Sumatera) 5 31-MEB-ea kota-agung lampung-SW. ⊕Semangka bay: Kota-Agung… Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MEB-eb way-lima Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MEB-ec telukbetung Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MEB-ed talang+ padang Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MEB-ee kalianda lampung-SE. ⊕Kalianda… Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MEB-f Krui lampung-W. ⊕Sumatra-S. island… Indonesia (Sumatera) 4 31-MEB-fa krui kroe, kru'i, njo-S. ⊕Krui… Sanggi… Kotajawa Indonesia (Sumatera) 4 31-MF MALAYU+ JAWA part of "wider malayic" chains chain 31-MFA MALAYU net MALAY, melaju, melayu, in [12] 'Arabiyya: jawi, in [51] French: malais, in [52] Nederlands: maleis 31-MFA-a Bahasa-Malayu Malay-Indonesian, "general malay", "general malay+ indonesian" Malaysia; Brunei; Singapore; 8 #bahasa=«language» from c.1450: Perso-Arabic (Jawi) script; Latin Indonesia; Thailand; migration> Netherlands; United Arab Emirates ” 31-MFA-aa ✍ malayu-riau- "classical malay", 'high malay', "riau-johore malay" from c.1450 Malaysia… johor 31-MFA-ab ✍ bahasa-malaysia malaysian, "modern standard malaysian" malayu, bahasa- KMalaysia; KBrunei; KSingapore 7 kebangsaan (=«national language») #=«language of Malaysia» 31-MFA-ac ✍ bahasa- indonesian, "modern standard indonesian" #=«language of KIndonesia; migration> 8* indonesia Indonesia» developed in 20th cent. (official in Indonesia since 1945) Netherlands 31-MFA-ad malayu-pasar melayu-pasar, pasir, "pasar-malay", "pasir-malay", "commercial Malaysia; Brunei; Singapore; 7 malay", "bazaar malay", "trade malay", 'low malay' Indonesia; Thailand 31-MFA-b Malayu-C. "malay-C.", "malacca-straits local malay" Malaysia; Thailand-S. adjacent; 6 Singapore ”; Indonesia (Sarawak) 31-MFA-ba malayu-kedah ⊕Taiping… Satun ⊕Penang… Ko Tarutao islands Malaysia (Kedah; Penang; Perak); & adjacent Thailand 31-MFA-bb malayu-johor johor, "malay"-S. Malaysia (Johor; Melaka; Pahang; Selangor; Perak); Singapore 31-MFA-bc malayu-negeri- #=«malayu of the nine villages» influenced by [31] Minangkabau- Malaysia (Negeri Sembilan) sembilan Negeri-Sembilan 31-MFA-bd deli ⊕Deli sultanate: Pangkalansusu… Medan… Kisaran Indonesia (Sumatera: Sumatera Utara) 31-MFA-be malayu-riau riouw, part of riouw+ lingga ⊕Riau province: mainland… Riau Indonesia (Sumatera: Riau) archipelago 31-MFA-bf malayu-lingga part of riouw+ lingga ⊕Lingga archipelago… Indonesia (Sumatera: Riau) 31-MFA-c Malayu-N. "thailand-gulf local malay" ⊕Gulf of Thailand west coast Malaysia (Trengganu; Kelantan); 6 Thailand-S. ” 31-MFA-ca malayu-trengganu "malaysian" malayu-E. Malaysia (Trengganu) 31-MFA-cb malayu-kelantan Malaysia (Kelantan) 31-MFA-cc malayu-pattani pattani-malay, thai-malay ⊕Pattani+ Songhla… Nakhon Si Thailand-S. Thammarat… Tha Chana page 256 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

31-MFA-d Malayu-SW. "sumatra-S. local malay" Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 7 31-MFA-da kerinci ⊕Kerinci mountain… Kerinci lake Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 5 31-MFA-db lematang ⊕Musi middle valley.… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 5* 31-MFA-dba lematang-NW. ⊕Sarolangun-E.… (Sumatera-S.) 31-MFA-dbb lematang-SE. ⊕Muaraenim.… (Sumatera-S.) 31-MFA-dc rawas ⊕Ambacang… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 5 31-MFA-dd musi ⊕Muraktingi-W.… ⊕Musi middle valley… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 5 31-MFA-de sekayu* ⊕Sekayu Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 5 31-MFA-df sindang-kelingi ⊕Muraktingi-SE.… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 5* 31-MFA-dg enim ⊕Muaraenim-S.… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 5* 31-MFA-dh palembang ⊕Palembang… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 5* 31-MFA-di ogan ⊕Palembang-S.… ⊕Pagerdewa… Baturaja Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4 31-MFA-dj belide ⊕Prabumulih-N.… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4 31-MFA-dk penesak penasak ⊕Prabumulih-E.… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4* 31-MFA-dl kayu-agung ⊕Kayuagung… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4* 31-MFA-dm lengkayap ⊕Baturaja-S.… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4 31-MFA-dn aji ⊕Muaradua-N.… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4 31-MFA-do daya ⊕Muaradua… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4 31-MFA-dp ranau-pesagi ranau 2 ⊕Pesagi-NE.lake Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4 31-MFA-dq semendo part of "middle malay" ⊕Muaradua… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4* 31-MFA-dqa semendo-S. ⊕Pajarbulan-S.… (Sumatera-S.) 31-MFA-dqb semendo-N. ⊕Patuh-NE. mountain… (Sumatera-S.) 31-MFA-dr pasemah besemah, part of "middle malay" ⊕Lahat… Uludanau Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4* 31-MFA-ds lintang Kebur-S.… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4* 31-MFA-dt lembak linggau, including lembak bliti… lembak sindang Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4* 31-MFA-dta lembak-N. ⊕Lubuklinggau… (Sumatera-S.) 4* 31-MFA-dtb lembak-S. ⊕Bengkulu-W.… (Sumatera-S.) 4* 31-MFA-du bengkulu benkulan, bencoolen ⊕Bengkulu… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4* 31-MFA-dv serawai ⊕Tais… Manna coast… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4* 31-MFA-dw mulak ⊕Bintuan… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4* 31-MFA-dx bangka-W. ⊕Bangka island… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4* 31-MFA-dy belitung ⊕Beleitung island… Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4* 31-MFA-dz suku-batin* Indonesia (Sumatera-S.) 4 31-MFA-e Malayu-Tioman ⊕Tioman island Malaysia (Johor) 4* 31-MFA-ea tioman tioman "local malay" Malaysia (Johor) 31-MFA-f Malayu-Borneo "borneo-coast local malay" Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia 7 (Sarawak; Sabah); Brunei ” 31-MFA-fa brunei+ kedayan brunei+ kadaian Malaysia (Sabah; Sarawak) 4 31-MFA-faa kedayan kadaian, kadayan, kadian, kadien, kadyan, karayan, kedyan, kedien, Malaysia (Sabah) kerayan ⊕Brunei Bay-NE. coast… 31-MFA-fab malayu-brunei brunei, "brunei malay", including orang-bukit (=«community of the Brunei; Malaysia adjacent 4 mountain») (Sarawak; Sabah) 31-MFA-fac kedayan-W.* ⊕Baram river-mouth>W.… Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-MFA-fb malayu-sarawak "sarawak malay" ⊕Lupar bay & estuary… Malaysia (Sarawak) 5* 31-MFA-fc selako+ kendayan malayu-borneo-W., "western coastal malay", including "sea"-dayak-W. Indonesia (Kalimantan; Jawa 5* ⊕Sematan coast… Kumai bay; Anambas islands… Kadapongan island adjacent islands); Malaysia (Sarawak adjacent) 31-MFA-fca selako ⊕Singkawang… Sematan coast… Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia 5 (Sarawak adjacent) 31-MFA-fcb kendayan+ ambayang ⊕Mempawah-E.… (Kalimantan) 31-MFA-fcc banana' ⊕Singkawang-SE.… (Kalimantan) 31-MFA-fcd tapitan tapitn ⊕Bengkayang-E.… (Kalimantan) 31-MFA-fce kayung (Kalimantan) 31-MFA-fcf delang (Kalimantan) 31-MFA-fcg semitau (Kalimantan) 31-MFA-fch suhaid (Kalimantan) 31-MFA-fci keninjal (Kalimantan) 31-MFA-fcj mentebah-suruk (Kalimantan) 31-MFA-fck serasan ⊕Serasan island… (Kalimantan) 31-MFA-fcl subi ⊕Subi+ Panjang island… (Kalimantan) 31-MFA-fcm anambas ⊕Anambas islands… (Kalimantan) 31-MFA-fcn tambelan ⊕Tambelan islands… (Kalimantan) 31-MFA-fco salembu ⊕Masalembu, Salembu islands… (Jawa) 31-MFA-fcp karamian ⊕Karamian island… (Kalimantan) 31-MFA-fcq kadapongan ⊕Kadapongan+ Matasiri+ Kalambau islands… (Kalimantan) 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 257

31-MFA-fd banjar banjarese, bandjarese, banjar-malay ⊕Kumai… Berau river-mouths Indonesia (Kalimantan); Malaysia 6 influenced by [31] Jawa (Sabah) 31-MFA-fda sampit ⊕Sampit bay… (Kalimantan) 4 31-MFA-fdb banjar-kuala kuala ⊕Pleihari… (Kalimantan) 5 31-MFA-fdc meratus orang-bukit 2 (=«mountain community») ⊕Meratus mountains… (Kalimantan) 4 Sampanahan upper valley 31-MFA-fdd laut+ sebuku ⊕Laut+ Sebuku islands… (Kalimantan) 31-MFA-fde banjar-hulu-W. ⊕Kandangan… Rantau (Kalimantan) 5 31-MFA-fdf banjar-hulu-E. ⊕Klumpeng… Pamukan bays (Kalimantan) 31-MFA-fdg balikpapan ⊕Balikpapan… (Kalimantan) 31-MFA-fdh berau ⊕Berau-S. river-mouth… (enclave) (Kalimantan) 31-MFA-fdi tawau ⊕Tawau… (Sabah) 31-MFA-fe pasir-kalimantan pasir-malay 2 ⊕Adang bay… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-MFA-ff kutai kutai-malay Indonesia (Kalimantan) 5 31-MFA-ffa kutai-tenggarong ⊕Kutai lower valley… (Kalimantan) 5 31-MFA-ffb kutai-ancalong ⊕Kinjau lower valley (Kalimantan) 4 31-MFA-ffc kutai-N. ⊕Suntan coast… Talok peninsula (Kalimantan) 31-MFA-fg kota-bangun kota-bangun kutai, kutai 2 ⊕Mahakam+ Belayan confluence: Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4* Kotabangum… 31-MFA-fh bakumpai-malay ⊕Belawang-W.… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4* 31-MFA-fi merau merau-malay Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-MFA-fj labu labu-malay, lebu-malay, lebu, labu-basap Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-MFA-g Malayu-Sulawesi "celebes malay", "celebes vehicular malay" Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5* 31-MFA-ga malayu-makassar macassarese, macassarese-malay, makassarese ⊕Ujung-Pandang, Indonesia (Sulawesi) Makassar… 31-MFA-gb malayu-manado manado-malay, menadonese ⊕Manado… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-MFA-h Malayu-Maluku-N. "moluccan malay"-N. Indonesia (Maluku) 3 31-MFA-ha malayu-ternate ternate ⊕Halmahera… Obi… Suli islands Indonesia (Maluku) 2 31-MFA-hb malayu-bacan bacanese, batjan ⊕Bacan island: Labuha… Indonesia (Maluku) 3 31-MFA-i Malayu-Maluku-S. "moluccan malay"-S. Indonesia (Maluku) 5 31-MFA-ia malayu-ambon "ambonese", "ambonese malay" ⊕Ambon… Haruku… Nusa Laut… Indonesia (Maluku); migration> 5 Saparua… Seram islands Netherlands 31-MFA-j Malayu-Tenggara "tenggara malay" Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 31-MFA-ja malayu-larantuka ende-malay ⊕Flores-E.… Solor… Pantar… Alor… Wetar islands Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 31-MFA-jb basa-kupang ⊕Timor-SW. (Kupang)… Roti islands Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 31-MFA-k Malayu-Irian "new-guinea malay" Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3* 31-MFA-ka malayu-irian irianese Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 31-MFA-l Malayu-Kokos "cocos malay" Australia (Cocos Islands; 3 Christmas Island); migration> Malaysia (Sabah) 31-MFA-la kokos-keeling ⊕Cocos-Keeling islands… Australia (Cocos Islands) 2 31-MFA-lb kokos-krismes ⊕Christmas islands… Australia (Christmas Island) 2 31-MFA-lc kokos-sabah ⊕Tawau ⊕Lahad Datu (enclaves) Malaysia (Sabah) 3 31-MFB BETAWI+ CHITI net MALAYO-CREOLE 31-MFB-a 'Baba-Malay' "chinese malay" influenced by [79] Min-nan Singapore; Malaysia (Melaka) 5 31-MFB-aa 'baba-malay' baba Singapore; Malaysia (Melaka) 5 31-MFB-aaa singapour-baba ⊕Katong… Geylang+ Joo Chiat Singapore 5 31-MFB-aab malacca-baba (Melaka) 4 31-MFB-b Peranakan "chinese indonesian malay" influenced by [79] Min-nan Indonesia (Jawa) 4 31-MFB-ba paranakan baba-indonesian Indonesia (Jawa) 4 31-MFB-c Betawi ⊕Jakarta… Indonesia (Jawa) 6 31-MFB-ca bahasa-betawi malayu-jakarta, melayu-jakarte, batavi, batawi, omong-jakarta Indonesia (Jawa; Bali) 6 (=«dialect of Jakarta»), "jakarta creole malay", "jakartanese"; betawi- asli community #=«language of Batavia» influenced by [79] Min-nan ⊕Jakarta, former Batavia 31-MFB-caa ✍ betawi-F. "formal" betawi ⊕Jakarta, former Batavia… (Jawa) 31-MFB-cab betawi-U. "popular urban" betawi ⊕Jakarta, former Batavia… (Jawa) 31-MFB-cac malayu-bali ⊕Bali-SW. island… (Bali) 31-MFB-d Chiti ⊕Melaka straits Malaysia (Peninsula) 4* 31-MFB-da chiti "chitties creole malay", "malaccan creole malay" ⊕Melaka straits Malaysia (Peninsula) influenced by [46] Tamil 31-MFB-e Malayu-Lanka "sri lankan creole malay", "sri lankan malay" influenced by [49] Tamil Sri Lanka 4 Perso-Arabic (Jawi) script; Latin 31-MFB-ea ✍ malayu-lanka-F. "literary sri-lankan malay" Sri Lanka 31-MFB-eb malayu-lanka-U. "popular urban sri-lankan malay" ⊕Colombo… Kandy… Badulla… Sri Lanka 4 Hambantota page 258 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

31-MFC MOKEN+ MOKLEN net 31-MFC-a Moken mawken, basing, chau-ko', lawta, in [77] Bama: salon, selung, selong, Burma-S.; Thailand-S. ” 3 in [48] Thai: chao-thalee (=«community of the ocean»), part of "sea- gipsy", in [31] Malay: orang-laut ¶seafaring nomads ⊕Mergui archipelago… 31-MFC-aa moken mawken, chau-ko' Burma-S. and/or Thailand-S. 3 31-MFC-aaa dung Burma-S. and/or Thailand-S. 31-MFC-aab ja-it Burma-S. and/or Thailand-S. 31-MFC-aac l'be Burma-S. and/or Thailand-S. 31-MFC-aad basing Burma-S. and/or Thailand-S. 31-MFC-b Moklen Thailand-S. 3 31-MFC-ba moklen ⊕Phangnga… Phuket islands Thailand-S. 3 31-MFD URAK-LAWOI net 31-MFD-a Urak-Lawoi urak lawoi', orak lawoi, part of "sea-gipsy", in [31] Malay: orang-laut Thailand-S.; Malaysia (Kedah) ” 3 31-MFD-aa urak-lawoi-N. ⊕Phuket… Lanta… Adang islands Thailand-S. 3 31-MFD-ab urak-lawoi-S. ⊕Batang, Butang… Langkawi islands Thailand-S.; Malaysia (Kedah) 0 31-MFE DUANO net part of "para-malay" 31-MFE-a Duano ⊕Melaka straits… Malaysia (Johor) 3 31-MFE-aa duano' orang kuala, desin-dola' ⊕Pontial Kechil ⊕Batu Pahat coast (enclaves) Malaysia (Johor) 3 31-MFF TEMUAN+ SELETAR jakun, "island aboriginal" malay, part of "para-malay" Malaysia (Pahang) net 31-MFF-a Temuan benua, jakun -N., niap Malaysia (Pahang) 4* 31-MFF-aa temuan-A. temuan "proper" Malaysia (Pahang) 4 31-MFF-ab beduanda biduanda Malaysia (Pahang) 3* 31-MFF-ac belanda belandas, belana, blanda, landa, belanas Malaysia (Pahang) 3* 31-MFF-ad berembun birmun Malaysia (Pahang) 31-MFF-ae besisi cellate, mah-meri, sisi Malaysia (Pahang) 3 31-MFF-af kenaboi* orang kenaboi, "post-kenaboi-austronesian" Malaysia (Pahang) 0* 31-MFF-ag mantra mentera, mintra Malaysia (Pahang) 3* 31-MFF-ah udai Malaysia (Pahang) 3* 31-MFF-b Orang-Hulu Malaysia (Pahang; Johor) 4 31-MFF-ba orang-hulu jakun -S., jaku'd, jakud'n, jakoon, djakun Malaysia (Pahang) 4 31-MFF-c Orang-Kanaq ⊕Mawai-NE. Malaysia (Johor) 1 31-MFF-ca orang-kanaq Malaysia (Johor) 1 31-MFF-d Orang-Seletar ⊕Singapore River both banks Malaysia (Johor); Singapore 2 31-MFF-da orang-seletar Malaysia (Johor); Singapore 2 31-MFG MINANG net part of "para-malay" 31-MFG-a Minang minang-kabau, padang influenced by [31] Malayu Indonesia (Sumatera; migration> 5 Jawa); Malaysia (Peninsula) 31-MFG-aa minang-W. ⊕Sumatra coast-W.… Indonesia (Sumatera) 4* 31-MFG-aaa meulaboh ⊕Meulaboh… (coastal enclave)(Sumatera) 31-MFG-aab blangpidie ⊕Blangpidie… (coastal enclave)(Sumatera) 31-MFG-aac tapaktuan ⊕Tapaktuan… (coastal enclave)(Sumatera) 31-MFG-aad minang-singkil singkil 2 ⊕Singkil… (coastal enclave)(Sumatera) 31-MFG-aae sibolga ⊕Sibolga… (coastal enclave)(Sumatera) 31-MFG-aaf minang-padang padang 2 ⊕Singkuang… Padang coast Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MFG-ab minang-N. ⊕Rokan valley… Indonesia (Sumatera) 4* 31-MFG-ac minang-C. ⊕Talkmau… Malintang mountains+ foothills Indonesia (Sumatera) 4* 31-MFG-aca minang-CN. ⊕Bangkinang… (Sumatera) 31-MFG-acb minang-CW. pajokumbuh ⊕Payakumbuh, Pajokumbuh… (Sumatera) 31-MFG-acc minang-A. ⊕Batusangkar… (Sumatera) 31-MFG-acd singkarak ⊕Singkarak lake…(Sumatera) 31-MFG-ace minang-CE. ⊕(Inderagiri upper & middle valley) Sijunjung… Rengat (Sumatera) 31-MFG-ad minang-S. ⊕(Masurai mountain) Hari headwaters… Musi sources Indonesia (Sumatera) 4* 31-MFG-ada minang-SE. (Sumatera) 31-MFG-adb minang-SW. ⊕Painan… Indrapura (Sumatera) 31-MFG-adc minang-kerinci kerinci-mingkabau ⊕Kerinci mountain…(Sumatera) 31-MFG-ae muko-muko influenced by [31] Rejang Indonesia (Sumatera) 4* 31-MFG-af pekal influenced by [31] Rejang Indonesia (Sumatera) 4 31-MFG-ag agam* Indonesia (Sumatera) 4* 31-MFG-ah tanah* Indonesia (Sumatera) 4* 31-MFG-ai minangkabau- "malaysian-minangkabau", ulu-muar-malay, orang-negeri Malaysia (Peninsula) 4* negeri-sembilan #=«minangkabau of the 9 towns» ⊕Kuala Lumpur>SE. 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 259

31-MFH LUBU+ KUBU net part of "para-malay" 31-MFH-a Lubu* kerinci, kerinchi, kerintji, kinchai ⊕Kerinci mountain (Sungaipenuh)… Indonesia (Sumatera) 4 31-MFH-aa ulu Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MFH-ab mamaq orang-mamak Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MFH-ac akit Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MFH-ad talang Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MFH-ae sakei Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MFH-b Kubu ⊕Bangko-S.… Indonesia (Sumatera) 3 31-MFH-ba lalang Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MFH-bb bajat Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MFH-bc ulu-lako Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MFH-bd tungkal Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MFH-be tungkal-ilir Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MFH-bf dawas Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MFH-bg supat Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MFH-bh djamb jambi-malay Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MFH-bi ridan Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MFH-bj kubu-nomad "nomadic" kubu Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MFI REJANG net "pseudo para-malay" 31-MFI-a Rejang rejang-lebong, redjang, jang, djang, ⊕Duen mountain: Bengkulu>N.… Indonesia (Sumatera) 6 31-MFI-aa lebong djang-lebong Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MFI-ab musai djang-musai Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MFI-ac lai djang-lai Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MFI-ad bekulau djang-bekulau Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MFI-ae bele-tebo djang-bele-tebo Indonesia (Sumatera) 31-MFJ BALAU+ SIGARAU* "malayic-dayak", "malay-dayak", including 'iban', 'ivan', "ibanic", "sea net dayak" #in [31] Kayan: iban, ivan=«immigrant, migrant» 31-MFJ-a Balau+ Sekarang 'iban'-sarawak Malaysia (Sarawak); Brunei ” 5 31-MFJ-aa batang-lupar Malaysia (Sarawak); Brunei 4* 31-MFJ-ab bugau-N. Malaysia (Sarawak); Brunei 4* 31-MFJ-ac balau bala'u, kami-balau Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-MFJ-ad milikin millikin Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-MFJ-ae sibuyau sebuyau, sabuyau, sibuian, sibuyan, sabuyan Malaysia (Sarawak) 3 31-MFJ-af kantu' Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-MFJ-ag desa Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-MFJ-ah dali Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-MFJ-ai lemanak Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-MFJ-aj ulu-al Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-MFJ-ak undup Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-MFJ-al sekarang Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-MFJ-am dau Malaysia (Sarawak) 31-MFJ-b Sigarau+ Sebaru 'iban'-ketungau ⊕Ketungau river-basin… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 3 31-MFJ-ba air-tabun Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-MFJ-bb sigarau Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-MFJ-bc sekalau Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-MFJ-bd sekapat Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-MFJ-be bugau-S. Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-MFJ-bf banjur Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-MFJ-bg sebaru' Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-MFJ-bh demam Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-MFJ-bi maung Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-MFJ-c Seberuang 'iban'-seberuang ⊕Kapuas upper river-basin… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-MFJ-ca seberuang Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-MFK EMBALOH net 31-MFK-a Embaloh ⊕Borneo-CW. island: Kapuas upper river-basin… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 4 31-MFK-aa embaloh-A. mbaloh, maloh, malo, memaloh, matoh, including sangau, sanggau Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-MFK-ab taman taman-dayak, dayak-taman Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-MFK-aba kapuas-taman ⊕Kapuas upper valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-MFK-abb mendalem-taman taman-mendalem ⊕Mendalem valley… Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-MFK-abc sibau-taman taman-sibau Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-MFK-ac palin pari Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-MFK-ad lauk Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-MFK-ae leboyan Indonesia (Kalimantan) 31-MFK-af kalis kalis-dayak, kalis-maloh Indonesia (Kalimantan) page 260 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

31-MFL MADURA+ "wider" madura transition between [31] Malayu & [31] Jawa+ KANGEAN net Tengger chains 31-MFL-a Madura madhura, madurese including at least 2 social registers Indonesia (Jawa); migration> 7 Singapore 31-MFL-aa madura-W. ⊕Madura-W. island… Indonesia (Jawa) 31-MFL-aaa bangkalan ⊕Bangkalan… Indonesia (Jawa) 31-MFL-aab bawean boyanese Indonesia (Jawa) 31-MFL-ab madura-C. pamekasan ⊕Madura-C. island: Pamekasan… Indonesia (Jawa) 31-MFL-ac madura-E. ⊕Madura-E.… Sapudi islands Indonesia (Jawa) 31-MFL-aca sumenep ⊕Sumenap… (Jawa) 31-MFL-acb sapudi ⊕Sapudi island (Jawa) 31-MFL-ad pasuruan+ besuki ⊕Java-NE. island… Indonesia (Jawa) 31-MFL-ada pasuruan ⊕Pasuran… Indonesia (Jawa) 31-MFL-adb besuki Indonesia (Jawa) 31-MFL-b Kangean ⊕Kangean islands… Indonesia (Jawa) 5* 31-MFL-ba kangean Indonesia (Jawa) 31-MFM JAWA+ TENGGER part of "sundic" net 31-MFM-a Jawa Javanese, djawa, "javanese", in [52] Nederlands: javaansch, in [51] Indonesia (Jawa; migration> Bali; 7 French: javanais from c.750: Javanese script; Arabic script; from Sumatera; Selatan; Kalimantan; early 20th cent.: Latin script Sulawesi-S.; Maluku; Irian Jaya); migration> Malaysia (Sabah); Singapore; New Caledonia / Kanaky; French Guiana; Surinam 31-MFM-aa tembung-kawi "traditional literary javanese", kawi #=«poet's language» influenced Indonesia (Jawa) 6* by [59] Sanskrit 31-MFM-ab jawa-halus "hindu liturgical javanese" influenced by [59] Sanskrit Indonesia (Jawa) 6* 31-MFM-ac jawa-pegon "islamic javanese" influenced by [12] 'Arabiyya Indonesia (Jawa) 6* 31-MFM-ad basa-kedatan basa-kedaton, "palace javanese" influenced by [59] Sanskrit Indonesia (Jawa) 6* 31-MFM-ae basa-krama krama, kromo, "courtly javanese", "reverential javanese" register Indonesia (Jawa) 6* influenced by [59] Sanskrit 31-MFM-aea krama-inggil «high» krama register (Jawa) 31-MFM-aeb krama-andhap «humble» krama register (Jawa) 31-MFM-af basa-madya "intermediate" javanese register Indonesia (Jawa) 31-MFM-ag ✍ jawa-F. "modern literary javanese", "standard javanese" Central East (Solo) Indonesia (Jawa) model 31-MFM-ah jawa-G. basa-ngoko, ngoko, "common" javanese, "generalised javanese", Indonesia (Jawa…)… 7 including jawa-NW.+ jawa-E. ⊕Java-C.+ E. island… this basic form of Jawa, together with its regional dialects, alternates lexically in given social situations with the Basa-Krama or Basa-Madya registers listed above 31-MFM-aha haurgeulis part of jawa-NW. ⊕Haurgeulis-W.… (Jawa) 31-MFM-ahb manuk indramayu, part of jawa-NW. ⊕Manuk lower valley: Indramayu… (Jawa) 31-MFM-ahc cirebon part of jawa-NW., chirebon, tjirebon ⊕Cirebon (Jawa) 31-MFM-ahd jawa-CW. part of jawa-NW., including tega ⊕Brebes+ Batang coast… (Jawa) Pangandaran+ Kebumen coast 31-MFM-ahe solo jawa-CE., surakarta, surkarta ⊕Jogyakarta… Surakarta (Jawa) 31-MFM-ahf pekalongan part of jawa-E. ⊕Pekalongan (Jawa) 31-MFM-ahg surabaya part of jawa-E. ⊕Surabaya… (Jawa) 31-MFM-ahh malang+ pasuruan part of jawa-E. (Jawa) 31-MFM-ahi semarang* ⊕Semarang… (Jawa) 31-MFM-ahj tembung (Jawa) 31-MFM-ahk pasisir (Jawa) 31-MFM-ai banten jawa-W. ⊕Serang… Indonesia (Jawa) 6* 31-MFM-aj osing banyuwangi ⊕Banyuwangi… modified Javanese script Indonesia (Jawa) 6* 31-MFM-ak jawa-palembang ⊕Palembang… Indonesia (Sumatera) 6* 31-MFM-al jawa-surinam "caribbean javanese" Surinam; French Guiana 5 31-MFM-am jawa-nouméa influenced by [51] Français ⊕Nouméa… New Caledonia / Kanaky 5 31-MFM-b Tengger ⊕Tengger>SW.: slopes of Bromo volcano Indonesia (Jawa) 5 31-MFM-ba tengger "tenggerese" Indonesia (Jawa) 31-MFN SUNDA+ BADUI net "wider" sundanese 31-MFN-a Sunda Sundanese, priangan, pringan, sounda ⊕Java-W. island… Indonesia (Jawa) 7 31-MFN-aa sunda-L. "archaic literary" sunda, "old" sunda from c.1350: Javanese script; Indonesia (Jawa) Perso-Arabic script 31-MFN-ab ✍ sunda-F. "modern literary" sunda, "standard" sunda from c.1850: Sunda Indonesia (Jawa) Bandung model; Latin script 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 261

31-MFN-ac sunda-bandung "central" sunda ⊕Bandung… Sukabumi… Pelabuanratu bay Indonesia (Jawa) 7 31-MFN-aca basa-kasar "everyday" sunda register (Jawa) 6* 31-MFN-acb basa-lemes "high" sunda register (Jawa) 6* 31-MFN-acc basa-sedeng "neutral" sunda register (Jawa) 6* 31-MFN-acd basa-tjohag "low" sunda register (Jawa) 6* 31-MFN-ad sunda-W. ⊕Mauk, Mawuk… Ciliangkahan coast with registers (cf.Sunda- Indonesia (Jawa) 6* Bandung) 31-MFN-ae sunda-N. bogor, krawang ⊕Bogor… Subang with registers Indonesia (Jawa) 6* 31-MFN-af sunda-CE. ⊕Ciremay mountain… Majalengka with registers Indonesia (Jawa) 6* 31-MFN-ag sunda-SE. ⊕Wado… Parigi with registers Indonesia (Jawa) 6* 31-MFN-ah sunda-NE. ⊕Kuningan-E.… with registers Indonesia (Jawa) 6* 31-MFN-b Badui ⊕Kendang mountain… Sukabumi Indonesia (Jawa) 3 31-MFN-ba badui Indonesia (Jawa) 3 31-MFO BALI+ SASAK net 31-MFO-a Bali Balinese, including registers: basa-ketah, "common balinese"… basa- Indonesia (Bali; Nusa Tenggara; 6 madia, "intermediate balinese"… basa-singgih, "reverential balinese", migration> Jawa) "sanskritised balinese" ⊕Bali island… 31-MFO-aa bali-L. "archaic literary balinese" from 10th cent.: Javanese script; Perso- Indonesia (Bali) 6 Arabic script 31-MFO-ab ✍ bali-F. "literary balinese", "standard balinese" from early 20th cent.: Indonesia (Bali) 6 Lowland Balinese model; Latin script 31-MFO-ac bali-W. part of "lowland balinese" Indonesia (Bali) 6 31-MFO-aca grogak ⊕Grogak… (Bali) 31-MFO-acb jembrana ⊕Jembrana… (Bali) 31-MFO-ad bali-S. part of "lowland balinese" Indonesia (Bali) 31-MFO-ada badung ⊕Badung (Bali) 31-MFO-adb gianyar ⊕Gianyar… (Bali) 31-MFO-adc klungkung ⊕Klungkung… (Bali) 31-MFO-add karangasem ⊕Karangasem… (Bali) 31-MFO-ade mataram ⊕Lombok-W. island: Mataram (Nusa Tenggara) 31-MFO-ae bali-U. "simplified balinese", "urban balinese" Indonesia (Bali) 6 31-MFO-aea singaraja ⊕Singaraja (Bali) 31-MFO-aeb tabanan ⊕Tabanan+ Selemadeg (Bali) 31-MFO-aec denpasar ⊕Denpasar (Bali) 31-MFO-af bali-aga "highland balinese" ⊕Bali-N. island… Indonesia (Bali) 4 31-MFO-afa bali-aga-N. ⊕Temukus… Tejakula (Bali) 31-MFO-afb bali-aga-E. ⊕Kesimpar… (Bali) 31-MFO-afc bali-aga-S. ⊕Sengkidu… (Bali) 31-MFO-ag nusa-penida ⊕Penida island… Indonesia (Bali) 31-MFO-b Sasak lombok ⊕Lombok-E. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 6 31-MFO-ba kuto-kute sasak-N. ⊕Tanjung… Bayan Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5* 31-MFO-bb ngeto-ngete sasak-NE. ⊕Lombok… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5* 31-MFO-bc meno-mene sasak-C. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5* 31-MFO-bd ngeno-ngene sasak-SE. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5* 31-MFO-be mriak-mriku sasak-CS. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5* 31-MFO-c Sumbawa ⊕Sumbawa island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5 31-MFO-ca sumbawa semawa, "sumbawarese" Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5 31-N BUGIS+ SULAWESI GORONTALO set 31-NA MUNA+ BUTON chain 31-NAA TUKANG+ BONERATE net 31-NAA-a Bonerate ⊕Kalao-E. island… Karompa island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NAA-aa bonerate-A. ⊕Bonerate island… Kalao-E. island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NAA-ab karompa tanahmulala ⊕Karompa island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NAA-b Tukang-Besi-S. wakatobi-S. ⊕Tukangbesi-S. archipelago… Indonesia (Sulawesi; also 3* migration> Maluku; Irian Jaya) 31-NAA-ba binongko ⊕Binongko island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NAA-bb tomea tomia ⊕Tomea island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NAA-c Tukang-Besi-N. wakatobi-N. ⊕Tukangbesi-N. archipelago… Indonesia (Sulawesi); migration> 3* Singapore 31-NAA-ca kaledupa kahedupa ⊕Kaledupa island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NAA-cb wanci wanji, wantji, wanje, wangi-wangi ⊕Wangiwangi island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* page 262 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

31-NAB KALAOTOA+ LAIYOLO net 31-NAB-a Kalaotoa ⊕Kalaotoa island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NAB-aa kalaotoa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NAB-b Laiyolo da'ang ⊕Salayar-S. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NAB-ba barang-barang lowa ⊕Barang-Barang… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NAB-bb laiyolo-A. layolo, lajolo ⊕Laiyolo… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NAC WABULA+ KAESABU net 31-NAC-a WABULA+ 'cia-cia', buton-S., butung-S., "butonese"-S., in [52] Nederlands: zuid- Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 KAESABU boetoneezen ⊕Butung-S. island… 31-NAC-aa kaesabu Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NAC-ab sampolawa mambulu-laporo Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NAC-ac wabula+ wali Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NAC-aca wabula ⊕Wabula (Sulawesi) 31-NAC-acb burungasi ⊕Burungasi (Sulawesi) 31-NAC-acc takimpo tokimpo ⊕Tokimpo (Sulawesi) 31-NAC-acd kondowa ⊕Kondowa (Sulawesi) 31-NAC-ace holimombo (Sulawesi) 31-NAC-acf wali ⊕Wali island (Sulawesi) 31-NAC-ad masiri ⊕Masiri Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NAD LASALIMU net 31-NAD-a Lasalimu ⊕Buton-SE. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NAD-aa lasalimu Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NAE WOLIO net 31-NAE-a Wolio ⊕Buton-SW. island: Baubau Perso-Arabic script Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NAE-aa wolio baubau, buton, butung, "butonese proper", in [52] Nederlands: Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 boetoneezen ¶former aristocratic language, associated with Sultan's court at Baubau spoken dialects to be distinguished 31-NAF KAMARU net 31-NAF-a Kamaru ⊕Buton-SE. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NAF-aa kamaru Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NAG WOTU net 31-NAG-a Wotu ⊕Sulawesi-C. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NAG-aa wotu ⊕Wotu… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NAH MUNA+ LIABUKU net 31-NAH-a Busoa ⊕Sulawesi-SE. island… Buton-SW. island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NAH-aa busoa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NAH-b Liabuku ⊕Sulawesi-SE. island… Buton-S. island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NAH-ba liabuku Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NAH-c Kaimbulawa ⊕Sulawesi-SE. island… Siompu island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NAH-ca kaimbulawa-A. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-cb lantoi Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-cc kambe-kambero Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-d Muna wuna, mounan ⊕Muna island… Buton-N. island ⊕also migration> Indonesia (Sulawesi; migration > 5 Ambon island Maluku) 31-NAH-da gumas muna-S. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5* 31-NAH-daa gu ⊕Gu (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-dab mawasangka ⊕Mawasangka (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-dac lakudo (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-dad wale-ale (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-dae lawama (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-daf kadatua ⊕Kadatuang island (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-dag lowu-lowu (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-dah kalia-lia (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-dai katobengke (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-daj topa (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-dak salaa (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-dal lawela ⊕Lawele (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-dam laompo (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-dan burukene (Sulawesi) 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 263

