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Hieroglyphs for the Information Age: Images As a Replacement for Characters for Languages Not Written in the Latin-1 Alphabet Akira Hasegawa
Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses Thesis/Dissertation Collections 5-1-1999 Hieroglyphs for the information age: Images as a replacement for characters for languages not written in the Latin-1 alphabet Akira Hasegawa Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Hasegawa, Akira, "Hieroglyphs for the information age: Images as a replacement for characters for languages not written in the Latin-1 alphabet" (1999). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Thesis/Dissertation Collections at RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Hieroglyphs for the Information Age: Images as a Replacement for Characters for Languages not Written in the Latin- 1 Alphabet by Akira Hasegawa A thesis project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the School of Printing Management and Sciences in the College of Imaging Arts and Sciences of the Rochester Institute ofTechnology May, 1999 Thesis Advisor: Professor Frank Romano School of Printing Management and Sciences Rochester Institute ofTechnology Rochester, New York Certificate ofApproval Master's Thesis This is to certify that the Master's Thesis of Akira Hasegawa With a major in Graphic Arts Publishing has been approved by the Thesis Committee as satisfactory for the thesis requirement for the Master ofScience degree at the convocation of May 1999 Thesis Committee: Frank Romano Thesis Advisor Marie Freckleton Gr:lduate Program Coordinator C. -
Allgemeines Abkürzungsverzeichnis
Allgemeines Abkürzungsverzeichnis L. -
Unicode Ate My Brain
UNICODE ATE MY BRAIN John Cowan Reuters Health Information Copyright 2001-04 John Cowan under GNU GPL 1 Copyright • Copyright © 2001 John Cowan • Licensed under the GNU General Public License • ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTIES; USE AT YOUR OWN RISK • Portions written by Tim Bray; used by permission • Title devised by Smarasderagd; used by permission • Black and white for readability Copyright 2001-04 John Cowan under GNU GPL 2 Abstract Unicode, the universal character set, is one of the foundation technologies of XML. However, it is not as widely understood as it should be, because of the unavoidable complexity of handling all of the world's writing systems, even in a fairly uniform way. This tutorial will provide the basics about using Unicode and XML to save lots of money and achieve world domination at the same time. Copyright 2001-04 John Cowan under GNU GPL 3 Roadmap • Brief introduction (4 slides) • Before Unicode (16 slides) • The Unicode Standard (25 slides) • Encodings (11 slides) • XML (10 slides) • The Programmer's View (27 slides) • Points to Remember (1 slide) Copyright 2001-04 John Cowan under GNU GPL 4 How Many Different Characters? a A à á â ã ä å ā ă ą a a a a a a a a a a a Copyright 2001-04 John Cowan under GNU GPL 5 How Computers Do Text • Characters in computer storage are represented by “small” numbers • The numbers use a small number of bits: from 6 (BCD) to 21 (Unicode) to 32 (wchar_t on some Unix boxes) • Design choices: – Which numbers encode which characters – How to pack the numbers into bytes Copyright 2001-04 John Cowan under GNU GPL 6 Where Does XML Come In? • XML is a textual data format • XML software is required to handle all commercially important characters in the world; a promise to “handle XML” implies a promise to be international • Applications can do what they want; monolingual applications can mostly ignore internationalization Copyright 2001-04 John Cowan under GNU GPL 7 $$$ £££ ¥¥¥ • Extra cost of building-in internationalization to a new computer application: about 20% (assuming XML and Unicode). -
SUPPORTING the CHINESE, JAPANESE, and KOREAN LANGUAGES in the OPENVMS OPERATING SYSTEM by Michael M. T. Yau ABSTRACT the Asian L
SUPPORTING THE CHINESE, JAPANESE, AND KOREAN LANGUAGES IN THE OPENVMS OPERATING SYSTEM By Michael M. T. Yau ABSTRACT The Asian language versions of the OpenVMS operating system allow Asian-speaking users to interact with the OpenVMS system in their native languages and provide a platform for developing Asian applications. Since the OpenVMS variants must be able to handle multibyte character sets, the requirements for the internal representation, input, and output differ considerably from those for the standard English version. A review of the Japanese, Chinese, and Korean writing systems and character set standards provides the context for a discussion of the features of the Asian OpenVMS variants. The localization approach adopted in developing these Asian variants was shaped by business and engineering constraints; issues related to this approach are presented. INTRODUCTION The OpenVMS operating system was designed in an era when English was the only language supported in computer systems. The Digital Command Language (DCL) commands and utilities, system help and message texts, run-time libraries and system services, and names of system objects such as file names and user names all assume English text encoded in the 7-bit American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) character set. As Digital's business began to expand into markets where common end users are non-English speaking, the requirement for the OpenVMS system to support languages other than English became inevitable. In contrast to the migration to support single-byte, 8-bit European characters, OpenVMS localization efforts to support the Asian languages, namely Japanese, Chinese, and Korean, must deal with a more complex issue, i.e., the handling of multibyte character sets. -
Character Set Migration Best Practices For
