19 Research in Malayalam Language and Literature In

(ISSN: 0975-315X) .

RESEARCH IN MALAYALAM LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE IN UNIVERSITY OF KERALA: A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY

K. Mehaboobullah Technical Assistant, Kerala University Library Palayam, Thiruvananthapuram e-mail: [email protected] & T. Vahida Beegam Research Scholar, Department of Library and Information Science University of Calicut e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The present study is a quantitative and qualitative analysis of doctoral studies in Malayalam Language and Literature of the University of Kerala during 2000-2010. A total number of 99 Malayalam research theses produced during the period of 2000- 2010 (11 years) was analysed using appropriate statistical techniques. The analysis covers general trend of research in Malayalam Language and Literature, subject-wise analysis, year-wise distribution, productivity of guides, gender-wise and institution- wise productivity of researchers. The results showed that maximum number of Ph.D theses was produced in the year 2004 followed by 2002. In Kerala University, research is concentrated mainly in Malayalam Literature (94.95%) and blatantly ignore the linguistic aspects of Malayalam (5.05%). The study indicates that researchers in Malayalam Language and Literature give more preference to literary study than the language study and suggest the need for more female teachers come forward for guiding the research aspirants.

Keywords: Malayalam Language and Literature, Bibliometric Study, Research, Doctoral Dissertation, University of Kerala.

1. Introduction

Research is a careful investigation or a study about certain facts in order to get some new facts or information. It is a systematic effort to gain new knowledge (Redman, & Mory). Research is regarded as an important function being carried out in universities besides teaching and community development. Result of the research work in the form of a report submitted to the University for partial fulfillment of the award of Ph.D is generally known as Doctoral Dissertation. Analyzing these doctoral dissertations using the bibliometric method will give the quantitative and qualitative development of a discipline and thereby find the strong and weak areas of the subject to be studied.

Malayalam is one of the prominent classical languages of our country. Malayalam literature is defined as a literature written in Malayalam, especially the one whose value lies in the beauty of language or emotional effect. It means creative literature or imaginative writings produced in Malayalam. Literature is the expression of life through the medium of language. It is the body of books and writings that deal with a particular subject. University of Kerala, the mother university of Kerala State conduct research programme in Malayalam language and literature in its department, affiliated colleges and various centres. Theses submitted as a result of the research programme are the important sources with high reference value and the mathematical and statistical methods to these theses will definitely give the structural growth of Malayalam Language and Literature as a subject under study.

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2. Literature Review

There are several studies in the literature regarding the bibliometric analysis. But, there are only fewer articles related to the bibliometric study of theses especially in Malayalam language and literature. Kumar(2013), Regolini & Jannès-Ober (2013), Jena, Swain & Sahoo (2012), Isiakpona (2012), Warraich & Sajjad Ahmad ,Thanuskodi (2011),Thanuskodi (2010), Bakri & Willet(2008), Patra & Prakash Chand (2006), Jagtar Singh,(2009) and Utap Anyi, Zainab &Anuar (2009) conducted bibiliometric analysis of journals in different subject field. Doraswamy & Janakiramaiah (2013) analysed information use pattern of library and information professionals by using a bibliometric study. Pendam & Tirpude (2010) conducted a bibliometric analysis on LIS literature in University News. Bibliometric study conducted by Jarneving ( 2009) on literature related to research on public libraries gives several insights regarding the development of public libraries. Ramakrishnan & Ramesh Babu (2007) conducted a bibliometric study on hepatitis. Patra, Partha Bhattacharya, & Neera Verma (2006) conducted a bibliometric study of literature on bibliometrics. In1999 Glanzel & Schoepflin conducted a bibliometric study of reference literature on Science and Social science. All these study are based on a particular journal or subject areas. In this context a bibliometric study on theses in Malayalam language and literature is very relevant.

3. Relevance of the Study

The term ‘research’ was used initially to mean scientific research only. This scenario continued until the mid-twentieth century. Then the social science entered the field. But even in the last two decade before the term humanities research, especially literary research, seems awkward to many skeptic scholars. They argue that literature can only be read, enjoyed and appreciated. The main reason behind this prejudice lies in the nature of literary scholarship itself. Many studies, though very less in number compared to other disciplines, were done to find out a way literary scholars gather information and the variety of materials needed by them. But attention is still lacking in the mathematical and statistical application on the theses produced by the research scholars in Malayalam Language and Literature. Considering these aspects, a study of the trends in research in University of Kerala was identified as a felt need. This analysis, therefore gives some interesting facts regarding the trend of research in Malayalam Language and Literature.

4. Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is to examine quantitative and qualitative analysis of doctoral studies in Malayalam Language and Literature of the University of Kerala during 2000- 2010.

 to find out the general trend of research in Malayalam language and literature.  to conduct a subject-wise analysis of the research in Malayalam language and literature  to find out the year- wise distribution of research  to find out the productivity of guides  to find out the gender-wise productivity of researchers  to identify The institution-wise productivity of researchers  to quantify the research output in Malayalam language and literature

5. Methodology

Details of theses are collected from Kerala University research section and recorded on a catalogue card, which is kept as a reference material in all the leading libraries. The investigator selected 99 theses available in Research Section of Kerala University during the period of 2000- 2010. The study also includes the theses produced from the centres of the affiliated colleges and university library centre. The study is limited to the PhD theses available at Research Section of

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Kerala University Library during the year 2000-2010.The data collected includes accession number, call number, book titles, subject, name of research guides, year of submitting theses, name of the institution or research centre, keywords pertaining to the topic of research, specific branch of study etc. These details form the core of any research pertaining to the categorization of theses on the basis of subjects and topics. Data is further tabulated and analysed using M.S Excel. The Methods adopted are broadly divided in to two: 1) Literature Survey 2) Bibliometric Analysis

6. Analysis and Interpretation of Data

The analysis of collected data has been tabulated and presented in the tabular and graphical format.

6.1. Year-wise Distribution of Theses

The analysis of year-wise distribution of theses in Table 1 gives a clear picture regarding the year-wise production of research output in Malayalam Language and Literature.

Table.1:Year-wise Distribution of Theses

S.I No. Year Number Percentage 1 2000 2 2.02 2 2001 4 4.04 3 2002 14 14.14 4 2003 8 8.08 5 2004 19 19.19 6 2005 10 10.10 7 2006 9 9.09 8 2007 11 11.11 9 2008 10 10.10 10 2009 7 7.07 11 2010 5 5.05 Total 99 100.00 Average 9

The table depicts that year-wise distribution of theses from 2000 to 2010, which reveals a transition in the trend from 2002 to 2008. In the period of 2000 to 2001, the rate of theses production shows a minimum, but from 2002, there is a sharp increase in the production of theses. In the year 2009 seven theses were produced whereas it is only five in the year 2010. The total number of theses produced in the periods 2000-2010 (11 years) is 99.The reasons that can be ascribed to this sharp tilt in the productivity curve during the year 2002 to 2008 are due to the high productivity of research guides, support of research activities by UGC, University and the government in the form of grants, fellowships, etc. and the normative status of PhD degree in collegiate service. The highest number of theses production is in the year of 2004 (19 numbers). It may be because of an order issued by the university stating that all university research scholars who have completed their stipulated research duration should submit their PhD theses within December 2004; otherwise their registration would be cancelled without any further notice. Average productivity of research theses during the year 2000 to 2010 is 9.

6.2. Gender-wise Distribution of Theses

An attempt was made to study the gender-wise distribution of theses and it is shown in Figure 1.

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Gender-wise Distribution of Theses

44.44 Male 55.56 Female

Figure. 1:Gender-wise Distribution of theses

Figure 1 clearly shows that, out of 99 theses, 44 (44.44%) were male and the rest, 55 (55.56%) were female. Female researchers show more productivity than the male researchers by an increase of 11.12%.

6.3. Subject-wise Distribution of Theses

An attempt was made to study the subject-wise distribution of theses. Total theses in the field of study are broadly divided into two i.e. Malayalam Literature and Malayalam language and their distribution is shown in figure.2.

Subject-wise distribution of Theses

5.05

Malayalam Literature 94.95 Malayalam Language

Figure.2:Subject-wise Distribution of Theses

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Figure 2 reveals that a majority of theses (94.95%) were produced in Malayalam Literature. Only 5 theses (5.05%) were produced in Malayalam Language. It clearly shows that researchers in Malayalam language and Literature give more preference to literary study than the language study. Since the language studies have not figured considerably in this study the analysis on literary studies is given greater emphasis.

