Sorghum/Millet Collaborative Research Support Program FINAL REPORT July 1,1990-June 30,1996 Grant No. DAN-1254-G-00-0021-00 INTSORMIL Grant DAN-1254-G-00-002 1-00
FINAL REPORT
The SorghumIMillet Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP) is an initiative of the Agency for International Development Grant No. DAN-1254-GOO-0021-00, Title XII and the Board for International Food and Agricultural Development (BIFAD), the participating U.S. Universities and other collaborating institutions.
For additional information contact the INTSORMZL Management Entity at:
INTSORMIL 113 Biochemistry Hall University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE 68583-0748
Telephone (402) 472-6032*******Fax NO. (402) 472-7978 EMail: [email protected]
Management Entity
Dr. John M. Yohe, Program Director Dr. Thomas W. Crawford, Jr, Associate Director Ms. Joan Frederick, Administrative Technician Ms. Dorothy Stoner, Illustrator Ms. Marilyn McDonald, Secretary Contents
Introduction Program Overview ...... 4 Benefits to Host Countries ..... 6 Benefits to U.S...... 13
Funding ...... 16
Training ...... 22
Workshops ...... 24
Equipment ...... 25
Publications ...... 31
Annex 1 1996 Annual Report
Annex 2 1990-1995 Five Year Work Plans Program Overview
The Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP) concept was created by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Board for International Food and Agriculture Development (BIFAD), under the auspices of Title XI1 of the Foreign Assistance Act, as a long term mechanism for mobilizing the U.S. Land Grant Universities in the international food and agricultural research mandate of the U.S. Government. The CRSPs are communities of U.S. Land Grant Universities working with USAID and USAID Missions, other U.S. Federal Agencies, developing country National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS), developing Country Colleges and Universities, International Agricultural Research Centers (IARCs), private agencies, industry, and private voluntary organizations (PVOs). The Sorghum and Millet Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP) is one of eight CRSPs currently in operation.
The Sorghum and Millet Collaborative Research Support Program (i.e., INTSORMIL CRSP) conducts collaborative 0 research using partnerships between U.S. University scientists and scientists of the National Agricultural Research Systems (i.e., NARS). INTSORMIL is programmatically organized for efficient and effective operation and captures most of the sorghum and millet research expertise in the United States. The ZNTSORMIL mission is to use collaborative research as a mechanism to develop human and institutional research capabilities to overcome constraints to sorghum and millet production and utilization for the mutual benefit of U.S. and LDC agriculture. Collaborating NARS and U.S. scientists jointly plan and execute research that mutually benefits developing countries and the United States. Prime sites are maintained in the agroecological zones of western, southern, and eastern Africa, and in Central America. These sites 0 support the general goals of building NARS institutional capabilities, creating human and technological capital for solving sorghum and millet constraints with sustainable global impact, promoting economic growth, enhancing food security, and encouraging entrepreneurial activities. The universities which are active in the INTSORMIL CRSP are Kansas State University, Mississippi State University, University of Nebraska, Purdue University, and Texas A&M University.
Sorghum and millet are important food crops in moisture stressed regions of the world. They are staple crops for millions in Africa and Asia which, in their area of adaptation, cannot be substituted by other cereals. The development of food @ sorghums and sorghums with improved feeding properties such as increased digestion and reduced tannin content has contributed to sorghum becoming a major feed grain in the U.S., and in other countries in South America. Pearl millet is becoming an important feed source in poultry feeds in the southeastern U.S. The new food sorghums produce grain that can be used for special ethnic and dietary products as well as for traditional food products. Special white sorghums in Mali have the potential for allowing farmers wives to process sorghum into high value food products for sale in village and urban markets which can compete with wheat and rice products. The traditional types of sorghums cannot make effective - food products that can compete with wheat and rice products. Pearl millet also has great potential for processing into high - value food products which can be sold in village and urban markets that can compete with wheat and rice products. These developments have occurred because of the significant interaction that INTSORMIL scientists, U.S. and Host Country, have from grain production through processing and marketing.
Although significant advances have been made in improvement and production of sorghum and millet in the regions which INTSORMIL services, population continues to exceed production capacity. There remains an urgent need to continue the - - momentum of our successes in crop improvement as well as our efforts in strengthening the NARS.