31-NAH-db muna-N. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5* 31-NAH-dba muna-F. "standard" muna (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-dbb tungkuno ⊕Tongkuno (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-dbc kabawo (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-dbd lawa-sulawesi lawa 2 (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-dbe katobu ⊕Katabu (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-dbf tobea-besar (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-dc siompu Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NAH-dd tiworo muna-E. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NAH-e Pancana pantjana ⊕Sulawesi-SE. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NAH-ea kapontori ⊕Kapontori… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-eb kalende lawele ⊕Kalende… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-ec labuandiri ⊕Labuandiri… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-f Kioko ⊕Kulisusu district… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NAH-fa kioko-A. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NAH-fb kambowa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NB BUGIS+ MANDAR SULAWESI-SOUTH Lontara, Bugis-Makassar script chain 31-NBA MAKASSAR+ KONJO net 31-NBA-a Salayar ⊕Salayar island… Kalao island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NBA-aa salayar-A. selayar, salajar, salayer, silajara, siladja, saleier ⊕Salayar island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NBA-ab tanahjampea* ⊕Tanahjampea island… Kalao-W. island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NBA-b Bentong ⊕Sulawesi-SW. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NBA-ba bentong dentong Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NBA-c Makassar makasar, macassarese, macassar, makassa, taena, tena, Indonesia (Sulawesi) 6 mengkasara, mangasara, makassarese, makassaarsche ⊕Sulawesi- SW. island… 31-NBA-ca gowa goa ¶prestige language ⊕Ujung Pandang, Makassar… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5* 31-NBA-cb lakiung ⊕Ujung Pandang… Spermo islands… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5* 31-NBA-cba ujungpandang ⊕Ujung Pandang… (Sulawesi) 31-NBA-cbb spermo ⊕Spermo islands… (Sulawesi) 31-NBA-cbc tupu makassar-N. ⊕Tupu… (Sulawesi) 31-NBA-cc maros+ pangkep ⊕Maros… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5* 31-NBA-cd turatea jeneponto ⊕Bontosunggu… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5* 31-NBA-d Konjo-S. kondjo, tiro, "coastal" konjo ⊕Sulawesi-SW. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5 31-NBA-da konjo-pesisir ara, bira ⊕Bira… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NBA-db tana-toa tana-towa, kajang, kadjang, "black" konjo ⊕Kajang… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NBA-dc banta-eng bonthain ⊕Bonthain, Banta-Eng… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NBA-e Konjo-NW. ⊕Sulawesi-SW. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5 31-NBA-ea konjo-pegunungan konyo, "highland" konjo ⊕Lompobatang mountain… Konjo upper valley Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5 31-NBB BUGIS net BUGINESE 31-NBB-a Bugis bugi, ugi, de', "buginese", in [52] Nederlands: boegineesche, Indonesia (Sulawesi > Kalimantan; 6 boeginezen ⊕Sulawesi-SW. island… ;=also migration> Sulawesi-N.+ E. Sumatera; Maluku; Irian Jaya); island… (at least 10 enclaves) Malaysia (Sabah) 31-NBB-aa enna Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5* 31-NBB-aaa sinjai ⊕Sinjai… (Sulawesi) 31-NBB-aab palatae palattae ⊕Palatae… (Sulawesi) 31-NBB-aac bulukumba (Sulawesi) 31-NBB-ab bone ⊕Watampone… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5* 31-NBB-aba palakka (Sulawesi) 31-NBB-abb dua-boccoe (Sulawesi) 31-NBB-abc mare (Sulawesi) 31-NBB-ac soppeng ⊕Walanae valley>W.… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5* 31-NBB-aca soppeng-A. ⊕Watansoppeng… (Sulawesi) 31-NBB-acb kessi (Sulawesi) 31-NBB-ad barru soppeng-riaja* Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5* 31-NBB-ada barru-A. tanete ⊕Barru, Tanete… (Sulawesi) 31-NBB-adb pare-pare ⊕Parepare… (Sulawesi) 31-NBB-adc nepo (Sulawesi) 31-NBB-add tompo (Sulawesi) 31-NBB-ae sawitto Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5* 31-NBB-aea pinrang ⊕Pinrang… (Sulawesi) 31-NBB-aeb polewali ⊕Polewali… (Sulawesi) page 264 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

31-NBB-af sidrap rappang-buginese ⊕Baranti… Rappang… Belawa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5* 31-NBB-afa sidenrang ⊕Sidenreng lake… (Sulawesi) 31-NBB-afb pinrang+ utara (Sulawesi) 31-NBB-afc alitta (Sulawesi) 31-NBB-ag wajo Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5* 31-NBB-ah luwu' luwu-S. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5* 31-NBB-aha luwu'-A. laowu ⊕Laowu… (Sulawesi) 31-NBB-ahb bua-ponrang (Sulawesi) 31-NBB-ahc wara (Sulawesi) 31-NBB-ahd malangke+ ussu ⊕Malangke… (Sulawesi) 31-NBB-ai pasangkayu ugi riawa ⊕Pasangkayu… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5* 31-NBB-aj pangkep pangkajene Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5* 31-NBB-ak camba Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5* 31-NBC KAMPALAGIAN+ BUKU net 31-NBC-a Kampalagian+ Buku tallumpanuae, tjampalagian, tasing ⊕Sulawesi-W. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NBC-aa campalagian ⊕Campalagian… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NBC-ab buku Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NBD MAIWA+ DURI net masenrempulu, massenrempulu ⊕Sulawesi-W. island… 31-NBD-a Maiwa ⊕Boya upper valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NBD-aa maiwa ⊕Maiwa… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NBD-b Enrekang endekan, endekan-timur Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NBD-ba enrekang-A. ⊕Enrekang… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NBD-bb ranga Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NBD-bc pattinjo letta+ batulappa+ kassa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NBD-bca letta Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBD-bcb batulappa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBD-bcc kassa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBD-c Duri ⊕Sadang middle valley… ;=also migration> Ujung Pandang… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NBD-ca duri-A. "prestige" masenrempulu ¶prestige language Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBD-cb cakke ⊕Cakke… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBD-cc kalosi Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBD-d Malimpung ⊕Malimpung… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NBD-da malimpung masenrempulu-N. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBE TORAJA+ MAMASA* sa'dan, sadan, sada net 31-NBE-a Toala+ Palili part of toraja-timur, toraja-E. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NBE-aa toala' toala Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBE-ab toware Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBE-ac sangangalla' ⊕Pinrang-W.… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBE-ad sillanan+ ⊕Belopa coast… Mesup middle valley Indonesia (Sulawesi) gandangbatu 31-NBE-ae palili' Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBE-b Tae rongkong, tae', toware, taeq, tae'-tae', part of toraja-timur, toraja-E. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5 31-NBE-ba to-rongkong ⊕Balase middle valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NBE-baa rongkong-kanandede (Sulawesi) 31-NBE-bab rongkong-atas (Sulawesi) 31-NBE-bac rongkong-bawah (Sulawesi) 31-NBE-bad seko-lemo (Sulawesi) 31-NBE-bb luwu-NE.* Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBE-bc bua Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBE-c Talondo ⊕Mamaju district… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NBE-ca talondo' ⊕Talondo Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBE-cb pedasi ⊕Pedasi Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBE-d Toraja-Sadan sa'dan, sadan, sada, sadang, toraja, toradja, toraja-S., in [52] Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5 Nederlands: sa'dansche ⊕Tana Toraja… Luwu districts;=migration> Ujung Pandang 31-NBE-da makale Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBE-db tallulembangna Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBE-dc rantepao sa'dan-balusu ¶prestige language Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBE-dd kesu' Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBE-de toraja-barat mappa-pana #barat=«west» toraja ⊕Mesup lower valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 265

31-NBE-e Mangki makki, maki, ma'ki, mangkir, kalumpang ⊕Budong-Budong valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 0 ¶extinct 31-NBE-ea kalumpang galumpang ⊕Kalumpang… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 0 31-NBE-eb karataun Indonesia (Sulawesi) 0 31-NBE-ec mablei Indonesia (Sulawesi) 0 31-NBE-ed mangki-A. e'da Indonesia (Sulawesi) 0 31-NBE-ee bone-hau ta'da Indonesia (Sulawesi) 0 31-NBE-f Mamasa ⊕Mamasa valley… Gandadiwata mountain Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5 31-NBE-fa mamasa-S. pattae', patta'-binuang ⊕Mamasa middle valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NBE-faa binuang (Sulawesi) 31-NBE-fab paki (Sulawesi) 31-NBE-fac batetanga (Sulawesi) 31-NBE-fad anteapi (Sulawesi) 31-NBE-fb mamasa-C. ⊕Mamasa upper valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NBE-fc mamasa-N. ⊕Gandadiwata mountain… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NBF MANDAR net 31-NBF-a Mandar andian, manjar, in [52] Nederlands: mandharsche ⊕Malunda… Mapili Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5 31-NBF-aa balanipa napo+ tinambung Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5* 31-NBF-aaa napo (Sulawesi) 31-NBF-aab tinambung (Sulawesi) 31-NBF-ab majene ⊕Majene… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5* 31-NBF-aba malunda ⊕Malunda… (Sulawesi) 31-NBF-abb pamboang (Sulawesi) 31-NBF-abc sendana cenrana, tjendana (Sulawesi) 31-NBF-abd awoq* awo', awo'-sumakuyu, awoq-sumakuyu (Sulawesi) 31-NBG PITU+ ARALLE net 31-NBG-a Aralle+ Pannei ⊕Malunda-NE.… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NBG-aa aralle Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBG-aaa tabulahan ran-tebulahan-W. (Sulawesi) 31-NBG-aab mambi (Sulawesi) 31-NBG-ab dakka* Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBG-ac pannei Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBG-aca tapango (Sulawesi) 31-NBG-acb bulo (Sulawesi) 31-NBG-b Pitu-Ulunna-Salu pitu-uluna-salo, pitu uluna binanga, pus, tenete ⊕Maposo+ Mapilli Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 watershed 31-NBG-ba bumal Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBG-bb bambam bambang, bamban, bambang hulu Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBG-bc mehala'an rantebulahan-E.+ mehala'an Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBG-bd rantebulahan-W. rantebulawan Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBG-be pattae galung Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBG-bf matangnga Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBG-bg issilita' Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBG-bh salu-mukanam salu-mukang Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBG-bi pakkau Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBG-c Ulumanda ulumandak, oeloemanda, ulunda, tubbi, botteng-tappalang, awo- Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 sumakuyu, kado ⊕Polmas… Majene 31-NBG-ca sondoang Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBG-cb tappalang ⊕Tappalang… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBG-cc botteng Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBH MAMUJU+ PADANG net 31-NBH-a Mamuju+ Padang mamudju, udai, in [52] Nederlands: mamoedjoe, mamoedjoesch Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 ⊕Mamuju… Budung-budung lower valley 31-NBH-aa mamuju ¶prestige language ⊕Mamuju… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBH-ab sumare-rangas Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBH-ac padang Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBH-ad sinyonyoi Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBI TONGKOU+ PANASUAN net 31-NBI-a Tongkou ⊕Budong-Budong valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 1 31-NBI-aa tongkou budong-budong, tangkou ⊕Tongkou… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 1 31-NBI-b Panasuan ⊕Kabinturu-SW. mountain… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NBI-ba to-panasuan to-panasean, to-pamosean Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 page 266 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

31-NBJ SEKO net 31-NBJ-a Seko-Tengah seko-W. ⊕Betue valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NBJ-aa seko-tengah-A. seko-tengah "proper", tengah 2 Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBJ-ab pewanean pohoneang, pewaneang Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBJ-b Seko-Padang seko-NE. ⊕Wono… ⊕migration> Palolo valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NBJ-ba sua-to-padang Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBJ-bb lodang Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NBJ-bc hono' wono ⊕Wono… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NC LEMOLANG chain 31-NCA LEMOLANG net 31-NCA-a Lemolang Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NCA-aa sassa+ salassa ⊕Sassa… Salassa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NCA-ab baebunta ⊕Baebunta Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-ND BUNGKU+ MORI part of sulawesi-CW., 'nahine', 'nahina', etc. (obsolete pejorative chain names) 31-NDA WITAEA+ bungku-SW. TOKOTU'A net 31-NDA-a Tokotu'a kabaena ⊕Kabaena island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NDA-aa tokotu'-a kabaena ⊕Kabaena island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NDA-b Witaea wita-ea, moronene ⊕Sulawesi-SE. island: Poleang… Kolaka Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NDA-ba moronene maronene Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NDA-bb poleang Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NDA-bc rumbia Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NDB KULISUSU+ bungku-SE. KORONI net 31-NDB-a Taloki taluki ⊕Buton island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NDB-aa maligano ⊕Maligano… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NDB-ab wakalambe* ⊕Buton-S. island: Wakalambe… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 1 31-NDB-b Kulisusu kalisusu, kolinsusu, kolensusu ⊕Buton-N. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NDB-ba kulisusu-A. ⊕Kulisusu subdistrict… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NDB-bb bonegunu ⊕Bonegunu subdistrict… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NDB-c Koroni ⊕Sulawesi-C. island: Bungku Tengah subdistrict Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NDB-ca koroni ⊕Unsongi… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NDC BUNGKU+ WAWONI bungku-N. net 31-NDC-a Wawoni+ Menui ⊕Wowoni island… Manui island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NDC-aa wawonii wowoni, wowonii ⊕Wowoni island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NDC-ab menui manui ⊕Manui island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NDC-b Torete ⊕Sulawesi-SW. island: Nipanipa peninsula … Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NDC-ba to-rete-A. ⊕Kendari… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NDC-bb watu-S.* ⊕Kendari environs… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 0 31-NDC-c Tulambatu ⊕Motorape-S. bay… Labengke island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NDC-ca tu-lambatu Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NDC-cb landawe Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NDC-d Watu* ⊕Solo upper… Matarombeo upper valleys ¶extinct Indonesia (Sulawesi) 0 31-NDC-da watu Indonesia (Sulawesi) 0 31-NDC-e Waia ⊕Sulawesi-SW. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NDC-ea waia Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NDC-f Bungku 'nahine' ⊕Sulawesi-SW. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NDC-fa bungku ⊕Solo lower left bank… Bungku… Towori bay ;Tiworo>NE. coast… (3 Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 enclaves) former vehicular language 31-NDC-g Routa ⊕Karoni mountain>S. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NDC-ga epe-routa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NDD TOLAKI+ MEKONGGA* net 31-NDD-a Mekongga mekongka, bingkokak ⊕Sulawesi-SE.island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NDD-aa konio ⊕Labandia upper valley… Waimenda coast Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NDD-ab tamboki tambuoki ⊕Latoma… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NDD-ac norio ⊕Waimenda coast… Batikala peninsula Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NDD-ad laiwui kioki Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NDD-b Rahambuu ⊕Sulawesi-SW. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NDD-ba rahambuu-A. ⊕Pakue sub-district… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NDD-bb to-wiaoe* wiau Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NDD-c Kodeoha Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NDD-ca kodeoha kondeha ⊕Lasusua sub-district … Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 267

31-NDD-d Tolaki to-laki, to'-olaki, lo-laki, la-laki, laki, olaki, kolaka, 'noie', 'noihe', Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5 'nehina', 'nohina', 'nahina', 'akido' ⊕Sulawesi-SE. island… 31-NDD-da konawe tolaki-C. ⊕Laimea+ Torobuku coast… Solo right bank Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5 31-NDD-db kendari* Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NDD-e Asera+ Wiwirano to-laki-N., la-laki-N., laki-N. ⊕Solo upper valley… Matarombeo upper Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2* headwaters 31-NDD-ea asera asera-wanua Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2* 31-NDD-eb labea'-u* labeau Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2* 31-NDD-ec wiwi-rano Indonesia (Sulawesi) 1 31-NDD-f Waru ⊕Matarombeo upper valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NDD-fa waru-A. mopute, mapute, 'nehina' 2 Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NDD-fb lalomerui Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2* 31-NDE BAHONSUAI+ TOMADINO net 31-NDE-a Bahonsuai ⊕Sulawesi-SE. island: Bungku Tengah sub-district… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NDE-aa bahonsuai ⊕Bahonsuai… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NDE-b Tomadino ⊕Sulawesi-SE. island: Bungku Tengah sub-district… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NDE-ba tomadino ⊕Sekita… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NDF MORI net Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NDF-a Padoe mori-S. ⊕Towuti lake… Angkona Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NDF-aa padoe-A. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NDF-ab alalao* Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2* 31-NDF-b Mori-Atas ⊕Mori Atas sub-district #in [31] Bahasa-Indonesia: mori-atas Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 =«upper» mori 31-NDF-ba mori-W. mori-atas "proper", "upper" mori Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NDF-bb aikoa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NDF-c Mori-Bawah mori-E., 'nahina' 2, "lower" mori #in [31] Bahasa-Indonesia: mori- Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 bawah =«lower» mori ⊕Petasia… Lembo sub-districts 31-NDF-ca tambe'e Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NDF-cb nahina Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NDF-cc petasia Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NDF-cd soroako saroako, mokole ⊕Matana lake: Soroako… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NDF-ce karonsie karunsi, watu-karunsi Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NE KAILI+ PAMONA part of sulawesi-CW. chain 31-NEA PAMONA* net 31-NEA-a Pamona-SE. part of "maritime" pamona ⊕Densongi coast… La river-mouth Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NEA-aa to-mbelala pamona-SE., baria, bela, belala ⊕Densongi… Bahomonte coast Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NEA-ab sinohoan daido, ido, idore'e ⊕Tolo bay… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NEA-aba sinohoan-S. ⊕Tolo south shore.: Wata… La river-mouth (Sulawesi) 31-NEA-abb sinohoan-N. ⊕Tolo north shore: Batui>SW.… (Sulawesi) 31-NEA-ac batui ⊕Tolo north shore: Batui>SW.… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NEA-b Pamona-SW.* ⊕Kalaene middle valley Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NEA-ba laiwonu iba ⊕Kalaene middle right bank Indonesia 3* 31-NEA-bb pu'u-mbotu ⊕Kalaene middle left bank Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NEA-c Pamona-C. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NEA-ca to-bau to-bao, to-balo, bare'e, baree Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NEA-cb to-kondindi Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NEA-cc to-pada Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NEA-cd to-moni* Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NEA-ce rapangkaka* aria Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NEA-d Pamona-W.* "mountain" pamona Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NEA-da pusangke Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NEA-db kajumorangka Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NEA-dc to-kasiala Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NEA-dd burangas Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NEA-e Pamona-N. part of "maritime" pamona ⊕Tomini bay… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NEA-ea to-potaa taa, ta'a, wana, poso, beach pamona ⊕Tiwaa… Poso… Tongku coast Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NEA-eb lalaeo ⊕Tomini bay… Tolo bay: Tongku>NE.… Tiworo valley>SW. Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NEA-f Pamona-NE. part of "maritime" pamona ⊕Tomini bay… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NEA-fa ampana ⊕Tomini bay… Tolo bay: Ampana… Bangka valley… Salato valley Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NEA-fb togian ⊕Togian islands… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* page 268 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

31-NEB RAMPI+ NAPU net 31-NEB-a Rampi* rampi+ leboni ⊕Palu+ Balese headwaters Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NEB-aa leboni ⊕Leboni… ¶prestige language Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NEB-ab rampi-A. ⊕Rampi… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NEB-ac lambu* Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NEB-ad rato* Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NEB-ae ha'uwa* Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NEB-b Tobada ⊕Poso lake>W.… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NEB-ba to-bada' ti'ara, to-bada ⊕Napu lower valley: Gintu… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NEB-bb ako ⊕Ako… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NEB-bc hanggira Indonesia (Sulawesi) 0 31-NEB-c Napu+ Behoa ⊕Napu upper & middle valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NEB-ca besoa behoa ⊕Napu middle valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NEB-cb napu pekurehua ⊕Napu upper valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NEB-d Sedoa* ⊕Lore Utara… Poso Pesisir sub-districts Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NEB-da sedoa tawaelia, baria ⊕Sedoa… Tambarona… Pinedapa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NEC LINDU net 31-NEC-a Lindu* ⊕Lindu lake Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NEC-aa lindu linduan, tado 2 Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NED UMA+ SARUDU net 31-NED-a Uma+ Tobaku ⊕Lariang+ Koro valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NED-aa uma pipikoro, uma-aria, in [52] Nederlands: oema Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NED-ab banahu aria Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NED-ac kantewu bengga-ulu Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NED-ad peana Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NED-ae to-le'e to-lee' Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NED-af winantu+ gimpu Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NED-ag to-baku tabaku, dompa, ompa ⊕Tabaku… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NED-ah bana Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NED-b Sarudu ⊕Lariang lower valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NED-ba sarudu-A. doda' Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NED-bb nunu' Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NED-bc kulu lariang Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NEE TOPOIYO net 31-NEE-a Topoiyo ⊕Budung-Budung middle valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NEE-aa to-poiyo Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NEF KAILI net 31-NEF-a Kaili-SW. da'a+ inde, bunggu ⊕Pasangkayu sub-district Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NEF-aa bara ende ⊕Lariang… Karossa valley… Desa Baras Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NEF-ab inde Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NEF-ac unde banawa, banava ⊕Makassar straits: Dapurang… Suramana Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NEF-ad da'a daa, pekawa, pekava, pakawa ⊕Pekara valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NEF-b Kaili-NE. "wider" ledo, "wider" palu Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5 31-NEF-ba moma kulawi transition to [31] Uma ⊕Palu upper valley: Kulawi Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NEF-bb ledo ⊕Palu valley… Palu bay Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5 31-NEF-bba palu in [52] Nederlands: paloesch, "vehicular" palu ⊕Toraja-W. country: (Sulawesi) 5 Palu lower & middle valley… ;=also migration> Sulawesi-N. enclaves 31-NEF-bbb lole ⊕Palu-W. bay… (Sulawesi) 31-NEF-bbc ganti ⊕Makassar straits: Donggala… Suramana (Sulawesi) 31-NEF-bbd unauna ⊕Tomini bay: Unauna island… (Sulawesi) 31-NEF-bc ija ⊕Lindu lake>N.… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NEF-bca pakuli (Sulawesi) 31-NEF-bcb ija-A. idja (Sulawesi) 31-NEF-bcc sigi (Sulawesi) 31-NEF-bd tara parigi ⊕Tomini-W. bay… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NEF-bda sausu ⊕Sausu… (Sulawesi) 31-NEF-bdb dolago ⊕Torue… Ribamba (Sulawesi) 31-NEF-bdc parigi ⊕Parigi… ;=also migration> Tomini-S. bay: Mapane+ Poso>E. (2 (Sulawesi) enclaves)… Towori bay: Watambayoli 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 269

31-NEF-be rai-W. ⊕Makassar straits (coast)… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NEF-bea tawaili tawaeli ⊕Palu-E. bay: Tawaeli… (Sulawesi) 31-NEF-beb sindue ⊕Tompe… (Sulawesi) 31-NEF-bf doi Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NEF-bg ado Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NEF-bh edo Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NEF-bi tado Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NEF-bj raio kori Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NEF-bk taa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NF BALAESAN chain part of sulawesi-CW. 31-NFA BALAESAN net 31-NFA-a Balaesan ⊕Manimbayu peninsula… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NFA-aa balaesan balaesang, balaisang, pajo Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NG LAUJE+ BUOL chain part of sulawesi-CW. 31-NGA LAUJE+ DAMPELASA net 31-NGA-a Petapa ⊕Tomini bay: Marantale coast… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NGA-aa petapa taje ⊕Tenampedagi… Sipeso environs (2 enclaves) Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2 31-NGA-b Lauje+ Tomini ⊕Tomini bay… dialects (of Tomini) to be distinguished Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5 31-NGA-ba lauje laudje Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NGA-baa ampibabo ⊕Tomini-W. bay: Ampibabo… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NGA-bab tinombo ⊕Tomini-NW. bay: Sidoan… Tinombo… Palasa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NGA-bb tomini tiadje, tialo ⊕Tomini-N. bay: Tomini… Santigi… Moutong Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NGA-c Tajio ⊕Tomini-W. bay… Kasimbar coast Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NGA-ca tajio kasimbar, tadjio, ta'adjio, adjio #possible link with alternative names Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 of Petapa (Taje) and Tomini (Tiadje) above 31-NGA-d Dampal* ⊕Dampal mountain… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 1 31-NGA-da dampal Indonesia (Sulawesi) 1 31-NGA-e Dampelasa+ Tolitoli ⊕Makassar straits (coast)… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NGA-ea dampelasa dian, dampelas ⊕Tambu bay… Bangkir Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NGA-eb pendau ndau, ndaoe, umalasa ⊕Walandano+ Sibayu… Simatang island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NGA-ec tolitoli tontoli, totoli, gage ⊕Tolitoli… Pinjan Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NGA-ed dondo ⊕Dondo bay Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NGA-ee bolano boano, djidja ⊕Tomini bay: Santigi>E.… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NGB BUOL net 31-NGB-a Buol ⊕Sulawesi-N. island: Baolan sub-district Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NGB-aa buol bual, bwo'ol, dia ⊕Buol river-basin… Palaleh coast… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NH SALUAN+ ⊕Sulawesi-CE. BALANTAK chain 31-NHA SALUAN net 31-NHA-a Seluang+ Loinang ⊕Sulawesi-CE. peninsula: Tobalombang… Samako… Kayutanyo… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 Seluang 31-NHA-aa seluang "coastal" saluan ⊕Seluang Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NHA-ab loinang loindang, "mountain" saluan Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NHA-ac madi Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NHA-b Kahumamahon ⊕Sulawesi-CE. peninsula Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NHA-ba kahumamahon "interior" saluan Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NHB ANDIO net 31-NHB-a Andio masama, 'bobongko' ⊕Sulawesi-CE. peninsula: Bonebobakal bay Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 (Taugi+ Tangeban)… 31-NHB-aa andio'o Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2* 31-NHB-ab imbao'o* Indonesia (Sulawesi) 2* 31-NHC BALANTAK net 31-NHC-a Balantak ⊕Sulawesi-CE. peninsula: Maliku… Balantak… Bonebobakal Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NHC-aa balantak-A. ⊕Balantak… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NHC-ab kosian* Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NI BANGGAI chain 31-NIA BANGGAI net 31-NIA-a Banggai bangai, aki ⊕Banggai archipelago Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5 31-NIA-aa banggai-E. ⊕Banggai island… Peleng-E. island… Labobo island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NIA-ab banggai-W. ⊕Peleng-W. island… Bangkulu island… Melilis islands Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* page 270 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

31-NJ GORONTALO+ transitional to [31] Tagalog+ Ilocano set MONGONDOW chain 31-NJA GORONTALO+ KAIDIPANG net 31-NJA-a Gorontalo hulontalo ⊕Sulawesi-N. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 6 31-NJA-aa kwandang ⊕Gorontalo coastal plain: Biau… Kwandang Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NJA-ab marisa gorontalo-W. ⊕Marisa coast… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NJA-ac tilamuta ⊕Tilamuta coast… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NJA-ad limboto limbotto ⊕Limbotto lake… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NJA-ae gorontalo-E. gorontalo "proper" ⊕Gorontalo… Taludaa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NJA-b Kaidipang+ ⊕Sulawesi-N. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 Atinggola* 31-NJA-ba atinggola ⊕Atinggola… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NJA-bb kaidipang-W. kaidipang "proper" ⊕Kaidipan; Bolang Itang>W.… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NJA-bc bolaang-itang kaidipang-E. ⊕Bolang; Itang… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NJA-bd bintauna ⊕Bintauna… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NJA-be bolango-uki bolango, bulanga, bulanga-uki, diu, dio ⊕Molibagu… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4* 31-NJA-c Suwawa+ Bunda ⊕Sulawesi-N. island: Suwawa… Pinogu Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-NJA-ca suwawa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NJA-cb bunda Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3* 31-NJB MONGONDOW+ LOLAK net 31-NJB-a Lolak ⊕Sulawesi-NE. island: Lolak Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NJB-aa lolak Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NJB-b Mongondow ⊕Sulawesi-NE. island: Maelang+ Poigar coast-N.… Taludaa+ Indonesia (Sulawesi) 6* Kotabunan coast-S. 31-NJB-ba bola'ang- bolaang-mongondow, mongondou Indonesia (Sulawesi) mongondow 31-NJB-bb lolayan Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NJB-bc dumoga ⊕Onggak Dumoga valley… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NJB-bd pasi Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-NJB-c Ponosakan ⊕Sulawesi-NE. island: Belang… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-NJB-ca ponosakan ponasakan Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3 31-O SANGIR+ TONDANO set 31-OA TONDANO+ MINAHASAN TONTEMBOAN chain 31-OAA TONTEMBOAN+ TOMPASO net 31-OAA-a Tontemboan ⊕Sulawesi-NE. island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5 31-OAA-aa ton-paso tompaso, makelai, makela'i-maotow ⊕Tompasobaru>N.… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OAA-ab ton-temboan tompakewa, tountemboan, ton-pakewa, pakewa ⊕Amurang… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OAA-ac sonder matanai, matana'i-maore' ⊕Sonder… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OAA-ad langoan ⊕Langoan… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OAB TONSAWANG net 31-OAB-a Tonsawang ⊕Tombatu… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-OAB-aa ton-sawang tombatu Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-OAC TONDANO+ TONSEA net 31-OAC-a Tondano ton-danou, ton-dang, tolou, tolour ⊕Sulawesi-NE. island: Tondano Indonesia (Sulawesi) 5* lake… coast ⊕Tompasobaru>S.… 31-OAC-aa remboken Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OAC-ab ka'kas kakas Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OAC-b Tombulu ⊕Sulawesi-NE. island: Manado>SW. … Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-OAC-ba ton-bulu tombulu, tombula, toumbulu, tombalu Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OAC-bb minahasa minhasa, minahasan, minihasan, minahassa Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OAC-bc taratara Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OAC-bd tomohon Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OAC-c Tonsea ton-sea' ⊕Sulawesi-NE. island: Manado>E.… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-OAC-ca kalabat-atas Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OAC-cb maumbi Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OAC-cc airmadidi Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OAC-cd likupang Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OAC-ce kauditan Indonesia (Sulawesi) 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 271

31-OB SANGIR+ TALAUD SANGIRIC chain 31-OBA SANGIR+ TALAUD net 31-OBA-a Ratahan ⊕Sulawesi-NE. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-OBA-aa ratahan-A. ⊕Ratahan… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OBA-ab bentenan* Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OBA-ac pasan* Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OBA-b Bantik ⊕Sulawesi-NE. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-OBA-ba bantik ⊕Manado>W.+ N.… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-OBA-c Tahulandang ⊕Sulawesi-NE. island… Tagulandang islands Indonesia (Sulawesi); also 5 Philippines 31-OBA-ca bangka-E.* bangka 2 ⊕Torawitan peninsula:… Mantehage island… Bangka Indonesia (Sulawesi) islands 31-OBA-cb lembeh* ⊕Lembeh island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OBA-cc tahulandang-A. tahylandang, tagulandang ⊕Biaro island… Tagulandang islands Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OBA-d Sangir sangihe, sangi, sangirese ⊕Sanghie archipelago… Indonesia (Sulawesi; migration> 5 Maluku); Philippines (Region X) 31-OBA-da siau ⊕Siau island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OBA-db karikitang ⊕Kanakitang island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OBA-dc tamako ⊕Sanghie-SW. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OBA-dd manganitu ⊕Sanghie-CW. + S.… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OBA-de tahuna ⊕Sanghie-W. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OBA-df kandar ⊕Sanghie-NW. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OBA-dg tabukang-N. tabukang, tabukan, tabukam ⊕Sanghie-NE. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OBA-dh tabukang-C. ⊕Sanghie-CE. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OBA-di tabukang-S ⊕Sanghie-SE. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OBA-dj sangil mindanao-sangir, sangir, sanggil ⊕Mindanao island: Sarangani+ Balut Philippines (Region X) islands… 31-OBA-e Talaud talaut, talodda ⊕Talaud islands… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 4 31-OBA-ea kaburuang ⊕Kaburuang island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OBA-eb lirang salibabu, salebabu ⊕Salibabu-S.+ C. island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OBA-ec karakelong-S. ⊕Karakelong-S. island… Salibabu-N. island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OBA-ed beo ⊕Karakelong island: Beo… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OBA-ee awit ⊕Karakelong island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OBA-ef dapalan riung ⊕Karakelong-NE. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OBA-eg arangka'a ⊕Karakelong-N. island… Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OBA-eh essang nenusa ⊕Karakelong-N. island… Nenusa islands Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-OBA-ei maingas miangas ⊕Maingas island Indonesia (Sulawesi) 31-P PALAU set PALAUAN 31-PA PALAU chain 31-PAA PALAU net 31-PAA-a Palau ⊕Palau islands… =⊕also migration> Guam island Belau; migration> Guam 4 31-PAA-aa palau Belau; Guam 4 31-Q YAP set YAPESE 31-QA YAP chain 31-QAA YAP net 31-QAA-a Yap ⊕Yap island… North Mariana Islands 3 31-QAA-aa yap North Mariana Islands 3 31-R CHAMORRO set 31-RA CHAMORRO chain 31-RAA CHAMORRO net 31-RAA-a Chamorro tyamoro ⊕Guam… Mariana-N.: Saipan+ Rota+ Tinian islands Guam; North Mariana Islands 4 31-RAA-aa saipan ⊕Saipan island… North Mariana Islands 4 31-RAA-ab tinian ⊕Tinian island… North Mariana Islands 2 31-RAA-ac rota rotanese-chamorro ⊕Rota island… North Mariana Islands 3 31-RAA-ad guam-chamorro ⊕Guam island… Guam 4 page 272 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

32= MESONESIC covers the "Mesonesian" grouping, part of the Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara; 6 "Austronesian" intercontinental affinity; comprising 5 sets of Maluku), East Timor phylozone languages (= 136 outer languages) spoken by communities in Oceanic Asia & Australasia, on islands of the Nusa Tenggara and Maluku archipelagos: 32-A BIMA+ SUMBA* 32-B TETUN+ SIKKA* 32-C WAIMA'A+ HABU* 32-D YAMDENA+ TELUTI 32-E RANA+ FAGUDU

32-A BIMA+ SUMBA* set 32-AA BIMA+ SUMBA chain 32-AAA BIMA net 32-AAA-a Bima "bimanese" ⊕Sumbawa-E. island… Komodo+ Rinca islands Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5 32-AAA-aa sanggar bima-W. ⊕Sumbawa-CN. island: Tambora mountain+ peninsula… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-AAA-ab bima-A. ⊕Bima… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5* 32-AAA-ac kolo Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAA-ad toloweri Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAA-ae komodo ⊕Komodo island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3* 32-AAB KODI+ MBUKAMBERO net 32-AAB-a Kodi+ Mbukambero kudi ⊕Sumba-W. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-AAB-aa kodi-bokol Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAB-ab kodi-bangedo Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAB-ac mbukambero Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAC WEYEWA+ LAMBOYA net 32-AAC-a Weyewa+ Laura ⊕Sumba-W. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-AAC-aa weyewa wewewa, wajewa, wewjewa, waidjewa, "sumbanese"-W. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-AAC-ab laura loura ⊕Waitabula… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAC-ac tana-righu Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAC-ad lauli loli ⊕Waikabubaki… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAC-b Lamboya ⊕Sumba-W. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-AAC-ba lamboya-A. lamboja Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3* 32-AAC-bb nggaura Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3* 32-AAC-c Wanukaka ⊕Sumba-W. island: Waikabubaki>S.… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-AAC-ca wanukaka-A. wanokaka Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3* 32-AAC-cb rua Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3* 32-AAC-d Anakalangu ⊕Sumba-SW. island: Waikabubaki>SE.… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-AAC-da anakalangu-A. anakalang Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-AAC-db lolina Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3* 32-AAC-dc massokarera Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3* 32-AAC-e Mamboru ⊕Sumba-NW. island: Memboro… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-AAC-ea mamboru memboro Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-AAD SUMBA+ SAWU net 32-AAD-a Sumba kambera, "sumbanese"-E. ⊕Sumba-E. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5 32-AAD-aa uma-ratu-nggai umbu-ratu-nggai ⊕Kadesa>SW.… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAD-ab lewa ⊕Lewa… Omatena Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAD-ac kanatang ⊕Kadesa… Waingapu Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAD-ad kambera-V. kambera "vehicular", kambera "proper" ⊕Waingapu… Lakohembi Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAD-ae melolo ⊕Melelo coast… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAD-af mangili+ waijelo kambera-E., waidjelu ⊕Melelo>E.… Undu cape… Baing Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAD-ag sumba-S. ⊕Madita coast:… Kananggar Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAD-b Sawu hawu, savu, sabu, "sawunese", "savunese", "havunese" ⊕Savu Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5 islands… ⊕also migration> Sumba island: Melolo; Flores island: Ende; Timor-W. island: Kupang 32-AAD-ba raijua raidjua ⊕Raijua+ Dana islands Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAD-bb mesara mehara ⊕Savu-W. island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAD-bc liae ⊕Savu-S. island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAD-bd seba heba ⊕Savu-C. island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAD-be timu dimu ⊕Savu-E. island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 273

