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Heavy Metals Pollution in the Coastal Environment of Karachi

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Heavy Metals Pollution in the Coastal Environment of Karachi Pakistan Journal of Marine Sciences, Vol.1(2), 117-126, 1992. HEAVY METALS POLLUTION IN THE COASTAL E~ONMENTOFKARACID Mirza Arshad Ali Beg, S.N. Mahmood and A.H.K Yousufzai PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi-75280, Pakistan. :ABSTRACf: The marine environment near Karachi, particularly the Baba channel, Chari Kundi channel and Manora channel have been found contaminated with industrial effluents discharged by Malir and Lyari rivers, since they carry a high concentration of toxic heavy metals viz. Pb, Zn, Cu and Mn emanating from the industrial area and are received and discharged by the Lyari river. Out of 60 seawater samples collected from the above mentioned areas, Pb was present in 55 samples and Zn in 58 samples. The concentration of Pb was between 0.04 and 59.2 ppm and the concentration of Zn was between 0.05 and 1.9 ppm. Similarly all the 60 sludge samples collected from Lyari outfall and its adjoining area have been found to contain Pb and Zn in alarmingly high concentrations, which for Pb was between 15.4 and 3209.9 ppm while for Zn was between 87 and 111.3 ppm. Cu and Mn were also found in all the above samples. KEY WORDS: Marine Pollution - heavy metals - Karachi coast. INTRODUCTION Degradation of the marine environment due to land based pollution has become a serious problem all over the world and is getting aggravated in the developing coun­ tries just as much as in the advanced countries. The marine environment endangered by land based pollution in Pakistan is located close to Karachi. There are three major areas viz. Manora channel/Karachi harbour, Hawkes Bay, and creeks and adjacent coastal areas which have been seriously exposed to the said situation. Manora chan­ nel serves as the main harbour and has vast areas forming western and eastern backwaters characterized by mud flats and mangroves. The Lyari river discharges untreated domestic and industrial effluents into Manora channel. Hawkes Bay, the semi-circular coastline between Cape Monze and Manora channel, is an important fishing ground for shrimp and fish. The creeks are located in the south of Karachi and their vast area is dominated by mangroves. These creeks and inshore areas serve as a spawning and nursery grounds for a number of commercially important sea animals. Almost all shrimp species available in Pakistan, that is, Penaeus spp. (Jaira), Metapenaeus spp. (Kalri) and Parapenaeopsis spp. (Kiddi) breed in coastal waters and their larval stages migrate to inshore creek water to complete part of their life cycle (Mohammad, 1963). The effluents from Lyari and Malir rivers have degraded the marine environment considerably. Lyari discharges the highly contaminated admixture of sewage and industrial effluents into Manora channel where Karachi Port and fish harbour are located. Malir river discharges into Gizri creek which is linked to Ibrahim Hyderi fish harbeur. Throughout the year, Manora channel receives an unending supply of untreated industrial effluent from SITE (Sindh Industrial Trading Estate) area, and garbage from north western areas of Karachi. 118 Pakistan Journal of Marine Sciences, Vol.1(2), 1992 It was pointed out earlier (Beget al., 1975) that Lyari discharges 376.2 metric tons of total dissolved solids and 34.2 tons of suspended solids per day into the channel, creating dredging problems for the Manora channel. It has also been reported (Karachi Development Authority, 1972) that Karachi coastline is receiving more than 1200 tons of BOD daily, including the wastes from domestic sewage (12%) and indus­ trial waste (84%) from industrial areas of the Karachi city. Ryther and Menzel (1965) reported that the waters of Arabian Sea off the coast of Pakistan are very productive. Zupanovic (1971) estimated that the potential yield of demersal organisms from Pakistani waters was of the order of 5.8 gjm3. Qureshi (1975) pointed out that the shrimps and fish which were abundant near Manora and Hawkes Bay were receding into deep waters. Since marine fishery is responsible for a considerable amount of foreign exchange, it was considered desirable to quantify the pollution and its sources. The methodology adopted for this purpose was monitoring heavy metal concentration in seawater, iudustrial waste water and sludge at different locations and the results are being reported here. MATERIALS AND METHODS The selection of the sampling stations was based on convenience and accessibility and was so arranged as to make the samples the most representative of that area, taking due cogniz.ance of iudustrial pollution. The six sampling stations so selected were as follows: (1) The confluence of Lyari river and sea adjacent to Gulbai Salt Works. (2) Near the railway