Early Modern Romance and Poetic Futility
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THE PLEASURE IN ERROR: EARLY MODERN ROMANCE AND POETIC FUTILITY BY COREY WILLIAM MCELENEY B.A., UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES, 2004 M.A., BROWN UNIVERSITY, 2009 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH AT BROWN UNIVERSITY PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND MAY, 2011 © Copyright 2011 by Corey William McEleney This dissertation by Corey William McEleney is accepted in its present form by the Department of English as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date_______________ Coppélia Kahn, Director Recommended to the Graduate Council Date_______________ Jean Feerick, Reader Date_______________ Ellen Rooney, Reader Accepted by the Graduate Council Date_______________ Peter M. Weber, Dean of the Graduate School iii Vita Corey William McEleney was born on October 22, 1982, in Torrance, California. After graduating with valedictorian honors from Dana Hills High School in Dana Point, California, he attended the University of California, Los Angeles, where he received a B.A. in English, with Departmental Highest Honors, in 2004. Since the fall of 2005, he has been a graduate student in the English Department at Brown University; he received his M.A. in 2009. He has been the recipient of the John Bragin Prize for Best Essay on Shakespeare and His Work at UCLA, the Ahmanson Undergraduate Research Fellowship at the William Andrews Clark Memorial Library in Los Angeles, the Presidential Award for Excellence in Teaching at Brown, and the Jean Starr Untermeyer Dissertation Fellowship at Brown. Articles based on his research are forthcoming in English Literary History and in a collection of essays on the life and work of Thomas Nashe. iv Acknowledgments The following dissertation values the pleasure of wandering off course and is deeply skeptical about all hope for salvation by way of divine providence. Nevertheless, many people must be thanked for keeping me on course and for making Providence, in the end, a truly providential setting in which to pursue a Ph.D. First, my committee: from my first semester at Brown, when I took her seminar on Renaissance Drama, my advisor, Coppélia Kahn, has selflessly deployed her bountiful wisdom, her delightful wit, and her inspiring example to help make my time at Brown, and the arduous task of completing a dissertation, both bearable and worthwhile; Jean Feerick has been one of the most generously helpful readers and interlocutors I’ve ever had, and among the innumerable things I owe to her is my interest in, not to say obsession with, the genre of romance; Ellen Rooney’s critical acumen and steadfast resistance to simplicity of thought have given me the courage to cross the Rubicon into argument, to borrow her memorable words. All three have given me the freedom to range in whatever direction this project took me, but they’ve also reined me in when I needed to be; they’ve been constructive without ever being constrictive. Every conversation I’ve had with Coppélia, Jean, and Ellen has also left me feeling the pleasure of what we do as literary critics and teachers—the best gift all advisees can receive from their advisors. To this remarkable committee of readers—as well as to Timothy Bewes, Stephen Foley, Jacques Khalip, Virginia Krause, Daniel Kim, Ravit Reichman, Lawrence Stanley, Beth Taylor, and Leonard Tennenhouse—I would like to express my deepest gratitude. I’d also like to add that the camaraderie of the department was surely shaped by the hard work and warm environment exemplified by Marianne Costa, Jane Donnelly, Lorraine Mazza, v Suzie Nacar, Marilyn Netter, and Ellen Viola. I thank them for much routine assistance and many delightful interactions. Of course, a graduate program is only as strong as the bonds that bind its graduate students together. By this measure, Brown’s is second to none. This project, like its author, owes much to the many friends who generously provided advice, feedback, hospitality, inspiration, car rides, meals, drinks, conversations both delightful and instructive, and above all laughter. Giving them the proper thanks they individually deserve is impossible in the amount of space I have, so they’ll have to be content, at least for now, with finding their names listed here: Brian Ballentine, Lindy Brady, Dave Ben- Merre, Daniel Block, Katie Chenoweth, Jeff Covington, Khristina Gonzalez, Austin Gorman, Chris Holmes, Keri Holt, Cryn Johannsen (and Kevin Bobbett), Debby Katz, Wendy Lee, Michelle Malonzo, Jeff Neilson, Sarah Osment, Jen Schnepf, Jon Schroeder, Hannah Sikorski, Ray Sultan, Stephanie Tilden, Amy Vegari, Jacque Wernimont, Derek Wong, Jay Zysk, and, at NYU, Magalí Armillas-Tiseyra. Julia Shaw deserves special thanks for being able to understand truly the particular struggles that attend being gay in academia and in society