32-AAD-c Ndao ⊕Ndao island ⊕also migration> Roti island; Sumba island; Timor Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3 island 32-AAD-ca ndao ndaundau, ndaonese Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3 32-AAE MANGGARAI+ NGADA* net 32-AAE-a Manggarai ⊕Flores-W. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5 32-AAE-aa manggarai-W. ⊕Labuhanbajo… Sesok Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAE-ab manggarai-CW. ⊕Ruteng… Palit… north coast Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAE-ac manggarai-C. ruteng ⊕Ruteng… Reo coast Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAE-ad manggarai-CE. ⊕Wado… Wera coast Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-AAE-ae manggarai-E. "far-east" manggarai ⊕Bada south coast… Pota north coast Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAE-b Rembong* ⊕Flores-W. island: Wado>NE.… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAE-ba rembong-A. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-AAE-bb wangka Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-AAE-bc namu Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-AAE-c Riung ⊕Flores-CN. island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-AAE-ca riung ⊕Riung coast… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-AAE-d Wae-Rana* ⊕Flores-CW. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAE-da wae-rana Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-AAE-e Rongga* ⊕Flores-CW. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAE-ea rongga Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-AAE-f Kepo* ⊕Flores-CW. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAE-fa kepo kepoq Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-AAE-g Rajong* ⊕Flores-CW. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-AAE-ga rajong Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-AAE-h Ngada+ Bajava ngad'a, ngadha, nad'a, bajava, badjava ⊕Flores-CS. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-AAE-ha bajava ⊕Bajawa… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-AAE-hb soa Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-AAE-hc ngada-C. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-AAE-hd ngada-SW. ⊕Boba… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-AAE-he ngada-SE. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-AAF ENDE+ PALU'E net 32-AAF-a Ende+ Lio ⊕Flores-C. island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5 32-AAF-aa nage Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-AAF-ab keo Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-AAF-ac nga'o ende-W. ⊕Ende>W. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-AAF-ad ende endeh, ja'o, djau ⊕Ende… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-AAF-ae lio aku, tanah-kunu, lionese ⊕Dondo… Paga Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5 32-AAF-af palu'e palue, paloë ⊕Palue, Paloë island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3 32-B TETUN+ SIKKA* set 32-BA SIKKA+ PUKAUNU flores+ lembata chain 32-BAA SIKKA net 32-BAA-a Sikka sara+ sikka, sika, sikkanese, sikanese ⊕Flores-CE. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5 32-BAA-aa sara-krow sikka-C, ⊕Maumere… Besar island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5 32-BAA-ab sikka-natar "south-coast" sikka Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-BAA-ac tana-ai Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-BAB PUKAUNU+ LAMALOHOT KEDANG* net 32-BAB-a Pukaunu+ Muhang lamalohot-W. ⊕Flores-E. island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-BAB-aa pukaunu Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-BAB-ab muhang* Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-BAB-b Lewotobi+ Lewolaga lamaholot-S. ⊕Flores-E. island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5* 32-BAB-ba lewotobi ⊕Boru… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BAB-bb lewolaga Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BAB-bc ile-mandiri ⊕Larantuka… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BAB-bd tanjung-bunga tanjung-bunda ⊕Labao… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BAB-c Bari+ Laän solor-W. ⊕Solor-W. island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-BAB-ca bari Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BAB-cb eon Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BAB-cc laän Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BAB-d Takä solor-C. ⊕Solor-C. island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-BAB-da takä "solorese" Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) page 274 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

32-BAB-e Belang+ Lerek solor-E. ⊕Solor-E. island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-BAB-ea belang Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BAB-eb kluang Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BAB-ec lamatukan Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BAB-ed lerek Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BAB-ee lodobelolon Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BAB-f Adonara ⊕Adonara island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-BAB-fa adonara Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BAB-g Lomblen+ Alor lamalohot-E. ⊕Alor archipelago… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-BAB-ga lomblen ⊕Lomblen island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BAB-gb alor "alorese", "coastal alorese" ⊕Pantar+ Alor islands… (coastal enclaves) Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BAB-h Kedang ⊕Lomblen-NE. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-BAB-ha kedang dang, kdang, "kedangese" Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-BB HELONG chain 32-BBA HELONG net 32-BBA-a Helong ⊕Timor-SW. island (Kupang environs)… Semau island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3 32-BBA-aa helong helon, kupang==influenced by [32] Atoni & [32] Roti Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3 32-BC TETUN+ LUANG chain 32-BCA OENALE+ LANDU "WIDER"-ROTINESE net 32-BCA-a Oenale+ Landu Rote, roti, rotti, "rotinese" ⊕Roti island… migration> Timor-W.+ Semau Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara; Timor) 5 islands… 32-BCA-aa oenale+ delha ⊕Roti-SW. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-BCA-aaa oenale unale (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCA-aab delha dela (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCA-ab thie ti ⊕Roti-S. island… Landu + Manuk islands (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-BCA-ac dengka+ lelain ⊕Roti-W. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-BCA-aca dengka (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCA-acb lelain (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCA-ad baä+ loleh ⊕Roti-CW. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-BCA-ada baä ba'a ⊕Baa… (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCA-adb loleh lole (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCA-ae termanu+ keka ⊕Roti-C. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-BCA-aea termanu termanoe (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCA-aeb pada (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCA-aec talae ⊕Sedah… (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCA-aed keka (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCA-af bokai ⊕Roti-CS. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-BCA-ag bilba+ lelenuk ⊕Roti-SE. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-BCA-aga bilba (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCA-agb diu (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCA-agc lelenuk (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCA-ah korbaffo kolbaffo ⊕Roti-CN. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-BCA-ai landu+ oepao ⊕Roti-NE. island… Usu island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4* 32-BCA-aia landu (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCA-aib ringgou renggou (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCA-aic oepao (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCB ATONI net TIMORESE 32-BCB-a Atoni uab-atoni-pah-meto, dawan, rawan, vaikenu, vaikino, baikenu, bikenu, Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5 biqueno, ambenu, timor, timol, "timorese", in [31] Malayu: orang- gunung =«people of the mountain», in [52] Nederlands: timoreesch, timoreezen #atoni =«person, people»; uab-atoni-pah-meto =«language of the dry-land people» ⊕Timor-W. island 32-BCB-aa amarasi atoni-SW. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5* 32-BCB-aaa amarasi-W. (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCB-aab amarasi-E. (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCB-ab amfoan+ amabi atoni-W. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5* 32-BCB-aba amfoan (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCB-abb fatuleu (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCB-abc amabi (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCB-ac amanuban+ atoni-S. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5* amanatun 32-BCB-aca amanuban amanubang (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCB-acb amanatun (Nusa Tenggara) 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 275

32-BCB-ad mollo+ miomafo atoni-CW., including "timorese vehicular", cenusa-tenggararal Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5* "timorese" 32-BCB-ada mollo (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCB-adb miomafo (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCB-ae ambenu vaikenu, vaikino ,=atoni-N. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5* 32-BCB-af biboki+ insana atoni-NE. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5* 32-BCB-afa biboki (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCB-afb insana (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCB-ag kusa+ manlea atoni-E. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5* 32-BCB-aga kusa (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCB-agb manlea (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCC TETUN+ GALOLI net timor-C. 32-BCC-a Tetun tetum, tettum, teto, tetung, belu, belo ⊕Timor-C. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 5 32-BCC-aa tetun-W. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCC-ab tasi-feto tetun-N. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCC-ac tasi-mane tetun-S. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCC-ad terik Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCC-ae soibada tetun-CE. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCC-af tetun-E. Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCC-ag dili-tetun tetun-prasa, dili "urban vehicular" ⊕Dili… influenced by [51] Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) Português & [31] Malayu 32-BCC-b Kemak+ Nogo ema ⊕Timor-C. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-BCC-ba nogo Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCC-bb kemak kemak "proper" Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCC-c Tukudede+ Keha ⊕Timor-N. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-BCC-ca tukudede tokodede, tokodé, tocod, tukude ⊕Liquisa… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-BCC-cb keha keia Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3* 32-BCC-d Mambai+ Manua "wider" mambai ⊕Timor-C. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-BCC-da damata Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCC-db lolei Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCC-dc manua ⊕Ermera… Aileu Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCC-dd mambai-A. mambai "proper", mambae, manbae ⊕Ainaro… Same Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCC-e Lakalei ⊕Timor-C. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3 32-BCC-ea lakalei ⊕Same-NE. … Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3 32-BCC-f Idate ⊕Timor-CE. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3 32-BCC-fa idate ⊕Laclubar… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 3 32-BCC-g Galoli+ Hahak "wider" galoli ⊕Timor-N. island… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 4 32-BCC-ga na-nahek Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCC-gb edi Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCC-gc dadua Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCC-gd galoli galoli "proper", galole ⊕Manatuto… Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCC-ge baba ⊕Atauro island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCC-gf hahak ⊕Atauro island Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) 32-BCC-h Talur+ Galoleng "wider" talur ⊕Wetar-S. island Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-BCC-ha talur talur "proper" Indonesia (Maluku) 32-BCC-hb il-waki iliwaki ⊕Ilwaki… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-BCC-hc il-putih ⊕Ilputih.… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-BCC-hd galoleng Indonesia (Maluku) 32-BCC-he lir-talo Indonesia (Maluku) 32-BCC-hf il-medu Indonesia (Maluku) 32-BCD ILIUN+ TUGUR* net wetar 32-BCD-a Aputai opotai ⊕Wetar-C. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-BCD-aa lurang ⊕Lurang north coast.… Indonesia (Maluku) 1 32-BCD-ab welemur ⊕Wetar island (inland)… Indonesia (Maluku) 0 32-BCD-b Iliun+ Erai ⊕Wetar-W. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-BCD-ba il-iun Indonesia (Maluku) 32-BCD-bb il-maumau ⊕Ilmaumau… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-BCD-bc erai eray ⊕Erai… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-BCD-bd hahutau hahutan Indonesia (Maluku) 32-BCD-be limera Indonesia (Maluku) 32-BCD-bf jeh Indonesia (Maluku) 0 32-BCD-bg juru Indonesia (Maluku) 0 32-BCD-c Perai ⊕Wetar-N. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-BCD-ca perai ⊕Uhak… Moning Indonesia (Maluku) page 276 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

32-BCD-d Tugun+ Arwala "wider" tugun ⊕Wetar-E. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-BCD-da tugun tugun "proper" Indonesia (Maluku) 32-BCD-db tutunohan Indonesia (Maluku) 32-BCD-dc mahuan Indonesia (Maluku) 32-BCD-dd arwala Indonesia (Maluku) 32-BCE LUANG+ MASELA leti+ moa net 32-BCE-a Meher ⊕Kisar island… Wetar island… Roma island (Hila+ Likagraha); Indonesia (Maluku) 3 migration> Ambon island… 32-BCE-aa meher kisar, loikera Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-BCE-b Roma* ⊕Roma island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-BCE-ba roma romang ⊕Jerusu… 3 32-BCE-c Luang+ Leti letri-lgona, literi-lagona, lgona, "wider" luang ⊕Leti island… Moa Indonesia (Maluku) 4 island… Lakor island… Sermata+ Luang islands… Babar islands; migration> Teun island… Seram island… 32-BCE-ca leti letti ⊕Leti island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-BCE-cb moa ⊕Moa island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-BCE-cc lakor ⊕Lakor island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-BCE-cd luang ⊕Luang islands… Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-BCE-ce sermata ⊕Sermata island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 32-BCE-cf wetan+ babar-C. wetang ⊕Wetan island… Babar-C. island; migration> Teun island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3 Seram island… 32-BCE-cfa wetan ⊕Wetan island…(Maluku)3 32-BCE-cfb tepa ⊕Babar-C. island: Tepa… (Maluku) 3 32-BCE-cfc isu+ layeni ⊕Teun island: Isu+ Layeni… exodus> Seram island… ¶community (Maluku) displaced by volcanic activity 32-BCE-d Imroing* ⊕Babar-SW. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-BCE-da imroing imroin ⊕Imroing… Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-BCE-e Masela+ Tela marsela+ babar-S. ⊕Masela island… Babar-S. island Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-BCE-ea tela+ masboar ⊕Babar-SW. island Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-BCE-eb emplawas ⊕Babar-S. island Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-BCE-ec wakpapapi ⊕Babar-SE. island Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-BCE-ed masela-E. ⊕Masela-E. island Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-BCE-ee masela-C. ⊕Masela-C. island Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-BCE-ef masela-W. ⊕Masela-W. island Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-BCE-f Serili ⊕Masela-NE. island Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-BCE-fa serili Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-BCF DAI+ DAWERA net 32-BCF-a Dai ⊕Dai island… Babar-N. island Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-BCF-aa dai ⊕Dai island… Babar-N. island Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-BCF-b Dawera+ Daweloor ⊕Dawera island… Daweloor island… Babar-E. island Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-BCF-ba dawera ⊕Dawera island Indonesia (Maluku) 2* 32-BCF-bb daweloor davelor ⊕Daweloor island Indonesia (Maluku) 2* 32-BCF-bc babar-E. ⊕Babar-E. island Indonesia (Maluku) 2* 32-BCG DAMAR net 32-BCG-a Damar-W. damar-N. ⊕Damar-NW. island Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-BCG-aa damar-W. Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-BCG-b Damar-E. damar-S. ⊕Damar-SE. island Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-BCG-ba damar-E. Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-BCH NILA+ TEUN net 32-BCH-a Teun ⊕Teun island… exodus> Seram island… ¶community displaced by Indonesia (Maluku) 3 volcanic activity 32-BCH-aa teun Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-BCH-b Nila+ Serua ⊕formerly Nila island… Serua island Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-BCH-ba nila ⊕Nila island… exodus> Seram island… ¶community displaced by Indonesia (Maluku) 3 volcanic activity 32-BCH-bb serua ⊕Serua island… exodus> Seram island… ¶community displaced by Indonesia (Maluku) 3 volcanic activity 32-BD NAUETI chain 32-BDA NAUETI net 32-BDA-a Naueti influenced by [20] Makasai East Timor 3 32-BDA-aa naumik East Timor 2 32-BDA-ab oso-moko East Timor 2 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 277

32-C WAIMA'A+ HABU* set 32-CA WAIMA'A+ HABU classification to be reviewed in light of intertwining between chain languages in this phylozone and in 20=Arafura geozone; see [20] Kairui+ Midiki 32-CAA WAIMA'A net 32-CAA-a Waima'a East Timor 3 32-CAA-aa waima'a waimaha, waimoa influenced lexically by [20] Makasai East Timor 3 32-CAB HABU net 32-CAB-a Habu East Timor 3 32-CAB-aa habu influenced lexically by [20] Makasai East Timor 3 32-D YAMDENA+ TELUTI seram+ tanimbar set 32-DA SELARU chain 32-DAA SELARU net 32-DAA-a Selaru salaru ⊕Tanimbar islands Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DAA-aa selaru Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DAA-aaa kandar ⊕Selaru island: Kandar Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DAA-aab latdalam ⊕Yamdena-S. island: Latdalam Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DAA-aac lingada ⊕Nus-Wotar island: Lingada Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DB SELUWASAN chain 32-DBA SELUWASAN net 32-DBA-a Seluwasan ⊕Yamdena-SW. island: Wermatang… Batu-Putih… Marantutul Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DBA-aa seluwasan-A. selvasa, selwasa Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DBA-ab makatian Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-DC YAMDENA chain 32-DCA YAMDENA net 32-DCA-a Yamdena jamdena, jamden ⊕Yamdena-E. island… Selaru-NE. island Indonesia (Maluku) 4 32-DCA-aa yamdena-S. Indonesia (Maluku) 4 32-DCA-aaa adaut ⊕Selaru-NE. island: Adaut Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DCA-aab saumlaki ⊕Yamdena-SE. island: Saumlaki Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DCA-aac amdassa ⊕Yamdena-CE. island: Amdassa Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DCA-ab yamdena-N. Indonesia (Maluku) 4 32-DCA-aba batjas ⊕Yamdena-CE. island: Batjas Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DCA-abb watmuri ⊕Yamdena-NE. island: Watmuri Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DD LARAT+ KEI chain kei+ fordata 32-DDA LARAT+ SERA net 32-DDA-a Sera ⊕Sera island… Indonesia (Maluku) 1 32-DDA-aa sera seira former vehicular language; now a ritual language ⊕Tanimbar Indonesia (Maluku) 1 islands 32-DDA-b Larat+ Molu fordata+ larat Indonesia (Maluku) 4 32-DDA-ba larat ⊕Lalobar island… Larat-E. island… Fordata-S. island Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DDA-bb fordata-N. fordat-N., fordate-N. ⊕Fordata-N. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DDA-bc molu+ maru ⊕Molu+ Maru islands… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DDB KEI net 32-DDB-a Kei kai, evav ⊕Kai archipelago Indonesia (Maluku) 4 32-DDB-aa kei-besar kai-besar ⊕Kai Besar island Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DDB-ab kei-kecil kai-kecil ⊕Kai Kecil island Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DDB-ac kei-tanimbar tanimbar-kei, atnebar ⊕Kai Tanimbar island Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DDB-ad ta'am taäm ⊕Taäm island… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DDB-ae tayando tayandu ⊕Tayandu island Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DDC KUR+ TEOR net 32-DDC-a Kur ⊕Kur+ Kaimeer islands Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DDC-aa kur-S. ⊕Kur island Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DDC-ab kaimeer kur-N. ⊕Kaimeer island Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 32-DDC-b Teor tio'or ⊕Teor+ Ut islands Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DDC-ba gaur-kristen ⊕Teor, Tioor island Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 32-DDC-bb ut ⊕Ut island Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 32-DE TARANGAN+ ARU DOBEL chain 32-DEA TARANGAN+ aru-W. MANOBAI net 32-DEA-a Karey ⊕Aru-S. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-DEA-aa karey kerei, krei ⊕Tarangan-E. island: Karey Indonesia (Maluku) 2 page 278 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

32-DEA-b Tarangan-E. ⊕Aru-S. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DEA-ba tarangan-E. trangan-E. ⊕Tarangan-E. island… Maikor island Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DEA-c Tarangan-W. trangan-W. ⊕Aru-S. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DEA-ca 'coast'-tarangan ⊕Tarangan island Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DEA-cb 'river'-tarangan ⊕Tarangan island Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DEA-cc 'plains'-tarangan ⊕Tarangan island Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DEA-cd tarangan-NW. ⊕Tarangan-NW. island Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DEA-d Lorang ⊕Aru-C. islands… Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-DEA-da lorang ⊕Koba, Kobor, Kobroör island… Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-DEA-e Manobai ⊕Aru-N. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DEA-ea manobai wokam, wamar ⊕Wokam island (Wokam+ Kobamar)… Wamar island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3 Koba, Kobor, Kobroör island (Benjina)… Maikor island (Gardakau) 32-DEB DOBEL+ BATULEY aru-E. net 32-DEB-a Barakai ⊕Aru-SE. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DEB-aa barakai-A. workai ⊕Barakai island Indonesia (Maluku) … 32-DEB-ab mesiang masiang ⊕Barakai-N. island: Masiang… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DEB-b Dobel kobro'or, kobroor, doibel ⊕Aru-E. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DEB-ba dobel-C. inland-dobel ⊕Koba-C. island Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DEB-bb dobel-SE. ⊕Koba-SE. island… Baun+ Fukarel islands… Barakai-E. island Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DEB-bc dobel-NE. ⊕Koba-NE. island… Wokam-SE. island 32-DEB-c Koba ⊕Aru-E. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-DEB-ca koba ⊕Koba, Kobor, Kobroör island Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-DEB-d Lola+ Warabal ⊕Aru-E. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-DEB-da lola ⊕Lola island Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DEB-db warabal ⊕Warabal island Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DEB-dc jambuair ⊕Jambuair island Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DEB-e Mariri ⊕Aru-E. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-DEB-ea mariri mairiri ⊕Mariri island Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-DEB-f Batuley ⊕Aru-NE. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DEB-fa batuley watulai, gwataley ⊕Batuley islands Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DEB-faa batuley-S. "islamic" batuley Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DEB-fab batuley-N. "christian" batuley Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DEC UJIR+ KOLA net "peripheral" aru 32-DEC-a Ujir ⊕Aru-NW. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-DEC-aa ujir udjir ⊕Ujir island… Wokam-W. island (Samang) Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-DEC-b Kola+ Wadakan ⊕Aru-N.+ W. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DEC-ba warilau ⊕Warilau island Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DEC-bb kola ⊕Kola island Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DEC-bc kulaha ⊕Kola-W. island Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DEC-bd kompane komfana, kongampani ⊕Kongan island: Kompane Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DEC-be marlasi Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DEC-bf wadakan ⊕Wadakan island Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DF BANDA+ WATUBELA chain 32-DFA BANDA net 32-DFA-a Banda ⊕Banda islands ⊕also migration> Kei islands Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DFA-aa banda-A. ⊕Banda islands Indonesia (Maluku) 0 32-DFA-ab banda-eli ⊕Kei-Besar-W. island Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DFA-ac banda-elat ⊕Kei-Besar-NE. island Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DFB WATUBELA net 32-DFB-a Watubela ⊕Watubela islands… Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DFB-aa kasiui kesui, kasui ⊕Kasiui island Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DFB-ab watubela-A. snabi-watubela ⊕Watubela island Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DFB-ac tamher-timur Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DFB-ad sulmelang Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DFB-ae wesi* esiriun Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DFB-af matabello* Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DFC GESER+ BATI net 32-DFC-a Geser+ Goram ⊕Gorong archipelago… Seram-E. island Indonesia (Maluku) 4 32-DFC-aa goram-laut gorom, goram, goran, gorong ⊕Gorong island… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DFC-ab mina-mina-gorong Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DFC-ac kelimuri Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DFC-ad geser gesa ⊕Geser island… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DFC-ae seran-laut seram, seran ⊕Seram-E. island coast: Tum… Amanau… Kufar Indonesia (Maluku) 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 279

32-DFC-b Bati ⊕Seram-E. island coast & interior: Kian Darat… Keleser Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DFC-ba bati-A. Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DFC-bb gah* 32-DG TELUTI+ MASIWANG chain 32-DGA MASIWANG net 32-DGA-a Masiwang seram=⊕Seram-E. island Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGA-aa masiwang bonfia ⊕Masiwang river-basin… Waru bay Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGB BOBOT net 32-DGB-a Bobot ⊕Seram-E. island Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGB-aa bobot werinama, hatumeten, atiahu, ahtiago, ntau ⊕Bobot river-basin… Indonesia (Maluku) 3 Bemu+ Tobo coast 32-DGC SALAS net 32-DGC-a Salas ⊕Seram-NE. island: Waru bay… Indonesia (Maluku) 1 32-DGC-aa salas liambata, lenkaitahe, salas-gunung ⊕Salas-Gunung… Indonesia (Maluku) 1 32-DGD BENGGOI net 32-DGD-a Benggoi kobi+ benggoi, uhei-kaclakin, uhei-kachlakan, uhei-kahlakim, 'isal' Indonesia (Maluku) 2 ⊕Seram-NE. island (coastal enclaves)… 32-DGD-aa lesa Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGD-ab benggoi-A. bengoi ⊕Bengoi… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGD-ac balakeo Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGD-ad kobi-N. ⊕Kobi… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGD-ae hoti* boti* Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGE LIANA+ KOBI net 32-DGE-a Liana+ Kobi liana-'seti', liambata+ kobi ⊕Seram-CE. island: Teluti-E. bay… coast Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGE-aa liana liambata, lianan Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGE-ab wahakaim* uhei-kaclakin, uhei-kachlakan, uhei-kahlakim Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGE-ac kobi-S. Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGE-ad teula* Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGE-ae seti 'seti' Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGF TELUTI+ SEPA net 32-DGF-a Teluti taluti, silen ⊕Seram-CS. island Indonesia (Maluku) 4 32-DGF-aa laha+ serani ⊕Teluti-E. bay… Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 32-DGF-ab tehoru+ haya tihoru, tehua, wolu, teluti-W. ⊕Teluti-W. bay: Tehoru+ Haya… Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 32-DGF-b Sepa ⊕Seram-CS. island Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGF-ba tamilouw Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 32-DGF-bb sepa-A. ⊕Seram coast Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 32-DGG MANUSELA+ HUAULU net 32-DGG-a Manusela+ Maneo wahai, wahinama ⊕Seram-C. island: Teluti bay… Manusela Indonesia (Maluku) 3 massif…north coast 32-DGG-aa manusela-S. Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGG-ab kanikeh Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGG-ac hatuolu Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGG-ad maneo Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGG-ae maneoratu Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGG-b Huaulu ⊕Seram-CN. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-DGG-ba huaulu alakamat, asli ⊕Sawai bay: southeast coast Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-DGH NUAULU net patakai, fatakai 32-DGH-a Nuaulu-N. ⊕Seram-CN. island coast: Opin>E.… Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-DGH-aa nuaulu-N. Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-DGH-b Nuaulu-S. ⊕Seram-CS. island coast+ interior: Sepa>N.… Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGH-ba nuaulu-S. Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGI SALEMAN+ WAHAI* part of "three-rivers" net 32-DGI-a Saleman+ Wahai ⊕Seram-CN. island coast (enclaves) Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGI-aa wahai ⊕Wahai… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGI-ab pasanea ⊕Pasenea… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGI-ac sawai ⊕Sawai… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGI-ad besi ⊕Besi… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGI-ae saleman seleman ⊕Saleman… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGJ ATAMANU net part of "three-rivers" 32-DGJ-a Atamanu ⊕Seram-CS. island coast Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-DGJ-aa yalahatan jahalatan, jahalatane ⊕Yalahatan… Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-DGJ-ab haruru ⊕Haruru… Indonesia (Maluku) 2 page 280 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

32-DGK WEMALE net part of "three-rivers" 32-DGK-a Wemale-S. ⊕Seram-SW. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGK-aa tala* Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 32-DGK-ab honitetu ⊕Honitetu Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 32-DGK-ac uwenpantai ⊕Uwenpantai Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 32-DGK-b Wemale-N. ⊕Seram-NW. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGK-ba kasieh ⊕Kasieh Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 32-DGK-bb horale ⊕Horale Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 32-DGL LISABATA+ LOUN seram-NW.; part of "three-rivers" net 32-DGL-a Loun ⊕Seram-NW. island coast… Indonesia (Maluku) 1 32-DGL-aa loun Indonesia (Maluku) 1 32-DGL-b Hulung ⊕Seram-NW. island coast… Indonesia (Maluku) 1 32-DGL-ba hulung ⊕Hulung… Sauweli Indonesia (Maluku) 1 32-DGL-c Horuru* Indonesia (Maluku) 2* 32-DGL-ca horuru Indonesia (Maluku) 2* 32-DGL-d Lisabata+ Nuniali ⊕Seram-NW. island coast… (enclaves) Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGL-da lisabata-timur Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGL-db nuniali noniali Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGL-dc sukaraja Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGL-dd kawa kawe* Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGL-e Nakaela ⊕Seram-NW. island mountains… community displaced to Kairatu Indonesia (Maluku) 0 coast… 32-DGL-ea naka'ela Indonesia (Maluku) 0 32-DGM ALUNE net part of "three-rivers", sapalewa, patasiwa-alfoeren 32-DGM-a Alune ⊕Seram-W. island: Kairatu… Taniwel… Seram Barat districts Indonesia (Maluku) 4 32-DGM-aa alune-N. Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGM-aaa nikulkan (Maluku) 32-DGM-aab murnaten (Maluku) 32-DGM-aac wakolo (Maluku) 32-DGM-ab alune-CW. Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGM-aba niniari (Maluku) 32-DGM-abb alune-piru piru 2 (Maluku) 32-DGM-abc riring (Maluku) 32-DGM-abd lumoli (Maluku) 32-DGM-ac alune-CE. Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGM-aca buriah (Maluku) 32-DGM-acb weth (Maluku) 32-DGM-acc laturake (Maluku) 32-DGM-ad alune-S. Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGM-ada rambatu ¶prestige dialect (Maluku) 32-DGM-adb manussa (Maluku) 32-DGM-adc rumberu (Maluku) 32-DGM-ae alune-SW. kairatu ⊕Kairatu… ¶nearly extinct Indonesia (Maluku) 1 32-DGN LAHA net 32-DGN-a Laha ambon-C. ⊕Ambon-CS. island coast Indonesia (Maluku) 4 32-DGN-aa laha ⊕Laha… Indonesia (Maluku) 4 32-DGO TULEHU+ LARIKE net 32-DGO-a Amahai+ Rutah ⊕Seram-SW. island coast… Indonesia (Maluku) 1 32-DGO-aa amahai amahei ⊕Amahei… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-ab makariki ⊕Makariki… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-ac rutah ⊕Rutah… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-ad soahuku ⊕Soahuku… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-b Paulohi+ Solahua ⊕Seram-SW. island Indonesia (Maluku) 1 32-DGO-ba paulohi+ solahua ⊕Elpaputih-W. bay: Paulohi+ Solahua Indonesia (Maluku) 1 32-DGO-c Elpaputih ⊕Seram-SW. island coast Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGO-ca elpaputih elpaputi ⊕Elpaputih bay… Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGO-d Latu ⊕Seram-SW. island coast Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGO-da latu kairatu ⊕Kairatu… ⊕Elpaputih bay… Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGO-e Iha-Saparua ⊕Seram island: Sapurua-N. island Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGO-ea kulur-saparua kulur ⊕Kulur… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-eb iha-saparua-A. iha Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-ec siri-sori Indonesia (Maluku) 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 281

32-DGO-f Iha-Seram ⊕Seram-W. island: Hoamoal peninsula… Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGO-fa kulur-seram kulur 2 Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-fb iha-seram-A. iha 2 Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-fc hualoy Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-fd tomalehu Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-g Nusalaut ⊕Seram island: Nusa Laut island Indonesia (Maluku) 1 32-DGO-ga nusa-laut ⊕Titawai… Indonesia (Maluku) 1 32-DGO-h Haruku ⊕Seram island: Haruku island Indonesia (Maluku) 4 32-DGO-ha hulaliu Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-hb pelauw Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-hc kailolo Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-hd rohomoni Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-i Kamarian ⊕Seram-SW. island coast Indonesia (Maluku) 1 32-DGO-ia kamarian kamariang, seruawan Indonesia (Maluku) 1 32-DGO-j Kaibobo+ Hatusua ⊕Seram-W. island coast Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-DGO-ja kaibobo kaibubu ⊕Piru-E. bay: Kaibobo… Indonesia (Maluku) 2* 32-DGO-jb hatusua ⊕Piru bay… Indonesia (Maluku) 2* 32-DGO-k Piru ⊕Seram-W. island coast Indonesia (Maluku) 1 32-DGO-ka piru ⊕Piru-N. bay: Piru… Indonesia (Maluku) 1 32-DGO-l Luhu+ Kelang ⊕Seram-W. island coast Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGO-la luhu ⊕Hoamoal peninsula… Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 32-DGO-lb kelang ⊕Kelang island… migration> Manipa island Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 32-DGO-m Batu-Merah ⊕Seram island: Ambon-S. island Indonesia (Maluku) 1 32-DGO-ma batu-merah ⊕Ambon town>NE. Indonesia (Maluku) 1 32-DGO-n Tulehu+ Tial ambon-NE. ⊕Seram island: Ambon-NE. island Indonesia (Maluku) 4 32-DGO-na tulehu ⊕Tulehu… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-nb liang ⊕Liang… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-nc tengah-tengah ⊕Tengah-Tengah… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-nd tial ⊕Tial… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-o Hitu+ Wakal ⊕Seram island: Ambon-N. island Indonesia (Maluku) 4 32-DGO-oa wakal ⊕Wakal… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-ob morela ⊕Morela… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-oc mamala ⊕Mamala… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-od hitu ⊕Hitu… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-p Seit+ Kaitetu hila+ kaitetu ⊕Seram island: Ambon-N. island Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGO-pa hila ⊕Hila… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-pb seit seith ⊕Seit… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-pc kaitetu ⊕Kaitetu… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-DGO-q Asilulu+ Lima ⊕Seram island: Ambon-W. island… Hoamoal-S. peninsula Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGO-qa asilulu asilu "proper" ⊕Asilu… Hoamoal-S. peninsula Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGO-qb asilulu-V. asilu "vehicular" ⊕Seram-N.+ W. island… vehicular extension in Indonesia (Maluku) 3* Maluku archipelago 32-DGO-qc ureng ⊕Ureng… Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 32-DGO-qd negeri-lima lima, henalima ⊕Negeri-Lima… Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 32-DGO-r Larike+ Wakasihu ⊕Seram island: Ambon-SW. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 4 32-DGO-ra allang ⊕Allang… Allang-Asaude Indonesia (Maluku) 1 32-DGO-rb uraur+ urusana ⊕Uraur… Urusana Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 32-DGO-rc wakasihu ⊕Wakasihu… Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 32-DGO-rd larike ⊕Larike… Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGO-re lai* ⊕Lai… Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 32-DGO-s Manipa ⊕Seram island: Manipa island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGO-sa manipa soow-huhelia Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGP BOANO net 32-DGP-a Boano buano ⊕Seram island: Boano island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGP-aa boano-N. Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-DGP-ab boana-S. Indonesia (Maluku) 0 32-E RANA+ FAGUDU set buru+ sela 32-EA AMBELAU chain 32-EAA AMBELAU net 32-EAA-a Ambelau amblau ⊕Ambelau island… Buru-SE. island Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-EAA-aa ambelau-A. ⊕Ambelau island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 32-EAA-ab wae-tawa ⊕Buru-SE. island: Wae-Tawa… Indonesia (Maluku) 3* page 282 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