bridge over Lyari river, about l km upstream of the first station. (3) Kala Pani (the spot has been designated 'black water' because of its colour), at the fish harbour near the mangrove swamps, where seawater recedes during low tides. The water here contains a good proportion of industrial effluents and untreated sewage and is greyish black in appearance, hence the name. (4) Near the fish harbour jetty where launches and boats are anchored for repair­ ing. (5) ·Near shipyard on the left of fish harbour. (6) Near the mouth of Baba channel, close to China creek. In addition to the above mentioned stations, samples were also collected from other localities affected by pollution such as Hawkes Bay, Sandspit and stagnant pools in the Chari Kundi channel. Few samples were also collected from Lyari, Shershah bridge and Dhobi Ghat. SAMPLE COLLECI10N: The first set of samples was collected in December 1984 and the second iu January 1985. Four samples each of seawater and of sludge were collected from the water edge at station 1-4. Later on, when the number of stations was iucreased, the number Beg et at.: Heavy metals pollution. 119 of samples was also increased accordingly. There was a collection every month, start­ ing from December 1984 to November 1985. Eight samples were collected monthly from the above mentioned stations from December 1984 to May 1985 and twelve samples from June 1985 to November 1985. In addition to the routine collection, samples were also collected from various points, located on the beaches and Lyari nver. ESTIMATION OF HEAVY METALS: The samples were analysed by atomic absorption for heavy metals viz. Pb and Zn, in all the samples throughout the year; for Pb, Cu and Zn in water samples from June to November and for Pb, Zn, Cu and Mn in sludge samples also from June to Novem­ ber. Estimation of heavy metals in seawater and sludge sediment required special treatment for the destruction of organic matter from the samples. A preliminary treatment was essential to destroy organic matter present in the samples and to prevent it from interfering with the specific tests. The treatment was also necessary to ensure that metals present in the samples were brought into solution for estimation. Perchloric acid method was used for the preliminary treatment of the samples. After preliminary treatment, the samples were subjected to solution preparation for the estimation of heavy metals. Colorometric estimation for the deter~ination of heavy metals was carried out using a Spectronic-21 Spectrophotometer. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Samples of water and sludge were subjected to analysis for the estimation of heavy metals viz. Pb, Zn, Cu and Mn. In all, 24 samples were collected during the months of December 1984, January and February 1985 from 4 stations. None of the collected samples contained As and Cd perhaps because their concentration was not within the detectable limit of the method applied for their estimation. The methods employed were, however, quite sensitive and could determine concentrations of Cd and As in the range of 0.0025 to 0.025 mg/1 in solution. Lead was found in all the samples excepting three water samples, collected in January. The concentration of Pb in those three samples was possibly not within the range of sensitivity of the instrument. Zn was found in all the 12 samples collected during this period. Pb and Zn were present in every sample of sludge and seawater collected from the 4 stations during March, April and May 1985. The concentrations of As and Cd could again not be estimated in these samples. Table-! lists the concentration of heavy metals in the samples of sludge and sea­ water collected during June, July and August 1985. The number of stations was increased from June to cover a larger segment of the affected area under study and Cu and Mn were also determined. Cu was found in all the 18 samples of sludge and seawater. Mn was not found in any seawater sample whereas it was present in all the sludge samples except sample No.38. Ph was present in all the sludge and seawater samples excepting seawater samples No.37 and 39. Sludge samples No.37, 39 and 40 and seawater samples No.38 and 40 did not contain Zn, whereas all the other sludge and seawater samples contained this element. 120 Pakistan Journal of Marine Sciences, Vol.1(2), 1992 Table-1: Analytical data on concentration of heavy metals in seawater and sludge samples at various sampling points during June, July and August, 1985. Seawater (cone. in mg/lit) Sludge (cone. in mg/kg) Sample Stat- -::-::---::::---:::-:--:---::----::--::­ No. tons Pb Zn Cd As Cu Mn Pb Zn Cd As Cu Mn JUNE 25 1 8.60 1.20 ND ND 0.23 ND 950.0 55.6 ND ND 35.3 78.0 II II II II 26 2 1.50 0,80 II 0.21 1159.0 69.6 198.4 26.5 II II II II 27 3 0.34 0.50 II 0.46 135.8 18.0 35.3 201.9 II II II II 28 4 0.88 0,40 II 0,84 162.6 25.0 198.4 248.4 II II
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