6.4. Form-wise Distribution of Theses

The primary analysis of the subject was done on the basis of the form of literature. By form of literature covered by the studies, the theses were analysed using the forms listed under the basic class literature. All the forms of literature do not find a place in this study. The relevant form studied is tabulated in the Table.2.

Table 2:Form-wise Distribution of Theses

Sl. No. Literary Forms Number of Theses Percentage 1 Poetry 44 44.44 2 Drama 1 1.01 3 Novel 25 25.25 4 Short Stories 12 12.12 4 Criticism 5 5.05 5 Children’s Literature 1 1.01 8 Prose 3 3.03 9 Linguistics 5 5.05 12 Screen Play 2 2.02 13 Film 1 1.01 Total 99 100

The analysis of form-wise distribution of theses show that poetry has the highest number (44.44%) followed by Novel (25.25%). The sub categories of fiction, namely, short stories has 12 theses and children’s literature show only 1 thesis. The table also reveals that 5.05% of theses from criticism and linguistics each. Prose comprises of 3 theses and screen play 2.

6.5. Gender-wise Distribution of Authors (With different forms of literature)

The table.5 gives the gender-wise distribution of different forms of literature and subsequently explained in detailed manner.

Table.5:Gender-wise Distribution of Authors

Male Female Total Literary Forms Number % Number % Number % Poetry 17 38.64 27 49.09 44 44.44 Drama 0 0.00 1 1.82 1 1.01 Novel 11 25.00 14 25.45 25 25.25 Children’s literature 1 2.27 0 0.00 1 1.01 Short Stories 5 11.36 7 12.73 12 12.12 Linguistics 3 6.82 2 3.64 5 5.05 Screen Play 1 2.27 1 1.82 2 2.02 Film 1 2.27 0 0.00 1 1.01 Total 44 100.00 55 100.00 99 100.00

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The table.5 clearly depicts that within the poetry female productivity is 49.09% and male productivity is 38.64%. Among the male research scholars 25% and in the female group 25.45 % studied novel as their topic in their research theses whereas male researchers gave more emphasis (6.82%) in linguistics than that of female researchers (3.64 %). In the total of 12 theses in short stories also, female exceeds the male. There was no research output from female researchers in the field of children’s fiction and film.

6.6. Authorship Pattern of Research Theses

Authorship pattern of research theses in Malayalam Language and Literature is given in Table 6. Table 6: Authorship Pattern of Research Theses

Number of Poetry Novel Short Stories Total Authors Number % Number % Number % Number % Single Author 16 50.00 14 63.64 1 8.33 31 46.97 Double Author 1 3.13 2 9.09 2 16.67 5 7.58 Three Author 3 9.38 1 4.55 1 8.33 5 7.58 Multiple Author 12 37.50 5 22.73 8 66.67 25 37.88 Total 32 100 22 100 12 100 66 100

Table clearly shows that 46.97 per cent of theses studied the works of a single writer and 37.88 per cent on multiple writers. Theses written by studying two and three writers are 5 in each category. In the case of poetry and drama majority of theses are studied the works of a single writer whereas in short stories majority of them are multiple writers.

6.7. Prominent Authors Studied

Prominent authors studied are an important concept as far as literature is concerned. Prominent author-wise distribution is represented in table.7.

Table.7: Prominent of Authors Studied

Sl. No Name of the Writer Number of Theses 1 VYLOPILLY 4 2 THAKAZHI 3 3 MUKUNDAN 3 4 IDASSERY 3 5 KADAMMANITTA 2 6 MALAYATTOOR 2 7 KUTTIKRISHNA MARAR 2 8 G SANKARAKURUP 2 9 RAMAN PILLAI CV 2 10 2 UROOB

Four researchers conducted their study on Vylopilly and his works. Works of Thakazhi, M. Mukundan and Idassery was conducted by three researchers from Malayalam language and literature. Other prominent writers listed in the table are studied in the two research theses each.

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6.8. Page–wise Distribution of Theses

Page-wise distribution of research theses in Malayalam Language and literature is given in Table 8. Table 8: Page –wise Distribution of Theses (Year-wise)

Average S.I No. Year Average Number Page(Total) 1 2000 273 2 2001 276 3 2002 280 4 2003 275 5 2004 301 291.675 6 2005 261

7 2006 301 8 2007 311 9 2008 294 10 2009 374 11 2010 264

Table 7 shows that the average year-wise distribution of pages of theses in Malayalam Language and Literature is around 300 except in the year 2007 and 2009.The overall average page number of theses during the year 2000-2010 is 292.