32-EB RANA+ KAYELI Ã chain 32-EBA KAYELI+ MOKSELA Ã net 32-EBA-a Kayeli+ Leliali kajeli, cajeli, caeli, gaeli ⊕Buru-NE. island: Namlea-S. bay Indonesia (Maluku) 0 transition to [31] Seram 32-EBA-aa kayeli Indonesia (Maluku) 0 32-EBA-ab leliali liliali Indonesia (Maluku) 0 32-EBA-ac lumaete lumaiti, mumaite, lumara Indonesia (Maluku) 0 32-EBA-b Moksela* ⊕Buru-E. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 0 32-EBA-ba moksela maksela, opselan ⊕Namlea bay… Indonesia (Maluku) 0 32-EBB RANA+ LISELA net "WIDER"-BURU 32-EBB-a Rana+ Masarete Buruese, buru "proper", buru-C.+ S., in [52] Nederlands: boeroe Indonesia (Maluku) 4 ⊕Buru-S.+SE. island…=also migration> Ambon island 32-EBB-aa masarete buru-S. Indonesia (Maluku) 32-EBB-ab wae-sama Indonesia (Maluku) 32-EBB-ac rana buru-C., wae-geren+ wae-kabo Indonesia (Maluku) 32-EBB-ad li-emteban fogi, tomahu Indonesia (Maluku) 32-EBB-b Lisela buru-N. ⊕Buru-N.+E. island… also migration> Ambon island Indonesia (Maluku) 4 32-EBB-ba li-sela li-cela, li-cella Indonesia (Maluku) 32-EBB-bb tagalisa Indonesia (Maluku) 32-EBB-bc li-enyorot* liet-enjorot Indonesia (Maluku) 32-EBB-bd wayapo* Indonesia (Maluku) 32-EBC HUKUMINA* net Ã 32-EBC-a Hukumina ⊕Buru-NW. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 0 32-EBC-aa hukumina bambaa Indonesia (Maluku) 0 32-EBD PALUMATA* net Ã 32-EBD-a Palumata ⊕Buru-NW. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 0 32-EBD-aa palumata palamata, balamata Indonesia (Maluku) 0 32-EC FAGUDU+ MANGOLE chain 32-ECA FAGUDU+ FALAHU SULA net 32-ECA-a Fagudu+ Falahu ⊕Sula islands: Sulabesi, Sanana island… also migration> Mangole Indonesia (Maluku) 4 island… Buru island (coasts) 32-ECA-aa facei face ⊕Sulabesi-S. island Indonesia (Maluku) 32-ECA-ab falahu ⊕Sulabesi-C. island Indonesia (Maluku) 32-ECA-ac fagudu sanana ⊕Sulabesi-N. island: Sanana town Indonesia (Maluku) 32-ECB MANGOLE+ SULABESI net 32-ECB-a Mangole+ Sulabesi sula-mangoli ⊕Sula islands: Sulabesi-N. island… Mangole-S. island Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-ECB-aa sulabesi ⊕Sulabesi-N. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-ECB-ab mangole mangoli ⊕Mangole-S. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 32-ED TALIABU+ KADAI chain 32-EDA TALIABU+ KADAI net 32-EDA-a Kadai ⊕Taliabu-E. island mountains… Mangole-W. island mountains Indonesia (Maluku) 2 32-EDA-aa kadai-E.* ⊕Mangole-W. island mountains Indonesia (Maluku) 2* 32-EDA-ab kadai-W. ⊕Taliabu-E. island mountains Indonesia (Maluku) 2* 32-EDA-b Taliabu ⊕Sula islands: Taliabu island… Mangole-NW. island Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-EDA-ba taliabu taliabo Indonesia (Maluku) 3 32-EDA-baa padang samada (Maluku) 32-EDA-bab mananga (Maluku) 32-EDA-bac mangei mange'e, mangé, mang, soboyo, sobojo (Maluku) 3 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 283

33= HALMAYAPENIC covers the "Halmahera+ Yapen", Makian+ Biak set, part of Indonesia (Maluku; Irian Jaya) 5 the "Austronesian" intercontinental affinity; comprising 1 set phylozone of languages (= 42 outer languages) spoken by communities in Oceanic Asia / Australasia, from Halmahera island in Maluku to Yapen island in Irian Jaya: 33-A MAKIAN+ BIAK

33-A MAKIAN+ BIAK set halmahera+ yapen 33-AA MAKIAN+ SAWAI halmahera-S. chain 33-AAA MAKIAN+ GIMAN net 33-AAA-a Makian+ Kayoa ⊕Halmahera islands Indonesia (Maluku) 4 33-AAA-aa kayoa kajoa ⊕Kayoa… Laluin… Taneti… Siko… Makian-S. islands Indonesia (Maluku) 3 33-AAA-ab makian-E. in [31] Malayu: makian-timur (=«east» makian), makian-dalam (=«inner Indonesia (Maluku) 4 makian») ⊕Makian island… Halmahera-W. island; also migration> Bacan island… Obi island distinct from [25] Makian-W. 33-AAA-b Giman ⊕Halmahera-S. island Indonesia (Maluku) 3 33-AAA-ba gane gani, giman-S. ⊕Gani… Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 33-AAA-bb giman-NW. ⊕Sakata west coast.… Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 33-AAA-bc giman-S. ⊕Sakata east coast Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 33-AAB SAWAI+ PATANI net 33-AAB-a Sawai+ Weda ⊕Halmahera-C. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 4 33-AAB-aa weda were Indonesia (Maluku) 3 33-AAB-ab sawai Indonesia (Maluku) 3 33-AAB-ac kobe Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 33-AAB-b Patani ⊕Halmahera-CE. island… Indonesia (Maluku) 3 33-AAB-ba patani ⊕Patani peninsula Indonesia (Maluku) 3 33-AAB-c Maba+ Bicoli ⊕Halmahera-CE. island Indonesia (Maluku) 3 33-AAB-ca maba* ⊕Maba… Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 33-AAB-cb bitjoli bicoli Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 33-AAB-cc ingli* ⊕Inggelang island Indonesia (Maluku) 3* 33-AAB-d Buli+ Wayamli ⊕Halmahera-CE. island Indonesia (Maluku) 3 33-AAB-da buli Indonesia (Maluku) 3 33-AAB-db wayamli waiamli, wajamli, jawanli Indonesia (Maluku) 3 33-AB GEBE+ MAYA chain raja-ampat 33-ABA GEBE net 33-ABA-a Gebe gebi ⊕Gebe islands… also migration> Gag island Indonesia (Maluku); migration> 3 (Irian Jaya) 33-ABA-aa umera ⊕Gebe island: Umera… Indonesia (Maluku…) 3* 33-ABA-ab yu ⊕Yu island Indonesia (Maluku…) 3* 33-ABB MA'YA+ KAWE* net 33-ABB-a Laganyan legenyem ⊕Waigeo island: Beo… Lempintol… Wawiai Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3* 33-ABB-aa laganyan-NW. ⊕Waigeo-NW. island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ABB-ab laganyan-SE. ⊕Waigeo-SE. island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ABB-b Kawe+ Gam ⊕Waigeo-W. island… adjacent islands Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ABB-ba selpele selepele=⊕Waigeo-W. island: Selepele Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ABB-bb kawe ⊕Sayang… Kawe islands Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ABB-bc gam ⊕Gam… Mansuar islands Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ABB-c Ma'ya+ Batanta* ⊕Waigeo island… Batanta-E. island… Salawati-W. island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ABB-ca waigeo waigiu ⊕Waigeo-W. island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ABB-cb amber amberi ⊕Waigeo island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ABB-cc saonek ⊕Saonek… ⊕Waigeo-W. island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ABB-cd ma'ya Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ABB-ce kawit Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ABB-cf banlol Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ABB-cg batanta ⊕Batanta island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ABB-ch samate salawati ⊕Salawati island: Samate… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ABB-ci palamul sailolof ⊕Salawati island: Sailolof… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ABB-cj maden sapran ⊕Salawati island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ABC MATBAT net 33-ABC-a Matbat ⊕Misool island… Segaf islands Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3 33-ABC-aa matbat Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3 page 284 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

33-ABD AS net 33-ABD-a As ⊕Vogelkop-NW. peninsula… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3 33-ABD-aa as Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3 33-AC ONIN+ KOIWAIchain BOMBERAI 33-ACA ONIN+ EROKWANAS net 33-ACA-a Onin ⊕Bomberai peninsula: Onin-NW. peninsula Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ACA-aa nikuda Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ACA-ab ogar Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ACA-ac patipi Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ACA-ad sepa Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ACA-b Sekar ⊕Bomberai peninsula: Onin-N. peninsula Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ACA-ba sekar seka ⊕Kokas coast+ Sekar island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ACA-c Arguni ⊕Bomberai peninsula: Arguni island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ACA-ca arguni argoeni Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ACA-d Bedoanas ⊕Bomberai peninsula: Onin-N. peninsula… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ACA-da bedoanas Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ACA-e Erokwanas ⊕Bomberai peninsula: Onin-NE. peninsula… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ACA-ea erokwanas Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ACB URUANGNIRIN+ FAUR net 33-ACB-a Uruangnirin+ Faur ⊕Bomberai peninsula: Sebakor bay (islands) Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ACB-aa uruangnirin Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2* 33-ACB-ab faur tubiruasa Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2* 33-ACC KOIWAI+ ADI net 33-ACC-a Koiwai+ Adi ⊕Bomberai peninsula: Kamrau bay… Adi island… Kayumerah island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3 33-ACC-aa koiwai kowiai, kaiwai, kuiwai ⊕Kaimana coast Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ACC-ab namatote+ Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 kayumerah 33-ACC-aba namatote namatota ⊕Namatote island (Irian Jaya) 33-ACC-abb aiduma* ⊕Aiduma island (Irian Jaya) 33-ACC-abc kayumerah kajumerah ⊕Kayumerah island (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ACC-ac kilmala+ karawatu Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2* 33-ACC-aca kilmala ⊕Kilmala island (Irian Jaya) 33-ACC-acb karawatu ⊕Karawatu island (Irian Jaya) 33-ACC-ad adi ⊕Adi island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-AD BIAK+ WAROPEN "geelvink-bay austronesian", teluk-cendrawasih, chain 33-ADA IRARUTU+ NABI* kuwai external classification to be reviewed net 33-ADA-a Irarutu irahutu, irutu, arguni-bay ⊕Bomberai peninsula: Arguni bay… Bintuni Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3 bay 33-ADA-aa funiara Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADA-ab aroba ⊕Bintuni bay: Aroba Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADA-ac yaru Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADA-ad tugrama ⊕Bintuni bay: Tugrama Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADA-ae tomage Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADA-af werafuta Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADA-ag warmnu Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADA-ah kaitero* Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADA-ai kasira* Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADA-b Nabi+ Modan ⊕Bomberai peninsula Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ADA-ba modan ⊕Bintuni bay: Modan… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2* 33-ADA-bb nabi kuri ⊕Nabi, Kuri valley… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ADB BIAK+ ROON* net BIAKIC 33-ADB-a Biak+ Numfor ⊕Yapen-N. + S.W. island… Biak island… Numfor island… Mapia Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 5 islands… Waigeo island 33-ADB-aa numfor+ mapia biak-W.+ numfor, "wider" numfor ⊕Numfor island… Mapia islands… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 4 Waigeo island 33-ADB-aaa asia ⊕Asia island (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-aab aju ⊕Aju island (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-aac waigeo-W. ⊕Waigeo-W. island (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-aad mapia ⊕Mapia island (Irian Jaya) 0 33-ADB-aae manokwari vogelkop ⊕Manokwari coast…(Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-aaf numfor-A. numfor "proper", mafoor, mefoor, mafoorsch, myfoorsch, noefoor, (Irian Jaya) nufoor, numfoor ⊕Numfor, Numfoor island 33-ADB-aag mios-num-W. ⊕Miosnum-W. island (Irian Jaya) 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 285

33-ADB-aah rumberpon ⊕Rumberpon island (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-aai monoarfu* (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-ab biak biak "proper", biak-E. ⊕Biak+ Pandaidori islands… Yapen island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 4 33-ADB-aba korido ⊕Biak-W. island: Korido… (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abb wardo ⊕Biak-C. island: Wardo… (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abc korim ⊕Biak-NE. island: Korim… (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abd bosnik ⊕Biak-E. island: Bosnik… (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abe sampori samberi, mokmer ⊕Biak-SE. island: Mokmer… (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abf mius-num-E. ⊕Mios-num-E. island (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abg ariom (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abh bo'o (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abi dwar (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abj fairi (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abk jenures (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abl kamer (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abm mandusir ⊕Biak island: Arak-Manduser (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abn mofu (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abo opif (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abp padoa (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abq penasifu ⊕Biak island: Penasifu (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abr samberi ⊕Biak island: Samberi (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abs sor ⊕Biak island: Sor (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abt sorendidori ⊕Biak island: Sawendidori (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abu sorido ⊕Biak island: Sorido (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abv sundei (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abw wari (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-abx wadibu ⊕Biak island: Wadibu (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-aby warsa ⊕Biak island: Warso (Irian Jaya) 33-ADB-b Moes-War ⊕Cenderawasih-W. bay… Mois-Waar island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2* 33-ADB-ba moes-war ⊕Cenderawasih-W. bay… mois-waar, meoswar, war ⊕Mois-Waar Indonesia (Irian Jaya) island 33-ADB-c Roon ⊕Cenderawasih-W. bay… Roon, Ron island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2* 33-ADB-ca roon ron Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADC POM+ BUSAMI net 33-ADC-a Wandamen+ ⊕Wandamen bay… Bintuni bay Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3 Windesi 33-ADC-aa bintuni bentuni, bentoeni ⊕Bintuni bay… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADC-ab wandamen wandammen ⊕Wandamen bay… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADC-ac windesi windessi ⊕Windesi… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADC-ad wasior ⊕Wasior peninsula… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADC-ae wamesa Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADC-af ambumi Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADC-b Dusner* ⊕Wandamen-W. bay… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 0 33-ADC-ba dusner dasener*, dusnir, dusnia ⊕Dusner… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 0 33-ADC-c Ansus ⊕Yapen-E. island… Num, Miosnum-E. island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3 33-ADC-ca ansus ⊕Yapen-SW. coast (Ansus>E.)… Num-E. island (Yemprum) Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3 33-ADC-d Woi ⊕Yapen-E. island… Num, Miosnum-E. island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3 33-ADC-da woi wo'oi, woöi ⊕Yapen-W. island (Woöi)… Num-E. island (Yemprum Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3 northeastwards) 33-ADC-e Pom+ Jobi ⊕Yapen-E. island… Num, Miosnum-E. island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3 33-ADC-ea pom ⊕Yapen-NW. island:Pom Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3* 33-ADC-eb jobi ⊕Num-E. island* Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3* 33-ADC-f Aibondeni ⊕Yapen-W. island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ADC-fa aibondeni ⊕Yapen-SW. coast: Aibondeni… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ADC-g Papuma ⊕Yapen-SW. island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ADC-ga papuma ⊕Yapen-SW. coast… Manoepampi island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ADC-h Marau+ Munggui ⊕Yapen-W. island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3 33-ADC-ha marau Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ADC-hb warabori warembori Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ADC-hc natabui Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ADC-hd munggui Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ADC-he morui Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 page 286 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

33-ADC-i Busami ⊕Yapen-CW. island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3 33-ADC-ia kaonda ⊕Kaonda… Yapen-CN. coast… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ADC-ib busami-C. sasawa 2 Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ADC-ic kamanap ⊕Yapen-CS. coast: Kamanap… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ADC-j Arui ⊕Yapen-CS. island… Serui island… Nau island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3 33-ADC-ja arui-A.* ⊕Yapen-CS. island ¶2 enclaves Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADC-jb serui serui-laut (in [31] Malayu =«Serui sea») ⊕Serui island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADC-jc nau ⊕Nau island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADC-k Ambai+ Menawi ⊕Yapen-SW. island… Ambai islands Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3 33-ADC-ka ambai ⊕Ambai islands Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADC-kb manawi Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADC-kc wadapi wadapi-laut (in [31] Malayu =«Wadapi sea») ⊕Yapen-SW. coast… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADC-kd randawaya randowaya, rondawaya ⊕Yapen-SW.: Randawaya coast… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADC-ke sumberbaba ⊕Yapen-SW.: Sumberbaba coast… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADD WABO+ KURUDU yapen-E. net 33-ADD-a Wabo+ Nusari ⊕Yapen-E. island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3 33-ADD-aa wabo Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2* 33-ADD-ab woriasi Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2* 33-ADD-ac nusari Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2* 33-ADD-b Kurudu+ Kaipuri ⊕Kaipuri, Kurudu island+ neighbouring coast Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3 33-ADD-ba kurudu ⊕Kaipuri, Kurudu-W. island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ADD-bb kaipuri kaipori ⊕Kaipuri, Kurudu-E. island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ADE WAROPEN+ KAI net 33-ADE-a Waropen+ Kai ⊕Cenderawasih bay (coast+ islands) Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3 33-ADE-aa waropen aropen, worpen ⊕Wandamen-S. bay: Aropen coast… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADE-ab napan ⊕Napan, Napan-wainami coast… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADE-ac kai ⊕Waren coast… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADE-ad wonti ⊕Wonti coast… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADE-ae mo'or moor, mor ⊕Moor, Mor islands Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADE-af maransabadi* ⊕Maransabadi, Auri island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADE-ag yapen-SW. ⊕Yapen-SW. island: Woöi eastwards Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 33-ADF TANDIA net 33-ADF-a Tandia ⊕Vogelkop neck of peninsula… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ADF-aa tandia ⊕Wohsimi valley… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ADG YERETUAR+ UMAR net 33-ADG-a Yeretuar+ Umar ⊕Cenderawasih-SW. bay (coast)… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ADG-aa yeretuar Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2* 33-ADG-ab goni Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 1* 33-ADG-ac umar umari Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 1* 33-ADH YAUR net 33-ADH-a Yaur ⊕Cenderawasih-SW. bay… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ADH-aa yaur jaur ⊕Wasada mountain northeastwards.… coast Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ADI IRESIM net 33-ADI-a Iresim Cenderawasih-S. bay… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 33-ADI-aa iresim ⊕Hamuku coast… Yamur lake Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 287

34= NEOGUINEIC covers the "Northeast New Guinea" reference area, part of Indonesia; Papua New Guinea 5 the "Oceanic" affinity within the "Austronesian" phylozone intercontinental affinity; comprising 7 sets of languages (= 173 outer languages) spoken by communities in Australasia, on the northeast mainland of New Guinea: 34-A SOBEI+ YOTAFA 34-B TAKIA+ BUKAUA 34-C ADZERA+ SILISILI 34-D BUANG+ PIU 34-E KOSIRAVA+ UIAKU 34-F DOBU+ UBIR 34-G MOTU+ MEKEO

34-A SOBEI+ YOTAFA set sarmi+ yotafa 34-AA SOBEI+ YOTAFA chain 34-AAA SOBEI+ TARPIA* net 34-AAA-a Sobei ⊕Sarmi… Ahus north coast+ adjacent islands Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3 34-AAA-aa sarmi ⊕Sarmi north coast.… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 34-AAA-ab liki ⊕Liki island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 34-AAA-ac niroemoar moar ⊕Niroemoar island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 34-AAA-ad wakde ⊕Wakde island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 34-AAA-ae masimasi-W. imasi, masi-masi 2 ⊕Masimasi island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 34-AAA-af yamna ⊕Yamna island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 34-AAA-ag podena ⊕Podena island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 34-AAA-ah yarsun ⊕Yarsun island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 34-AAA-ai anus ⊕Anus island… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 34-AAA-aj biga ⊕Ahus north coast… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 34-AAA-b Bonggo ⊕Wiru river-mouth (north coast): Taronta, Tarawasi, Armopa… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 34-AAA-ba bonggo-A. bongo, bgu, bogu Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2* 34-AAA-bb armopa* ⊕Armopa… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2* 34-AAA-c Tarpia ⊕Sermo river-mouth (north coast)… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 34-AAA-ca sufrai Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2* 34-AAA-cb tarpia-A. tarfia ⊕Tarfia… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2* 34-AAA-cc kaptiau ⊕Kaptiau… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2* 34-AAB YOTAFA+ ORMU net 34-AAB-a Ormu ⊕Jayapura north coast>W.… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 34-AAB-aa ormu-besar ⊕Ormu Besar… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 34-AAB-ab ormu-kecil ⊕Ormu Kecil… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2 34-AAB-b Yotafa jotafa, yautefa, humboldt-jotafa, jayapura ⊕Humboldt, Jotafa bay… Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 3 34-AAB-ba tobati ⊕Tobati… Kota-raja north coast Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2* 34-AAB-bb kayubatu ⊕Kayubatu island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2* 34-AAB-bc kayupulau kajupulau ⊕Kayupulau island Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 2* 34-B TAKIA+ BUKAUA SIASSI set 34-BA SERA+ ALI chain SEPIK-WEST 34-BAA SERA+ SISSANO net 34-BAA-a Sera ⊕Serai coast… Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 2 34-BAA-aa sera ssia, serra, ser ⊕Puindu… Rainuk… Serai, Sarai Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 2 34-BAA-b Sissano ⊕Sissano lagoon… ¶coastal communities destroyed or devastated by Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 3 seismic sea-wave in 1998; survivors evacuated 34-BAA-ba sissano-A. sisano, sinano, sinama, aissano ⊕Sissano… Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 3 34-BAA-bb arop-W. arop-sissano ⊕Arop… Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 3* 34-BAA-bc malol malon, malolo ⊕Malol… Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 3* 34-BAA-bd teles ⊕Teles… Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 3* 34-BAB TUMLEO net 34-BAB-a Tumleo ⊕Tumleo island… Aitape coast Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 2 34-BAB-aa tumleo-A. ⊕Tumleo, Tamara island Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 2 34-BAB-ab raiyu+ yakoi ⊕Raiyu… Yakoi Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 2 34-BAC ALI+ ULAU net 34-BAC-a Ali+ Yakamul yakamul ⊕Ali islands… Yakamul coast Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 3 34-BAC-aa ali+ seleo ⊕Ali-E.… Sele… Angel islands Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 34-BAC-ab ali-W. ⊕Ali-W. island Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 34-BAC-ac yakamul ⊕Yakamul… Paup coast Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) page 288 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

34-BAC-b Ulau+ Suain sauvein ⊕Ulau… Swain coast Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 3 34-BAC-ba ulau ⊕Ulau… Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 34-BAC-bb suain ⊕Suain… Papua New Guinea (Sandaun) 34-BB KAIRIRU+ MANAM SEPIK-EAST chain 34-BBA KAIRIRU+ KAIEP net 34-BBA-a Kairiru+ Karawop ⊕Karawop cape… Samein cape+ islands Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 3 34-BBA-aa kairiru ⊕Kairiru island Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 34-BBA-ab yuo ⊕Yuo island Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 34-BBA-ac karesau ⊕Karesau island Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 34-BBA-ad mushu ⊕Mushu-NW. island Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 34-BBA-ae karawop ⊕Karawop cape… Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 34-BBA-b Kaiep+ Terebu ⊕Taul… Terebu coast Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 2 34-BBA-ba kaiep sumup, samap 2 ⊕Taul… Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 2 34-BBA-bb terebu terepu, turupu, turubu ⊕Terebu… Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 2 34-BBB WOGEO+ KOIL net 34-BBB-a Wogeo+ Koil ⊕Lesser Schouten-W. islands Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 3 34-BBB-aa wokeo+ koil vogeo, uageo ⊕Vokeo island Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 34-BBB-ab koil ⊕Koil island Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 34-BBC BIEM+ VIAI net 34-BBC-a Biem+ Viai "wider" bam ⊕Lesser Schouten-E. islands Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 3 34-BBC-aa viai ⊕Viai, Wei island Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 34-BBC-ab blupblup ⊕Blupblup island Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 34-BBC-ac kadovar ⊕Kadovar island Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 34-BBC-ad biem bam ⊕Bam island Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 3 34-BBD MANAM+ SEPA net 34-BBD-a Manam+ Wanapi ⊕Manam islands… Wanami coast Papua New Guinea (Madang) 3 34-BBD-aa manam manum ⊕Manam+ Boesa islands Papua New Guinea (Madang) 3 34-BBD-ab wanami ⊕Wanami… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BBD-b Sepa ⊕Sepa coast… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 2 34-BBD-ba sepa ⊕Bogia… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 2 34-BBE MEDEBUR net 34-BBE-a Medebur ⊕Sikor>N. (coast)… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 2 34-BBE-aa medebur ⊕Medebur… Toto Papua New Guinea (Madang) 2 34-BBF KIS net 34-BBF-a Kis ⊕Murik lakes southwestwards.… Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 2 34-BBF-aa kis Papua New Guinea (East Sepik) 2 34-BC TAKIA+ BILBIL chain BELAN, madang-N. 34-BCA TAKIA+ BILBIL net Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BCA-a Takia+ Megiar ⊕Karkar+ Bagabag islands… Karim southeastwards (coast) Papua New Guinea (Madang) 4 34-BCA-aa takia-karkar ⊕Dampier, Karkar-S. island… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 4 34-BCA-ab takia-bagabag ⊕Bagabag, Bagbag island… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BCA-b Megiar ⊕Megiar… Serang coast (2 enclaves) Papua New Guinea (Madang) 2 34-BCA-ba megiar-A. ⊕Megiar… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 2 34-BCA-bb serang sarang ⊕Serang… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 2 34-BCA-c Matukar ⊕Madang>N. (coast)… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 2 34-BCA-ca matukar matuka ⊕Matukar… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 2 34-BCA-d Siar+ Gedaged* bel, star+ ragetta ⊕Alexishafen-S. coast… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 3 34-BCA-da gedaged-A. graged, ragetta, kranket, raketta, graget Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BCA-db siar tiara, sias, "star" Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BCA-dc mitebog mitebor Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BCA-dd rio riwo, sivo, zivo, ruo Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BCA-de sek szeak+ bagili, segu Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BCA-df panitibun panutibun Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BCA-e Bilbil ⊕Madang>S. (coast)… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 2 34-BCA-ea bilbil-A. bili-bili Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BCA-eb yabob jabob Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BD HAM chain madang-S. 34-BDA HAM net Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BDA-a Ham ⊕Gogol lower valley… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 3 34-BDA-aa ham-A. Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BDA-ab dami Papua New Guinea (Madang) 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 289

34-BE MINDIRI+ BILIAU ASTROLOBAN chain 34-BEA MINDIRI net 34-BEA-a Mindiri ⊕Astrolabe bay… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 1 34-BEA-aa mindiri ⊕Yaganon river-mouth… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 1 34-BEB BILIAU+ WAB net 34-BEB-a Biliau bing ⊕Mot river-mouth… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 2 34-BEB-aa biliau-A. belia ⊕Beliau… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BEB-ab sengam Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BEB-ac yamai Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BEB-ad swit suit Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BEB-ae galek galeg Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BEB-af telyat Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BEB-ag teterai peterai, teterei Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BEB-b Wab ⊕Huon peninsula… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 2 34-BEB-ba wab-A. ⊕Wab… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BEB-bb saui ⊕Saui… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BEB-bc som* Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BF LUKEP+ MANGAP part of "vitiazan" chain 34-BFA LUKEP+ MALASANGA net 34-BFA-a Lukep+ Arop ⊕Vitiaz straits: Rooke, Umboi-NW.+ Tolokiwa+ Long+ Crown islands… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 3 Seure-NW. coast 34-BFA-aa lukep lokep, "siasi", "siassi" ⊕Umboi-NW.… Tolokiwa-E. islands Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BFA-aaa manta ⊕Umboi-NW. island: Manta… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BFA-aab tolokiwa-E. ⊕Tolokiwa-E. island Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BFA-ab arop+ malala ⊕Tolokiwa-W.… Long… Crown islands… Seure-NW. coast Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BFA-aba tolokiwa-W. ⊕Tolokiwa-W. island Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BFA-abb malala ⊕Long island: Malala… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BFA-abc arop-E. arop-lokep ⊕Seure-NW. coast Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BFA-ac moromiranga* Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BFA-ad pono* Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BFA-b Malasanga ⊕Singorkai… Malasanga coast Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-BFA-ba singorokai ⊕Singorkai… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-BFA-bb malasanga-A. ⊕Malasanga… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-BFA-c Barim ⊕Rooke, Umboi-SW. island Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-BFA-ca barim Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-BFB MANGAP+ MBULA net 34-BFB-a Mangap+ Mbula ⊕Umboi-E. island… Sakar island Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-BFB-aa mbula mbula-C. ⊕Umboi-SE. island Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-BFB-ab kaimanga mbula-N. ⊕Umboi-NE. island Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-BFB-ac gauru mangap, mangaaba, mangaawa, mangaava ⊕Sakar island Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-BG MALALAMAI chain part of "vitiazan" 34-BGA MALALAMAI net 34-BGA-a Malalamai ⊕Malalamai coast Papua New Guinea (Madang) 2 34-BGA-aa malalamai-A. malamai, melmalmai ⊕Malalamai… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BGA-ab bonga ⊕Bonga… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-BH ROINJI+ NENAYA part of "vitiazan" chain 34-BHA ROINJI+ GALI net 34-BHA-a Roinji+ Gali ⊕Gali… Roinji coast Papua New Guinea (Madang; 2 Morobe) 34-BHA-aa gali ⊕Gali… Papua New Guinea (Madang) 34-BHA-ab roinji roindji ⊕Roinji… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-BHB NENAYA net 34-BHB-a Nenaya ⊕Uruwa lower valley>SE. Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-BHB-aa nenaya nengaya, nineia Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-BI SIO chain part of "vitiazan" 34-BIA SIO net 34-BIA-a Sio ⊕Huon-N. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-BIA-aa sio sigabac ⊕Sio island+ coast Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 page 290 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

34-BJ TAMI+ KOVE chain 34-BJA GITUA net 34-BJA-a Gitua ⊕Huon-N. peninsula: Dallman river-mouth Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-BJA-aa gitua-A. gitoa Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-BJA-ab kelana Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-BJB TAMI+ TUAM net tami+ mutu 34-BJB-a Tami ⊕Tami islands… Huon-S. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-BJB-aa tami-A. ⊕Tami islands Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-BJB-ab busiga ⊕Busiga>E.… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-BJB-ac bua ⊕Bua>E. (Gerhards cape)… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-BJB-b Tuam+ Mutu ⊕Siassi islands… Umboi-S. island Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-BJB-ba mutu-umboi ⊕Umboi-S. island Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-BJB-bb mutu-malau ⊕Mutu-Malau island Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-BJB-bc malai ⊕Malai island Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-BJB-bd tuam tuom ⊕Tuam island Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-BJB-be mandok ⊕Mandok island Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-BJC KOVE+ BARIAI net 34-BJC-a Kove ⊕New Britain-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 34-BJC-aa kove-A. ⊕Kulu river-mouth (Reibeck bay)… Via river-mouth (Kikiviai) Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 34-BJC-ab tamuniai ⊕Tamuniai island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 34-BJC-b Lusi+ Kaliai ⊕New Britain-NW. island: Iboki… Raoult cape Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 34-BJC-ba lusi Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 34-BJC-bb kaliai Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 34-BJC-bc kombe Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 34-BJC-c Bariai ⊕New Britain-NW. island: Rottock bay… Borgen bay Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 34-BJC-ca bariai-A. Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 34-BJC-cb kabana* Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 34-BJC-cc sahe* Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 34-BK MALEU+ KILENGE CAPE-GLOUCESTER chain 34-BKA MALEU+ KILENGE net 34-BKA-a Kilenge Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-BKA-aa kilenge kilengi, kaitarolea ⊕Kilengi… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-BKA-b Maleu+ Idne Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-BKA-ba maleu ⊕Sag-Sag>S.… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-BKA-bb idne itne ⊕Idne river-mouth>NW..… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-BL BUKAUA+ LABU part of "huon gulf" chain 34-BLA BUKAUA+ YABEM net 34-BLA-a Yabem jabem, jabim, yabim, yabêm ⊕Finschhafen… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-BLA-aa yabem jabem, jabim, yabim, yabêm ⊕Finschhafen… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-BLA-b Bukaua ⊕Huon-S. peninsula possible transition to [34] Yalu Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 4 34-BLA-ba bukaua bukawac, bukawa, kawa, kawac ⊕Mongi river-mouth… Markham river- Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 4 mouth 34-BLB LABU net 34-BLB-a Labu lau-labu, labu', labo, hapa ⊕Huon Gulf bay: Markham river-mouth>S.… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 Huon Gulf bay… 34-BLB-aa labu-butu Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-BLB-ab labu-miti Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-BLB-ac labu-tali Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-BM KELA chain part of "huon gulf" 34-BMA KELA net 34-BMA-a Kela ⊕Huon Gulf bay… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-BMA-aa kela lau-kanu, gela, kelana ⊕Salamaua… Lokamu… Lababia… Kui… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 Lasanga island 34-BN IWAL chain part of "huon gulf" 34-BNA IWAL net 34-BNA-a Iwal ⊕Huon Gulf bay… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-BNA-aa iwal kaiwa ⊕Salamaua… Salus… Waipali Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-BO SIBOMA chain part of "huon gulf" 34-BOA SIBOMA net 34-BOA-a Siboma ⊕Huon Gulf bay… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-BOA-aa siboma sipoma, numbami ⊕Kui>SE. Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 291

34-BP HOTE+ YAMAP chain 34-BPA HOTE+ YAMAP net 34-BPA-a Hote+ Misim ⊕Francisco middle valley… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-BPA-aa hote ho'tei, hotec ⊕Buissi>S. Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-BPA-ab misim ⊕Misim… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-BPA-b Yamap ⊕Francisco upper valley… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-BPA-ba yamap ⊕Bobadu… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-C ADZERA+ SILISILI markham+ bulolo set 34-CA ADZERA+ WAMPUR chain 34-CAA MARI net 34-CAA-a Mari Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-CAA-aa mari-A. Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-CAA-ab hop* Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-CAB YARUS+ TSUMIN "WIDER"-ADZERA net 34-CAB-a Yarus+ Amari adzera-N. ⊕Markham upper river-basin: Marasassa>E.… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 4 34-CAB-aa amari ⊕Marasassa Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-CAB-ab ngarowapum ⊕Umi lower valley… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-CAB-ac yarus yaros ⊕Kaiapit>N.… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-CAB-b Tsumin+ Guruf adzera "proper", azera, atzera, acira ⊕Markham-C. river-basin Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 4 34-CAB-ba tsumim tsumin ⊕Markham upper valley Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-CAB-bb adzrac ⊕Kaiapit… Leron+ Markham valley Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-CAB-bc ongac angac ⊕Markham upper right bank Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-CAB-bd guruf ⊕Mapun valley: Guruf+ Surusil… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-CAC UNANK net 34-CAC-a Unank ⊕Waffa middle valley… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-CAC-aa unank onank, watut-N. Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-CAD WAMPUR net 34-CAD-a Wampur ⊕Wanton valley Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-CAD-aa wampur Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-CB SUKURUM+ SARASIRA chain 34-CBA SUKURUM net 34-CBA-a Sukurum ⊕Leron middle right bank Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-CBA-aa sukurum ⊕Sukurum… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-CBB NGARIAWAN* net 34-CBB-a Ngariawan ⊕Leron middle valley Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-CBB-aa ngariawan ngariwan, ngariawang ⊕Wongat… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-CBC SARASIRA net 34-CBC-a Sarasira ⊕Leron middle left bank Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-CBC-aa sarasira sirasira Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-CC WAMPAR+ NAFI chain 34-CCA WAMPAR+ DAGIN net 34-CCA-a Wampar+ Dagin ⊕Markham lower river-basin Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-CCA-aa wampar lae-womba, lae-wamba, lai-womba Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-CCA-ab dagin Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-CCB NAFI+ MUSOM net part of busu 34-CCB-a Nafi ⊕Busu middle valley Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-CCB-aa nafi sirak ⊕Boana… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-CCB-b Musom ⊕Busu middle valley Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-CCB-ba musom misatik Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-CCB-c Yalu* ⊕Markham+ Busu lower valleys: Lae.… Butibam, Butibum… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 possible transition to [34] Bukaua 34-CCB-ca aribwaungg yalu "proper", jaloc Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-CCB-cb aribwatsa lae, lahe ⊕Lae Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 0 page 292 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

34-CD GUWOT+ DUWET part of busu chain 34-CDA GUWOT+ DUWET net 34-CDA-a Guwot+ Duwet ⊕Busu middle valley Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-CDA-aa guwot guwet Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-CDA-ab duwet Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-CDA-ac waing* Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-CE SILISILI+ DANGAL watut chain 34-CEA SILISILI+ DANGAL net 34-CEA-a Silisili watut-N. ⊕Watut lower valley Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-CEA-aa silisili-A. tsiletsile ⊕Tsiletsile… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-CEA-ab maraliinan* maralinan Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-CEA-ac bubwaf baboaf Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-CEA-ad dunguntung Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-CEA-b Maralango ⊕Watut middle valley: Langima+ Banir confluences Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-CEA-ba maralango maralangko, watut-W. Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-CEA-c Dangal ⊕Watut middle valley: Langima confluence upstream Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-CEA-ca dangal watut-S., danggal Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-D BUANG+ PIU set 34-DA BUANG+ PIU chain 34-DAA PIU net 34-DAA-a Piu ⊕Watut upper valley Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-DAA-aa piu-A. Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-DAA-ab sanbiau* Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-DAA-ac lanzog* Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-DAA-ad kuruko* Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-DAB BUANG+ MUMENG net 34-DAB-a Mumeng+ Yanta Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-DAB-aa yanta-A. yanta "proper", part of "wider" yanta Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-DAB-ab towangara towangala, part of "wider" yanta ⊕Towangala… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-DAB-ac gorakor part of "wider" yanta Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-DAB-ad ptep patep Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-DAB-ae zenang zenag Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-DAB-af mumeng-A. mumeng "proper" ⊕Mumeng… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-DAB-ag latep Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-DAB-ah dengalu Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 34-DAB-b Dambi+ Kumaru Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-DAB-ba dambi Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-DAB-bb kumaru kumara, kumalu Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-DAB-c Kapin+ Garawa ⊕Watut middle valley: Sambio-SW.… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-DAB-ca kapin Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-DAB-cb sambio* ⊕Sambio… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-DAB-cc taiak* tayek* Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-DAB-cd katumene* Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-DAB-ce garawa gawawa Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-DAB-d Mangga+ Mapos Buang, mangga+ mapos ⊕Snake upper valley… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-DAB-da mangga manga, mangga-buang, manga-buang, kaidemui ⊕Bulwat>NE.… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-DAB-db lagis Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-DAB-dc kwasang Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-DAB-dd mapos mapos-buang, buang-C. Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-DAB-de wagau Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-DAB-df buweyeu Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-DAB-dg wins Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-DAB-dh chimbuluk Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-DAB-di papakene Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 34-DAB-e Mambump mapos-N. ⊕Snake headwaters Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-DAB-ea mambump ⊕Vagau… Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-DAB-f Vehes ⊕Buissi coast Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 3 34-DAB-fa vehes buasi, buissi, vehees Papua New Guinea (Morobe) 2 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 293

