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Overexpression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 Alpha Improves Immunomodulation by Dental Mesenchymal Stem Cells Victor G

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Overexpression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 Alpha Improves Immunomodulation by Dental Mesenchymal Stem Cells Victor G Martinez et al. Stem Cell Research & Therapy (2017) 8:208 DOI 10.1186/s13287-017-0659-2 RESEARCH Open Access Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha improves immunomodulation by dental mesenchymal stem cells Victor G. Martinez1*, Imelda Ontoria-Oviedo2, Carolina P. Ricardo3, Sian E. Harding3, Rosa Sacedon4, Alberto Varas4, Agustin Zapata5, Pilar Sepulveda2 and Angeles Vicente4* Abstract Background: Human dental mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered as highly accessible and attractive MSCs for use in regenerative medicine, yet some of their features are not as well characterized as other MSCs. Hypoxia-preconditioning and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) alpha overexpression significantly improves MSC therapeutics, but the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. In the present study, we characterize immunomodulatory properties of dental MSCs and determine changes in their ability to modulate adaptive and innate immune populations after HIF-1 alpha overexpression. Methods: Human dental MSCs were stably transduced with green fluorescent protein (GFP-MSCs) or GFP-HIF-1 alpha lentivirus vectors (HIF-MSCs). A hypoxic-like metabolic profile was confirmed by mitochondrial and glycolysis stress test. Capacity of HIF-MSCs to modulate T-cell activation, dendritic cell differentiation, monocyte migration, and polarizations towards macrophages and natural killer (NK) cell lytic activity was assessed by a number of functional assays in co-cultures. The expression of relevant factors were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: While HIF-1 alpha overexpression did not modify the inhibition of T-cell activation by MSCs, HIF-MSCs impaired dendritic cell differentiation more efficiently. In addition, HIF-MSCs showed a tendency to induce higher attraction of monocytes, which differentiate into suppressor macrophages, and exhibited enhanced resistance to NK cell-mediated lysis, which supports the improved therapeutic capacity of HIF-MSCs. HIF-MSCs also displayed a pro-angiogenic profile characterized by increased expression of CXCL12/SDF1 and CCL5/RANTES and complete loss of CXCL10/IP10 transcription. Conclusions: Immunomodulation and expression of trophic factors by dental MSCs make them perfect candidates for cell therapy. Overexpression of HIF-1 alpha enhances these features and increases their resistance to allogenic NK cell lysis and, hence, their potential in vivo lifespan. Our results further support the use of HIF-1 alpha-expressing dental MSCs for cell therapy in tissue injury and immune disorders. Keywords: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit (HIF-1 alpha), Immunomodulation, Cell therapy, Dental pulp * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 1MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK 4Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, 28040 Madrid, Spain Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Martinez et al. Stem Cell Research & Therapy (2017) 8:208 Page 2 of 12 Background 5×104 MSCs were seeded in six-well flat-bottom culture Among different sources of mesenchymal stem cells plates and, after 3 days, media were replenished and sup- (MSCs), dental MSCs (dental pulp, periodontal ligament, plemented or not with 10 ng/ml recombinant human apical papilla, dental follicle, and gingival tissue) are cur- interferon (rhIFN)-gamma (Invitrogen). After 15 h, cells rently considered as one of the most attractive MSCs for were lysed for subsequent analysis by quantitative poly- use in engineering tissue and regenerative medicine. merase chain reaction (qPCR). Great advantages presented by dental MSCs include ac- cessibility, easy in vitro expansion, low immunogenicity, Seahorse extracellular metabolic-flux assays and the ability to differentiate into mesoderm-derived The Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer XFp (Seahorse tissues [1]. A low frequency of in vivo differentiation of Bioscience) was used to perform the mitochondrial and transplanted MSCs in experimental models [2–5] indi- glycolysis stress tests. Detailed conditions are given in cates that MSCs promote tissue repair through paracrine Additional file 1. In both assays, total protein per well modulation of surrounding cells. Cell populations nor- was