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Reserve Component General and Flag Officers (RC G/Fos) in an Active Status

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Reserve Component General and Flag Officers (RC G/Fos) in an Active Status Reserve Component General and Flag Offi cers A Review of Requirements and Authorized Strength Lisa M. Harrington, Igor Mikolic-Torreira, Geoffrey McGovern, Michael J. Mazarr, Peter Schirmer, Keith Gierlack, Joslyn Hemler, Jonathan Welch C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1156 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-9098-0 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2016 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface The Fiscal Year 2014 National Defense Authorization Act directed the Secretary of Defense to conduct a review of requirements for reserve component general and flag officers (RC G/FOs) in an active status. The Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Reserve Affairs (OASD/RA) asked RAND to assist with this assessment; this report provides OASD/RA with information relevant to that request. OASD/RA asked RAND to explore (1) whether the authorized strengths for RC G/FOs, as provided in statute, are sufficient for the effective management and leadership of the reserve component; (2) whether the services are complying with statutory limits on the number of general and flag officers; (3) whether efficiencies can be gained from downgrading or eliminat- ing RC G/FO positions or from converting them to senior civilian positions; and (4) the extent to which professional development of RC G/FOs affects requirements. Our research is based on information gleaned from a number of sources: policy and legal documents guiding the authorizations and management of general and flag officers and positions, previous studies on the requirements for general and flag offi- cers, interviews with subject-matter experts and stakeholders, and analysis of data col- lected from the military services on all RC G/FOs. The results of our research indicate that the military departments are complying with statutory limits on the number and grade of RC G/FOs. There are, however, some RC G/FO requirements that the reserve components cannot fill because of these limits. In addition, we have identified a small number of cases where the requirement for an RC G/FO is unclear. This research was sponsored by the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness. It was conducted within the Forces and Resources Policy Center of the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Navy, the U.S. Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community. Comments on this report are welcome and may be addressed to Lisa Harrington at [email protected]. For more information on the RAND Forces and Resources Policy Center, see http://www.rand.org/nsrd/ndri/centers/frp.html or contact the director (contact infor- mation is provided on the web page). iii Contents Preface ................................................................................................. iii Figures and Tables ...................................................................................vii Summary .............................................................................................. ix Acknowledgments ................................................................................. xvii CHAPTER ONE Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 Research Questions and Method ..................................................................... 2 Organization of This Report .......................................................................... 4 CHAPTER TWO Statutory Authority for General and Flag Officers ............................................ 5 Numerical Limits on Active Duty General and Flag Officers .................................... 6 Numerical Limits on Reserve Component General and Flag Officers .......................... 8 Calculating Total Numbers of Reserve Component General and Flag Officers ..............10 The Effect of Exemptions on Reserve Component Staffing, Leadership, and Training Needs .............................................................................................11 CHAPTER THREE Managing Requirements, Authorizations, and Authorized Strength ......................13 From Requirements to Authorized Strength .......................................................13 Compliance with General and Flag Officer Authorized Strength ...............................18 Appropriateness of Exemptions to Authorized Strength .........................................18 Additional Issues Potentially Affecting RC G/FO Requirements, Authorizations, and Authorized Strength .............................................................................21 Findings and Recommendations ................................................................... 26 CHAPTER FOUR Review of General and Flag Officer Positions ..................................................29 Data Collection Methodology and Protocol .......................................................29 Analysis of Current Reserve Component General and Flag Officer Positions .................32 Findings and Recommendations ....................................................................49 v vi Reserve Component General and Flag Officers: A Review of Requirements CHAPTER FIVE Considering Development in Setting Requirements ..........................................53 Defining Development .............................................................................. 54 Using Development to Evaluate the Adequacy of RC G/FO Requirements ..................57 Empirical Analysis of Developmental Benefits of RC G/FO Positions .........................59 Findings and Recommendations ....................................................................62 CHAPTER SIX Conclusions ..........................................................................................65 Current System of Authorized Strength ............................................................65 Reserve Component General and Flag Officer Requirements Process ........................ 66 Opportunities for Efficiencies ...................................................................... 68 Considering Officer Development in Setting Requirements.....................................69 APPENDIXES A. Key Statutory Provisions .......................................................................71 B. Subject-Matter Expert Interview Participants and Protocol .............................81 C. Kapos Attributes .................................................................................85 D. LMI Validation Factors ....................................................................... 87 E. RAND Data Collection Protocol: Instrument ..............................................91 F. RAND Data Collection Protocol: Development, Deployment, and Coding ........ 99 G. Results of a More Stringent Analysis of RC G/FO Requirements .................... 105 H. Empirical Analysis of Development Aspects of RC G/FO Positions ................ 113 Abbreviations ....................................................................................... 119 Bibliography ........................................................................................ 121 Figures and Tables Figures 3.1. Notional Consolidation of RC G/FO Basic Authorizations and Exemptions ...19 3.2. Active Component and Selected Reserve Personnel, FYs 1980–2014 ............ 22 3.3. Ratio of RC G/FO Authorized Strength to Selected Reserve Personnel, FYs 1980–2014 .......................................................................... 22 3.4. RC G/FO Inventory, FYs 1996–2014 ................................................ 24 3.5. Number of RC G/FOs on Full-Time Duty Under 10 U.S.C. 527, 2006–2014 ............................................................................... 26 4.1. Less Stringent Application of Factors..................................................39 4.2. Stringent Application of Factors ...................................................... 43 4.3. New Requirements for RC G/FOs Since 9/11, by Position .........................47 Tables 2.1. Exemptions from Active Duty Authorized Strength for General and Flag Officers ....................................................................................
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