34-E KOSIRAVA+ UIAKU MAISAN, maisin set 34-EA KOSIRAVA+ UIAKU chain 34-EAA KOSIRAVA+ UIAKU convergence and resulting transition towards so-called 'Papuan' 3 net languages in 23=Owalamic geozone 34-EAA-a Kosirava maisan-W. ⊕Dyke Ackland bay ⊕migration (18th century) > Papua New Guinea (Oro) 2 Collingwood bay 34-EAA-aa kosirava ⊕Kosirava swamps Papua New Guinea (Oro) 34-EAA-b Uiaku uyaku ⊕Collingwood bay… Papua New Guinea (Oro) 3 34-EAA-ba uiaku-N. maisan-NE. ⊕Uwe… Papua New Guinea (Oro) 34-EAA-bb uiaku-S. maisan-SE. ⊕Ganjiga… Marva Papua New Guinea (Oro) 34-F DOBU+ UBIR set vitaz+ louisiade 34-FA MINIAFIA+ ARIFAMA chain 34-FAA MINIAFIA+ ARIFAMA net 34-FAA-a Miniafia+ Arifama arifama+ miniafia ⊕Nelson cape… Collingwood bay Papua New Guinea (Oro) 3 34-FAA-aa berubona ⊕Nelson cape: Berubona Papua New Guinea (Oro) 34-FAA-ab gebara ⊕Collingwood bay: Gebara Papua New Guinea (Oro) 34-FAA-ac leaga ⊕Collingwood bay: Leaga Papua New Guinea (Oro) 34-FB UBIR chain 34-FBA UBIR net 34-FBA-a Ubir ubiri, kubiri ⊕Collingwood bay Papua New Guinea (Oro; Milne 3 Bay) 34-FBA-aa wanigela+ rainu wanigela 2 ⊕Wanigela… Rainu Papua New Guinea (Oro) 34-FBA-ab kwagila ⊕Kwagila river-mouth… Papua New Guinea (Oro; Milne Bay) 34-FC ARE+ DUAU chain 34-FCA DOGA+ MAGABARA net 34-FCA-a Doga+ Magabara ⊕Cape Vogel-N. peninsula: Guru+ Karuasi coast Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FCA-aa magabara ⊕Magavara coast Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCA-ab doga ⊕Divediveni… Karuasi… Boririte coast Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCB GABO-BORA net 34-FCB-a Gabo-Bora ⊕Cape Vogel cape-N. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FCB-aa gabo-bora anuki ⊕Tapiosan coast Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCC ARE+ MUKAWA net 34-FCC-a Are+ Mukawa ⊕Cape Vogel cape: Tarakwaruru Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FCC-aa mukawa ⊕Mukawa… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCC-ab are ⊕Bogaboga… Irikaba… Wabubu Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCD PAIWA+ BOINAKI net 34-FCD-a Paiwa manape ⊕Cape Vogel-S. peninsula: Goodenough bay Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FCD-aa gapa-paiwa-E. ⊕Dabora… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FCD-ab gapa-paiwa-W. ⊕Giwa… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FCD-b Boianaki+ Galavi ⊕Goodenough-SW. bay coast Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FCD-ba boianaki boinaki, boanaki, boanai ⊕Boi-Anai… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCD-bb galavi* Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCD-c Vidia ⊕Goodenough-SW. bay coast Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3* 34-FCD-ca vidia ⊕Vidia… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCE WATALUMA net 34-FCE-a Wataluma ⊕Goodenough-N. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FCE-aa wataluma ⊕Wataluma… Budula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FCF VIVIGANA+ BWAIDOKA net 34-FCF-a Vivigana+ Waibula "Wider"-Iduna ⊕Goodenough-C. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FCF-aa waibula ⊕Waibula… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCF-ab ufaufa ⊕Ufaufa… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCF-ac idakamenai ⊕Idakamenai… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCF-ad vivigana vivigani, iduna "proper" Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCF-ada vivigana-A. ⊕Vivigana… (Milne Bay) 34-FCF-adb wakonai ⊕Wakonai… (Milne Bay) 34-FCF-adc kalemutabutabu ⊕Kalemutabutabu… (Milne Bay) 34-FCF-add ewele (Milne Bay) page 294 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

34-FCF-ae ufufu Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCF-af kalauna ⊕Kalauna… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCF-ag belebele ⊕Belebele… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCF-ah goiala ⊕Goiala… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCF-b Bwaidoka ⊕Goodenough-S. island… migration> Fergusson-W. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FCF-ba bwaidoka-A. bwaidoga Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCF-bb mataita mataitai ⊕Goodenough-SE. coast: Mataita Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCF-bc kilia ⊕Goodenough-SE. coast: Kilia Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCF-bd lauwela ⊕Goodenough-SE. coast: Lauwela Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCF-be wagifa wagipa ⊕Wagipa island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCG DIODIO+ UTALO net 34-FCG-a Diodio+ Utalo ⊕Goodenough-W. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FCG-aa awale Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCG-ab diodio+ molata diodio-C. ⊕Diodio… Molata Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCG-aba diodio-A. ⊕Diodio (Milne Bay) 34-FCG-abb molata ⊕Molata (Milne Bay) 34-FCG-ac utalo Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCG-ad iauiaula yauyaula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCH KALOKALO net 34-FCH-a Kalakalo ⊕Fergusson-NW. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FCH-aa kalakalo ⊕Moresby straits Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCI YAMALELE+ MAIODOM net 34-FCI-a Yamalele iamalele ⊕Fergusson island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FCI-aa yamalele-A. ⊕Fergusson-SW. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCI-aaa yamalele-C. ⊕Yamalele-C.… ⊕Seymour bay (Milne Bay) 34-FCI-aab yamalele-S. ⊕Yamalele-S.… ⊕Seymour bay (Milne Bay) 34-FCI-aac didigavu ⊕Didigavu… (Milne Bay) 34-FCI-aad gwabegwabe ⊕Gwabegwabe… (Milne Bay) 34-FCI-ab masi-masi ⊕Fergusson-N. coast: Masi-Masi Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCI-b Maiodom ⊕Fergusson-NE. coast: Wadalei Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3* 34-FCI-ba maiodom ⊕Maiodom… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCJ MINAVEHA+ KUKUYA net 34-FCJ-a Minaveha+ Kukuya ⊕Fergusson-SW. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FCJ-aa minaveha minavega ⊕Mapamoiwa peninsula: Minavega Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FCJ-ab kukuya ⊕Mapamoiwa peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FCK MORIMA+ FAGULULU net 34-FCK-a Fagululu ⊕Fergusson-CW. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FCK-aa fagululu fagalulu Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FCK-b Tutubela ⊕Fergusson-CW. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2* 34-FCK-ba tutubela morima-NW., tutubea ⊕Tutubea Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCK-c Ebadidi ⊕Fergusson-CW. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2* 34-FCK-ca ebadidi morima-NE., salakahadi ⊕Salakhadi country Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCK-d Morima $bilingual in [34] Dobu Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FCK-da morima molima "proper" ⊕Molima coast Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FCL BOSILEWA net 34-FCL-a Bosilewa ⊕Fergusson-N. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FCL-aa bosilewa ⊕Bosilewa Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FCM GUMASI net 34-FCM-a Gumasi ⊕Fergusson island: Amphlett islands Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FCM-aa gumasi gumawana, domdom Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FCN GALEYA+ GAMETA net 34-FCN-a Gameta ⊕Fergusson-NE. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FCN-aa wadalei ⊕Wadalei… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCN-ab gameta-A. ⊕Gameta… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCN-ac urua Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCN-ad basima ⊕Basima… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCN-b Galeya ⊕Fergusson-E. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FCN-ba sebutuia ⊕Sebutuia… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCN-bb garea galeya, galea ⊕Galea… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 295

34-FCO DOBU+ LOBODA net 34-FCO-a Dobu ⊕D'Entrecasteaux archipelago: Fergusson island… Sanaroa island… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 5 Dobu island… Normanby island 34-FCO-aa galubwa galuewa ⊕Fergusson-SE. island: Salamo Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCO-ab tewara ⊕Uama islands Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCO-ac sanaroa ⊕Sanaroa island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCO-ad ubuia ubuya ⊕Sisiana… Ubaya island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCO-ae edugaura dobu-C., including dobu "vehicular" ⊕Dobu island; vehicular Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 5 extension> D'Entrecasteaux archipelago 34-FCO-af sisiana+ ubuia ⊕Normanby-NW. island: Sisiana… Ubaya island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCO-b Loboda ⊕Normanby-NE. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3* 34-FCO-ba loboda-A. roboda ⊕Loboda… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCO-bb dawada+ siausi ⊕Dawada… Siausi or perhaps to be classified with [34] Biawa+ Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) Lomitawa 34-FCP DUAU+ SIBONAI net SEWA-BAY $bilingual in [34] Dobu 34-FCP-a Duau-Pwata ⊕Normanby-C. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FCP-aa duau-pwata-A. pwana-pwana, sewa-C. ⊕Sewa bay Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCP-ab miadeba Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCP-ac bwakera Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCP-b Sibonai ⊕Normanby-C. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FCP-ba sibonai Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCP-c Maiabare ⊕Normanby-C. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FCP-ca maiabare Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCP-d Darubia ⊕Normanby-C. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FCP-da darubia ⊕Darubia… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCP-e Sewataitai ⊕Normanby-C. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FCP-ea sewataitai ⊕Sewataitai Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCQ BUNAMA+ SAWATUPWA net 34-FCQ-a Sawatupwa ⊕Sewalaitai bay Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FCQ-aa sawatupwa ⊕Sawatupw Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCQ-b Bunama+ Barabara ⊕Goschen straits Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FCQ-ba bunama-A. ⊕Bunam Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCQ-bb barabara ⊕Barabara Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCR MWATEBU net 34-FCR-a Mwatebu ⊕Sewalaitai ba Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FCR-aa mwatebu ⊕Mwatebu Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FCS BIAWA+ KASIKASI net 34-FCS-a Biawa+ Lomitawa duau ⊕Normanby-SE. island: Duau peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FCS-aa lomitawa ⊕Lomitawa Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCS-ab sigasiga ⊕Sigasiga… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCS-ac sipupu ⊕Sipupu… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCS-ad meudana ⊕Meudana… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCS-ae weyoko weioko ⊕Weioko… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCS-af kerorogea kelologea ⊕Kelologea… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCS-ag mwalukwasia ⊕Mwalukwasia… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCS-ah somwadina ⊕Somwadina… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCS-ai biawa ⊕Baiwa… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCS-aj guleguleu guragureu ⊕Guleguleu… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCS-ak kumarahu Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCS-al sawabwala Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCS-am urada Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCS-b Kasikasi duau-S. ⊕Normanby-SE. island: Duau-S. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2* 34-FCS-ba kasikasi ⊕Kasikasi… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCT 'AUHELAWA net 34-FCT-a 'Auhelawa auhelawa ⊕Normanby-SW. island… Naukata island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FCT-aa kurada 'urada ⊕Normanby-SW. island: Kurada… Bwasiaiai Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCT-ab naukata ⊕Naukata island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCU TUBE-TUBE+ WARI net 34-FCU-a Tube-Tube+ Wari bwana-bwana ⊕Engineer islands… Basilaki island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FCU-aa tube-tube ⊕Slade island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCU-ab wari ware ⊕Wari island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FCU-ac kitai ⊕Basilaki-SE. island: Pitt bay Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) page 296 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

34-FD KILIVILA+ BUDIBUD chain 34-FDA KILIVILA+ MUYUW net 34-FDA-a Kilivila+ Vakuta ⊕Trobriand islands Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 4 34-FDA-aa lusancay ⊕Lusancay islands Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FDA-ab kilivila kiriwina ⊕Kiriwina, Trobriand island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 4 34-FDA-ac sinaketa Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FDA-ad vakuta ⊕Vakuta island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FDA-b Muyuw+ Kitava ⊕Kitava island… Marshall Bennett islands… Woodlark island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FDA-ba kitava ⊕Kitava islan Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FDA-bb iwa ⊕Iwa island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FDA-bc lougwaw lougaw, gawa ⊕Gawa island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FDA-bd yanaba ⊕Yanaba island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FDA-be muyuw ⊕Woodlark island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FDA-bea nawyem ⊕Woodlark-W.+ Madau islands Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FDA-beb wamwan ⊕Woodlark-C. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FDA-bec muyuw-A. muyuw "proper" ⊕Woodlark-E. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FDB BUDIBUD net 34-FDB-a Budibud ⊕Laughlan, Nada islands Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FDB-aa budibud nada Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FE MISIMA+ TEWATEWA chain 34-FEA MISIMA+ TEWATEWA net 34-FEA-a Tewatewa+ Bowagis ⊕Engineer-W. islands… Woodlark-W. island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FEA-aa bowagis ⊕Woodlark-W. island: Madau-S. island… Nusam island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FEA-ab alcester ⊕Alcester island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FEA-ac ole ⊕Engineer-W. islands: Ole island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FEA-ad tewatewa ⊕Engineer-W. islands: Tewatewan island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FEA-b Misima+ Panayati ⊕Panaete island… Misima island… Calvados Chain islands Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 4 34-FEA-ba panayati panaete, paneati, panaeati, paneyate, panayeti, panaieti ⊕Panaete Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) island 34-FEA-bb misima ⊕Misima island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FEA-bc nasikwabw* ⊕Calvados Chain islands Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FEA-bd tokunu* ⊕Calvados Chain islands Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FF NIMOWA+ PANAWINA 34-FFA NIMOWA+ Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) PANAWINA net 34-FFA-a Pana-Wina+ Sabari ⊕Louisiade archipelago: Pana-Wina island… Sabari island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FFA-aa pana-wina ⊕Pana-Wina island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FFA-ab sabari ⊕Sabari island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FFA-b Pana-Tinanai ⊕Louisiade archipelago: Pana-Tenan island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FFA-ba pana-tinanai pana-tenan Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FFA-c Nimowa ⊕Louisiade archipelago: Nimoa island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FFA-ca nimowa nimowa "proper", nimoa Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FFA-d Nimowa-W. ⊕Sud-Est, Tagula-W. island… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FFA-da nimowa-W. "western-point" Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FG TAGULA chain SUD-EST 34-FGA TAGULA net 34-FGA-a Tagula+ Madaua 'sud-est' #sud-est in [51] Français =«south-east» ⊕Sud-Est, Tagula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 island… 34-FGA-aa madaua maduwa ⊕Maduwa cape Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FGA-ab 'nine-hills' ⊕Nine Hills Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FGA-ac pamela ⊕Pamela Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FGA-ad rambuso Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FGA-ae rewa Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FGA-af 'griffin-point' ⊕Griffin point Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FGA-ag tagula-E. "eastern-point" ⊕Siri cape Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FH TAWALA+ WEDAU chain 34-FHA TAWALA+ TAUPOTA net 34-FHA-a Bohilai+ Sideya ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: Basilaki island… Sideia island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FHA-aa bohilai bohira'i, basilaki ⊕Basilaki island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FHA-ab sideya sideia ⊕Sideia island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 297

34-FHA-b Tawala+ Yaleba tawara, tavara, tavora, tavala ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: East Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 Cape-E. peninsula 34-FHA-ba kehelala keherara, "east-cape" ⊕East Cape cape Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FHA-bb divinai diwinai, tawala "proper" Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FHA-bc tawala tawala "vehicular" ⊕Milne Bay Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FHA-bd labe rabe Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FHA-be huhuna Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FHA-bf lelehudi Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FHA-bg yaleba wagawaga, gwawili, gwavili, ealeba Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FHA-c Awaiama ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: East Cape-C. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3* 34-FHA-ca awayama awaiama, awalama Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FHA-d Taupota+ Yanianini ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: East Cape-W. peninsula… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FHA-da yanianini Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FHA-db taupota ⊕Taupota… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FHA-e Waiema ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2* 34-FHA-ea waiema Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FHA-f Laviam ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2* 34-FHA-fa laviam Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FHA-g Maivara ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2* 34-FHA-ga maivara maiwala Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FHA-h Naura ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: Naura… Gumini valley Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2* 34-FHA-ha naura Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FHB GARUWAHI net 34-FHB-a Garuwahi ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: East Cape-W. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FHB-aa garuwahi ⊕Garuai… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FHC WEDAU+ TOPURA net 34-FHC-a Wedau+ Topura ⊕Owen Stanley peninsula: Kuvira bay… Dogura coast-N. ⊕vehicular Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay; 3 extension> Collingwood Bay bay Oro) 34-FHC-aa wedau-A. wedau "proper", wedaun, wedawan ⊕Wedau… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FHC-ab wedau-V. wedau "vehicular" ⊕Owen Stanley peninsula coast-N. Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay; Oro) 34-FHC-ac topura ⊕Topura… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FHC-ad yapoa ⊕Yapoa… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FI SUAU+ BUHUTU chain 34-FIA SUAU+ BUHUTU* net 34-FIA-a Waga-Waga+ ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: Milne Bay-S. bay… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 Noabune 34-FIA-aa kila-kilana Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-ab gamadougou Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-ac waga-waga Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-ad waga-gatu ⊕Dawa-Dawa valley: Bwada-bwada… Waga-gatu Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-ae noabune ⊕Kanakope… Noabune… Simagahi Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-af goilawalika* ⊕Goilawalika… Leiplai Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-b Sariba+ Doini Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3* 34-FIA-ba sariba ⊕Sariba island… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-bb samarai ⊕Samarai island… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-bc doini ⊕Doini island… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-c Logea ⊕Rogeia island… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2* 34-FIA-ca logea Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-d Daio-Muni ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: Suau-S. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2* 34-FIA-da daio-muni daio, daiamuni, deamuni, diomoni ⊕Loani… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-e Bonarua+ ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2* Guaugurina 34-FIA-ea guaugurina ⊕Guaugurina coast Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-eb bonarua ⊕Bonarua island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-f Suau Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FIA-fa modewa ⊕Modewa bay Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-fb suau-A. ⊕Suau island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-fc suau-V. suau "vehicular" ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: Suau peninsula & Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 adjacent islands 34-FIA-fd baibesika ⊕Baibesika island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-g Daui fife-bay ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: Fife bay… Sago Aho river- Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2* mouth 34-FIA-ga daui Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) page 298 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

34-FIA-h Dahuni ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: Dahuni peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-ha dahuni ⊕Dahuni Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2* 34-FIA-i Bona-Bona ⊕Bona-Bowa island Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-ia bona-bona bona-bowa Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-j Sinaki ⊕Orangerie-N. bay Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FIA-ja gaidasu gadaisu ⊕Gadaisu Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-jb sinaki-A. Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-k Leileiafa* ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2* 34-FIA-ka leileiafa ⊕Orangerie-SE. bay… Mullins Harbour bay… Leileiafa Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-l Buhutu yaleba=$translingual in [34] Suau ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula: Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 Sagarai valley… Dawa-Dawa upper valley… 34-FIA-la buhutu-A. bohutu, buhulu Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FIA-lb siasada ⊕Siasada… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FJ IGORA+ DAWAWA chain 34-FJA IGORA+ POVA net "wider" kakabai Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 34-FJA-a Pova ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FJA-aa pova ⊕Pova… Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FJA-b Kakabai ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FJA-ba kakabai ⊕Kwabanuki… Mainawa… Gavi Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FJA-c Igora ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FJA-ca igora ⊕Kwaiowa country Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 2 34-FJB DAWAWA net dawana 34-FJB-a Manubada ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FJB-aa manubada "coastal" dawawa ⊕Manubada north coast 3 34-FJB-b Didia ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-FJB-ba didia "inland" dawawa ⊕Didia… Gadovisu… Kiwarai… Wanama Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 3 34-G MOTU+ MEKEO set 34-GA OUMA+ BINA chain 34-GAA BINA net Ã 34-GAA-a Bina ⊕Owen Stanley-E. peninsula ¶extinct Papua New Guinea (Central) 0 34-GAA-aa bina ⊕Baibara>N. Papua New Guinea (Central) 0 34-GAB YOBA net Ã 34-GAB-a Yoba ⊕Tavanei+ Ulumanu confluence ¶extinct Papua New Guinea (Central) 0 34-GAB-aa yoba ⊕Laua>E. Papua New Guinea (Milne Bay) 0 34-GAC MAGORI net 34-GAC-a Magori ⊕Table Bay-E. bay Papua New Guinea (Central) 2 34-GAC-aa magori ⊕Deba… Magori Papua New Guinea (Central) 2 34-GAD OUMA net Ã 34-GAD-a Ouma ⊕Table bay ¶extinct Papua New Guinea (Central) 0 34-GAD-aa ouma ⊕Labu… Papua New Guinea (Central) 0 34-GB MOTU+ BOKU chain 34-GBA HULA+ AROMA net 34-GBA-a Aroma+ Lalaura ⊕Rodney cape… Keppel cape Papua New Guinea (Central) 4 34-GBA-aa lalaura ⊕Rodney cape>W.… Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBA-ab kapari Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBA-ac wanigela ⊕Macfarlane Harbour estuary Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBA-ad maopa ⊕Macfarlane Harbour estuary… Ormond estuary Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBA-ae aroma arona, aloma, galoma ⊕Keppel cape Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBA-b Keopara+ Babaga ⊕Kerepuna… Kaparoka coast Papua New Guinea (Central) 4 34-GBA-ba keopara keapara, kerepuna ⊕Kerepuna coast… Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBA-bb kalo ⊕Hood bay… Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBA-bc babaga ⊕Hood bay… Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBA-c Hula ⊕Hood peninsula… Papua New Guinea (Central) 3 34-GBA-ca hula vulaa ⊕Hula… Kaparoka Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBB BOKU+ ALEPA* net SINAUGORO, sinagoro 34-GBB-a Alepa+ Kwaibida sinaugoro-SW. ⊕Kemp-Welch middle valley… Beagle Entrance-NW. Papua New Guinea (Central) 4 coast 34-GBB-aa alepa Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBB-ab omene Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBB-ac kwaibo ⊕Kwaiba… Gemo Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBB-ad babagarupu Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBB-ae alomarupu ⊕Alomarupu… Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBB-af kemabolo ⊕Kemabolo… Papua New Guinea (Central) 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 299

34-GBB-ag balawaia ⊕Tauruba… Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBB-ah gabone ⊕Gabone… Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBB-ai ikolu ginigolo ⊕Ginigolo… Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBB-aj saroa ⊕Saroa… Kwikila Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBB-ak kwaibida kwabida ⊕Imogolo Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBB-b Boku+ Kubuli sinaugoro-N.=⊕Kemp-Welch upper valley… Owen Stanley foothills Papua New Guinea (Central) 3 34-GBB-ba tubulamo ⊕Switatana… Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBB-bb gomore ⊕Gomore… Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBB-bc karekadobu ⊕Karekadobu… Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBB-bd taboro ⊕Kemp-Welch upper left bank: Kapogere… Kokorogoro… Bulidobu Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBB-be boku ⊕Koworo… Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBB-bf wiga ⊕Onemagolo… Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBB-bg buaga ⊕Didiga… Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBB-bh ikega ⊕Ganigiu… Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBB-bi kubuli ⊕Bogaramake… Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBB-c Vora+ Oruone sinaugoro-SE.=⊕Ormond+ Waipara valleys… Lako middle valley Papua New Guinea (Central) 3 34-GBB-ca vora ⊕Ormond… Waipara valley Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBB-cb maipiko ⊕Maipika… Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBB-cc oruone bukuku, bokuku ⊕Bokuku… Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GBC MOTU+ HIRI-MOTU net 34-GBC-a Motu ⊕Port Moresby coast… Papua New Guinea (Central) 4 34-GBC-aa motu "true" motu, "pure" motu ⊕Manu-Manu… Kapa-Kapa (coastal Papua New Guinea (Central; 4 enclaves) National Capital district) 34-GBC-aaa manu-manu+ pari ⊕Manu-Manu… (Central) 34-GBC-aab lea-lea ⊕Lea-Lea… (Central) 34-GBC-aac boera ⊕Boera… (Central) 34-GBC-aad porebada ⊕Porebada… (Central) 34-GBC-aae tatana ⊕Tatana.… (National Capital district) 34-GBC-aaf moresby ⊕Port Moresby>S.… (National Capital district) 34-GBC-aag tupuseleia ⊕Tupuseleia… (Central) 34-GBC-aah barakau ⊕Barakau… (Central) 34-GBC-aai gaile ⊕Gaile… (Central) 34-GBC-aaj kapa-kapa ⊕Kapa-Kapa (Central) 34-GBC-aak motu-V. motu "pre-creole vehicular" ⊕Port Moresby coast (Central; National Capital district)4 34-GBC-b Hiri-Motu motu "creole vehicular", hiri, "police" motu, creole-motu, pidgin-motu Papua New Guinea (Central; 5 creole derived from [34] Hiri; with convergence towards so-called National Capital district; Oro; Gulf; "Papuan" languages in 23=Owalamic geozone ⊕Papua country… Milne Bay; Mainland; Western) 34-GBC-ba hiri-motu-A. "papuan" hiri-motu, hiri-motu "proper" strongly influenced by Papua New Guinea (Central; 5 neighbouring languages of 23=Owalamic geozone National Capital district; Oro; Gulf; Milne Bay; Mainland) 34-GBC-bb hiri-motu-W. "austronesian" hiri-motu ⊕Gulf of Papua (coastal regions)… Papua New Guinea (Gulf; Western) 4 34-GBD DOURA net 34-GBD-a Doura ⊕Galley Reach-E. estuary Papua New Guinea (Central) 2 34-GBD-aa doura ⊕Douramoko Papua New Guinea (Central) 2 34-GBE KABADI net 34-GBE-a Kabadi ⊕Galley Reach-E. estuary… Aroa valley Papua New Guinea (Central) 3 34-GBE-aa kabadi gabadi ⊕Kanosia… Kopuana Papua New Guinea (Central) 3 34-GBF NARA net 34-GBF-a Nara pokau ⊕Kubuna valley… Suckling cape Papua New Guinea (Central) 3 34-GBF-aa nara-A. lala, nala, 'ala'ala ⊕Ala'ala… Papua New Guinea (Central) 3 34-GBF-ab pokau* Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GC KUNI chain 34-GCA KUNI net 34-GCA-a Kuni ⊕Kubuna upper+ Dilava valleys… Angabunga upper valley Papua New Guinea (Central) 3 34-GCA-aa kuni ⊕Warupi… Awepa Papua New Guinea (Central) 3 34-GD YULE+ WAIMA chain RORO 34-GDA YULE+ WAIMA net 34-GDA-a Yule+ Bioto roro-E., roro "proper" ⊕Hall Sound bay… Possession cape Papua New Guinea (Central) 4 34-GDA-aa yule+ delena ⊕Yule island… Delena coast Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GDA-aaa yule ⊕Yule island Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GDA-aab delena ⊕Delena coast Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GDA-ab bioto* ⊕Bioto… Irobo Papua New Guinea (Central) page 300 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

34-GDA-b Waima roro-W. Papua New Guinea (Central) 4 34-GDA-ba bereina ⊕Bereina… Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GDA-bb kevori* ⊕Kevori… Papua New Guinea (Central) 34-GE MEKEO+ KOVIO chain 34-GEA MEKEO+ KOVIO net 34-GEA-a Mekeo ⊕Arapokina… Inawafunga middle valley Papua New Guinea (Central) 3 34-GEA-aa mekeo mekeo-E., mekeo "proper" Papua New Guinea (Central) 3 34-GEA-b Mekeo-W. ⊕Inawafunga middle valley… Kapuri upper valley Papua New Guinea (Central; Gulf 3 adjacent) 34-GEA-ba mekeo-W. "bush" mekeo Papua New Guinea (Central; Gulf 3 adjacent) 34-GEA-c Amoamo Papua New Guinea (Central) 3 34-GEA-ca amoamo mekeo-N. Papua New Guinea (Central) 3 34-GEA-d Kovio ⊕Yule mountain… Papua New Guinea (Central; Gulf 3 adjacent) 34-GEA-da kovio mekeo-NW. Papua New Guinea (Central; Gulf 3 adjacent) 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 301

35= MANUSIC covers the "Manus+ New-Britain" reference area, part of the Papua New Guinea 5 "Oceanic" affinity within the "Austronesian" intercontinental phylozone affinity; comprising 9 sets of languages (= 82 outer languages) spoken by communities in Australasia, on Manus, New Ireland, New Britain and other adjacent islands of Papua New Guinea: 35-A WUVULU+ SEIMAT 35-B SISI+ BALUAN 35-C TUNGAG+ KUANUA 35-D NAKANAI+ VITU 35-E LAMOGAI+ AMARA* 35-F SOLONG+ AVAU* 35-G KAPORE+ MANGSENG* 35-H MAENG+ UVOL* 35-I TUMOIP

35-A WUVULU+ SEIMAT set 35-AA WUVULU+ AUA chain 35-AAA WUVULU+ AUA net 35-AAA-a Wuvulu+ Aua aua+ viwulu, viwulu+ aua ⊕Admiralty islands: Wuvulu+ Aua islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 3 35-AAA-aa wuvulu viwulu, wuu ⊕Wuvulu, Maty islan Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-AAA-ab aua ⊕Aua, Durour islan Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-AB SEIMAT+ KANIET chain 35-ABA SEIMAT net NINIGO 35-ABA-a Seimat ninigo ⊕Admiralty islands: Ninigo islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-ABA-aa sumasuma ⊕Sumasuma island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-ABA-ab mai ⊕Mai island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-ABA-ac ahu ⊕Ahu islan Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-ABA-ad liot ⊕Liot islan Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-ABB KANIET* net ¶extinct since 1950 Ã 35-ABB-a Kaniet-'Thilenius' ⊕Admiralty islands: Kaniet, Anchorite, Sae+ Suf islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 0 35-ABB-aa kaniet-'thilenius' Thilenius's kaniet Papua New Guinea (Manus) 0 35-ABB-b Kaniet-'Smythe' ⊕Admiralty islands: Kaniet, Anchorite, Sae+ Suf islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 0 35-ABB-ba kaniet-'smythe' Smythe's kaniet Papua New Guinea (Manus) 0 35-B SISI+ BALUAN set MANUS 35-BA SISI+ LEIPON chain manus-NW. 35-BAA AGOMES net "hermit" 35-BAA-a Agomes ⊕Admiralty islands: Hermit islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 1 35-BAA-aa maron ⊕Maron island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BAA-ab luf ⊕Luf islan Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BAB SISI+ LONIU net 35-BAB-a Sisi+ Bipi ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus islan Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BAB-aa sisi ⊕Sisi island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BAB-ab bipi ⊕Bipi island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BAB-b Loniu ndroku ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-E. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BAB-ba loniu-A. ⊕Los Negros-SW. island: Loniu… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BAB-bb ndroku* ⊕Lolak… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BAC SORI+ HARENGAN net 35-BAC-a Sori+ Harengan ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BAC-aa harengan ⊕Harengan island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BAC-ab sori-NW. ⊕Sori island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BAC-ac sori-SE. ⊕Manus-NW. island: Sori ville Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BAD PONAM+ ANDRA net 35-BAD-a Ponam ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BAD-aa ponam ⊕Ponam island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BAD-b Andra+ Hus ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BAD-ba andra ⊕Andra islan Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BAD-bb hus ahus, ha'us ⊕Hus island… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BAE LEIPON net 35-BAE-a Leipon ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BAE-aa pitilu pityilu ⊕Pityilu island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BAE-ab ndrilo ⊕Ndrilo island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BAE-ac hauwei ⊕Hauwai islan Papua New Guinea (Manus) page 302 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

35-BB LIKUM+ NYINDROU* manus-W. chain 35-BBA LIKUM net 35-BBA-a Likum ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-SW. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BBA-aa likum ⊕Likum… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BBB NYINDROU+ LEVEI net 35-BBB-a Nyindrou lindrou, lindau ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-W. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 3 35-BBB-aa salien ⊕Salien… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BBB-ab nyada ⊕Nyada… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BBB-b Levei+ Bohuai levei+ tulu, bohuai+ tulu ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-CW. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 3 35-BBB-ba levei lebei, lebej ⊕Boudeuse bay (north coast)… Malai bay (north coast) Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BBB-bb ndrehet drehet, khehek, chechek ⊕Drehet… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BBB-bc bucho Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BBB-bd tulu tjudun, tulun ⊕Tulu country: Yiri+ Lowakai… Bundralis Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BBB-be bohuai pahavai, bowai, pohuai ⊕Bohuai… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 3 35-BBB-bf keli Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BBB-bg pelipowai ⊕M'buke islands: Peli island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BBC MONDROPOLON net 35-BBC-a Mondropolon ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-CN. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BBC-aa mondropolon ⊕Brundalis coast: Aran… Leihuwa… Saha Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BC ERE+ TITAN chain manus-E. 35-BCA ERE+ PAPITALAI net 35-BCA-a Nali+ Yiru ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-SE. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 3 35-BCA-aa nali ⊕Bulihan… Malei Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BCA-ab yiru ⊕Yiru… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BCA-ac lauis lawes ⊕Lauis… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BCA-b Ere+ Lele ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-C.+ N.E. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 3 35-BCA-ba ere ⊕Manus south coast: Drabito… Londru… Metawari… Hatwara Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BCA-bb nane ⊕Manus south coast: Patu… Lala… Loi Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BCA-bc e ⊕Manus south coast: Pele island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 1 35-BCA-bd okro ⊕Manus south coast: Warembu Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BCA-be kele gele', gele, buyang ⊕Manus-C. inland: Buyang… Tingau… Droia… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 Korunat 35-BCA-bf kurti kuruti, kuruti+ pare ⊕Manus north coast: Liap… Kari… Badlok… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 3 Koru… Mundrau 35-BCA-bg lele lele+ hai, hai, usiai, manus, moanus ⊕Manus northeast coasts: Papua New Guinea (Manus) 3 Warobi… Lundret… Bowat… Labakan 35-BCA-bh elu elu+ kara ⊕Manus northeast coasts Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BCA-bi sabon ⊕Manus-NE. island: Sabon… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BCA-bj ndroson rossun ⊕Manus northeast island: Ndroson Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BCA-c Koro ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-NE. island… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BCA-ca koro ⊕Manus northeast coast: Malabang… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BCA-d Papitalai+ Naringel ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-E. island… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BCA-da papitalai ⊕Papitalai; also ⊕Los Negros-C. island… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BCA-db naringel ⊕Naringel; also ⊕Los Negros-C. island… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BCA-e Mokerang ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-E. island… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BCA-ea mokerang mokareng, mokoreng ⊕Mokereng; also ⊕Los Negros-N. island… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 Ndrilu island 35-BCB TITAN+ RAMBUTYO net 35-BCB-a Titan+ Rambutyo "wider" titan, "wider" tito, titan-manus, titan-moanus ⊕Admiralty Papua New Guinea (Manus) 3 islands: M'Buke… Manus-S.… Ndrowa… Horno… Rambutyo islands 35-BCB-aa titan titan "proper" ⊕M'Buke islands Papua New Guinea (Manus)

35-BCB-ab loisa ⊕Manus coast-S.: Loisa westwards Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BCB-ac m'bunai bunai ⊕Manus south coast: Bunai… Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BCB-ad ndrowa ⊕Ndrowa islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BCB-ae horno ⊕Horno islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BCB-af rambutyo ⊕Rambutyo island 35-BD BALUAN+ PAK manus-SE. chain 35-BDA BALUAN+ LOU net 35-BDA-a Baluan+ Pam ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-SE. islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 3 35-BDA-aa baluan ⊕Baluan island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BDA-ab pam ⊕Pam island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 303