6.9. Guide-wise Distribution of Theses

In bibliometric study, It is very important to find out the year-wise distribution of productivity of guides and the data is given in Table.8.

Table.8: Guide-wise Distribution of Theses

Number of SI. No. Name of the Guides Theses Percentage 1 Dr. A.M. Unnikrishnan 3 3.03 2 Dr. B. Sudhakaran Pillai 1 1.01 3 Dr. B.K. Krishnan Nair 2 2.02 4 Dr. B.S. Ramakrishnan 1 1.01 5 Dr. Bhasi Raj S 1 1.01 6 Dr. C. Stephen 3 3.03 7 Dr. C.R. Prasad 2 2.02 8 Dr. D. Benjamin 6 6.06 9 Dr. E. Sardarkutty 1 1.01 10 Dr. Jolly Jacob 1 1.01 11 Dr. K. Prasanna Rajan 2 2.02 12 Dr. K. Prashobhan 1 1.01 13 Dr. K. Vasudevan Nair 4 4.04 14 Dr. K.A. Vasukuttan 3 3.03 15 Dr. K.G. Sreelekha 5 5.05 16 Dr. K.S. Ravikumar 1 1.01 17 Dr. M.T. Sulekha 4 4.04 18 Dr. N. Ajithkumar 3 3.03 19 Dr. N. Leelabai 1 1.01 20 Dr. N. Mukundan 5 5.05

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21 Dr. N. Sam 3 3.03 22 Dr. N.K. George Onakkoor 4 4.04 23 Dr. N.R. Gopinatha Pillai 4 4.04 24 Dr. P. Gopalakrishnan Nair 3 3.03 25 Dr. P. Ramachandran Nair 1 1.01 26 Dr. P. Sethunathan 1 1.01 27 Dr. P. Sudheendran Pillai 1 1.01 28 Dr. P.K. Sumathikutty 1 1.01 29 Dr. P.V. Velayudhan Pillai 2 2.02 30 Dr. Puthusseri Ramachandran 1 1.01 31 Dr. R. Razaludeen 1 1.01 32 Dr. R. Syama 1 1.01 33 Dr. R.B. Rajalekshmi 1 1.01 34 Dr. S. Rajasekharan 4 4.04 35 Dr. S.V. Venugopan Nair 2 2.02 36 Dr. T.Anithakumari 1 1.01 37 Dr. T.G. Madhavan Kutty 3 3.03 38 Dr. T.J. Ramachandran Pillai 1 1.01 39 Dr. V. Gangadharan Nair 2 2.02 40 Dr. V. Prasannamony 1 1.01 41 Dr. V.S. Ramakrishnan 5 5.05 42 Dr. Valsala Baby 5 5.05 99

Of the 42 research guides, Dr. D. Benjamin has shown the greatest productivity and versatility in a span of 11 years. He produced 6 theses during the period 2000-2010. Dr. K.G. Sreelekha , Dr. N. Mukundan, Dr. V.S. Ramakrishnan, Dr. Valsala Baby is next with a total of 5 theses each in 11years.

1.6.10. Gender-wise Distribution of Research Guides

Gender-wise distribution of research guide in the field of the Malayalam Language and Literature is shown in Figure.3.

Figure.3:Gender-wise Distribution of Research Guides

21.43

Male

78.57 Female

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Figure 3 shows that male research guides are more in number 33 (78.57%) than female research guides (21.43%). It is opposite in the case of gender-wise analysis of research scholars where female researchers are more in number than male researchers. The huge gender difference may be due to the keen interest taken by the male teachers for getting guide ship than female teachers. The Pie-diagram clearly shows the gender-wise distribution of the research guides in Malayalam language and literature under the University of Kerala.

6.11. Institution-wise Distribution of Theses

Kerala University conduct research programmes in different centres other than the department and Table.10 shows institution-wise distribution of theses.

