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Visha Chikitsa Or Agadatantra (Ayurvedic Toxicology) Is One Among the Eight Clinical Branches of Ayurveda

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Visha Chikitsa Or Agadatantra (Ayurvedic Toxicology) Is One Among the Eight Clinical Branches of Ayurveda VISHA Visha chikitsa or Agadatantra (Ayurvedic toxicology) is one among the eight clinical branches of Ayurveda. This branch is also known as Vishatantra, Vishagaravairodhika prasamana, and Damshtra chikitsa. “Kayabalagrahordhvanga shalyadamshtrajaravrishan Ashtavangani tasyahuchikitsa yeshu samshritha” 10 It deals with the bites of snakes, insects, spiders, scorpions, rats, etc., their diagnosis, treatment, and the signs and symptoms of accidental and purposeful ingestion of poisons including KritrimaVisha (artificial poison) Gara (concocted poison) and Dushivisha (denatured poison). “Agadatantram nama sarpakeetaloothamooshikadi dashta Visha vyanjanartham Vividha Visha samyoga upashamanartham cha”11 Derivation The word Agadatantra is derived from the two words “Agad” and “Tantra”. ‘Agad’ is derived from the word ‘Gada’. The word ‘Gada’ has two meanings, one is a disease and the other is poison. Agada means anything that cures poison or gives freedom from disease. Agadatantra is thus the system of knowledge for eliminating poison(Visha).12 9 VISHA: An overview Derivation [13][14] The word ‘Visha’ is derived from the Sanskrit root word “vish” means ‘that which flows easily, ‘vyapane’. Another derivation is ‘Visha viprayoge’ which shows the capacity of Visha to derange the body and mind Definition “Jagat Vishannam tam drishtva tena asou Visha samnjita” 15 The substance which causes sadness to the world is called Visha. “Vishada jananatwat Visham ithyabideeyate” 16 That which cause Vishada (depression) even for the devatas is called Visha. Mythological origin of Visha: According to Charaka Samhita When the Gods and demons churned the ocean of milk to obtain ambrosia, a frightening creature emerged from the ocean which caused melancholy (Vishada) for the whole universe, and hence it was called Visha. Brahma subdued the being and instituted it in some animate and inanimate things. Hence, they became poisonous. By further churning of the ocean, ambrosia was obtained17. This myth indicates that: 1. Goodness and evil are products of brainstorming 2. Ambrosia can be attained by purification of a toxic substance. 10 3. Ambrosia and toxin are different forms of the same substance. The impure form is Visha and the pure form is ambrosia. “Visham pranaharam thacha yukthiyuktham rasayanam” 18 According to Susruta Samhita19 While creating the universe Brahma was attacked by a demon, Kaitabha. Brahma got angry and from his face emerged a fierce being that burnt the demon. Even after killing the demon, the being was growing. Brahma instituted the fierce being in some animate and inanimate objects. Thus, these objects became poisonous. Plants like Vatsanabha and animals like snakes are examples of inanimate and animate poisonous things, respectively. This mythological description implies the following: 1. Fiery nature of Visha 2. Fatality of poison 3. Anger being the first fatal poison hazardous to the universe Classification According to Susruta20 and Keraleeya Visha chikitsa21, Visha is classified as Sthavaram (Inanimate) & Jangamam (Animate) According to Charaka22, Visha is classified into Sthavaram Jangamam & Samyogajam 11 Samyogajam is again classified as Gara (NirVisha dravya samyogaja Visham) & Kritrima (SaVisha dravya samyogaja Visham) Here Dushivisha is considered as a part of Sthavara and Jangama Visha. According to Vagbhata23, Visha can be classified into KritrimaVisha (Garavisha) & AkritrimaVisha AkritrimaVisha is again classified as Sthavara and Jangama. According to Bhavaprakasa24 and Madhava Nidana25, Visha is classified as Sthavaram & Jangamam Visha adhishtanas: There are 10 Sthavara Visha adhistanas and 16 Jangama Visha adhishtanas explained in the classics Sthavara Visha adhishtana: Sthavara Visha (vegetable and mineral poisons) has ten abodes specifically. They are: Table no.1: Sthavara Visha adhishtana26 Root (moola) Leaf (patra) Fruit (phala) 12 Flower (pushpa) Bark (twak) Sap (ksheera) Heartwood or pith (sara) Exudates or gum (niryasa) Mineral ores (dhatu) Rhizomes or tubers (kandha) Jangama Visha adhishtana: Seats of Jangama Visha are sixteen. They are: Table no. 2: Jangama Visha adhishtana27 Visha adhishtana Example Drishti (sight) Celestial serpents Nishvasa (breathing) Celestial serpents Sparsha (Touch) Loota Damshtra (Canine Terrestrial serpents, cats, dogs, monkeys, frogs, lootha, teeth) paka matsya, snail, etc. Mukha (mouth or teeth) Cats, dogs, monkeys, frogs. Nakha (nails or claws) Cats, dogs, monkeys, frogs, paka matsya, snail, lootha, etc. Asthi (bone) Varati fish Mootra (urine) Cipita, picchitaka, kasha, vasika, Sarshapika, loota, 13 Citrasiras etc. Pureesha (excreta) Cipita, picchitaka, kasha, vasika, loota, Sarshapika, etc. Shukra (semen) Mouse, Loota, etc. Aarthava (menstrual Loota blood) Laala (saliva) Loota Sooka (hair, bristle, Vriscika, Vishabhara, varaatika, uccitinga, sea scorpion. sting) Pitta (bile) Sakuli fish, rakta raaji, varati fish. Roma (hair) Loota Shava (Dead body) Snake, insects Gara Visha 28 Artificial poison, known as gara Visha is prepared by the combination of various animate and in-animate poisons. They contain parts of insects, the blood of animals, fecal matter, ashes of different toxic herbs of opposing properties, toxic minerals, and poisons of low potency. Charaka describes two types of artificial poisons. One is composed of non- poisonous matter given in combination. Separately nontoxic, these act as poison when ingested in the mixed form. The second type is prepared by combining toxic materials. This can be termed true gara. In the long run, both are fatal. 14 Visha gunas (properties of Visha) There are 10 gunas for Visha. Most Aacharyas share almost similar opinions regarding the properties of Visha, except in few aspects such as the taste or rasa of Visha. The opinions are as cited below: Table no. 3: Visha gunas according to Brihattrayi Sl.no Susruta Acharya29 Caraka Acharya30 Vagbhata Acharya31 1 Teekshna Teekshna Teekshna 2 Ushna Ushna Ushna 3 Rooksha Rooksha Rooksha 4 Visada Visada Visada 5 Sookshma Sookshma Sookshma 6 Vyavaayi Vyavaayi Vyavaayi 7 Aashukari Aashukari Aashukari 8 Vikaashi Vikaashi Vikaashi 9 Laghu Laghu Laghu 10 Apaaki Anirdesya rasa Avyaktarasa 11 - - Apaaki Visha karma Each of the above - said property of Visha is held responsible for unique karma or action expressed by Visha. Different Acharyas have different opinions about the karmas done by each property of Visha. The opinion of Brihattrayi regarding the karma of Visha gunas is listed in the table below. 15 Table no. 4: Visha karma according to Acharya Susruta32 Property Actions Teekshna Affects brain functions, deranges vital points (Marma) Ushna Vitiates pitta and rakta Rooksha Vitiates vaayu Visada Does not stick anywhere Sookshma Enters vital organs Vyavaayi Easily absorbed and spread all over the body Aasukaari Kills fast Vikaashi Damages doshas, malaas and dhaatus Laghu Difficult to treat as it can spread without digestion Apaaki Difficult to eliminate from the body by purgation or emesis Table no. 5: Visha karma according to Acharya Caraka33 Property Actions Teekshna Destroys vital points (marma) Ushna Aggravates pitta Rooksha Aggravates vaayu Visada Become difficult to locate Sookshma Vitiates rakta Vyavaayi Easily spreads throughout the body Asukari Quickly permeates through annarasa 16 Vikaashi Causes death Laghu Difficult to treat Anirdesha rasa Aggravates kapha Table no. 6: Visha karma according to Acharya Vriddha Vagbhata31 Property Karma Teekshna Aggravates pitta and rakta Ushna Aggravates pitta and rakta Rooksha Aggravates vaayu Vishada Spread without obstruction Sookshma Enters dosha, dhatu, mala and vital organs Vyavaayi Enters dosha, dhatu, mala and vital organs Asukari Kills quickly Vikashi Causes delusions, fainting, disjoins vital points (marma) Laghu Difficult to treat Avyakta rasa Aggravates kapha Apaaki Does not undergo digestion Visha Sampraapti 34 The Visha as soon as it enters the body affects the blood. It then vitiates the rest of the sapta dhatus, and finally affects the hridaya which is the ojo sthana and results in death. After entering the rakta, Visha quickly spreads all over the body and reaches the hridaya. It also obstructs the various srothas such as the praanavaha srothas, affecting the normal functioning 17 of the prana, the samna vaha and ceshta vaha srothas, resulting in losing the control of the mind and body functions and causing various disorders. When Visha predominantly affects vata, symptoms of vitiation of vatadosha are expressed, followed by minimal vitiation of other two doshas. Similarly, presence of Visha in pittasthana produces symptoms of vitiation of pitta. Predominant symptoms of vitiation of kapha dosha are observed when the Visha is localised on kapha sthana. Concept of Phases and Inter-phases The sapta dhatus are rasa, raktha, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukla. They are contained in cisterns bordered by membranes (kalaa). Poison, in its course of spreading through tissues, breaks the membranes, and enters the tissue. Situated in the tissues, poison manifests certain symptoms. During the process of spreading, the poison takes some time to gain entry from the former dhatu to the later. This period termed as veganthara is relatively symptom-free. Vata is the dosha facilitating the movement35. Some authors specify substrates occupied by poison during vega, some give only the number and symptoms, others simply give symptoms. Differences exist in the number of vegas. Seven vegas are accepted by the majority but sage punarvasu
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