Character Set Migration Best Practices $Q2UDFOH:KLWH3DSHU October 2002 Server Globalization Technology Oracle Corporation Introduction - Database Character Set Migration Migrating from one database character set to another requires proper strategy and tools. This paper outlines the best practices for database character set migration that has been utilized on behalf of hundreds of customers successfully. Following these methods will help determine what strategies are best suited for your environment and will help minimize risk and downtime. This paper also highlights migration to Unicode. Many customers today are finding Unicode to be essential to supporting their global businesses. Oracle provides consulting services for very large or complex environments to help minimize the downtime while maximizing the safe migration of business critical data. Why migrate? Database character set migration often occurs from a requirement to support new languages. As companies internationalize their operations and expand services to customers all around the world, they find the need to support data storage of more World languages than are available within their existing database character set. Historically, many legacy systems required support for only one or possibly a few languages; therefore, the original character set chosen had a limited repertoire of characters that could be supported. For example, in America a 7-bit character set called ASCII is satisfactory for supporting English data exclusively. While in Europe a variety of 8 bit European character sets can support specific subsets of European languages together with English. In Asia, multi byte character sets that could support a given Asian language and English were chosen. These were reasonable choices that fulfilled the initial requirements and provided the best combination of economy and performance. -
Plain Text & Character Encoding
Journal of eScience Librarianship Volume 10 Issue 3 Data Curation in Practice Article 12 2021-08-11 Plain Text & Character Encoding: A Primer for Data Curators Seth Erickson Pennsylvania State University Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Follow this and additional works at: https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/jeslib Part of the Scholarly Communication Commons, and the Scholarly Publishing Commons Repository Citation Erickson S. Plain Text & Character Encoding: A Primer for Data Curators. Journal of eScience Librarianship 2021;10(3): e1211. https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2021.1211. Retrieved from https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/jeslib/vol10/iss3/12 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. This material is brought to you by eScholarship@UMMS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of eScience Librarianship by an authorized administrator of eScholarship@UMMS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ISSN 2161-3974 JeSLIB 2021; 10(3): e1211 https://doi.org/10.7191/jeslib.2021.1211 Full-Length Paper Plain Text & Character Encoding: A Primer for Data Curators Seth Erickson The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Abstract Plain text data consists of a sequence of encoded characters or “code points” from a given standard such as the Unicode Standard. Some of the most common file formats for digital data used in eScience (CSV, XML, and JSON, for example) are built atop plain text standards. Plain text representations of digital data are often preferred because plain text formats are relatively stable, and they facilitate reuse and interoperability. -
JFP Reference Manual 5 : Standards, Environments, and Macros
JFP Reference Manual 5 : Standards, Environments, and Macros Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. Part No: 817–0648–10 December 2002 Copyright 2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. All rights reserved. This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution, and decompilation. No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Third-party software, including font technology, is copyrighted and licensed from Sun suppliers. Parts of the product may be derived from Berkeley BSD systems, licensed from the University of California. UNIX is a registered trademark in the U.S. and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, docs.sun.com, AnswerBook, AnswerBook2, and Solaris are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. The OPEN LOOK and Sun™ Graphical User Interface was developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. for its users and licensees. Sun acknowledges the pioneering efforts of Xerox in researching and developing the concept of visual or graphical user interfaces for the computer industry. Sun holds a non-exclusive license from Xerox to the Xerox Graphical User Interface, which license also covers Sun’s licensees who implement OPEN LOOK GUIs and otherwise comply with Sun’s written license agreements. -
Windows NLS Considerations Version 2.1
Windows NLS Considerations version 2.1 Radoslav Rusinov [email protected] Windows NLS Considerations Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Windows and Code Pages .................................................................................................................... 3 1.2. CharacterSet ........................................................................................................................................ 3 1.3. Encoding Scheme ................................................................................................................................ 3 1.4. Fonts ................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.5. So Why Are There Different Charactersets? ........................................................................................ 4 1.6. What are the Difference Between 7 bit, 8 bit and Unicode Charactersets? ........................................... 4 2. NLS_LANG .............................................................................................................................................. 4 2.1. Setting the Character Set in NLS_LANG ............................................................................................ 4 2.2. Where is the Character Conversion Done? ......................................................................................... -
The Sunpc 4.2 User's Guide