INTSORMIL has maintained a flexible approach to accomplishing its mission. INTSORMIL has implemented several critical recommendations made by the External Evaluation Panel and an InternalIExternal Committee, with input from the INTSORMIL Technical Committee (TC) and Ecogeographic Zone Council (EZC).
The success of the INTSORMIL program can be attributed to the following strategies which guide the program in its research and linkages with technology transfer entities.
Developing institutional and human capital: INTSORMIL promotes educational outcomes in collaborating host countries. The outcomes include institutional strengthening, development of collaborative research networks, promoting and linking to technology transfer and dissemination infrastructure development, and enhancing national, regional, and global communication linkages. A major innovative aspect of the ZNTSORMZL focus is to maintain continuing relationships with collaborating host country scientists upon return to their research posts in their countries. They become members of research teams of ZNTSORMZL and NARS scientists who conduct research on applications of existing technology and development of new technology. This integrated relationship prepares them for leadership roles in regional networks in which they collaborate. Conserving biodiversity and natural resources: Research outcomes of the collaborative research teams include development and release of enhanced germplasm; development and improvement of sustainable production systems; development of sustainable technologies to conserve biodiversity and natural resources and to enhance society's quality of life, and enlarge the range of agricultural and environmental choices. Thus, INTSORMIL promotes conserving millet and sorghum germplasm, conserving natural control of sorghum and millet arthropod pests and diseases, developing resource-efficient cropping systems, developing integrated pest management programs, developing cultivars with improved nutrient and water use efficiencies, and evaluating impacts of sorghum/millet technologies on natural resources and biodiversity.
Developing research systems: Collaboration in prime sites have been strengthened by using U.S. and NARS multi- disciplinary research teams focused on common objectives and unified plans. INTSORMIL scientists provide global leadership in biotechnology research on sorghum and millets. The output from these disciplinary areas of research are linked to immediate results. Biotechnology and other tools of science integrated with traditional science will contribute to alleviating production and utilization constraints in sorghum and pearl millet within the medium term of 5-10 years. New technologies are then extended to farmers' fields in developing countries and the United States through further collaborative efforts. In addition, INTSORMIL plays a part in initiating consideration of economic policy and processing constraints to regaining the competitiveness of sorghum and millet as a basic food staple.
Supporting information networking: INTSORMIL research emphasizes working with existing sorghum and millet networks to promote effective technology transfer from prime sites to local and regional institutions. Technology transfer is strengthened by continued links with regional networks, International Agricultural Research Centers, and similar local and regional institutions. Emphasis is placed on strong linkages with extension services, agricultural production schemes, private and public seed programs, agricultural products supply businesses, and nonprofit voluntary organizations, such as NGOs and PVOs, for efficient transfer of INTSORMIL generated technologies. Each linkage is vital to development, transfer, and adoption of new production and utilization technologies.
Promoting demand driven processes: Development of economic analysis for prioritization of research and farm-level industry evaluation and development of sustainable food technology, processing and marketing systems, are all driven by the need for stable markets for the LDC farmer. INTSORMIL seeks alternate food uses and new processing technologies to save labor and time required in preparation of sorghum millet for food. Research products transferred to the farm will seek to spur rural economic growth and provide direct economic benefits to consumers. INTSORMIL assesses consumption shifts and socioeconomic policies for reducing effects of price collapses, and addresses methods for reducing processing for sorghum and millet. Research' outcomes seek to reduce effects of price collapse in high yield years, and to create new income opportunities. INTSORMIL socioeconomic projects measure impact and diffusion and evaluate constraints to rapid distribution and adoption of introduced new technologies.
The INTSORMIL program addresses the continuing need for agricultural production technology development for the developing world, especially the semiarid tropics. There is international recognition by the world donor community that the developing country agricultural research systems must assume ownership of their development problems and move toward achieving resolution of them. The program is a proven model that empowers the NARS to develop the capacity to assume the ownership of their development strategies, while at the same time resulting in significant benefits back to the U.S. agricultural sector and presents a win win situation for international agricultural development.