35-BDA-b Lou+ Rei ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-SE. islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BDA-ba lou ⊕Lou island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BDA-bb rei ⊕Lou island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BDB LENKAU net 35-BDB-a Lenkau ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-SE. islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BDB-aa lenkau ⊕Rambutyo-SW. island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BDC PENCHAL net 35-BDC-a Penchal ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-SE. islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BDC-aa penchal ⊕Rambutyo-C. island… including 3 dialects Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BDD NAUNA net 35-BDD-a Nauna ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-SE. islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BDD-aa nauna naune ⊕Nauna island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 2 35-BDE PAK+ TONG net 35-BDE-a Pak+ Tong tong+ pak ⊕Admiralty islands: Manus-SE. islands Papua New Guinea (Manus) 3 35-BDE-aa pak ⊕Pak island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-BDE-ab tong ⊕Tong island Papua New Guinea (Manus) 35-C TUNGAG+ KUANUA set 35-CA EMIRA+ TENIS chain SAINT-MATTHIAS 35-CAA EMIRA+ MUSSAU net 35-CAA-a Emira+ Mussau mussau+ emira ⊕Saint Matthias islands Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CAA-aa mussau musau ⊕Mussau island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CAA-ab emira ⊕Emira island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CAB TENIS net 35-CAB-a Tenis ⊕Saint Matthias islands Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 1 35-CAB-aa tenis tench ⊕Tench island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 1 35-CB TUNGAG+ KARA chain 35-CBA TUNGAG+ LAVONGAI net 35-CBA-a Tungag+ Lavongai lavongai, dang ⊕New Hanover island… including Tingwon island+ Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 4 Umbukul islands 35-CBA-aa tungag-A. tungak Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CBA-ab lavongai* lavangai Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CBA-ac dang* Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CBB BANGATANG+ TIGAK, omo KAUT net 35-CBB-a Bangatang+ Selapiu "island" tigak ⊕New Ireland-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CBB-aa 'east-island'* ⊕East-S. islands Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CBB-ab bangatang* ⊕Bangatang islands Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CBB-ac selapiu* ⊕Selapiu island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CBB-ad baudisson* ⊕Baudisson island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CBB-b Kaut+ Dyaul tigak-S. ⊕New Ireland-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CBB-ba kaut* ⊕Balgai bay… Kaut coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CBB-bb dyaul* ⊕Dyaul-W. island… Mait island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CBB-c Tigak-C. ⊕New Ireland-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CBB-ca tigak-C. ⊕Kavieng… Tome peninsula Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CBB-d Tigak-E. ⊕New Ireland-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CBB-da tigak-E. ⊕Lossuk coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CBC TIANG net 35-CBC-a Tiang ⊕New Ireland-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 35-CBC-aa tiang djaul ⊕Dyaul-E. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 35-CBD KARA+ NALIK net 35-CBD-a Kara lemusmus, lemakot ⊕New Ireland-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CBD-aa kara-W. ⊕Lavalai… Panangai southwest coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CBD-ab kara-E. ⊕Fangalawa northeast coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CBD-b Nalik ⊕New Ireland northwest island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CBD-ba nalik lugagon, fesoa, fessoa ⊕Laefu southwest coast… Laraslaba northeast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 coast 35-CC NOTSI chain 35-CCA NOTSI net 35-CCA-a Notsi ⊕New Ireland-NW. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CCA-aa notsi ¶2 coastal enclaves Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 page 304 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

35-CD MANDARA+ LIHIR chain 35-CDA MANDARA net 35-CDA-a Mandara madara, "wider" tabar ⊕New Ireland island: Tabar archipelago Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CDA-aa simberi ⊕Simberi island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 35-CDA-ab tatau ⊕Tatau island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 35-CDA-ac tabar ⊕Tabar island 2 35-CDB LIHIR+ MAHUR net 35-CDB-a Lihir+ Mahur ⊕New Ireland island: Lihir islands Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CDB-aa lihir lir, ⊕Lihir island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CDB-ab masahet ⊕Masahet island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CDB-ac mahur ⊕Mahur island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CE MADAK+ LAVATBURA chain 35-CEA LAVATBURA+ LAMUSONG net 35-CEA-a Lavatbura+ ⊕New Ireland-C. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 Lamusong 35-CEA-aa lamusong lamasong ⊕Konos northeast coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 35-CEA-ab lavatbura ⊕Cape Panakondo northeast coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 35-CEA-ac kontu ⊕Tembin coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 35-CEA-ad ugana ⊕Lambu southwest coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 35-CEB MADAK net 35-CEB-a Madak mandak ⊕New Ireland-C. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CEB-aa malom ⊕Cape Lemeris… Babila northeast coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CEB-ab katingan ⊕Tuorong northeast coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 35-CEB-ac lelet ⊕Lelet plateau Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 35-CEB-ad danu ⊕Danu southwest coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 35-CEB-ae mesi ⊕Mesi southwest coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 35-CF KUANUA+ PATPATAR chain 35-CFA BAROK+ USEN net 35-CFA-a Barok+ Usen komalu, kanapit, "wider" barok Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CFA-aa barok barok "proper", barok-NW. Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CFA-ab usen barok-SE. Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 35-CFA-ac komalu* kanalu Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CFA-ad kanapit* Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CFA-ae kulubi* kolube Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CFB PATPATAR+ PALA net 35-CFB-a Patpatar+ Pala gelik, "wider" patpatar Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CFB-aa pala Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CFB-ab sokirik Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 35-CFB-ac patpatar patpatar "proper", patpari Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CFB-ad gelik* Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CFC MAKADA+ ULU net RAMOAAINA 35-CFC-a Makada+ Ulu "duke-of-york", malu, ramuaina ⊕New Britain-NE. island: Duke of York Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 island 35-CFC-aa makada makadam Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-CFC-ab molot ⊕Molot… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-CFC-ac utam Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-CFC-ad mandan manuan Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-CFC-ae kabotirai Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-CFC-af ulu ⊕Watnabar island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-CFC-ag mioko Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-CFC-ah kerawara Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-CFD KUANUA+ BILUR 35-CFD-a Kuanua+ Tolai gunan-tuna, tinata tuna, tuna, blanche bay, "new-britain language" Papua New Guinea (New Britain; 4 ⊕New Britain-N. island; plus vehicular extension> New Britain island… New Ireland) New Ireland island 35-CFD-aa kuanua tolai community ⊕New Britain-N. island: Gazelle peninsula… Watom Papua New Guinea (New Britain) island 35-CFD-aaa watom ⊕Watom island (New Britain) 3 35-CFD-aab kabakada livuan, liguan ⊕Cape Liguan peninsula… Kabakada (New Britain) 3 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 305

35-CFD-aac nodup nodum ⊕Urara island (New Britain) 35-CFD-aad masawa ⊕Ataliklikun-W. bay (New Britain) 35-CFD-aae rakunei ⊕Ataliklikun-E. bay: ⊕Keravat… (New Britain) 35-CFD-aaf vunadidir ⊕Vunadir… (New Britain) 4 35-CFD-aag raluana ⊕Blanche bay: Raluana… (New Britain) 3 35-CFD-aah matupit rabaul, kuanua-C. ⊕Rabaul eastwards… (New Britain) 35-CFD-aai rebar reimber ⊕Toma… (New Britain) 3 35-CFD-aaj kokopo ⊕Kokopo coast (New Britain) 35-CFD-aak kininanggunan ⊕Kokopo southwards… (New Britain) 35-CFD-aal kabanga kulon, birar ⊕Cape Gazelle coast (New Britain) 3 35-CFD-aam rapitok* (New Britain) 35-CFD-aan vanumami* (New Britain) 35-CFD-aao "york" ⊕Duke of York island (New Britain) 3 35-CFD-ab tolai-V. tolai "vehicular" ⊕New Britain island… New Ireland island Papua New Guinea (New Britain; 4 New Ireland) 35-CFD-b Bilur* ⊕New Britain-NE. island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3* 35-CFD-ba bilur birar, birara ⊕Gazelle peninsula: Gazelle cape southwards… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-CFE KANDAS+ LABEL net 35-CFE-a Kandas ⊕New Ireland-S. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 35-CFE-aa kandas king ⊕Watpi… King… Kait Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 35-CFE-b Label* ⊕New Ireland-S. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2* 35-CFE-ba label ⊕Nasko… Tampakar southwest coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CFF SIAR net 35-CFF-a Siar "wider" lambon, lamssa ⊕New Ireland-S. island…: Lambon… Saint Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 George cape… Morukon 35-CFF-aa lambon ⊕Lambon southwest coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CFF-ab bakum* ⊕Bakum southeast coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CFG GURAMALUM* net ¶extinct Ã 35-CFG-a Guramalum Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 0 35-CFG-aa guramalum ⊕New Ireland-S. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 0 35-CG KONOMALA+ LAKET chain 35-CGA KONOMALA+ LAKET net 35-CGA-a Konomala+ Laket ⊕New Ireland-S. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 35-CGA-aa laket ⊕Kamdaru river-mouth northwards to west coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 35-CGA-ab konomala-A. ⊕Nimias river-mouth northwards to east coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 35-CH SURSURUNGA chain 35-CHA SURSURUNGA net 35-CHA-a Sursurunga ⊕New Ireland-S. island… Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CHA-aa samo* ⊕Elizabeth bay… Samo… Cape Sena northeast coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CHA-ab suralil* ⊕Suralil west coast Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CI TANGGA+ ANIR chain 35-CIA TANGGA+ ANIR 35-CIA-a Tangga tanga ⊕New Ireland island: Tanga islands Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CIA-aa boang* ⊕Boang island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CIA-ab malendok* ⊕Malendok island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CIA-b Maket* ⊕New Ireland-S. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 35-CIA-ba maket ⊕New Ireland-S. island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 2 35-CIA-c Anir feni ⊕New Ireland island… Feni islands Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 3 35-CIA-ca ambitle* ⊕Ambitle island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-CIA-cb babase* ⊕Babase island Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) 35-D NAKANAI+ VITU set kimbe 35-DA NAKANAI+ nakanai MELAMELA chain 35-DAA NAKANAI+ MELAMELA net 35-DAA-a Melamela+ Lolobau meramera, nakanai-E. ⊕Open Bay coast… Lolobau island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 35-DAA-aa melamela-E. "open-bay" ⊕Open bay… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-DAA-ab ubili kimbe ⊕Kimbe-E. bay Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-DAA-ac lolobau ⊕Lolobau island… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) page 306 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

35-DAA-b Nakanai nakonai Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 4 35-DAA-ba maututu ⊕Balima river-mouth… Toiru river-mouth Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 35-DAA-bb vere vele, tarobi ⊕Toiru river-mouth… Gavuvu lower valley Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 2 35-DAA-bc losa loso, auka ⊕Gavuvu upper valley… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 35-DAA-bd ubae babata ⊕Bilomei lower valley: Ubai… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 2 35-DAA-be bileki lakalai, muku, mamuga ⊕Maika… Hoskins coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 4 35-DB BOLA+ BULU chain WILLAUMEZ 35-DBA BOLA+ HARUA net 35-DBA-a Bola+ Harua ⊕New Britain-N. island: Willaumez peninsula… Stetton bay Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 35-DBA-aa bola bakovi, bola+ bakovi ⊕Willaumez peninsula: Wangore bay… Kulu Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 river-mouth 35-DBA-ab harua karua, xarua, garua, mai ⊕Stetton bay: Kimbe… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 35-DBB BULU net 35-DBB-a Bulu ⊕Willaumez-N. peninsula Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 2 35-DBB-aa bulu ⊕Dakataua lake: Bulu-Murli… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 2 35-DC VITU+ BALI* chain 35-DCA VITU+ BALI net 35-DCA-a Vitu+ Mundua ⊕New Britain island: Witu islands Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 35-DCA-aa vitu witu ⊕Garove island: Widu… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 35-DCA-ab mundua* ⊕Mundua island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-DCA-b Bali ⊕New Britain island: Witu islands Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3* 35-DCA-ba bali ⊕Unea* island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-E LAMOGAI+ AMARA* set 35-EA LAMOGAI+ AMARA chain 35-EAA AMARA+ MOUK* net 35-EAA-a Amara ⊕New Britain-W. island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 35-EAA-aa longa #longa= in [34] Bariai: «interior» ⊕Itne valley eastwards… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-EAA-ab idne* ⊕Itne valley Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-EAA-ac bibling* Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-EAA-b Mouk+ Aria ⊕New Britain-W. island 35-EAA-ba mouk mok ⊕Eil valley… Aria river-mouth eastwards… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 2 35-EAA-bb aria ⊕Aria valley eastwards… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 2 35-EAA-bc tourai* Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-EAB LAMOGAI+ RAUTO net 35-EAB-a Lamogai ⊕New Britain-W. island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 35-EAB-aa lamogai ⊕Magap+ Anu headwaters… Lamogai… Via middle valley Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 35-EAB-b Rauto+ Pulie ⊕New Britain-W. island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 35-EAB-ba rauto roto ⊕Magap valley… Anu valley… Wasum south coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-EAB-bb pulie ⊕Pulie lower valley… Waku south coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-EAB-c Ibanga* ⊕New Britain-W. island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3* 35-EAB-ca ibanga ivanga Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-F SOLONG+ AVAU* set 35-FA SOLONG+ AVAU chain 35-FAA SOLONG+ AVAU net 35-FAA-a Solong net-rove; a-rawe community ⊕ New Britain-SW. coast: Bushing Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 cape… Arawe islands… Merkus cape 35-FAA-aa pililo Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-FAA-ab sauren ⊕Sauren… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-FAA-ac kambun Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-FAA-ad a-kolet kollet, morohunga, "inland" solong Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 35-FAA-ae a-rawe a-rove ⊕Arawe islands… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-FAA-b Lesing+ Atui ⊕New Britain-SW. coast… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3* 35-FAA-ba lesing Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-FAA-bb a-tui Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-FAA-c Gimi+ Palik Moevehafen==⊕New Britain-SW. coast+ hinterland Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 35-FAA-ca gimi ⊕Anu valley… Johanna valley… Alimbit lower valley (Audi) Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-FAA-cb loko ⊕Alimbit river-mouth… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-FAA-cc ai-klep e-klep, net-gerlep, moewehafen ⊕Aviklo islands… neighbouring coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-FAA-cd a-palik palik, net-mbul Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-FAA-ce a-yuwet a-yut ⊕Ayut, Ajut island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 307

35-FAA-d Gasmata ⊕New Britain-SW. coast… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 2 35-FAA-da gasmata ⊕Ablingi island… Awio Bay coast… Gasmata island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-FAA-e Avau ⊕New Britain-SW. interior Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 35-FAA-ea a-vau a-wau ⊕Awio Bay hinterland 3 35-G KAPORE+ WHITEMAN-RANGE MANGSENG* set 35-GA KAPORE+ MANGSENG chain 35-GAA KAPORE+ PASISMANUA net 35-GAA-a Pasismanua kaulong, kowlong ⊕New Britain-CW. south coast+ hinterland… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 35-GAA-aa miu ⊕Alimbit upper valley: Miu… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-GAA-ab kaulong-W. ⊕Palin valley… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-GAA-ac a-sengseng sengseng ⊕Oum valley… Andru valley Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-GAA-ad karore ⊕Andru valley… Johanna valley Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-GAA-ae psokhok psohoh, sokhok, psokok ⊕Johanna valley… Wakis Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-GAA-af ai-gon Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-GAA-ag bao ⊕Iglik+ Metelin middle valleys Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-GAA-ah kaulong-E. "inland" kaulong-E. ⊕Amgen valley… Metelin upper valley Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-GAA-ai getmata ⊕Getmata coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-GAA-b Kapore+ Bebeli Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3* 35-GAA-ba bebeli beli Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-GAA-bb benaule banaule Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-GAA-bc kapore ⊕Kapore coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-GAB MANGSENG net 35-GAB-a Mangseng mangsing, masegi, maseki ⊕New Britain-C. south coast.… north coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 35-GAB-aa aiwit* ⊕Aiwit valley… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-GAB-ab roko rugo, rogo ⊕Ania middle valley… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-GAB-ac sampantabil ⊕Kapiura middle valley southwards… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-GAB-ad mirapu ⊕Bilomel upper valley… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-GAB-ae kukula kumila ⊕Ania middle valley… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-H MAENG+ UVOL* set 35-HA MAENG+ UVOL chain 35-HAA UVOL net 35-HAA-a Uvol ⊕New Britain-CE. south coast: Wanopo… Montagu Harbour estuary… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 Dampier cape 35-HAA-aa lote Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-HAA-ab uvol-A. Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-HAB MAMUSI+ MELKOI net 35-HAB-a Mamusi ⊕New Britain-SE. south coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 35-HAB-aa mamusi ⊕Torlu valley… Iowa upper valley Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-HAB-b Melkoi+ Kakuna ⊕New Britain-SE. coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 35-HAB-ba melkoi ⊕Melkoi valley… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-HAB-bb kakuna Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-HAC MAENG+ MIO net MENGEN 35-HAC-a Maeng+ Poeng "south coast" mengen ⊕New Britain-SE. coast: Lau coast… Jacquinot Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 bay… Waterfall bay… Pulpul coast 35-HAC-aa maeng maenge Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-HAC-ab poeng Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-HAC-ac malmal Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-HAC-b Mio+ Pau "north coast" mengen ⊕New Britain-NE. coast… Balima+ Pandi Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 headwaters… north coast 35-HAC-ba mio* Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-HAC-bb pau Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-HAC-bc longeinga Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 35-HAC-c Korapun+ Sampun mengen-E. ⊕New Britain-SE. coast: Cape Orford coast Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 35-HAC-ca korapun+ sampun cape-orford ⊕Korapun… Sampun… Iwai činfluenced by [27] Sulka Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 3 35-I TUMOIP set 35-IA TUMOIP chain 35-IAA TUMOIP net 35-IAA-a Tumoip ⊕New Britain-E. island: Wide Bay southwestwards to massif… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 2 35-IAA-aa tumoip tumuip, tumie, tomoyp, tomoive čconvergence and resulting Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 2 transition towards so-called Papuan languages in 23=Owalamic phylozone page 308 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

36= SOLOMONIC covers the "Solomonic" grouping, part of the "Oceanic" Papua-New Guinea (North Solomons 4 affinity within the "Austronesian" intercontinental affinity; province); Solomon Islands phylozone comprising 6 sets of languages (= 45 outer languages) spoken by communities in Australasia, on islands of the Solomon archipelago: 36-A NEHAN+ PIRIPEL 36-B HALIA+ MONO 36-C VAGHUA+ BABATANA 36-D ROVIANA+ MAROVO 36-E KOKOTA+ ZABANA 36-F AMBA+ VANO

36-A NEHAN+ PIRIPEL set 36-AA NEHAN+ PIRIPEL chain 36-AAA NEHAN+ PIRIPEL net 36-AAA-a Nehan+ Piripel ⊕Green islands Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3 36-AAA-aa nehan ⊕Nehan island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3 36-AAA-ab piripel* pinipin ⊕Piripel island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-B HALIA+ MONO set "bougainville+ shortlands" 36-BA HALIA+ SOLOS BUKA chain 36-BAA HALIA+ SELAU net "wider" halia 36-BAA-a Halia buka-E., halia "proper" ⊕Buka-E. island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 4* 36-BAA-aa hanahan gan ⊕Hanahan… Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BAA-ab haku Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BAA-ac tulon tulun Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BAA-ad tasi Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BAA-ae lontes* Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BAA-b Selau* ⊕Bougainville-N. island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3* 36-BAA-ba selau ⊕Sohano… Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BAA-c Kilinailau* ⊕Kilinailau, Carteret islands Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3* 36-BAA-ca kilinailau Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BAB SOLOS net 36-BAB-a Solos ⊕Buka-W. island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3 36-BAB-aa solos Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3 36-BAC PETATS+ HITAU net 36-BAC-a Petats+ Hitau petats ⊕Buka-W. coastal islands; vehicular expansion > Buka island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3 36-BAC-aa petats ⊕Petats island… Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BAC-ab sumoun Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BAC-ac matsungan Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BAC-ad hitau+ pororan ⊕Hitau+ Pororan islands… Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BB SAPOSA chain 36-BBA SAPOSA net 36-BBA-a SAPOSA ⊕Bougainville-NW. coastal islands … Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3 36-BBA-aa fa-saposa ⊕Saposa island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 2 36-BBA-ab taiof ⊕Taiof island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 2 36-BC HAHON+ TEOP chain 36-BCA HAHON+ RATSUA net 36-BCA-a Hahon+ Ratsua ⊕Bougainville-N. island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3 36-BCA-aa hahon hanon Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BCA-ab kurur Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BCA-ac ratsua Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BCA-ad aravia Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BCB VASUII+ DIOS net "wider" timputz 36-BCB-a Vasuii+ Dios ⊕Bougainville-N. island Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3 36-BCB-aa vasuii timputz "proper", tinputz, timputs, wasoi ⊕Timputz… Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BCB-ab pokpapa Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BCB-ac orig Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BCB-ad dios tsibatabai Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BCB-ae chundawan Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BCB-af vaadoo Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 309

36-BCC TEOP+ PETSPETS net 36-BCC-a Teop+ Petspets ⊕Bougainville-N. island: Timputz district Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3 36-BCC-aa teop Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BCC-ab wainanana Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BCC-ac losiara Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BCC-ad taunita Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BCC-ae melilup Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BCC-af petspets Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BD PAPAPANA chain 36-BDA PAPAPANA net 36-BDA-a Papapana ⊕Bougainville-C. east coast Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 2 36-BDA-aa papapana Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 2 36-BE PIVA+ BANONI chain 36-BEA PIVA+ BANONI net 36-BEA-a Piva ⊕Bougainville-C. island west coast Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 2 36-BEA-aa amun ⊕Amun… Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BEA-ab nagarige piva Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BEA-b Banoni+ Tsunari ⊕Bougainville-S. island west coast Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 3 36-BEA-ba banoni ⊕Empress Augusta bay Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BEA-bb tsunari ⊕Empress Augusta bay Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BEA-c Minigir* ⊕New Britain-NE. island Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 2* 36-BEA-ca minigir lungalunga ⊕Ataliklikun bay: Lungalunga… Papua New Guinea (New Britain) 36-BF TORAU chain 36-BFA TORAU net 36-BFA-a Torau ⊕Bougainville-S. east coast Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 2 36-BFA-aa torau-A. Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BFA-ab rorovana Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 36-BG URUAVA chain Ã 36-BGA URUAVA net Ã 36-BGA-a Uruava ⊕Bougainville-S. east coast Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 0 36-BGA-aa uruava arawa ¶extinct Papua New Guinea (N.Solomons) 0 36-BH MONO+ ALU chain 36-BHA MONO+ ALU net 36-BHA-a Mono+ Alu ⊕Shortland islands Solomon Islands 3 36-BHA-aa mono ⊕Mono island Solomon Islands 36-BHA-ab alu alo ⊕Alu island Solomon Islands 36-BHA-ac fauro ⊕Fauro island… Piru island… Ovau island… Oema island Solomon Islands 36-C VAGHUA+ CHOISEUL BABATANA set 36-CA VAGHUA+ RIRIO choiseul-NW. chain 36-CAA VAGHUA+ VARISI net 36-CAA-a Vaghua ⊕Choiseul-NW. island Solomon Islands 3 36-CAA-aa vaghua vagua, tavola, tavula ⊕Malvangga… Chirovanga Solomon Islands 3 36-CAA-b Varisi+ Ghone ⊕Choiseul-NW. island Solomon Islands 3 36-CAA-ba ghone ⊕Nukiki… Solomon Islands 3 36-CAA-bb varisi varese Solomon Islands 3 36-CAB RIRIO net 36-CAB-a Ririo ⊕Choiseul-NE. island Solomon Islands 2 36-CAB-aa ririo ⊕Susuka… Solomon Islands 2 36-CB BABATANA+ choiseul-CE. KIRUNGGELA chain 36-CBA BABATANA+ KIRUNGGELA net 36-CBA-a Babatana+ Avasö "wider" m-bambatana ⊕Choiseul island… Vaghena island Solomon Islands 3 36-CBA-aa babatana-A. babatana "proper" ⊕Choiseul-C. island: Sasamungga coast-SW. Solomon Islands 36-CBA-ab babatana-V. babatana "vehicular" ⊕Choiseul island… Vaghena island Solomon Islands 36-CBA-ac katazi ⊕Choiseul coast-NE. Solomon Islands 36-CBA-ad sengan sengga, sisingga, senga ⊕Choiseul-C. island: Manggo… 36-CBA-ae kuboro kumboro Solomon Islands 36-CBA-af lömaumbi ⊕Choiseul coast-NE. Solomon Islands 36-CBA-ag avasö ⊕Choiseul coast-SW.… Vaghena island Solomon Islands page 310 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

36-CBA-b Kirunggela* ⊕Choiseul island Solomon Islands 3 36-CBA-ba kirunggela* Solomon Islands 3 36-D ROVIANA+ NEW-GEORGIA MAROVO set 36-DA ROVIANA+ NDUKE chain 36-DAA LUNGGA+ GHANONGGA net 36-DAA-a Ghanongga ⊕Ranongga island Solomon Islands 3 36-DAA-aa ghanongga-A. ganongga Solomon Islands 3 36-DAA-ab kubokota* kumbokota Solomon Islands 36-DAA-b Lungga ⊕Ranongga island Solomon Islands 3 36-DAA-ba lungga Solomon Islands 3 36-DAA-c Simbo ⊕Simbo island… Gizo island Solomon Islands 3 36-DAA-ca simbo-A. sibo ⊕Simbo island… Solomon Islands 3 36-DAA-cb madegugusu* mandeghughusu, madeggusu ⊕Gizo-S. island Solomon Islands 3 36-DAB NDUKE net 36-DAB-a Nduke ⊕Kolombangara, Nduke island Solomon Islands 3 36-DAB-aa n-duke n-dughore, kolombangara Solomon Islands 3 36-DAC KUSAGHE net 36-DAC-a Kusaghe ⊕New Georgia-N. island Solomon Islands 3 36-DAC-aa kusaghe kusage Solomon Islands 3 36-DAD HOAVA net 36-DAD-a Hoava ⊕New Georgia-NE. island Solomon Islands 2 36-DAD-aa hoava Solomon Islands 2 36-DAE ROVIANA net 36-DAE-a Roviana robiana, ruviana, rubiana ⊕New Georgia-NW. island Solomon Islands; Papua New 4 Guinea (North Solomons) ” 36-DAE-aa roviana-A. roviana "proper" ⊕New Georgia-NW. island… Kohinggo island… Vona Solomon Islands 3 Vona island 36-DAE-ab roviana-V. roviana "vehicular" ⊕Salomon-W. islands; vehicular extension> Solomon Islands; extension to: 4 Bougainville island… Buka island Papua New Guinea (North Solomons) ” 36-DAF UGHELE net 36-DAF-a Ughele ⊕Rendova-N. island Solomon Islands 2 36-DAF-aa ughele ugele Solomon Islands 2 36-DB MAROVO+ VANGUNU chain 36-DBA MAROVO net 36-DBA-a Marovo ⊕New Georgia-SE. island… Vangunu island… Nggatokae island Solomon Islands 3 36-DBA-aa marovo-W. ⊕New Georgia-SE. island… Vangunu-N. island Solomon Islands 36-DBA-ab marovo-E. ⊕Vangunu-SE. island… Nggatokae island Solomon Islands 36-DBB VANGUNU net 36-DBB-a Vangunu ⊕Vangunu islands Solomon Islands 3 36-DBB-aa vangunu-A. ⊕Vangunu-CW. island Solomon Islands 2 36-DBB-ab m-bareke ⊕Vangunu-NE. island+ off-shore islands Solomon Islands 2 36-E KOKOTA+ ZABANA SANTA-ISABEL set 36-EA ZABANA+ LAGHU 'santa isabel'-W. chain 36-EAA ZABANA net 36-EAA-a Zabana ⊕Santa Isabel-NW. island+ off-shore islands Solomon Islands 3 36-EAA-aa zabana jabana, kia ⊕Samasodu… Kia… Baolo Solomon Islands 3 36-EAB LAGHU net 36-EAB-a Laghu ⊕Santa Isabel-CS. island Solomon Islands 1 36-EAB-aa laghu lagu, katova ⊕Baolo+ Samasodu south-central coast Solomon Islands 1 36-EB KOKOTA+ CHEKE- "santa isabel"-E. HOLO chain 36-EBA KOKOTA+ ZAZAO net 36-EBA-a Kokota ⊕Santa Isabel-C. island Solomon Islands 2 36-EBA-aa kokota ⊕Sisiga+ Ghoveo north-central coast… Hurepelo south-central coast Solomon Islands 2 36-EBA-b Zazao ⊕Santa Isabel-C.island Solomon Islands 2 36-EBA-ba zazao jajao, kilokaka ⊕Kilokaka south-central coast Solomon Islands 2 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 311

36-EBA-c Blablanga ⊕Santa Isabel-CE. island: Popoheo+ Hovukoilo northeast coast… Solomon Islands 2 Ghove+ Biluro south coast 36-EBA-ca blablanga-A. Solomon Islands 2 36-EBA-cb gema* Solomon Islands 2 36-EBA-cc goi* Solomon Islands 2 36-EBB CHEKE-HOLO+ GAO net 36-EBB-a Cheke-Holo ⊕Santa Isabel-E. island Solomon Islands 3 36-EBB-aa maringe maringhe ⊕Santa Isabel-NE. coast; plus vehicular extension > San Solomon Islands 3 Jorge island 36-EBB-ab hograno hogirano ⊕Santa Isabel-SE. coast Solomon Islands 3 36-EBB-ac a'ara Solomon Islands 36-EBB-ad kubonitu Solomon Islands 36-EBB-b Gao ⊕Santa Isabel-E. island Solomon Islands 2 36-EBB-ba gao nggao ⊕Tausese+ Poro… Floakora cape Solomon Islands 2 36-F AMBA+ VANO set SANTA-CRUZ 36-FA AMBA+ utupua NYISUNGGU chain 36-FAA AMBA net 36-FAA-a Amba ⊕Santa Cruz islands: Utupua-NW. island Solomon Islands 2 36-FAA-aa amba nembao, utupua "proper" ⊕Aveta+ Matembo+ Nembao Solomon Islands 2 36-FAB ASUMBOA net 36-FAB-a Asumboa ⊕Santa Cruz islands: Utupua-SW. island Solomon Islands 1 36-FAB-aa asumboa asumbuo, asumbua, asumuo ⊕Asumbuo Solomon Islands 1 36-FAC NYISUNGGU net 36-FAC-a Nyisunggu ⊕Santa Cruz islands: Utupua-E. island Solomon Islands 1 36-FAC-aa nyisunggu tanimbili ⊕Tanimbili Solomon Islands 1 36-FB VANO+ TEANU vanikoro chain 36-FBA VANO net 36-FBA-a Vano ⊕Santa Cruz islands: Vanikoro-N. island Solomon Islands 2 36-FBA-aa vano vanikoro, vanikolo Solomon Islands 2 36-FBB TANEMA net 36-FBB-a Tanema ⊕Santa Cruz islands: Vanikoro-S. island Solomon Islands 0 36-FBB-aa tanema tanima, tetau ⊕Emua Solomon Islands 0 36-FBC TEANU net 36-FBC-a Teanu ⊕Santa Cruz islands: Vanikoro-W. island Solomon Islands 2 36-FBC-aa teanu buma, puma ⊕Puma off-shore island Solomon Islands 2 page 312 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

37= KANAKIC covers the "Kanaky" (or "Neo-Caledonian" grouping), part of Vanuatu; New Caledonia / Kanaky 4 the "Oceanic" affinity within the "Austronesian" phylozone intercontinental affinity; comprising 4 sets of languages (= 39 outer languages) spoken by communities in Australasia, on the islands of Vanuatu and New Caledonia / Kanaky (including Loyauté islands): 37-A URA+ ANEITYUM 37-B BELEP+ JAWE 37-C AJIE+ DUBEA 37-D DEHU+ IAAI

37-A URA+ ANEITYUM vanuatu-S. set 37-AA URA+ ERROMANGA chain 37-AAA URA net 37-AAA-a Ura ⊕Erromanga-N. island ¶10 speakers or less in the 1970's Vanuatu 1 37-AAA-aa ura Vanuatu 1 37-AAB ERROMANGA net 37-AAB-a Erromanga eromanga, erramanga, sie ⊕Erromanga-N. island Vanuatu 3 37-AAB-aa yoku enyau Vanuatu 37-AAB-ab ifo utaha Vanuatu 37-AAB-ac potnariven Vanuatu 37-AAB-ad sie sorung Vanuatu 37-AB TANNA+ KWAMERA* chain 37-ABA TANNA+ NAPUANMEN net 37-ABA-a Tanna+ Imafin ⊕Tanna-N. island Vanuatu 3 37-ABA-aa tanna-E. Vanuatu 37-ABA-ab tanna-W. Vanuatu 37-ABA-ac imafin Vanuatu 37-ABA-b Napuanmen "whitesands", "whitsands" ⊕Tanna-NE. island Vanuatu 3 37-ABA-ba waesisi wassisi, "whitesands"-N. Vanuatu 37-ABA-bb lometimeti "whitesands"-S. Vanuatu 37-ABB LENAKEL+ ITONGA net 37-ABB-a Lenakel+ Itonga ⊕Tanna-W. island Vanuatu 3 37-ABB-aa lenakel ⊕Lenakel Vanuatu 37-ABB-ab loanatit Vanuatu 37-ABB-ac nerauya Vanuatu 37-ABB-ad itonga Vanuatu 37-ABB-ae ikyoo Vanuatu 37-ABC NOWAI+ NVHAL net tanna-SW. 37-ABC-a Nowai+ Nvhal ⊕Tanna-SW. island further idioms to be identified Vanuatu 3 37-ABC-aa nvhal Vanuatu 37-ABC-ab nowai Vanuatu 37-ABD KWAMERA net 37-ABD-a Kwamera ⊕Tanna-SW. island Vanuatu 3 37-ABD-aa kwamera-N. ⊕Port Resolution Vanuatu 3 37-ABD-ab kwamera-S. ⊕Imaki Vanuatu 3 37-AC ANEITYUM chain 37-ACA ANEITYUM net 37-ACA-a Aneityum aneiteum, aneiteumese, anejom ⊕Aneityum island Vanuatu 2 37-ACA-aa aneityum-N. Vanuatu 2 37-ACA-ab aneityum-S. Vanuatu 2 37-B BELEP+ JAWE set kanak-N., "new caledonian"-N. 37-BA BELEP+ YUAGA chain 37-BAA BELEP+ KUMAK net 37-BAA-a Belep+ Nyaalayu New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 37-BAA-aa belep ⊕Belep islands New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BAA-ab n-yaalayu nyâlayu, yâlayu ⊕Grande Terre-N. island: Arama… Balade New Caledonia / Kanaky 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 313