more generally; she’s given me a sense of control in a world full of chaos (or, more accurately, a sense of chaos in a world full of control), and for that I will be forever grateful. Other friends in New England have helped alleviate the tensions that accrue daily in graduate school; I’m especially indebted to Renee Bourgeois, Ed Goll, Carol Guanci, Sin Guanci, Katie Holmes, Will Holmes, Rachel Paster, Mark Sonday, K.C. and Steve Webster, and Susan Yund. Many of the claims made in this dissertation have been transformed by critiques and assistance offered by scholars at a variety of venues. I’d like to thank the members, vi most of whom have been mentioned already, of the two Mellon workshops in which I participated at Brown; the participants of the 2010 conference on Uselessness at the Institute for Comparative Literature and Society at Columbia University; and my fellow seminarians in the Shakespeare Association of America seminars on Thomas Nashe and Queer Theory in which I participated in 2009 and 2011, respectively. Special thanks go to Stephen Guy-Bray, the inspiriting co-director of both SAA seminars. The journey on which I currently find myself began far from New England in the romance space of California and was prompted, in large part, by my undergraduate advisor at UCLA, Arthur Little. Anyone who’s been in his classroom can testify to the effect of his teaching, the kind of effect that would launch a timid reader-in-training into this profession. Both he and Lowell Gallagher, another undergraduate instructor, continue to be models for the kind of thinker I wish to become—and indeed, the dissertation that follows can be seen as an attempt to graft together what I learned from each of them as an undergraduate. Thanks are also due to Felicity Nussbaum, who enriched my earliest work on the Renaissance with material from a later era, and to one of my high school teachers, John Gunderson, who first helped me begin to find my voice and my vocation. A number of friends from home also taught me more than they probably realize. The brilliant critic Sarah Balkin has been an inspiriting comrade and fellow California refugee, from UCLA, through an awkward gap year, to our time in graduate school on the Eastern seaboard, providing a home away from home and forgiving my frequent and increasingly prolonged states of silence. After over a decade of wandering journeys and adventures, Kelly Sheahen Gerner continues to be a source of profound inspiration in my life. In any single episode of our laughter-filled friendship, it’s never really clear which of vii us is the knight and which of us the damsel in distress. Perhaps both of us are simply and always court jesters. In any case, that very ambiguity, I think, is what propels our story forward. I’d also like to thank her father, Robert Sheahen, for helping me see the contours and limits of this project. Although I’ve been far from home in the last six years, I still feel daily tugs of the tether that keeps me anchored to my family’s love and encouragement. The enthusiasm of my sister Courtney has kept me energized, the creativity of my brother Kevin has kept me inspired, and the loving support of my parents, Daniel and Kathy, has kept me sane. Whenever I returned home for the holidays, all my aunts, uncles, and cousins also rejuvenated my spirit. Such is the pleasure of being part of a large family. In closing, I’d like to dedicate this dissertation to three individuals who have guided me, in spite of absences caused by death or distance, through this process. To my uncle and godfather, Timothy McEleney, who, a few weeks before he died, and a few months before I moved to Providence, responded to my hesitations about graduate school by stressing the importance of valuing pleasure over profit. To my friend Bridget O’Brien, whose sense of adventure, and capacity for life and love, was remarkable. And above all to my grandmother, Beth McEleney, who survived the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands; who, as a young widow, raised seven children by herself; and who first taught me, in her own special way, the pleasure and the power of storytelling. viii Contents Vita iv Acknowledgments v Introduction: The Pleasure in Error 1 1. Bonfire of the Vanities: Narcissism, Theory, and the Theater 30 2. Nothing to Say: Digression and Irony in Ascham and Nashe 77 3. Spenser’s Unredemptive Romance: The Legend of Courtesy 123 4. Against Sublimation: The Miltonic Ore and Poetry’s Refuse 170 Afterword: Romance, Reading, and Literary Theory 224 Bibliography 233 ix And sitting all in seates about me round With pleasant tales (fit for that idle stound) They cast in course to waste the wearie houres: Some tolde of Ladies, and their Paramoures; Some of braue Knights, and their renowned Squires; Some of the Faeries and their strange attires; And some of Giaunts hard to be beleeued, That the delight thereof me much releeued.