quantified with the BCA Protein Assay Kit for mally targeted by MSCs include resident progenitor normalization. cells, endothelial cells, and immune cells [6]. Many efforts are currently focused on furthering the Mitochondrial stress test therapeutic potential of MSCs. In this regard, we and Four basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measure- others have previously demonstrated that hypoxia and, ments were taken. Subsequently, mitochondrial mem- more specifically, overexpression of hypoxia-inducible brane modulators oligomycin (1 μM), followed by factor-1 (HIF-1) by genetic engineering potentiates the carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxy-phenylhydrazone therapeutic properties of MSCs [7]. Owing to the critical (FCCP; 1 μM) and finally antimycin A/rotenone (both role that the immune response plays in most of the 1 μM) were injected (four measuring cycles each). Basal pathologies targeted by MSC therapy, a better under- respiration, ATP production, maximal respiration, spare standing of the effects of hypoxia on the immunomodu- respiratory capacity, and proton leak were defined by the latory capacity of MSCs is of great importance. differences between the average measurements 4–16, 4–8, In the present study, we present a comprehensive 12–16, 4–9, and 8–16, respectively. Non-mitochondrial characterization of the in vitro immunomodulatory respiration was defined by the average measurement 16. properties and expression of immune and trophic factors in dental MSCs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that over- Glycolysis stress test expression of HIF-1 alpha improves several of these fea- Extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) measurements tures, also enhancing their resistance to natural killer were taken. Subsequently, glucose (10 mM), followed by (NK) cell lytic activity. oligomycin (1 μM) and 2-deoxy-glucose (2-DG; 100 mM) were injected (four measuring cycles each). Basal glycoly- Methods sis, glycolytic capacity, and glycolytic reserve were All procedures were approved by the Instituto de Salud calculated by the differences between the average Carlos III and Institutional Ethical and Animal Care measurements 4–8, 12–16, and 8–12, respectively. Non- Committees. glycolytic acidification was defined by the average meas- urement 16. Vector production, lentiviral transduction, and MSC culture MSCs from human dental pulp were expanded as de- Microarray assays scribed previously [8] and transduced with lentiviral vec- Human MSCs from dental pulp cultured under tors pWP-green fluorescent protein (GFP-MSCs) or normoxia, hypoxia, and lentivirally transduced with pWP-HIF-GFP (HIF-MSCs) as previously described [7]. GFP-HIF-1 alpha or GFP empty vector (n = 3 different Transduction efficiency was evaluated by flow cytometry donors) were collected and 800 ng total RNA was ex- (Coulter EPICS XL flow cytometer; Beckman Coulter) to tracted. RNA purity and concentration were evaluated determine the percentage of GFP-positive cells. The per- spectrophotometrically using a NanoDrop ND-2000 centages of infection obtained were normally around (ThermoFisher). A260/230 and A260/280 ratios were 90%. Human dental pulp MSCs (n = 3; Inbiobank) were mainly used, but the full spectra were reviewed to assess cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium the presence of contaminants: peptides, phenols, aro- (DMEM) low glucose (Sigma-Aldrich, Spain) supple- matic compounds, or carbohydrates, and proteins. The mented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS; quality and integrity of total RNA from the cell cultures Gibco, Life Technologies, Thermo Fisher Scientific). were assessed by a microfluidics-based platform Agilent Cells were grown until confluence and subsequently 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara) subcultured up to 12 passages. For stimulation assays, with the Agilent RNA 6000 Nano Kit for RIN Martinez et al. Stem Cell Research & Therapy (2017) 8:208 Page 3 of 12 calculation. Electropherograms were visualized with the of the medium was replaced by fresh medium and Agilent 2100 Expert software including data collection, rhGM-CSF/rhIL-4 on days 2 and 4 of culture. In MDM peak detection, and interpretation of the different profiles. cultures, an additional 5 ng/ml rhGM-CSF was added RNA expression levels were measured by microarrays. every 2 days and 10 ng/ml of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; All control and sample RNAs tested were selected Invitrogen) was added for an additional 24 h of culture. according to integrity criteria. Expression profile was When indicated, 5 × 104
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