Table.10:Institution-wise Distribution of Theses

Number of SI. No Name of the Institution Percentage Theses 1 Department of Malayalam, Kariavattom 37 37.37 2 University Library Centre,Thiruvananthapuaram 43 43.43 3 University College 6 6.06 4 Kumaranasan National Institute of Culture 1 1.01 5 Womens College, Thiruvananthapuaram 1 1.01 6 ORI & MI 7 7.07 7 Kollam Public Library 1 1.01 8 MG College, Thiruvananthapuaram 1 1.01 9 Department of Lexicon 2 2.02 Total 99 100

From 2000-2010, 37 theses were produced from the Department of Malayalam, University of Kerala. It is noticeable that Kerala University Library exceeds Malayalam department in terms of research productivity during the year 2000-2010 (43 theses). This amounts to a massive number of 43.43% of the total production. The highest productivity of theses among the other centres is ORI&MI, with a total number of 7 theses (7.07%) and University College (6 theses).

7. Findings of the Study

Based on the analysis and interpretations of data, the following findings and suggestions are made.

1. Maximum number of PhD theses was produced in the year 2004 (19 theses) followed by 2002 (14 theses). It may be because of an order issued by the university stating that all University research scholars who have completed their stipulated research duration should submit their PhD theses within December 2004; otherwise their registration would be cancelled without any further notice 2. There is a sharp tilt in the productivity of theses during 2002 to 2008. It may be due to the high productivity of research guides, support of research activities by UGC, the University and the government in the form of grants, fellowships, etc. and the normative status of PhD degree in collegiate service 3. Female researchers show more productivity than the male researchers by an increase of 11.12%. It shows the dominance of female researchers in the area of research in Malayalam language and literature. 4. The maximum number of theses was produced in the main subject area; i.e., Large majority of theses (94.95%) produced in Malayalam Literature. Only 5 theses (5.05%) were produced in Malayalam Language. It clearly shows that researchers in Malayalam language and Literature give more preference to literary study than the language study.

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5. More research was carried out in poetry when compared to other forms of literature. The second highest percentage comes under the Novel (25.25%). 6. Male researchers gave more emphasis (6.82%) in linguistics than that of female researchers (3.64 %).In the total of 12 theses in short stories also, female exceeds the male. There was no research output from female researchers in the field of children’s fiction and film. 7. About half the theses studied the works of a single writer and 37.88 per cent on multiple writers. Theses written by studying two and three writers are 5 in each category. In the case of poetry and drama majority of theses are studied the works of a single writer whereas in short stories majority of them are multiple writers. 8. Four researchers conducted their study on Vylopilly and his works. Works of Thakazhi, M.Mukundan and Idassery was conducted by three researchers from Malayalm language and literature 9. The average year-wise distribution of pages of theses in Malayalam Language and Literature is around 300 except in the year 2007..The overall average page number of theses during the year 2000-2010 is 292. 10. Male research guides are more in number 33 (78.57%) than female research guides (21.43%).It is opposite in the case of gender-wise analysis of research scholars where female researchers are more in number than male researchers. 11. From 2000-2010, 37 theses were produced from the Department of Malayalam, University of Kerala. It is noticeable that Kerala University Library exceeds Malayalam department in terms of research productivity during the year 2000-2010 (43 theses).

8. Suggestions

1. More male research aspirants have to be attracted into pursuing PhD in Malayalam language and Literature. 2. Female teachers are to be encouraged for obtaining guide ship especially from the affiliated colleges. 3. University Library should be developed with adequate infrastructure and ICT application so that the authorities can allot more students to University library as a centre. 4. Awareness of bibliographic tools conveying information on new media sources have to be provided to the research community. This is more important in modern times when the internet and electronic sources of information are most helpful to research activity. 5. The University of Kerala has to provide more training to the research community in the effective utilization of ICT based resources and services. 6. The University of Kerala provides for necessary arrangements for the effective conservation and use of the theses in its possession. Programme of digitizing PhD theses through the Shodh Ganga project of INFLIBNET, which was already signed by the University, has to be immediately started.

9. Conclusion

University of Kerala is one of the well-known universities of our country and is playing a significant role in disseminating knowledge to its academic communities. In University of Kerala, research in Malayalam Language and Literature evinced remarkable progress in the last ten years. More and more research scholars have obtained their PhD degree from this University especially from the female group. The number of research guides is also increasing year by year. It is very important that female teachers are to be encouraged for obtaining guide ship especially from the affiliated colleges under the University of Kerala. In this context, bibliometric study of theses in Malayalam language and literature will help to examine the general trend of research in the University of Kerala and the policy makers can use appropriate methods and techniques for improving the quality and quantity of the research output.

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