37-BAA-b Kumak+ Nenema ⊕Grande Terre-NW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 37-BAA-ba nenema nelema ⊕Poum New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BAA-bb fwa-kumak koumac, fwa-goumak. goumak ⊕Koumac New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BAA-c Yuaga+ Juanga nua, nyua ⊕Grande Terre-NW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 37-BAA-ca juanga ⊕Bondé reserve New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BAA-cb yuaga ⊕Ouénia… Ouéholle New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BAA-cc thuanga ⊕Gomén reserve New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BAA-d Caac moenebeng ⊕Grande Terre-NE. island; deported c.1850> Grande- New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 Terre-S. island: Saint-Louis 37-BAA-da pwebo caac-N., pouébo ⊕Pouébo mission New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 37-BAA-db caawac caac-S., "saint-louis", la conception ⊕deported c.1850 > Saint-Louis: New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 La Conception mission 37-BB JAWE+ HMWAVEKE chain 37-BBA JAWE+ NEMI net 37-BBA-a Jawe jawé, njawe, diahoue, oubatch, ubach ⊕Grande Terre-NE. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 37-BBA-aa jawe-N. ⊕Tchamboenne… Tao coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BBA-ab jawe-C. ⊕Haute-Ouaième: Pangou reserve New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BBA-ac jawe-S. ⊕Ouayaguette+ Ouahat high valleys New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BBA-b Nemi+ Kavatch ⊕Grande Terre-CN. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 37-BBA-ba nemi-N. ⊕Panié coast-NE. New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BBA-bb coulna ⊕Coulna reserve: Ouaième middle valley New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BBA-bc ouango ⊕Ouango reserve New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BBA-bd kavatch ⊕Kavatch reserve New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BBA-be nemi-S. ⊕Voh coast-CW. New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BBA-c Fwai ⊕Grande Terre-NE. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 37-BBA-ca fwai fwâi, poai, yengen, yehen ⊕Hienghène coast+ valley New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BBA-d Pije ⊕Grande Terre-NE. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 37-BBA-da pije pinje, pindje ⊕Tipindjé+ Tiendanite+ Poindimié New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BBB PWAPWA net 37-BBB-a Pwapwa ⊕Grande Terre-NW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 37-BBB-aa pwapwa pwapwâ, poapoa ⊕Boyen reserve New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BBC PWAAMEI net 37-BBC-a Pwaamei poamei ⊕Grande Terre-NW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 37-BBC-aa pwaamei-SW. in [51] French: pwaamei de bord-de-mer (=«seaside» pwaamei) New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BBC-ab pwaamei-naaka ⊕Témala-Ouélis reserve New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BBC-ac pwaamei-yaak ⊕Faténaoué valley New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BBD HMWAVEKE+ BWATOO net 37-BBD-a Hmwaveke+ Haveke 'moake' ⊕Grande Terre-CN. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 37-BBD-aa vamale vamalé, pamale, hmwaeke-E. ⊕Téganpaïk northeast coast.… New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 Tiouandé 37-BBD-ab hmwaveke 'moaveke' ⊕Tiéta>H. mountains New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 37-BBD-ac voh-kone hmwaeke-W. ⊕Voh central-west coast.… Tiéta New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 37-BBD-ad haveke aveke, 'aveke ⊕Oundjo central-west coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 37-BBD-ae haeke aeke, 'aeke ⊕Baco reserve: Koné plain New Caledonia / Kanaky 2* 37-BBD-b Waamwang ⊕Grande Terre-CW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 0 37-BBD-ba waamwang wamoang ⊕Voh central-west coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 0 37-BBD-c Bwatoo ⊕Grande Terre-CW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 37-BBD-ca bwatoo ⊕Oundjo>SE. coastal enclaves New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 37-BC CEMUHI+ PAICI kanak-C., "new caleconian"-C. chain 37-BCA CEMUHI net 37-BCA-a Cemuhi cemuhî, camuhi, tyamuhi, camuki ⊕Grande Terre-CE. island; deported New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 c.1850 > Grande-Terre-S. island: Saint-Louis 37-BCA-aa u* ⊕Congouma New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BCA-ab tié ⊕Touho coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BCA-ac béko cemuhi-C. New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BCA-ad wagap cemuhi-SW. ⊕Wagap New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BCA-ae tiparama ⊕Tiparama coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BCA-af cemuhi-S. ⊕deported c.1850 > Saint-Louis: La Conception mission New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BCB PAICI net 37-BCB-a Paici* paicî, pati, paaci, ci ⊕Grande Terre-C. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 37-BCB-aa ponerihouen paici-E. ⊕Poindimié… Ponérihouen east coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-BCB-ab paici-W. ⊕Nimbayé upper valley New Caledonia / Kanaky page 314 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

37-C AJIE+ DUBEA set kanak-S., "new caledonian"-S. 37-CA AJIE+ XARACUU kanak-CS. chain 37-CAA AJIE+ NEKU net WAILIC 37-CAA-a Arhö ⊕Grande Terre-CW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 1 37-CAA-aa arhö aro ⊕Poya+ Cradji+ Nékliaï New Caledonia / Kanaky 1 37-CAA-b Arha ⊕Grande Terre-C. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 37-CAA-ba arha arhâ, ara ⊕Montfaoué+ Ouendji+ Poya upper valleys New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 37-CAA-c Ajië ajié, anjie, wailu, wai ⊕Grande Terre-C. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 37-CAA-ca monéo ⊕Monéo coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CAA-cb wailu-N. wai ⊕Houaïlou coast + vehicular extension New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CAA-cc wailu-S. ⊕Houaïlou valley New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CAA-cd kouaoua ⊕Kouaoua lower valley New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CAA-ce ajië-W. ⊕Poya>SE. coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CAA-d Orowe ⊕Grande Terre-C. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 37-CAA-da orowe orowé, boewe, abwewe ⊕Ni+ Pothé+ Bouirou+ Bourail upper valleys New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CAA-e Neku ⊕Grande Terre-CW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 37-CAA-ea neku ⊕Bourail lower valley New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CAB ZIRE+ TIRI net 37-CAB-a Zire ⊕Grande Terre-CW. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 1 37-CAB-aa zire zira, zirë, sirhe, siche, sichë, nere, nerë ⊕Bourail river-mouth+ central- New Caledonia / Kanaky west coast 37-CAB-b Tiri ⊕Grande Terre-C. island; deported after 1878 revolt > Iles des Pins New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 island 37-CAB-ba ha-tiri tîrî, ciri ⊕La Foa lower valley New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CAB-bb ha-mea ha-meha, meha, méa ⊕Méchin New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CAB-bc tiri+ mea "levelled" tiri+ mea fusion of ha-tiri & ha-mea after regrouping in 19th New Caledonia / Kanaky century 37-CAB-bd tiri-S. ⊕deported after 1878 > Ile des Pins island New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CAC XARACUU+ XARAGURE net 37-CAC-a Xaracuu+ Kanala* xârâcùù, xaracii, anesu, haraneu ⊕Grande Terre-CS. island; deported New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 in 19th century > Iles des Pins island 37-CAC-aa kanala canala ⊕Canala coast+ hinterland New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CAC-ab nakety ⊕Nakety coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CAC-ac ouroué ⊕Ouroué coast+ hinterland New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CAC-ad xaracuu-C ⊕Kouaré New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CAC-ae xaracuu-SW. ⊕Bouloupari southwest coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CAC-af xaracuu-SE. ⊕deported in 19th century > Ile des Pins island New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CAC-b Xaragure aragure, 'aragure, haragure ⊕Grande Terre-S. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 37-CAC-ba thio ⊕Thio east coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CAC-bb borindi ⊕Borindi east coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CAC-bc xaragure-SW. ⊕Ouinane southwest coast 37-CB DUBEA+ NUMEE chain 37-CBA DUBEA+ NUMEE net 37-CBA-a Dubea naa-dubea, n-dumbea, dumbea, drubea ⊕Grande Terre-S. island New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 37-CBA-aa naa-dubea-W. ⊕Naniouni southwest coast+ Bangou + Ndé + Païta+ Dumbéa… New Caledonia / Kanaky Pirogue pass 37-CBA-ab naa-dubea-E. ⊕Ounia+ Yaté southeast coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CBA-b Numee naa-numee, kapone, touaouru, ouen, kwenyii, kunie, tuauru, duauru, New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 uen, wen, naa-wee ⊕Grande Terre-S. island 37-CBA-ba naa-numee-W. numèè, kapone ⊕Nouméa>SE. coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CBA-bb tuauru duauru, touaouru, ⊕Touaourou southeast coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CBA-bc goro ⊕Goro southeast coast New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CBA-c Wee "insular" numee ⊕Ouen island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 37-CBA-ca naa-wee wêê, wen, uen, ouen New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-CBA-d Kwenyii "insular" numee 2 ⊕Ile des Pins island New Caledonia / Kanaky 2 37-CBA-da naa-kwenyii kwênyii, kunie New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-D DEHU+ IAAI set LOYAUTÉ 37-DA DEHU+ IAAI chain 37-DAA IAAI net 37-DAA-a Iaai ⊕Loyauté islands: Ouvéa island New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 37-DAA-aa iaai iai, yai New Caledonia / Kanaky 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 315

37-DAB DEHU net 37-DAB-a Dehu de'u, drehu, lifu, lifou ⊕Loyauté islands: Lifou island New Caledonia / Kanaky 4 37-DAB-aa wet wete, dehu-N. New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-DAB-ab lössi losi, dehu-S. New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-DAB-ac miny min, "honorific" dehu, "court" dehu ¶language of traditional respect New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-DAC NENGONE net 37-DAC-a Nengone ⊕Loyauté islands: Maré island New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 37-DAC-aa maré "general" nengone New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-DAC-ab pene-iwatenu iwateno, "honorific" nengone, "court" nengone New Caledonia / Kanaky 37-DAC-ac pene-egesho "scornful" nengone, "trivial" nengone New Caledonia / Kanaky page 316 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

38= WEST-PACIFIC covers the "Caroline+ Vanuatu" grouping, part of the Micronesia; Solomon Islands; 5 "Oceanic" affinity within the "Austronesian" intercontinental Kiribati; Tuvalu; Nauru; Vanuatu; phylozone affinity; comprising 8 sets of languages (= 119 outer formerly also Indonesia (Irian Jaya) languages) spoken by communities in Australasia, on islands of the Pacific from the Caroline (and formerly also Mapia) islands to Vanuatu: 38-A TRUK+ PONAPE 38-B KUSAIE 38-C EBON 38-D KIRIBATI 38-E NAURU 38-F GELA+ GHARI 38-G KWARA'AE+ KAHUA 38-H HIW+ NASARIAN

38-A TRUK+ PONAPE set "ponapeic"+ "trukic"; part of "micronesian" grouping 38-AA TRUK+ PONAPE MACRO-TRUKIC chain 38-AAA MAPIA net "mapian" Ã 38-AAA-a Mapia ⊕Mapia islands Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 0 38-AAA-aa mapia ¶extinct čsubmerged by [33] Biak Indonesia (Irian Jaya) 0 38-AAB TRUK+ ULITHI net "trukic" island idioms to be distinguished 38-AAB-a Sonsorol ⊕Caroline islands Micronesia 2 38-AAB-aa sonsorol ⊕Helen+ Tobi+ Merir+ Pulo-Anna+ Sonsorol islands Micronesia 38-AAB-b Ulithi "ulithian" ⊕Caroline islands Micronesia 3 38-AAB-ba ulithi ⊕Ngulu+ Ulithi+ Fais+ Sorol islands Micronesia 3 38-AAB-c Woleai "woleaian", "wolean" ⊕Caroline islands Micronesia 3 38-AAB-ca woleai ⊕Eauripik+ Woleai+ Ifaluk+ Elato+ Lamotrek+ Olimarao*+ Faraulep+ Micronesia 3 Gaferut* islands 38-AAB-d Satawal+ Saipan "carolinian" ⊕Caroline… Mariana islands Micronesia 3 38-AAB-da satawal "satawalese" ⊕Caroline islands: Satawal island Micronesia 2 38-AAB-db saipan "saipan-carolinian" ⊕Mariana-S. islands: Saipan island Micronesia 38-AAB-dc tanapag "carolinian-N." ⊕Mariana-N. islands Micronesia 38-AAB-dca pagan ⊕Pagan island Micronesia 38-AAB-dcb agrihan ⊕Agrihan island Micronesia 38-AAB-e Puluwat puluwatese ⊕Caroline islands Micronesia 3 38-AAB-ea puluwat ⊕Pulusuk+ Puluwat+ Pulap islands Micronesia 3 38-AAB-f Namonuito ⊕Caroline islands: Namonuito islands Micronesia 2 38-AAB-fa namonuito ⊕Magur+ Ulul islands Micronesia 2 38-AAB-g Paafang ⊕Caroline islands: Hall islands Micronesia 3 38-AAB-ga paafang pááfang ⊕Nomwin+ Fananu+ Murilo+ Ruo islands Micronesia 3 38-AAB-h Truk "trukese" ⊕Caroline islands: Truk islands+ Kuop islands ⊕plus Micronesia 4 vehicular extension> Caroline-C. islands ⊕plus migration> Ponape island 38-AAB-ha truk-C. ruk ⊕Pis+ Falo+ Moen+ Mwoch+ Dublon+ Eten+ Fefan+ Uman+ Tsis+ Micronesia Tarik+ Param+ Eiol islands 38-AAB-hb truk-V. "vehicular trukese" Micronesia 38-AAB-hc truk-E "east-lagoon" Micronesia 38-AAB-hd fayichuk ⊕Eot+ Romonum+ Udot+ Tol+ Fela-Beguets islands Micronesia 38-AAB-i Mortlock "mortlockese" ⊕Caroline islands: Mortlock islands Micronesia 3 38-AAB-ia lukeisel mortlock-N. ⊕Nama+ Losap+ Pis islands Micronesia 38-AAB-ib mortlock-S. "lower" mortlock ⊕Namoluk+ Etal+ Lukunor+ Oneiop+ Nomoi islands Micronesia 38-AAC PONAPE+ "ponapeic" PINGELAP net 38-AAC-a Ponape "ponapean", "pohnpeian" ⊕Caroline islands: Senyavin islands Micronesia 4 38-AAC-aa ponape-N. ⊕Ponape-N. island Micronesia 38-AAC-ab kiti ⊕Ponape-S.+ Ant islands Micronesia 38-AAC-ac ngatik "ngatikese" ⊕Ngatik island Micronesia 38-AAC-b Mokil "mokilese" ⊕Caroline islands: Senyavin islands… ⊕migration> Hawaii Micronesia 3 38-AAC-ba mokil ⊕Mokil island Micronesia 38-AAC-c Pingelap "pingilapese" ⊕Caroline islands: Senyavin islands Micronesia; migration> USA 3 (Hawaii) ” 38-AAC-ca pingelap pingilap ⊕Pingelap islands Micronesia 38-B KUSAIE set "kusaiean"; part of "micronesian" grouping 38-BA KUSAIE chain 38-BAA KUSAIE net 38-BAA-a Kusaie kosrae, "kosraean" ⊕Caroline islands: Kusaie, Kosrae islands Micronesia 3 38-BAA-aa malen+ utwe ⊕Kusaie island: Malen+ Utwe Micronesia 38-BAA-ab lelu+ tafunsak ⊕Lelu island+ Kusaie island (Tafunsak) Micronesia 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 317

38-C EBON set MARSHALLESE; part of "micronesian" grouping 38-CA EBON chain 38-CAA EBON net 38-CAA-a Ebon "marshallese" ⊕Marshall islands bilingual in [52] English Marshall Islands; migration> 4 Nauru ” 38-CAA-aa bikini+ eniwetok "marshallese"-W. ⊕Bikini+ Eniwetok islands; deported in Marshall Islands 4 1946>=Ujelang island+ Rälik Chain archipelago bilingual in [52] English 38-CAA-aaa ujelang ⊕Ujelang island ¶since enforced resettlement in 1946 Marshall Islands 38-CAA-aab rälik ⊕Rälik Chain archipelago (including Kili+ Ebon islands) ¶since Marshall Islands enforced resettlement in 1946 38-CAA-ab ratak "marshallese"-E. Marshall Islands 4 38-D KIRIBATI set GILBERTESE, part of "micronesian" grouping 38-DA KIRIBATI chain 38-DAA KIRIBATI net 38-DAA-a Kiribati "gilbertese" ⊕Kiribati, Gilbert islands bilingual in [52] English Kiribati; Tuvalu; migration> Fiji; 4 Nauru ” 38-DAA-aa i-kiribati "gilbertese"-C. ⊕Abaiang+ Marakei islands… Tamana+ Arorae islands Kiribati 4 38-DAA-ab butaritari kiribati-N., "gilbertese"-N. ⊕Butaritari, Makin island Kiribati 38-DAA-ac banaban kiribati-W., "gilbertese"-W. ⊕Banaba, Ocean island Kiribati 38-DAA-ad nui kiribati-S., "gilbertese"-S. ⊕Nui island Tuvalu 3* 38-E NAURU set 38-EA NAURU chain 38-EAA NAURU net 38-EAA-a Nauru "nauruan" ⊕Nauru island Nauru 3 38-EAA-aa nauru bilingual in [52] English ¶limited acquisition of language by children Nauru 38-F GELA+ GHARI set 38-FA GELA+ GHARI chain 38-FAA BUGHOTU+ VULAVA net 38-FAA-a Bughotu+ Vulava* mahaga ⊕Santa Isabel-SE. island (Suma… Horara)+ San Jorge-SE. Solomon Islands 3 island+ Vatilau island+ Furona island 38-FAA-aa m-bughotu bugoto, bugota, bugotu Solomon Islands 38-FAA-ab hageulu Solomon Islands 38-FAA-ac vulava Solomon Islands 38-FAB GELA+ LENGO net 38-FAB-a Gela ⊕Florida islands ⊕plus migration> Savo+ Guadalcanal islands Solomon Islands 3 38-FAB-aa n-gela nggela Solomon Islands 3 38-FAB-b Lengo+ Aola ⊕Guadalcanal-CN. island Solomon Islands 3 38-FAB-ba lengo Solomon Islands 38-FAB-bb ruavatu Solomon Islands 38-FAB-bc tasemboko Solomon Islands 38-FAB-bd aola ⊕Aola Solomon Islands 38-FAB-be aripao Solomon Islands 2 38-FAB-bf ghaimuta ghua Solomon Islands 2 38-FAC GHARI+ TALISE net GUADALCANAL 38-FAC-a Ghari guadalcanal-W. ⊕Guadalcanal-W. island Solomon Islands 3 38-FAC-aa ghari-A. gari, sughu, guadalcanal-W. "vehicular" ⊕Sughu coast+ vehicular Solomon Islands 3 extension 38-FAC-ab tan-garare tandai+ n-garia, tana-ghai, tandai+ nggaria Solomon Islands 2 38-FAC-ac n-gae nggae Solomon Islands 2 38-FAC-ad n-geri nggeri Solomon Islands 2 38-FAC-ae n-di vaturanga ⊕Maravovo>SE. Solomon Islands 3 38-FAC-af n-ginia Solomon Islands 3 38-FAC-b Talise+ Tolo "wider" talise, "wider" tolo ⊕Guadalcanal-S. island Solomon Islands 3 38-FAC-ba poleo Solomon Islands 3 38-FAC-bb ina-kono koo, ina-kona Solomon Islands 3 38-FAC-bc malagheti malageti Solomon Islands 2 38-FAC-bd talise Solomon Islands 2 38-FAC-be tolo ⊕Haimara Solomon Islands 3 38-FAC-bf moli Solomon Islands 3 38-FAC-c Malango ⊕Guadalcanal-C. island Solomon Islands 3 38-FAC-ca malango ⊕Popomanaseu mountain valleys Solomon Islands 3 38-FAC-d Birao ⊕Guadalcanal-CE. island Solomon Islands 3 38-FAC-da m-birao ⊕Kaichui mountain valleys… southeast coast Solomon Islands 3 page 318 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

38-G KWARA'AE+ malaita+ "san-cristobel" KAHUA set 38-GA KWARA'AE+ MALAITA ARE'ARE chain 38-GAA LONGGU net 38-GAA-a Longgu ⊕Malaita island; deported>Guadalcanal-E. island Solomon Islands 2 38-GAA-aa longgu logu Solomon Islands 2 38-GAB KWARA'AE+ TO'ABAITA net 38-GAB-a Kwara'ae+ To'abaita "malaitan"-N. ⊕Malaita-N.+ coastal islands Solomon Islands 4 38-GAB-aa to'abaita toabaita, to'ambaita Solomon Islands 3 38-GAB-ab malu'u malu, maluu ⊕Maluu Solomon Islands 38-GAB-ac m-baelelea Solomon Islands 3 38-GAB-ad m-baegu baeggu, baeguu, baenggu, m-baenggu Solomon Islands 3 38-GAB-ae fataleka Solomon Islands 38-GAB-af lau ⊕Malaita coast-NE. Solomon Islands 4 38-GAB-ag suafa* part of lau "insular" ⊕Manaoba island Solomon Islands 38-GAB-ah dai ndai, part of lau "insular" ⊕Dai island Solomon Islands 38-GAB-ai gula'alaa kwai+ ngongosila ⊕Kwai+ Ngongosila islands Solomon Islands 38-GAB-aj kwara'ae ⊕Malaita west coast (Dala+ Auki)… east coast ¶used also as a Solomon Islands 4 vehicular language 38-GAB-ak fiu* Solomon Islands 38-GAC LANGALANGA net 38-GAC-a Langalanga ⊕Malaita-W. island Solomon Islands 3 38-GAC-aa langalanga ⊕Auki… Mbuma Solomon Islands 3 38-GAD KWAIO net 38-GAD-a Kwaio ⊕Malaita-C. island Solomon Islands 4 38-GAD-aa kwaio koio ⊕Mbuma west coast.… east coast Solomon Islands 4 38-GAE ARE'ARE+ DORI'O net 38-GAE-a Dori'o+ ⊕Malaita-C. island Solomon Islands 3 Kwarekwareo 38-GAE-aa dori'o Solomon Islands 38-GAE-ab kwarekwareo* Solomon Islands 38-GAE-b Are'are+ Marau ⊕Malaita-S.+ Maramasike-N. islands Solomon Islands 4 38-GAE-ba are'are areare, 'are'are Solomon Islands 38-GAE-bb marau ⊕Marau Sound straits Solomon Islands 38-GAF OROHA net 38-GAF-a Oroha ⊕Maramasike-S. island Solomon Islands 2 38-GAF-aa oroha oraha, maramasike, mara-ma-siki Solomon Islands 2 38-GAG SA'A+ UGI net 38-GAG-a Sa'a+ Ugi malaita-S. Solomon Islands 3 38-GAG-aa sa'a saa ⊕Maramasike island Solomon Islands 38-GAG-ab apae'aa* Solomon Islands 38-GAG-ac ulawa ⊕Ulawa island Solomon Islands 38-GAG-ad ugi uki-ni-masi ⊕Uki Ni Masi… Three Sisters islands Solomon Islands 1 38-GB KAHUA+ AROSI MAKIRA, "san-cristobel" chain 38-GBA AROSI+ FAGANI net 38-GBA-a Arosi ⊕Makira, San Cristobel-NW. island Solomon Islands 3 38-GBA-aa arosi-A. Solomon Islands 38-GBA-ab wango Solomon Islands 38-GBA-b Fagani ⊕Makira, San Cristobel-CW. island Solomon Islands 2 38-GBA-ba fagani-A. Solomon Islands 38-GBA-bb rihu'a Solomon Islands 38-GBA-bc agufi Solomon Islands 38-GBB BAURO+ MARMAREGHO net 38-GBB-a Bauro+ Marmaregho ⊕Makira, San Cristobel-C. island Solomon Islands 3 38-GBB-aa bauro ⊕Kirakira Solomon Islands 3 38-GBB-ab haununu hauhunu Solomon Islands 2 38-GBB-ac rawo ravo Solomon Islands 2 38-GBB-ad marmaregho* mamaregho Solomon Islands 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 319

38-GBC KAHUA+ TAWARAFA net 38-GBC-a Kahua+ Tawarafa ⊕Makira, San Christobel-E.+ Santa Ana+ Santa Catalina islands… Solomon Islands 4 vehicular extension westwards (Makira island) 38-GBC-aa kahua anganiwai, anganiwei, wanoni, narihua, makira "vehicular" Solomon Islands 3 38-GBC-ab tawarafa "star-harbour" ⊕Gheta Solomon Islands 3 38-GBC-ac owa-raha ⊕Santa Ana island Solomon Islands 38-GBC-ad owa-riki ⊕Santa Catalina island Solomon Islands 38-H HIW+ NASARIAN set TRANSVANUATU, vanuatu-N.+ C. 38-HA HIW+ ETON chain vanuatu-NE. 38-HAA HIW+ LOH net torres ⊕Torres islands 38-HAA-a Hiw ⊕Torres-N. islands Vanuatu 2 38-HAA-aa hiw Vanuatu 2 38-HAA-b Loh+ Toga ⊕Torres-S. islands Vanuatu 2 38-HAA-ba tegua* ⊕Tegua-S. island Vanuatu 38-HAA-bb loh lo ⊕Low island Vanuatu 38-HAA-bc toga ⊕Toga island Vanuatu 38-HAB LEHALI+ LEHALURUP net 38-HAB-a Lehali+ Teqel ⊕Banks island: Ureparapara-N. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAB-aa lehali Vanuatu 38-HAB-ab teqel tekel, alo-teqel Vanuatu 38-HAB-b Lehalurup ⊕Banks islands: Ureparapara-S. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAB-ba lehalurup Vanuatu 2 38-HAC MOTLAV+ MOTA net 38-HAC-a Motlav motalava ⊕Banks islands… Mota Lava, Saddle island Vanuatu 3 38-HAC-aa volow valuva, valuwa, valuga Vanuatu 38-HAC-ab beklag Vanuatu 38-HAC-ac totoglag Vanuatu 38-HAC-ad bun Vanuatu 38-HAC-b Mota ⊕Banks islands… Mota, Sugarloaf island Vanuatu 2 38-HAC-ba mota-W. Vanuatu 38-HAC-bb mota-E. Vanuatu 38-HAD VATRATA+ MOSINA net 38-HAD-a Vatrata+ Sasar vanua-lava==⊕Banks islands: Vanua Lava-N. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAD-aa vatrata Vanuatu 2 38-HAD-ab leon Vanuatu 0 38-HAD-ac pak bek Vanuatu 0 38-HAD-ad sasar lem Vanuatu 0 38-HAD-b Mosina+ Vuras ⊕Banks islands: Vanua Lava-S. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAD-ba vetumboso mosina-N. Vanuatu 38-HAD-bb vuras vureas, avreas Vanuatu 38-HAD-bc mosina mosin, mosina-S. Vanuatu 38-HAE NUME+ WETAMUT gaua net 38-HAE-a Nume ⊕Banks islands: Gaua, Santa Maria-NE. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAE-aa nume-A. gaua-E. Vanuatu 38-HAE-ab tarasag* Vanuatu 38-HAE-b Lakona ⊕Banks islands: Gaua, Santa Maria-NW. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAE-ba lakona-A. lakon, gaua-W. Vanuatu 38-HAE-bb gog* Vanuatu 38-HAE-c Koro ⊕Banks islands: Gaua, Santa Maria-SW. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAE-ca koro ⊕Koro+ Mekeon Vanuatu 2 38-HAE-d Wetamut ⊕Banks islands: Gaua, Santa Maria-SE. island Vanuatu 1 38-HAE-da wetamut ⊕Dorig+ Kweteon Vanuatu 1 38-HAF MERLAV+ MWERIG net 38-HAF-a Merlav+ Mwerig ⊕Banks-SE. islands Vanuatu 3 38-HAF-aa mwerig merig ⊕Mwerig island Vanuatu 2 38-HAF-ab merlav merelava ⊕Mwerelava, Mere Lava island Vanuatu 38-HAF-ac matliwag ⊕Matliwag island Vanuatu 38-HAG MARINO+ LOTORA MAEWO, maevo 38-HAG-a Marino ⊕Maewo-N. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAG-aa marino maewo-N., naone Vanuatu 2 page 320 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

38-HAG-b Lotora+ Bangoro maewo-C. ⊕Maewo-C. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAG-ba lotora Vanuatu 38-HAG-bb tanoriki Vanuatu 38-HAG-bc peterara ⊕Peterara Vanuatu 38-HAG-bd arata Vanuatu 1 38-HAG-be bangoro Vanuatu 1 38-HAG-c Baetora maewo-S. ⊕Maewo-S. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAG-ca baetora-A. ⊕Baetora Vanuatu 38-HAG-cb nasawa Vanuatu 38-HAG-cc talise-vanuatu talise 2 Vanuatu 38-HAG-cd narovorovo Vanuatu 38-HAH NDUINDUI+ AMBAE, aoban LONGANA net 38-HAH-a Nduindui+ Opa aoban-W., ambae-W. ⊕Aoba-W., Ambae-W. island Vanuatu 3 38-HAH-aa nduindui duindui ⊕Nduindui Vanuatu 38-HAH-ab opa Vanuatu 38-HAH-ac walaha Vanuatu 38-HAH-b Longana+ Omba aoban-E., ambae-E. ⊕Aoba-E., Ambae-E. island Vanuatu 3 38-HAH-ba omba oba, aoba Vanuatu 38-HAH-bb walurigi Vanuatu 38-HAH-bc tavalavola lombaha; lobaha Vanuatu 38-HAH-bd lambahi Vanuatu 38-HAH-be longana ⊕Longana Vanuatu 38-HAH-bf lolopwepwe Vanuatu 38-HAH-bg lolokaro lolokara Vanuatu 38-HAH-bh lolsiwoi Vanuatu 38-HAI HANO+ SA net RAGA 38-HAI-a Hano+ Vunmarama raga-N. ⊕Raga;=Pentecost-N. island; vehicular extension > Raga+ Vanuatu 3 Maewo-S. island 38-HAI-aa hano including "vehicular" raga Vanuatu 3 38-HAI-ab lamalanga Vanuatu 38-HAI-ac vunmarama Vanuatu 38-HAI-ad qatvenua bwatvenua Vanuatu 38-HAI-b Apma+ Melsisi ⊕Raga, Pentecost-C. island Vanuatu 3 38-HAI-ba suro-bo apma-N. Vanuatu 38-HAI-bb suro-marani apma-S. Vanuatu 38-HAI-bc bwatnapi Vanuatu 38-HAI-bd loltong Vanuatu 38-HAI-be melsisi ⊕Melsissi Vanuatu 38-HAI-c Sowa ⊕Raga, Pentecost-C. island Vanuatu 1 38-HAI-ca sowa Vanuatu 38-HAI-d Seke ⊕Raga, Pentecost-C. island Vanuatu 1 38-HAI-da seke Vanuatu 38-HAI-e Sa+ Ponorwal* ⊕Raga, Pentecost-S. island Vanuatu 3 38-HAI-ea ponorwal raga-S. Vanuatu 38-HAI-eb lolatavola Vanuatu 38-HAI-ec ninebulo Vanuatu 38-HAI-ed sa-NE. "baie-barrier" Vanuatu 38-HAI-ee sa-SE. "sainte-thérèse" Vanuatu 38-HAI-ef sa-SW. walwi+ ranputor Vanuatu 38-HAI-eg sa-S. pancros, "point-cross" Vanuatu 38-HAJ AMBRYM net 38-HAJ-a Ambrym-N. ⊕Ambrym-N. island Vanuatu 3 38-HAJ-aa olal ambrym-NE. Vanuatu 38-HAJ-ab magam ambrym-NW. Vanuatu 38-HAJ-b Lonwolwol ⊕Ambrym-SW. island Vanuatu 3 38-HAJ-ba fali Vanuatu 38-HAJ-bb fanting Vanuatu 38-HAJ-c Dakaka+ Sesivi ambrym-S. ⊕Ambrym-SW. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAJ-ca dakaka Vanuatu 38-HAJ-cb baiap Vanuatu 38-HAJ-cc sesivi Vanuatu 38-HAJ-d Port-Vato ⊕Ambrym-SW. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAJ-da port-vato Vanuatu 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 321

38-HAJ-e Taviak taveak ⊕Ambrym-SE. island Vanuatu 3 38-HAJ-ea endu taviak-N. Vanuatu 38-HAJ-eb toak taviak-W. Vanuatu 38-HAJ-ec penapo taviak-S. Vanuatu 38-HAJ-ed taviak-A. taviak-SE. ⊕Taviak Vanuatu 38-HAK PAAMA+ LOPEVI net 38-HAK-a Paama+ Lopevi* ⊕Paama+ Lopevi islands Vanuatu 3 38-HAK-aa paama-N. pauma-N. ⊕Paama-N. island Vanuatu 38-HAK-ab paama-S. pauma-S. ⊕Paama-S. island Vanuatu 38-HAK-ac lopevi ⊕Lopevi island Vanuatu 38-HAL VALPEI+ MALO* net 'santo'-W. 38-HAL-a Valpei+ Hukua ⊕Santo-NW. island: Cape Cumberland cape>S. Vanuatu 2 38-HAL-aa valpei valpay Vanuatu 38-HAL-ab hukua Vanuatu 38-HAL-b Nokuku ⊕Santo-NW. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAL-ba nokuku nogugu: ⊕Nokuku coast Vanuatu 38-HAL-c Vunapu+ Piamatsina ⊕Santo-NW. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAL-ca vunapu Vanuatu 2 38-HAL-cb piamatsina Vanuatu 2 38-HAL-d Tasmate ⊕Santo-W. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAL-da tasmate-N.* Vanuatu 38-HAL-db tasmate-S. ⊕Tasmate coast Vanuatu 38-HAL-e Tolomako+ Jereviu "big-bay" ⊕Santo-CN. island: Big Bay bay Vanuatu 2 38-HAL-ea tolomako Vanuatu 38-HAL-eb jereviu Vanuatu 38-HAL-ec marina* Vanuatu 38-HAL-f Wusi+ Kerepua ⊕Santo-W. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAL-fa wusi ⊕Wusi coast Vanuatu 38-HAL-fb kerepua Vanuatu 38-HAL-g Malmariv+ Navut ⊕Santo-CN. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAL-ga malmariv Vanuatu 2 38-HAL-gb navut Vanuatu 2 38-HAL-h Lametin ⊕Santo-CN. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAL-ha lametin Vanuatu 38-HAL-i Morouas+ Akei* ⊕Santo-CN. island Vanuatu 3 38-HAL-ia morouas moruas Vanuatu 2 38-HAL-ib roria Vanuatu 2 38-HAL-ic fortsenal Vanuatu 2 38-HAL-id akei Vanuatu 2 38-HAL-ie tasiriki* Vanuatu 38-HAL-if wailapa Vanuatu 2 38-HAL-ig penantsiro Vanuatu 38-HAL-ih amblong Vanuatu 38-HAL-ii narango ⊕Narango coast Vanuatu 38-HAL-j Tangoa ⊕Santo-CS. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAL-ja tangoa ⊕Tangoa island Vanuatu 2 38-HAL-k Araki ⊕Santo-CS. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAL-ka araki ⊕Araki island Vanuatu 2 38-HAL-l Tambotalo ⊕Santo-SE. island Vanuatu 1 38-HAL-la tambotalo ⊕Luganville coast: Tambotalo Vanuatu 1 38-HAL-m Mafea+ Ais ⊕Santo-SE. island Vanuatu 1 38-HAL-ma mafea ⊕Mafea island Vanuatu 38-HAL-mb ais ⊕Ais island Vanuatu 38-HAL-n Malo+ Tutuba ⊕Santo-SE. island Vanuatu 3 38-HAL-na tutuba ⊕Tutuba island Vanuatu 2 38-HAL-nb aore ⊕Mafea island Vanuatu 0 38-HAL-nc avunatari malo-N. ⊕Malo-N. island Vanuatu 38-HAL-nd ataripoe malo-S. ⊕Malo-S. island Vanuatu 38-HAM VOVO+ URIPIV* net 38-HAM-a 'Malua-Bay' ⊕Malekula-NW. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAM-aa 'malua-bay' "espiègle-bay", "middle-nambas" Vanuatu 2 38-HAM-b Vovo ⊕Malekula-N. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAM-ba vovo wowo Vanuatu 2 page 322 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

