The Crusades

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The Crusades Introduction One of the best known events of the Middle Ages. A. Definition: Crusade From the Latin word CRUX, meaning “cross”. Thus a military effort during the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries undertaken by Christians to win the Holy Lands from the Muslims. B. Reasons for the Crusades 1. Regain the Holy Lands for Christianity from the Muslims 2. Enable Christian pilgrimages to Jerusalem 3. To reunite the Eastern and Western Christian world into one 4. Economic gain 5. Enable knights to use their skills in God’s service C. The Seven Crusades 1. First Crusade 1096-1099 a. 1095 Pope Urban II called for a crusade against the infidels (Muslims) b. Pope promised a plenary indulgence c. 5,000-10,000 knights and 50,000infantry enlisted d. Peter the Hermit, a French monk, led a peasants crusade e. Conquered Jerusalem in summer of 1099 f. Slaughtered Muslim men, women and children g. Church declared it a success 2. Second Crusade 1147-1149 a. Led by kings of France and Germany b. Was a total disaster 3. Third Crusade 1189-1193 a. In 1187 the Muslim leader Saladin recaptured Jerusalem from the infidels (Christians) b. Crusade led by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, King Philip Augustus of France, and King Richard the Lion- Hearted of England. c. Richard failed to take Jerusalem but negotiated the right for Christian pilgrimages to Jerusalem d. The time period of the legendary Robin Hood 4. Fourth Crusade 1202-1204 a. Pope Innocent III called for a fourth crusade b. Short on money they sailed from Venice to Constantinople c. They looted and massacred Costantinople for three days taking relics from the Byzantine churches d. They never reached the Holy Lands e. One of the reasons for the bitter divisions today between the Roman Catholic Church and the Greek Orthodox Church. 5. Children’s Crusade 1212 a. Boys and girls throughout Europe marched to the ports of southern Europe, gripped by religious fervor b. They were convinced the Mediterranean Sea would dry up to provide they a pathway to the Holy Lands c. Some returned home, others were sold into Muslim slavery 6. Crusades five, six and seven a. They accomplished very little b. 1291 Acre fell to the Muslims c. Thus the Crusade spirit came to a close D. Consequences 1. Except for the first Crusade, failed to take control of Holy Lands 2. Thousands of Jews and Muslims were massacred 3. Trade between East and West was established 4. Architectural designs of the Muslims influenced designs of European castles and Gothic Cathedrals .

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THE CRUSADES Toward the End of the 11Th Century
THE MIDDLE AGES: THE CRUSADES Toward the end of the 11th century (1000’s A.D), the Catholic Church began to authorize military expeditions, or Crusades, to expel Muslim “infidels” from the Holy Land!!! Crusaders, who wore red crosses on their coats to advertise their status, believed that their service would guarantee the remission of their sins and ensure that they could spend all eternity in Heaven. (They also received more worldly rewards, such as papal protection of their property and forgiveness of some kinds of loan payments.) ‘Papal’ = Relating to The Catholic Pope (Catholic Pope Pictured Left <<<) The Crusades began in 1095, when Pope Urban summoned a Christian army to fight its way to Jerusalem, and continued on and off until the end of the 15th century (1400’s A.D). No one “won” the Crusades; in fact, many thousands of people from both sides lost their lives. They did make ordinary Catholics across Christendom feel like they had a common purpose, and they inspired waves of religious enthusiasm among people who might otherwise have felt alienated from the official Church. They also exposed Crusaders to Islamic literature, science and technology–exposure that would have a lasting effect on European intellectual life. GET THE INFIDELS (Non-Muslims)!!!! >>>> <<<“GET THE MUSLIMS!!!!” Muslims From The Middle East VS, European Christians WHAT WERE THE CRUSADES? By the end of the 11th century, Western Europe had emerged as a significant power in its own right, though it still lagged behind other Mediterranean civilizations, such as that of the Byzantine Empire (formerly the eastern half of the Roman Empire) and the Islamic Empire of the Middle East and North Africa.
