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Reliable Data Transmission Using Low Power Wide Area Networks Reliable Data Transmission using Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) for Agricultural Applications Franz Kuntke Marcel Sinn Christian Reuter [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Technical University of Darmstadt Technical University of Darmstadt Technical University of Darmstadt Darmstadt, Germany Darmstadt, Germany Darmstadt, Germany ABSTRACT digitalization [21] . In order to make agricultural systems intelligent, Reliable IT-based communication in agriculture is becoming increas- techniques from the fields of ‘machine learning’ [24] and ‘big data’ ingly important for regular operations. For example, if a farmer are also used to further support farmers and autonomous systems is in the field during a network outage, such as a failure ofthe [42]. The objective of smart farming is to emancipate from station- mobile network, an alternative communication channel is needed ary control and monitoring systems of a farm. Control interfaces to continue to connect to IT components and required data. With are now available on common end devices such as smartphones increasing digitalization, Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) [37] and tablets. This makes it possible to perform everyday tasks technologies are being used more and more frequently, e.g. for sen- remotely. Also common to almost all processes and techniques, sor networks. The LPWAN technologies offer a high range and can regardless of the type of application, is that they require a commu- be used autonomously for the most part, but do not allow classic nication channel for the purpose of signal or data transmission. For TCP/IP communication. In this work, a popular LPWAN technology, regular operations in agriculture, communication with other actors namely LoRaWAN, is experimentally supplemented by AX.25 on is necessary, which, as described, increasingly takes place via digital OSI layer 2 (Data Link Layer) to allow end devices TCP/IP-based channels [23]. A product research of different large manufacturers communication over long distances. The evaluation shows that has shown that the available (relevant) possibilities are currently classic low-bandwidth applications are thus functional and can the following: mobile radio, LAN, WLAN, Bluetooth, satellite, pro- enable reliable, crisis-capable data transmission. prietary radio solutions, USB, LoRaWAN, and NB-IoT. ‘Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT)’ and ‘Long Range Wide CCS CONCEPTS Area Network (LoRaWAN)’ belong to the so-called ‘Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN)’ [14]. LPWAN are different radio • Computer systems organization ! Embedded systems; Re- technologies that aim to work using as little energy and as cost- dundancy; Robotics; • Networks ! Network reliability. efficient as possible while at the same time trying to maximize the KEYWORDS radio range. They are often used in the IoT sector [3], where it is important to connect the highest possible number of devices. redundant data transmission, reliable wireless channel, LPWAN, The aforementioned characteristics also predestine LPWANs for LoRa, agricultural application agriculture, where large arable land, livestock pastures, or stables ACM Reference Format: exist. This is particularly evident in countries with huge farming Franz Kuntke, Marcel Sinn, and Christian Reuter. 2021. Reliable Data Trans- areas such as China, the USA, or Australia. mission using Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) for Agricultural Despite all the benefits for humans, animals, and the environ- Applications. In The 16th International Conference on Availability, Reliability ment, smart farming also brings challenges [4]. Given the current and Security (ARES 2021), August 17–20, 2021, Vienna, Austria. ACM, New dependence of agriculture on digitalization, an outage of technol- York, NY, USA, 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3465481.3469191 ogy can potentially cause great damage. For example, the barn 1 INTRODUCTION, BACKGROUND AND climate has a direct influence on the health of the animals [38], so an outage of the air-conditioning system is considered critical. The RESEARCH QUESTION ‘Federal Ministry of the Interior, Germany (BMI)’ in 2016 issued Digitalization is now more than ever permeating all areas of the an ordinance [7], which lists, among others, the sectors energy, life of modern people. Smart Home is a familiar concept for ev- water, information technology, and telecommunications as critical eryone, ranging from the smart coffee machine to the smart door infrastructures. Of particular note is the inclusion of the food sector. lock. But also industry sectors, including critical infrastructures, This encompasses agricultural companies, which, according to the like agriculture, become more complex and interconnected through ordinance, are particularly worthy of protection. To an increasing Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or degree, the focus it hence put on implementing interconnectedness classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed along the food supply chain in a crisis-proof manner [28]. This is for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation reflected in current research approaches [35], which support the on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or idea of making smart farming resilient. republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission However, crises do not have to have the scale of a war or a and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]. nationwide environmental disaster to cause damage to agriculture ARES 2021, August 17–20, 2021, Vienna, Austria © 2021 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM. and industry. Scenarios such as the outage (of parts) of the Internet ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-9051-4/21/08...$15.00 or local emergencies also have significant potential to cause major https://doi.org/10.1145/3465481.3469191 ARES 2021, August 17–20, 2021, Vienna, Austria Kuntke et al. damage. After Egypt was cut off from the rest of the Internet for Table 1: Overview - LPWAN Technologies and Sources five days in 2011, the cost to Egypt’s economy was estimated tobe at least $90 million [20]. For countries heavily dependent on the LPWAN Technology Sources internet, the authors estimate the damage at $23.6 million per 10 Sigfox [18], [6], [26], [27], [25], [19], [39], [41], [16] million inhabitants. Because of its enormous impact, research is NB-IoT [18] [26], [27], [25], [39], [41], [16] also engaged in illuminating the scenario of internet outages [1]. LoRa(WAN) [18], [6], [26], [27], [25], [19], [39], [41], [16] Also, sector-specific phenomena like ’Agro-Terrorism’ [36] pose a RPMA [18] [6], [25], [19], [41], [16] potential threat in the field. D7AP [6], [25], [41] The research question that arises and which is to be answered Weightless-* [6], [25], [19], [41], [16] in the context of this work reads as follows: In times of increasing MIOTY [41], [16] digitalization in agriculture, how can reliable data transmission to NB-Fi [25], [41], [16] minimize or partly avoid the effects of local crises (outages of the internet/mobile network, radio gaps) with regard to operational safety- relevant processes, be realized? it could be shown that the system works well within a radius of In this work, a data link & network layer is to be evaluated for a about 3 km. A similar paper to the aforementioned article using selected physical layer. It is important that integration into the ex- LPWAN technology but set in the context of agriculture and critical isting IT landscape with minimum effort, high interoperability, and infrastructure was not found at the time of the search. This work compatibility is possible. For this purpose, the existing protocols intends to take this circumstance into account. In the following, a for the physical layer are examined. Taking into account current comparison of different LPWAN physical layers is conducted inor- research, trends, and the increasing demands and framework con- der to evaluate the most suitable physical layer, taking into account ditions developed, our own concept is presented. the context and previously defined requirements. Due to the ability to bridge long distances with low energy expen- diture, there is now a multitude of different LPWAN technologies, 2 RELATED WORK AND COMPARISONS OF so it is first necessary to identify them and thus create an overview. LPWAN TECHNOLOGIES Therefore, various papers, journals, and market analyses were con- LPWAN technologies are closely linked to the IoT, which is also sidered, and the previously mentioned product analysis was used gaining importance in agriculture. Raza et al. [34] give a compre- to provide the broadest possible overview of technologies from re- hensive introduction to the topic of LPWAN technologies in general. search and industry. Table 1 lists the identified LPWAN technologies Chaudhary et al. [8] analyze LPWAN technologies specifically in and their researched sources. Eight relevant LPWAN technologies the IoT context. Here, they consider NB-IoT, RPMA, SigFox as well could be identified, with Sigfox, NB-IoT, and LoRa(WAN) being the as LoRaWAN. Among other things, the different approaches, advan- most popular, more specifically, the most widespread ones. The pre- tages and disadvantages, bandwidth, range,
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