SunPC™ 4.2 User’s Guide A Sun Microsystems, Inc. Business 901 San Antonio Road Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA 415 960-1300 fax 415 969-9131 Part No.: 805-2933-10 Revision A, November 1997 Copyright 1997 Sun Microsystems, Inc., 901 San Antonio Road, Palo Alto, California 94303-4900 U.S.A. All rights reserved. This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution, and decompilation. No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Third-party software, including font technology, is copyrighted and licensed from Sun suppliers. OpenDOS is a trademark of Cadera, Inc. Parts of the product may be derived from Berkeley BSD systems, licensed from the University of California. UNIX is a registered trademark in the U.S. and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, AnswerBook, SunDocs, Solaris, OpenWindows, PC-NFS, PC-NFSpro, SunLink, and SunPC are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. The OPEN LOOK and Sun™ Graphical User Interface was developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. for its users and licensees. Sun acknowledges the pioneering efforts of Xerox in researching and developing the concept of visual or graphical user interfaces for the computer industry. -
UTF-8 from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
UTF-8 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia UTF-8 is a character encoding capable of encoding all possible characters, or code points, defined by Unicode and originally designed by Ken Thompson and Rob Pike.[1] The encoding is variable-length and uses 8-bit code units. It was designed for backward compatibility with ASCII and to avoid the complications of endianness and byte order marks in the alternative UTF-16 and UTF-32 encodings. The name is derived from Unicode (or Universal Coded Character Set) Transformation Format – 8- bit.[2] UTF-8 is the dominant character encoding for the World Wide Web, accounting for 89.1% of all Web pages in May 2017 (the most popular East Asian encodings, Shift JIS and GB 2312, have 0.9% and 0.7% respectively).[4][5][3] The Internet Mail Consortium (IMC) recommended that all e-mail programs be able to display and create mail using UTF-8,[6] and the W3C recommends UTF-8 as the default encoding in XML and HTML.[7] UTF-8 encodes each of the 1,112,064[8] valid code points in Unicode using one to four 8-bit bytes.[9] Code points with lower numerical values, which tend to occur more frequently, are encoded using fewer bytes. The first 128 characters of Unicode, which correspond one-to-one with ASCII, are encoded using a single octet with the same binary value as ASCII, so that valid ASCII text is valid UTF-8-encoded Unicode as well. Since ASCII bytes do not occur when encoding non-ASCII code points into UTF-8, UTF-8 is safe to use within most programming and document languages that interpret certain ASCII characters in a special way, such as '/' in filenames, '\' in escape sequences, and '%' in printf. -
[MS-VUVP-Diff]: VT-UTF8 and VT100+ Protocols
[MS-VUVP-Diff]: VT-UTF8 and VT100+ Protocols Intellectual Property Rights Notice for Open Specifications Documentation . Technical Documentation. Microsoft publishes Open Specifications documentation (“this documentation”) for protocols, file formats, data portability, computer languages, and standards as well as overviews of the interaction among each of these technologiessupport. Additionally, overview documents cover inter-protocol relationships and interactions. Copyrights. This documentation is covered by Microsoft copyrights. Regardless of any other terms that are contained in the terms of use for the Microsoft website that hosts this documentation, you maycan make copies of it in order to develop implementations of the technologies that are described in the Open Specifications this documentation and maycan distribute portions of it in your implementations usingthat use these technologies or in your documentation as necessary to properly document the implementation. You maycan also distribute in your implementation, with or without modification, any schema, IDL'sschemas, IDLs, or code samples that are included in the documentation. This permission also applies to any documents that are referenced in the Open Specifications. documentation. No Trade Secrets. Microsoft does not claim any trade secret rights in this documentation. Patents. Microsoft has patents that maymight cover your implementations of the technologies described in the Open Specifications. documentation. Neither this notice nor Microsoft's delivery of thethis documentation grants any licenses under those patents or any other Microsoft patents. However, a given Open Specification maySpecifications document might be covered by the Microsoft Open Specifications Promise or the Microsoft Community Promise. If you would prefer a written license, or if the technologies described in the Open Specificationsthis documentation are not covered by the Open Specifications Promise or Community Promise, as applicable, patent licenses are available by contacting [email protected]. -
Electronic Document Preparation Pocket Primer
Electronic Document Preparation Pocket Primer Vít Novotný December 4, 2018 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (cc by 3.0) Contents Introduction 1 1 Writing 3 1.1 Text Processing 4 1.1.1 Character Encoding 4 1.1.2 Text Input 12 1.1.3 Text Editors 13 1.1.4 Interactive Document Preparation Systems 13 1.1.5 Regular Expressions 14 1.2 Version Control 17 2 Markup 21 2.1 Meta Markup Languages 22 2.1.1 The General Markup Language 22 2.1.2 The Extensible Markup Language 23 2.2 Markup on the World Wide Web 28 2.2.1 The Hypertext Markup Language 28 2.2.2 The Extensible Hypertext Markup Language 29 2.2.3 The Semantic Web and Linked Data 31 2.3 Document Preparation Systems 32 2.3.1 Batch-oriented Systems 35 2.3.2 Interactive Systems 36 2.4 Lightweight Markup Languages 39 3 Design 41 3.1 Fonts 41 3.2 Structural Elements 42 3.2.1 Paragraphs and Stanzas 42 iv CONTENTS 3.2.2 Headings 45 3.2.3 Tables and Lists 46 3.2.4 Notes 46 3.2.5 Quotations 47 3.3 Page Layout 48 3.4 Color 48 3.4.1 Theory 48 3.4.2 Schemes 51 Bibliography 53 Acronyms 61 Index 65 Introduction With the advent of the digital age, typesetting has become available to virtually anyone equipped with a personal computer. Beautiful text documents can now be crafted using free and consumer-grade software, which often obviates the need for the involvement of a professional designer and typesetter.