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Peter the Hermit and Ther First Crusade Vler 1990-5
VICTORIA LODGE OF EDUCATION AND RESEARCH 650 Fisgard Street, Victoria, B.C. V8W 1R6 1990 - 5 Nov. 20/90 PETER THE HERMIT AND THER FIRST CRUSADE. by W.Bro. Frank P. Merritt, Chemainus Lodge No. 114, B.C.R. These were the best of times; these were the worst of times. This was a period in the history of Christendom in which the idealism and imagination of Mankind was exalted to the highest degree; this was the period in which the bestiality and cruelty of Mankind was very evident. This was the period of recorded history which is now referred to as the Crusades. In particular, this was the time of the First Crusade. To say the least, it is very difficult for us to deal with a period of time such as the Crusades. In all there were eight Crusades lasting just over 200 years. It must be observed that the First Crusade created the pace for the Crusades that followed. The stage of history was set by Charlemagne in 800 A.D. in his consolidated empire that encompassed most of what is now modern Europe. The empire of Charlemagne was dynamic only so long as there was a pattern of conquest and addition to the empire. At the end of the period of Charlemagne or as it is referred to as the Carolingian period the empire was threatened by invasions of Magyars, Saracens and Vikings. One of the interesting perspectives is that Charlemagne brought to his conquered lands the religion of Jesus. Christianity and the Muslin religion represented very dynamic forces that were in total opposition.
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Peter the Hermit: Straddling the Boundaries of Lordship, Millennialism, and Heresy Stanley Perdios Iowa State University
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2012 peter the hermit: straddling the boundaries of lordship, millennialism, and heresy Stanley Perdios Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, and the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Perdios, Stanley, "peter the hermit: straddling the boundaries of lordship, millennialism, and heresy" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 12431. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/12431 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Peter the Hermit: Straddling the boundaries of lordship, millennialism, and heresy by Stelios Vasilis Perdios A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major: History Program of Study Committee: Michael D. Bailey, Major Professor John W. Monroe Jana Byars Kevin Amidon Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2012 Copyright © Stelios Vasilis Perdios, 2012. All Rights reserved. ii Table of Contents Chapter Page Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: The Crisis of Secular Lordship 7 Chapter Three: The Crisis of Spiritual Lordship 35 Chapter Four: Lordship on the Eve of the Millennium 65 Chapter Five: Conclusion 95 Bibliography 99 1 Chapter One: Introduction When is a hermit not a hermit? When he is Peter the Hermit who led the Popular Crusade in the year 1096.
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Women in the First Crusade and the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Honors Program Senior Projects WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship Spring 2019 Women in the First Crusade and the Kingdom of Jerusalem Maria Carriere Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors Part of the Higher Education Commons, and the Medieval History Commons Recommended Citation Carriere, Maria, "Women in the First Crusade and the Kingdom of Jerusalem" (2019). WWU Honors Program Senior Projects. 120. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors/120 This Project is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Honors Program Senior Projects by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Women in the First Crusade and the Kingdom of Jerusalem Maria Carriere 2 Women’s participation in the crusades has been attributed mainly to ambiguity in Pope Urban II’s preaching and framing of the First Crusade as a kind of pilgrimage rather than a military excursion. A comparison between ranks of women during the People’s Crusade and the First Crusade has been lacking in the historiography of these crusade expeditions. By analyzing attitudes and perceptions toward women, we can connect women’s ability to participate in crusading to their economic status. A comparison between chroniclers and contemporaries’ attitudes toward and descriptions of women in the People’s and the First Crusades can provide insight into women’s economic status, religious affiliation, and actions and how these factors influenced the crusades themselves.
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Terror in the Old French Crusade Cycle: from Splendid Cavalry to Cannibalism
Terror in the Old French Crusade Cycle: from Splendid Cavalry to Cannibalism Sarah-Grace Heller Synopsis Westerners, including former president George W. Bush, use the term “crusade” casually. However, the term evokes dark memories in Arabic traditions. This paper explores “terror” techniques such as cannibalism and catapulting of Muslim remains into besieged cities as recounted in the now-neglected cycle of Old French texts narrating the First Crusade, studying the narrator’s representation of the manipulation of fear in the context of extreme battle situations. Biography Sarah-Grace Heller is an associate professor of medieval French and associate director of the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at the Ohio State University. She is the author of Fashion in Medieval France (2007) and articles on the Crusade Cycle, the Roman de la Rose , semiotics, and consumption. Essay It is worth examining memories of the crusading experience in discussions of terrorism in history as well as the current political situation. The main piece of propaganda that linked Osama Bin-Laden to the 9/11 attacks, the “World Islamic Front Statement urging Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders ,” evoked a Muslim memory of the crusades largely forgotten in the West. It conflates the modern Westerners present in Arab lands with the crusaders: The Arabian Peninsula has never -- since Allah made it flat, created its desert, and encircled it with seas -- been stormed by any forces like the crusader armies spreading in it like locusts, eating its riches and wiping out its plantations. All this is happening at a time in which nations are attacking Muslims like people fighting over a plate of food.