38-HAM-c Mpotovoro ⊕Malekula-N. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAM-ca mpotovoro Vanuatu 2 38-HAM-d Mae ⊕Malekula-N. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAM-da mae including "small-nambas"-N. Vanuatu 2 38-HAM-e Vao ⊕Malekula-N. island: Vao island Vanuatu 3 38-HAM-ea vao Vanuatu 3 38-HAM-f Uripiv+ Atchin uripiv+ wala ⊕Malekula-NE. island Vanuatu 3 38-HAM-fa atchin nale ⊕Atchin island Vanuatu 38-HAM-fb wala ⊕Wala island Vanuatu 38-HAM-fc rano ⊕Rano island Vanuatu 38-HAM-fd uripiv ⊕Uripiv island Vanuatu 38-HAM-fe tautu Vanuatu 38-HAM-ff uri* Vanuatu 38-HAN UNUA+ KULIVIU* net 38-HAN-a Unua ⊕Malekula-SE. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAN-aa unua-A. onua ⊕Unua coast Vanuatu 38-HAN-ab 'bush'-unua Vanuatu 38-HAN-b Rerep+ Tisman ⊕Malekula-SE. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAN-ba rerep pangkumu ⊕Pangkumu bay Vanuatu 38-HAN-bb tisman Vanuatu 38-HAN-c Aulua+ Onesso ⊕Malekula-SE. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAN-ca aulua ⊕Aulua bay Vanuatu 38-HAN-cb onesso Vanuatu 38-HAN-cc boinelang Vanuatu 38-HAN-d Burmbar+ Vartavo ⊕Malekula-SE. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAN-da burmbar "banan bay" ⊕Banan Bay Vanuatu 38-HAN-db vartavo* Vanuatu 38-HAN-e Lamap ⊕Malekula-SE. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAN-ea lamap including port-sandwich… Vanuatu 2 38-HAN-f Kuliviu ⊕Malekula-SE. island: Maskelyne islands Vanuatu 3 38-HAN-fa kuliviu "maskelynes" with more island dialects to be identified Vanuatu 3 38-HAN-faa peskarus ⊕Peskarüs town & island 38-HAN-fab asue ⊕Assoué 38-HAN-g Axamb ⊕Malekula-S. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAN-ga axamb ahamb Vanuatu 2 38-HAO MALFAXAL+ SENIANG* net 38-HAO-a Malfaxal+ Seniang ⊕Malekula-SW. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAO-aa malfaxal malvaxal ⊕Malfaxal coast Vanuatu 38-HAO-ab orierh Vanuatu 38-HAO-ac nakahai na'ahai, naahai ⊕Toman island Vanuatu 38-HAO-ad taman tomman ⊕Toman island Vanuatu 38-HAO-ae sinesip part of "southwest bay" Vanuatu 38-HAO-af seniang part of "southwest bay" Vanuatu 38-HAP LEWO+ BIEREBO* EPI net 38-HAP-a Lewo ⊕Epi-NE. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAP-aa mate ⊕Maté Vanuatu 38-HAP-ab nul niul, noul ⊕Noul Vanuatu 38-HAP-ac filakara ⊕Filakara Vanuatu 38-HAP-ad varsu* Vanuatu 38-HAP-ae tasiko Vanuatu 38-HAP-b Bierebo ⊕Epi-NW. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAP-ba bonkovia bonkowia ⊕Bonkowia Vanuatu 38-HAP-bb yevali Vanuatu 38-HAP-bc tavio ⊕Tavio Vanuatu 38-HAP-c Baki ⊕Epi-W. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAP-ca baki burumba ⊕Burumba Vanuatu 2 38-HAP-d Maii ⊕Epi-CW. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAP-da maii mafilau, mae-morae Vanuatu 2 38-HAP-e Bieria ⊕Epi-SW. island Vanuatu 2 38-HAP-ea bieria bieri Vanuatu 2 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 323

38-HAQ ETON+ NGUNA* net 38-HAQ-a Namakura+ Buninga "namakuran" ⊕Tongoa-E. island+ Emwae-S. island + adjacent islands Vanuatu 3 38-HAQ-aa tongoa ⊕Tongoa-E. island: Mangarisiou Vanuatu 38-HAQ-ab tongariki ⊕Tongariki island Vanuatu 38-HAQ-ac buninga ⊕Buninga island Vanuatu 38-HAQ-ad na-makura ⊕Emwae-S.+ Makura islands Vanuatu 38-HAQ-ae mataso ⊕Mataso island Vanuatu 38-HAQ-b Nguna+ Paunangis ⊕Efate-N. island + adjacent islands Vanuatu 3 38-HAQ-ba n-guna "ngunese", tongoa Vanuatu 38-HAQ-baa nikapa ⊕Nguna island: Nikapa… Outanlang Vanuatu 38-HAQ-bab lambukuti ⊕Tongoa-W. island: Lamboukouti Vanuatu 38-HAQ-bb lelepa "havannah-harbour" ⊕Lelepa island: Natapao Vanuatu 38-HAQ-bc sesake ⊕Saké island Vanuatu 38-HAQ-bd emau emao ⊕Emao island: Marao… Wana… Ngouroua Vanuatu 38-HAQ-be paunangis paonanguis ⊕Efate-N. island: Paonanguis… Vanuatu 38-HAQ-bf livara Vanuatu 38-HAQ-c Erakor+ Fate efate-S. ⊕Efate-S. island Vanuatu 3 38-HAQ-ca fate Vanuatu 38-HAQ-cb erakor ⊕Erakor peninsula Vanuatu 38-HAQ-d Eton+ Epwau efate-E. ⊕Efate-E. island Vanuatu 3 38-HAQ-da eton ⊕Eton… Vanuatu 38-HAQ-db epwau ⊕Ebau… Vanuatu 38-HB SAKAO+ LITARO 'santo'-E. chain 38-HBA SAKAO+ LIARA net 'santo'-NE. 38-HBA-a Sakao+ Liara santo ⊕Espiritu Santo-NE. island Vanuatu 3 38-HBA-aa sakao sakau ⊕Sakao island Vanuatu 38-HBA-ab 'hog-harbour' ⊕Hog Harbour Vanuatu 38-HBA-ac liara livara 2 Vanuatu 0 38-HBB LITARO+ 'santo'-SE. POLONOMBAUK net 38-HBB-a Litaro+ ⊕Espiritu Santo-SE. island Vanuatu 2 Lorediakarkar 38-HBB-aa lorediakarkar Vanuatu 1 38-HBB-ab 'shark-bay' ⊕Shark Bay coast Vanuatu 2 38-HBB-ac litaro ⊕Litaro island Vanuatu 2 38-HBB-b Butmas-Tur ⊕Espiritu Santo-SE. island Vanuatu 2 38-HBB-ba butmas-tur ati Vanuatu 2 38-HBB-c Polonombauk ⊕Espiritu Santo-SE. island Vanuatu 2 38-HBB-ca polonombauk Vanuatu 2 38-HC LAREVAT+ LABO INNER-MALEKULA chain 38-HCA LAREVAT+ KATBOL net 38-HCA-a Leviamp ⊕Malekula-NW. island Vanuatu 3 38-HCA-aa leviamp "big-nambas", nambas-N. ⊕Leviamp Vanuatu 3 38-HCA-b Maragus ⊕Malekula-NE. island Vanuatu 1 38-HCA-ba maragus maragaus Vanuatu 1 38-HCA-c Larevat ⊕Malekula-W. island Vanuatu 2 38-HCA-ca larevat laravat Vanuatu 2 38-HCA-d Litzlitz+ Visele ⊕Malekula-E. island Vanuatu 2 38-HCA-da litzlitz ⊕Lakatoro coast Vanuatu 2 38-HCA-db visele* Vanuatu 2* 38-HCA-e Lingarak ⊕Malekula-CE. island Vanuatu 2 38-HCA-ea lingarak ⊕Bushman's Bay bay Vanuatu 2 38-HCA-f Vinmavis+ Winiv ⊕Malekula-CW. island Vanuatu 2 38-HCA-fa vinmavis lambumbu Vanuatu 38-HCA-fb winiv Vanuatu 38-HCA-g Tisvel katbol-W. ⊕Malekula-CW. island Vanuatu 2 38-HCA-ga tisvel Vanuatu 2 38-HCA-h Tembimbe+ Katbol katbol-E. ⊕Malekula-CE. island Vanuatu 2 38-HCA-ha tembimbe timbembe Vanuatu 38-HCA-hb katbol Vanuatu 38-HCA-hc taremp Vanuatu page 324 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

38-HCB NASARIAN+ nambas-S. LETEMBOI net 38-HCB-a Nasarian ⊕Malekula-CS. island Vanuatu 1 38-HCB-aa nasarian 1 38-HCB-b Repanbitip ⊕Malekula-SE. island Vanuatu 1 38-HCB-ba repanbitip 1 38-HCB-c Letemboi ⊕Malekula-S. island Vanuatu 2 38-HCB-ca letemboi "small-nambas"-S. Vanuatu 2 38-HCB-d 'Dixon-Reef' ⊕Malekula-W. island Vanuatu 1 38-HCB-da 'dixon-reef' 1 38-HCC LABO net 38-HCC-a Labo ⊕Malekula-SW. island Vanuatu 2 38-HCC-aa labo mewun, meaun, nide Vanuatu 2 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 325

39= TRANSPACIFIC covers the "Transpacific" grouping, part of the "Oceanic" Chile (Easter Island), Fiji, 5 affinity within the "Austronesian" intercontinental affinity; Micronesia, New Caledonia / phylozone comprising 3 sets of languages (= 57 outer languages) Kanaky, Samoa, New Zealand / spoken by communities in Australasia, on islands across the Aotearoa, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tuvalu, Pacific Ocean from the Caroline Islands to Hawaii and Easter Vanuatu, Wallis & Futuna, and Island: USA (Hawaii) 39-A ROTUMA 39-B BAU+NADROGA 39-C NUKUORO+RAPANUI The island languages and communities of the Nukuoro+ Rapanui set (& chain) extend well over a quarter of the way around the planet, from the Caroline islands to Easter island (from 154ºE to 109ºW)

39-A ROTUMA set 39-AA ROTUMA chain 39-AAA ROTUMA net 39-AAA-a Rotuma ⊕Rotuma island; plus migration> Viti Levu+ Vanua Levu islands Fiji (Rotuma; Viti Levu; Vanua 4 Levu) 39-AAA-aa rotuma rotuna, rutuman Fiji (Rotuma; Viti Levu; Vanua 4 Levu) 39-B BAU+ NADROGA set "WIDER"-FIJIAN the extreme linguistic complexity of traditional communities in Fiji has probably been understated, and further investigation is required 39-BA NADROGA+ "fijian"-W. činfluenced by [39] Bau-Fiji NAMOSI chain 39-BAA NADROGA+ WAYA "nuclear fijian"-W. net 39-BAA-a Waya+ Magodro ⊕Yasawa islands; plus migration> Viti-Levu island Fiji (Yasawa; migration> Viti-Levu) 4 39-BAA-aa waya ⊕Waya island… adjacent islands Fiji (Yasawa…) 39-BAA-ab nakoroboya Fiji (Yasawa…) 39-BAA-ac noikoro Fiji (Yasawa…) 39-BAA-ad magodro Fiji (Yasawa…) 39-BAA-b Nadroga+ Tubaniwai ⊕Viti-Levu-SW. island Fiji (Viti-Levu) 4 39-BAA-ba nadroga nadrogaa Fiji (Viti-Levu) 39-BAA-bb tubaniwai Fiji (Viti-Levu) 39-BAB NAMOSI+ SERUA "peripheral fijian"-W. net 39-BAB-a Namosi+ Serua ⊕Viti Levu-CS. island + Vatuele islands Fiji (Viti-Levu; Vatuele) 4 39-BAB-aa namosi ⊕Namosi Fiji (Viti-Levu) 39-BAB-ab naitasiri naitaasiri Fiji 39-BAB-ac serua seerua Fiji 39-BAB-ad batiwai Fiji 39-BAB-ae tubai Fiji 39-BAB-af nalea Fiji 39-BB BAU+ LAU* chain "fijian"-E. 39-BBA BAU+ LAU net 39-BBA-a Bau-Fiji including bau+ naimasimasi, vitu-levu-SE. "traditional" centered on Fiji; migration> New Zealand / 5 the traditional idioms of Vitu-Levu-SE. island, and particularly on the Aotearoa ” offshore island of Bau, the idiom of which formed the basis for development of the national Fijian language from 19th century ⊕Viti-Levu-SE. + Bau islands; with extension throughout Fiji islands 39-BBA-aa ✍fiji-F. "standard fijian", "standard" bau ⊕Viti-Levu+ Bau islands, with Fiji 5 extension throughout Fiji islands Bau model; Latin script činfluenced by [39] Lau, [39]Tonga and [52]English; 39-BBA-ab fiji-G. "generalised fijian", "urban fijian", "prestige fijian" ⊕throughout Fiji Fiji islands 39-BBA-ac fiji-V. 'pijin fijian', "fijian contact vehicular" ⊕throughout Fiji islands Fiji 39-BBA-ad bau m-bau, bau-fijian, bauan; part of bau+ naimasimasi, vitu-levu-SE. Fiji (Viti-Levu) "traditional" traditional idiom of Bau island, now submerged by the resulting generalised Fijian ⊕Bau island; plus migration> Viti-Levu mainland island 39-BBA-ae naimasimasi part of bau+ naimasimasi, vitu-levu-SE. "traditional" ⊕Naimasimasi Fiji (Viti-Levu) coast 39-BBA-af nadrau part of bau+ naimasimasi, vitu-levu-SE. "traditional" Fiji (Viti-Levu) 39-BBA-ag waidina part of bau+ naimasimasi, vitu-levu-SE. "traditional" Fiji (Viti-Levu) 39-BBA-ah lutu part of bau+ naimasimasi, vitu-levu-SE. "traditional" ⊕Lutu interior Fiji (Viti-Levu) page 326 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

39-BBA-b Namena+ Lovoni* ⊕Viti-Levu-NE. island== činfluenced by [39] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Viti-Levu) 4 39-BBA-ba tokaimalo Fiji (Viti-Levu) 39-BBA-bb namena Fiji (Viti-Levu) 39-BBA-bc lovoni #distinction from Lovoni town on Ovalau island to be confirmed Fiji (Viti-Levu) 39-BBA-c Lomaiviti ⊕Ovalau+ Gau+ Koro archipelago činfluenced by [39] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro) 4 39-BBA-ca koro ⊕Koro island Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro) 39-BBA-cb makogai ⊕Makogai island Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro) 39-BBA-cc levuka ⊕Levuka island Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro) 39-BBA-cd ovalau ⊕Ovalau island Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro) 39-BBA-ce batiki ⊕Batiki island Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro) 39-BBA-cf nairai ⊕Nairai island Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro) 39-BBA-cg gau ⊕Gau island Fiji (Ovalau-Gau-Koro) 39-BBA-d Kadavu ⊕Kadavu+ Ono islands==činfluenced by [39] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Kadavu-Ono) 4 39-BBA-da tavuki ⊕Kadavu island Fiji (Kadavu-Ono) 4 39-BBA-db nabukelevu ⊕Kadavu island Fiji (Kadavu-Ono) 3 39-BBA-dc ono ⊕Ono island Fiji (Kadavu-Ono) 39-BBA-e Lau lauan ⊕Lau archipelago==činfluenced by [39] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Lau) 4 39-BBA-ea matuku* ⊕Matuku island Fiji (Lau) 39-BBA-eb totoya* ⊕Totoya island Fiji (Lau) 39-BBA-ec naitaba* ⊕Naitaba island Fiji (Lau) 39-BBA-ed moala* ⊕Moala island Fiji (Lau) 39-BBA-ee yacata* ⊕Yacata island Fiji (Lau) 39-BBA-ef vanua-balavu ⊕Vanua-Balavu island Fiji (Lau) 39-BBA-eg mago* ⊕Mago island Fiji (Lau) 39-BBA-eh tuvuca* ⊕Tuvuca island Fiji (Lau) 39-BBA-ei cicia* ⊕Cicia island Fiji (Lau) 39-BBA-ej nayau ⊕Nayau island Fiji (Lau) 39-BBA-ek lakeba ⊕Lakeba island Fiji (Lau) 39-BBA-el vanua-vatu ⊕Vanua-Vatu island Fiji (Lau) 39-BBA-em oneata ⊕Oneata island Fiji (Lau) 39-BBA-en moce ⊕Mothe, Moce island Fiji (Lau) 39-BBA-eo namuka ⊕Namuka-i-Lau island Fiji (Lau) 39-BBA-ep kabara ⊕Kambara, Kabara island Fiji (Lau) 39-BBA-eq fulanga ⊕Fulanga, Fulaga, Vulaga island Fiji (Lau) 39-BBA-er ongea ⊕Ongea, Ogea-Levu Fiji (Lau) 39-BBA-es vatoa ⊕Vatoa island Fiji (Lau) 39-BBA-et ono-i-lau* ⊕Ono-i-Lau island Fiji (Lau) 39-BBA-eu tuvana-i-ra* ⊕Tuvana-i-Ra island Fiji (Lau) 39-BBA-ev tuvana-i-colo* ⊕Tuvana-i-Colo island Fiji (Lau) 39-BBA-f Vanua-Levu-W. ⊕Vanua-Levu-W.+ Yadua islands==činfluenced by [39] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Vanua Levu) 4 39-BBA-fa navatu-W. Fiji (Vanua Levu) 39-BBA-fb solevu Fiji (Vanua Levu) 39-BBA-fc bua Fiji (Vanua Levu) 39-BBA-fd navakasiga Fiji (Vanua Levu) 39-BBA-g Vanua-Levu-C. ⊕Vanua-Levu-CS. island==činfluenced by [39] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Vanua Levu) 4 39-BBA-ga baravi baaravi Fiji (Vanua Levu) 39-BBA-gb seaqaqa seaqaaqaa Fiji (Vanua Levu) 39-BBA-gc savusavu Fiji (Vanua Levu) 39-BBA-gd nabalebale Fiji (Vanua Levu) 39-BBA-h Vanua-Levu-SE. ⊕Vanua-Levu-SE. island==činfluenced by [39] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Vanua Levu) 4 39-BBA-ha navatu-C.* Fiji (Vanua Levu) 39-BBA-hb tunuloa Fiji (Vanua Levu) 39-BBA-hc naweni Fiji (Vanua Levu) 39-BBA-hd baumaa Fiji (Vanua Levu) 39-BBA-i Vanua-Levu-NE. ⊕Vanua-Levu-NE. island==činfluenced by [39] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Vanua Levu) 4 39-BBA-ia labasa Fiji (Vanua Levu) 39-BBA-ib dogotuki Fiji (Vanua Levu) 39-BBA-ic saqan Fiji (Vanua Levu) 39-BBA-id koroalau Fiji (Vanua Levu) 39-BBA-j Gone+ Dau ⊕Vanua-Levu-NW. island: Gone + Dau islands ==činfluenced by [39] Fiji (Vanua Levu) 3 Bau-Fiji 39-BBA-ja gone ⊕Gone island Fiji (Vanua Levu) 39-BBA-jb dau ⊕Dau island Fiji (Vanua Levu) 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 327

39-BBA-k Taveuni* ⊕Taveuni islands==činfluenced by [39] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Taveuni) 3 39-BBA-ka taveuni Fiji (Taveuni) 3 39-BBA-l Okobia* ⊕Okobia island==činfluenced by [39] Bau-Fiji Fiji (Okobia) 2 39-BBA-la okobia Fiji (Okobia) 2 39-C NUKUORO+ POLYNESIAN RAPANUI set 39-CA NUKUORO+ čwith complex internal relationships, resulting from interinsular RAPANUI chain migrations Latin script 39-CAA NUKUORO net 39-CAA-a Nukuoro ⊕Nukuoro island; also migration> Ponape island Micronesia 1 39-CAA-aa nukuoro nukoro, nuguor Micronesia 1 39-CAB KAPINGAMARANGI net 39-CAB-a Kapingamarangi ⊕Kapingamarangi island also migration> Ponape island: Porakiet Micronesia 3 39-CAB-aa kapingamarangi Micronesia 3 39-CAC NUGURIA+ SIKIANA net 39-CAC-a Nuguria ⊕Nuguria, Nukuria, Feed islands Papua New Guinea 2 39-CAC-aa nuguria nukuria, nahoa, fead, feed Papua New Guinea 2 39-CAC-b Takuu ⊕Tauu island: Mortlock village Papua New Guinea 2 39-CAC-ba takuu tauu, taku, tau, mortlock Papua New Guinea 2 39-CAC-c Nukumanu ⊕Nukumanu, Tasman island Papua New Guinea 2 39-CAC-ca nukumanu "tasman" Papua New Guinea 2 39-CAC-d Ontong-Java ⊕Ontong Java, Luangiua, Lord Howe islands Solomon Islands 3 39-CAC-da luangiua leuangiua, "lord-howe" Solomon Islands 39-CAC-db pelau Solomon Islands 39-CAC-e Sikiana Solomon Islands 2 39-CAC-ea sikaiana sikayana Solomon Islands 2 39-CAD MUNGGAVA+ MUNGIKI net 39-CAD-a Munggava+ Mungiki "rennellese"+ "bellonese" ⊕Rennell+ Bellona islands Solomon Islands 3 39-CAD-aa munggava "rennellese", ⊕Rennell islands Solomon Islands 39-CAD-ab mungiki mugiki, bellona, "bellonese" ⊕Bellona island Solomon Islands 39-CAE NUPANI+ MATEMA "pilenic" net 39-CAE-a Nupani+ Aua "pilenic"-W. ⊕Reef islands Solomon Islands 2 39-CAE-aa nupani ⊕Nupani island Solomon Islands 39-CAE-ab nukapu ⊕Nukapu island Solomon Islands 39-CAE-ac pileni pilheni ⊕Pileni island Solomon Islands 39-CAE-ad aua ⊕Nifioli* island Solomon Islands 39-CAE-b Matema+ Taumako "pilenic"-E. ⊕Duff+ Reef islands Solomon Islands 2 39-CAE-ba matema ⊕Matema island Solomon Islands 39-CAE-bb taumako "duff" ⊕Taumako island Solomon Islands 39-CAF TIKOPIA+ ANUTA net 39-CAF-a Tikopia Solomon Islands 3 39-CAF-aa tikopia ⊕Tikopia island Solomon Islands 3 39-CAF-b Anuta+ Fataka ⊕Anuta+ Fataka islands Solomon Islands 2 39-CAF-ba anuta ⊕Anuta island Solomon Islands 39-CAF-bb fataka* ⊕Fataka island Solomon Islands 39-CAG EMAE net 39-CAG-a Emae ⊕Emae, Emwae island Vanuatu 2 39-CAG-aa emae emwae, mae, mwae, emai, mai ⊕Three Hills+ Sesake islands Vanuatu 2 39-CAH MELE+ FILA net fila+ mele 39-CAH-a Mele ⊕Efate island Vanuatu 3 39-CAH-aa mele ⊕Mele Vanuatu 3 39-CAH-b Fila ⊕Efate island Vanuatu 2 39-CAH-ba fila efira, fira, ifira ⊕Vila Harbor, Fila Harbor bay: Fila island Vanuatu 2 39-CAI FOTUNA+ ANIWA "futunan", "erronan" net 39-CAI-a Fotuna ⊕West Futuna island (distinct from East Futuna island in Wallis- Vanuatu 2 Futuna): Isavaï… Ikaokao 39-CAI-aa fotuna futuna-W. distinct from [39] Futuna (Futuna-E.) in Wallis-Futuna Vanuatu 2 39-CAI-b Aniwa ⊕Aniwa island: Ipao… Matin'gi Vanuatu 2 39-CAI-ba aniwa anewa Vanuatu 2 page 328 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

39-CAJ FAGA-UVEA net 39-CAJ-a Faga-Uvea ⊕Loyauté, Loyalty islands: ⊕Ouvéa-Ouest, West Uvea island (distinct New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 from East Uvea island in Wallis-Futuna) bilingual in [51] Français 39-CAJ-aa faga-uvea "uvean"-W., in [51] Français: faga-uvéan, ouvéan =distinct from [39] New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 Uvea (Uvea-E.) 39-CAK TUVALU+ TOKELAU "samoic outlier"-W. bilingual in [52] English net 39-CAK-a Tuvalu-N. "tuvaluan"-N., "ellician"-N., "ellice"-N. ⊕Ellice islands Tuvalu 4 39-CAK-aa nanumanga ⊕Nanumanga island Tuvalu 39-CAK-ab nanumea ⊕Nanumea island Tuvalu 39-CAK-ac niutao ⊕Niutao island Tuvalu 39-CAK-b Tuvalu-S. "tuvaluan"-S., "ellician"-S., "ellice"-S. ⊕Ellice islands Tuvalu 4 39-CAK-ba funafuti "standard" tuvalu ⊕Funafuti island Tuvalu 4 39-CAK-bb vaitupu ⊕Vaitupu islands Tuvalu 39-CAK-bc nukulaila ⊕Nukulaila islands Tuvalu 39-CAK-bd nukufetau Tuvalu 39-CAK-c Tokelau "tokelauan" ⊕Tokelau islands… Olosega island Tokelau; Samoa; migration> New 3 Zealand / Aotearoa ” 39-CAK-ca atafu ⊕Atafu island Tokelau 39-CAK-cb nukunono ⊕Nukunono island Tokelau 39-CAK-cc fakaofo ⊕Fakaofo islands Tokelau 39-CAK-cd olosega* ⊕Olosega, Swains island Samoa 39-CAL UVEA net "uvean" 39-CAL-a Uvea uvean-E., wallisian, in [51] Français: wallisien ⊕Wallis islands… Wallis & Futuna; migration> 4 Vanuatu islands… Grande Terre island==činfluenced by [39] Tonga; Vanuatu; New Caledonia / Kanaky distinct from [39] Faga-Uvea (Uvea-W.) bilingual in [51] Français ” 39-CAL-aa uvea-wallis ⊕Ouvéa-Est, East Uvea island (distinct from West Uvea island in New Wallis & Futuna 3 Caledonia) 39-CAL-ab uvea-vanuatu Vanuatu 2 39-CAL-ac uvea-kanaky ⊕Grande Terre island New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 39-CAM FUTUNA+ "futunian" NIUAFO'OU net 39-CAM-a Futuna+ Alofi ⊕Futuna islands; migration> Grande Terre island bilingual in [51] Wallis & Futuna; migration> New 3 Français Caledonia / Kanaky ” 39-CAM-aa futuna futuna-E. ⊕Futuna-E. island (distinct from West Futuna island in Wallis & Futuna 3 Vanuatu): 39-CAM-ab futuna-kanaky ⊕Grande Terre island New Caledonia / Kanaky 3 39-CAM-ac alofi* ⊕Alofi island Wallis & Futuna 2 39-CAM-b Niuafo'ou ⊕Niuafo'ou island Tonga 2 39-CAM-ba niuafo'ou Tonga 2 39-CAN PUKAPUKA net 39-CAN-a Pukapuka ⊕Cook islands: Pukapuka island Cook Islands; migration> New 3 Zealand / Aotearoa ” 39-CAN-aa pukapuka "bukabukan" Cook Islands; also New Zealand / 3 Aotearoa ” 39-CAO SAMOA net "samoan" 39-CAO-a Samoa ⊕Samoa islands bilingual in [52] English Western Samoa; American 5 Samoa; migration from Samoa> New Zealand / Aotearoa; migration from American Samoa> USA (Hawaii; California) ” 39-CAO-aa samoa-W. "samoan"-W. ⊕Savai'I… Upolu islands Western Samoa 5 39-CAO-aaa samoa-F. "formal" samoan 39-CAO-aab samoa-G. "casual" samoan, "generalised" samoan 39-CAO-ab samoa-E. "samoan"-E. ⊕Tutula… Manu'a islands American Samoa 39-CAP TONGA+ NIUE net "tongic" 39-CAP-a Niue ⊕Niue island Niue; migration> New Zealand / 3 Aotearoa ” 39-CAP-aa niue "niuean", 'niuefekai' Niue; also New Zealand / Aotearoa 3 ” 39-CAP-b Tonga "tongan" ⊕Tonga islands Tonga; migration> New Zealand / 5 Aotearoa; migration> USA (Hawaii; California; Utah) ” 39-CAP-ba tonga-niuatoputapu* čhaving submerged Niuatoputapu (extinct in 18th century) Tonga 3 39-CAP-bb vava'u ⊕Vava'u islands Tonga 39-CAP-bc ha'apai ⊕Ha'apai islands Tonga 39-CAP-bd tongatapu ⊕Tongatapu islands Tonga 3= AUSTRONESIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 329

39-CAQ MAORI+ TAHITI net "tahitic"+ "marquesic" bilingual in [52] English or [51] Français 39-CAQ-a Maori new-zealand maori ⊕North + South islands ⊕formerly also Chatham New Zealand / Aotearoa 5 island (now extinct) bilingual in [52] English 39-CAQ-aa ✍ maori-F. "formal" maori, "classical" maori New Zealand / Aotearoa 5 39-CAQ-ab maori-W. ⊕North Island-W. island New Zealand / Aotearoa 4 39-CAQ-aba te-aupouri+ ngapuhi "auckland"-N. ⊕Auckland-N. peninsula New Zealand / Aotearoa 39-CAQ-abb waikato+ maniapoto ⊕Auckland southwards: Waikato valley New Zealand / Aotearoa 39-CAQ-abc wanganui+ taranaki ⊕Wanganui valley… Taranaki Bight coast New Zealand / Aotearoa 39-CAQ-ac maori-C. maori "transitional" ⊕North Island-C. island New Zealand / Aotearoa 4 39-CAQ-aca ngati-maru ⊕Coromandel peninsula: Harauki plains New Zealand / Aotearoa 39-CAQ-acb te-arawa ⊕Rotorua New Zealand / Aotearoa 39-CAQ-acc ngati-tuwharetoa ⊕Taupo lake New Zealand / Aotearoa 39-CAQ-ad maori-E. ⊕North Island-E. island New Zealand / Aotearoa 4 39-CAQ-ada ngati-awa ngai-te-rangi+ ngati-awa+ te-whakatohea+ tuhoe ⊕Bay of Plenty New Zealand / Aotearoa coast+ hinterland 39-CAQ-adb ngati-porou te-whanau-a-apanui+ ngati-porou ⊕East Coast peninsula New Zealand / Aotearoa 39-CAQ-adc rongowhakaata rongowhakata ⊕Poverty Bay bay New Zealand / Aotearoa 39-CAQ-add ngati-kahungunu ⊕Hawke's Bay bay+ Wairarapa New Zealand / Aotearoa 39-CAQ-ae maori-S. "south-island" maori==¶extinct, now replaced by speakers from North New Zealand / Aotearoa Island ⊕South Island island 39-CAQ-af moriori ⊕Chatham island New Zealand / Aotearoa 0 39-CAQ-b Rarotonga+ kuki-airani, "rarotongan"+ "mangaian", "cook-islands" maori ⊕Cook Cook Islands; large-scale 4 Mangaia islands; with migration & settlement (over 50% of speakers)> New migration> New Zealand / Zealand / Aotearoa ==bilingual in [52] English; some interintelligibility Aotearoa ” with [39] Maori 39-CAQ-ba rarotonga "rarotongan"=⊕Rarotonga island Cook Islands 39-CAQ-bb mangaia "mangaian" ⊕Mangaia island Cook Islands 39-CAQ-bc mauke ⊕Mauke island Cook Islands 39-CAQ-bd aitutaki ⊕Aitutaki island Cook Islands 39-CAQ-be atiu ⊕Atiu island Cook Islands 39-CAQ-bf mitiaro Cook Islands 39-CAQ-c Rakahanga+ "cook-islands" maori 2=bilingual in [52] English ⊕Cook islands Cook Islands; migration> New 3 Manihiki Zealand / Aotearoa ” 39-CAQ-ca rakahanga ⊕Rakahanga island Cook Islands 39-CAQ-cb manihiki ⊕Manihiki island Cook Islands 39-CAQ-d Tongareva ⊕Cook islands bilingual in [52] English Cook Islands 2 39-CAQ-da tongareva penrhyn, mangarongaro;⊕Tongareva, Penrhyn island Cook Islands 2 39-CAQ-e Hawai'i "marquesic"-N., "hawaiian"=bilingual in [52] English ⊕Hawaiian USA (Hawaii) 3 islands 39-CAQ-ea ni'hau ⊕Ni'hau island USA (Hawaii) 39-CAQ-eb hawai'i-A. ⊕Hawai'i island USA (Hawaii) 39-CAQ-f Hatutu+ Nuku-Hiva "marquesan"-N. ⊕Marquesas-N. islands translingual in [39] Tahiti & French Polynesia 3 bilingual in [51] Français==činfluenced by [39] Tahiti 39-CAQ-fa hatutu ⊕Hatutu island French Polynesia 39-CAQ-fb nuku-hiva ⊕Nuku-Hiva island French Polynesia 39-CAQ-fc ua-huka ⊕Ua-Huka island French Polynesia 39-CAQ-fd ua-pou ⊕Ua-Pou island French Polynesia 39-CAQ-g Hiva-Oa+ Fatu-Hiva "marquesan"-S. ⊕Marquesas-S. islands translingual in [39] Tahiti & French Polynesia 3 bilingual in [51] Français činfluenced by [39] Tahiti 39-CAQ-ga hiva-oa ⊕Hiva-Oa island French Polynesia 39-CAQ-gb tahuta tahuata ⊕Tahuata island French Polynesia 39-CAQ-gc fatu-hiva ⊕Fatu-Hiva island French Polynesia 39-CAQ-h Tahiti "tahitian", in [51] French: tahitien==bilingual in [51] Français ⊕Société French Polynesia; migration>New 5 islands Caledonia / Kanaky ” 39-CAQ-ha tahiti-A. ⊕Tahiti island French Polynesia 5 39-CAQ-hb tahiti-V. "polynesian vehicular" ⊕vehicular extension throughout French French Polynesia; also New Polynesia Caledonia / Kanaky ” 39-CAQ-hba maupiti* ⊕Maupiti island French Polynesia 39-CAQ-hbb tupai* ⊕Tupai island French Polynesia 39-CAQ-hbc borobora* ⊕Borobora island French Polynesia 39-CAQ-hbd taha'a* ⊕Taha'a island French Polynesia 39-CAQ-hbe ra'iatea* ⊕Ra'iatea island French Polynesia 39-CAQ-hbf huahine* ⊕Huahine island French Polynesia 39-CAQ-hbg tapuaemanu* ⊕Tapuaemanu island French Polynesia 39-CAQ-hbh mo'orea* ⊕Mo'orea island French Polynesia 39-CAQ-hbi mehetia* ⊕Mehetia island French Polynesia page 330 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

39-CAQ-i Pa'umotu "tuamotuan"==činfluenced by [39] Tahiti translingual in [39] Tahiti & French Polynesia 4 bilingual in [51] Français ⊕Tuamotu archipelago 39-CAQ-ia mihiroa taravaia ⊕Matahiva+ Tikahau+ Rangiroa+ Arutua+ Apataki+ Kaukura+ French Polynesia Makatea+ Nieu islands 39-CAQ-ib vahitu ⊕Ahe+ Manihi+ Takaroa+ Takapoto islands French Polynesia 39-CAQ-ic napuka ⊕Tepoto+ Napuka islands French Polynesia 39-CAQ-id fangatau tupitimoake ⊕Fangatau+ Fakahina+ Pukapuka islands French Polynesia 39-CAQ-ie reao ⊕Reao+ Pukaroa islands French Polynesia 39-CAQ-if marangai ⊕Tatakoto+ Akiaki+ Vahitahi+ Nukutavake+ Pinaki+ Vairaatea+ French Polynesia Ahunui+ Vanavana+ Tureia+ Marutea islands 39-CAQ-ig tapuhoe ⊕Aratika+ Toau+ Kauehi+ Raraka+ Fakaraya+ Katiu+ Makemo+ French Polynesia Taenga+ Raroia+ Nihiru+ Haraiki+ Hikueru+ Amanu+ Marokau+ Ravahere+ Hao+ Nengonengo+ Perace islands 39-CAQ-ih parata putahi ⊕Anaa+ Hereheretue islands French Polynesia 39-CAQ-ii moruroa* ⊕Duke of Gloucester+ Tematangi+ Moruroa+ Fangataufa+ Actaeon+ French Polynesia Maria+ Morane islands 39-CAQ-j Tubuai+ Rurutu "austral islands" ⊕Tubuai, Austral islands French Polynesia 3 39-CAQ-ja tubuai+ rurutu tupua'i+ rurutu ⊕Rurutu+ Tupua'i+ Rimatara+ Ra'ivavae islands French Polynesia 3 39-CAQ-k Mangareva "mangarevan" ⊕Tuamotu-SE. archipelago=translingual in [39] Tahiti French Polynesia 3 & bilingual in [51] Français==činfluenced by [39] Tahiti 39-CAQ-ka mangareva ⊕Mangareva+ Temoe islands French Polynesia 3 39-CAQ-l Rapa bilingual in [39] Tahiti & [51] Français činfluenced by [39] Tahiti French Polynesia 2 39-CAQ-la rapa "rapan" ⊕Rapa island French Polynesia 2 39-CAR RAPANUI net bilingual in [51] Español 39-CAR-a Rapanui ⊕Easter island Chile 3 39-CAR-aa rapanui "easter island", pascuense Chile 3