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Twenty-First Century Antisemitism and Its Origins
TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY ANTISEMITISM AND ITS ORIGINS SLLL-Senior Scholars February 4 – March 3, 2019 TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY ANTISEMITISM AND ITS ORIGINS Feb 4 – Greco-Roman Roots Feb 11 – The Theological Angle Feb 18 – Folk Superstition and Economics Feb 25 – From Religion to Race Mar 3 – White Nationalism and White Supremacy Synagoga and Ecclesia The Crusades Peter the Hermit and the “Peasant’s Crusade” Cluniac Reforms (c. 950–c.1130) Benedictine Abbey of Cluny in Burgundy spearheaded a series of revivalist reforms within Western monasticism focusing on reenergizing traditional monastic life through art and music. It also urged pilgrimages to the Holy Lands. One impetus was corruption within the Church, especially the control of monastic property by lay landowners. In contrast, Cluniac monasteries were to report directly to the pope rather than to a local lord. By the twelfth century the Congregation of Cluny included more than a thousand monasteries and was the largest religious movement in Europe. The First Crusade Preached In November 1095, Pope Urban II convened the Council of Clermont where ambassadors from the Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus, were welcomed as they asked for help against the Muslims. First Crusade First Crusades and Local Jewish Communities First, unofficial, Crusade led by Peter the Hermit. Was a mob of religious zealots. Transversed Europe, piilaging and plundering as they went. Rhineland especially hard hit Jewish communities bedame targets. Some Jewish communities protected by local authorities Crusaders States ← County of Edessa Second Crusade (1145-1149) • Started in response to the fall of the County of Edessa the previous year.
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The Crusades
The Crusades There were a number of different Crusades from 1090s through the 1200s. The People's Crusade, led by ______________ the Hermit in 1096. The people who set out from France included _______________________________________. When they arrived in ______________________ the Emperor shipped across to Asia Minor. They found an empty castle and settled in. Turkish soldiers crept up and surrounded them. The leader of the peasant Crusaders offered to surrender, but asked to be spared. When the gates were opened the soldiers attacked. Very few crusaders survived. The First Crusade, 1096-1099, led by ___ nobles who led their armies by different routes to Constantinople. _________________ people set out, but only ____________ were knights. (The others were wives, children, cooks, blacksmiths, etc.) Once again, the emperor sent them across to Asia Minor (so they wouldn't __________________________) They had a terrible trip across to the Holy Land because ___________________________________________________________. Eventually they reached Jerusalem. They constructed siege towers and eventually attacked and entered the city. Many inhabitants were massacred. After that many crusaders went home. Those who stayed organized four feudal territories which were known as ______________________, the Kingdom beyond the Sea. Crusaders occupied this territory for nearly __________ years. The Second Crusade, 1147-49, led by the French King _________________, his wife _________________ of Aquitaine, and Conrad III of the Holy Roman Empire. ©Made by Liesl at homeschoolden.com They traveled in style with troubadours and wagons with clothes, furs, jewels, cookware, carpets, etc. The French and German armies attacked Damascus, but a storm of arrows from the city walls killed hundreds of French soldiers.
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June 2019 Question Paper 52
Cambridge Assessment International Education Cambridge Pre-U Certificate HISTORY (PRINCIPAL) 9769/52 Paper 5b Special Subject: The Crusades, 1095–1192 May/June 2019 2 hours *1574684771* Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet. Write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Answer Question 1 in Section A. Answer one question from Section B. You are reminded of the need for analysis and critical evaluation in your answers to questions. You should also show, where appropriate, an awareness of links and comparisons between different countries and different periods. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This syllabus is regulated for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 3 Pre-U Certificate. This document consists of 4 printed pages. DC (LT) 162425/3 © UCLES 2019 [Turn over 2 Section A Nominated topic: The preaching of, and responses to the call for, the First Crusade 1 Study all the documents and answer the questions below. In evaluating and commenting upon the documents, it is essential to set them alongside, and to make use of, your own contextual knowledge. A An account of Urban II’s speech at Clermont in 1095, and the response of the crowd, written by a French monk who was present at the council and who participated in the First Crusade.
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