Administration and Management
The University of Nebraska (UNL) is the Management Entity (ME) for the Sorghum/Millet CRSP and is the primary grantee of USAID. UNL subgrants are made to the participating U.S. Universities for the research projects between individual U.S. scientists and their host country counterparts. Country project funds, managed by the ME and U.S. participating institutions, flow to the country program in support of the research activities at the host country level. The Board of Directors (BOD) of the CRSP serves as the top management/policy body for the CRSP. The Technical Committee (TC), External Evaluation Panel (EEP) and USAID personnel advise and guide the ME and the Board in areas of policy, technical aspects, collaborating host country coordination, budget management, and review.
Training
Training of host country scientists contributes to the capability of each host country research program to stay abreast of environmental and ecological changes which alter the balance of sustainable production systems. The strengthening of host country research institutions contributes to their capability to predict and be prepared to combat environmental and ecological changes which affect production and utilization of sorghum and millet. A well balanced institution will have to be prepared to prioritize and blend its operational efforts to accomplish the task of conserving and efficiently utilizing its natural resources. To this end training is an extremely critical component of development assistance.
During the grant period there were 519 students from 51 different countries enrolled in an INTSORMIL advanced degree program and advised by an INTSORMIL principal investigator. Approximately 78 % of these students came from a countries other than the U.S., which illustrates the emphasis placed on host country institutional development. INTSORMIL also places importance on training women, which is reflected in the fact that 21.4% of all INTSORMIL graduate students were women.
The number of students receiving 100% funding by INTSORMIL totaled 129. An additional 124 students received partial funding from INTSORMIL and the remaining 266 students were funded from other sources, but worked on INTSORMIL projects. The decline in 100% funded students is due, in part, to a decrease in program budget levels and inflationary pressures.
In additional to graduate degree programs, short term training programs were designed and implemented on a case by case basis to suit the needs of host country scientists. There were 296 students receiving PhD degrees, 197 receiving MSc degrees, and 16 post doctoral scientists and 10 visiting scientists receiving training under this grant period.
Networking
The SorghudMillet CRSP Global Plan for Collaborative Research includes workshops and other networking activities such as research newsletters, publications, the exchange of scientists, and the exchange of germplasm. The INTSORMIL Global Plan is designed for research coordination and networking within ecogeographic zones and where relevant between zones. The Global Plan: a Promotes networking with IARCs, NGOIPVOs, Regional networks (ROCAFREMI, SADC and others) private industry and government extension programs to coordinate research and technology transfer efforts.
Supports participation in regional research networks to promote professional activities of NARS scientists, to facilitate regional research activities (such as multi-location testing of breeding materials), promote germplasm and information exchange, and facilitate impact evaluation of new technologies.
Develops regional research network, short-term and degree training plans for sorghum and pearl millet scientists.
Over the years, established networking activities have been maintained with ICRISAT, SADCIICRISAT, SAFGRAD, ICRISAT Sahelian Center, ICRISAT West Africa Sorghum Improvement Program, ROCAFREMI, EARSAM of ICRISAT, ICRISATIMexico, CIAT and CLAIS of Central and South America. There has been excellent collaboration with each of these programs in co-sponsoring workshops and conferences, and for coordination of research and long term training. INTSORMIL currently cooperates with the ICRISAT programs in East, Southern, and West Africa, and the ROCAFREMI (RCseau Ouest et Centre Africain de Recherche sur le Mil, Niger) of WestICentral Africa. Sudanese collaborators have provided leadership to the Pan African Striga Control Network. INTSORMIL has maintained strong linkages among the NARS it works with, as well as international and regional organizations and networks. INTSORMIL will continue to promote free exchange of germplasm, technical information, improved technology, and research techniques.
Benefits to Host Countries
Realized Benefits of Program
INTSORMIL can document a wide range of benefits to host countries, U.S. agriculture, and the broader scientific community. Many of these benefits have reached fruition with improved programs, economic benefits to producers and consumers, and maintenance or improvement of the environment. Others are at intermediate stages ("in the pipeline") that do not allow quantitative measurement of the benefits at present, but do 'merit identification of potential benefits in the future. The collaborative nature of INTSORMIL programs has built positive long-term relationships between scientists, citizens and governments of host countries and the United States. This has enhanced university educational programs and promoted understanding of different cultures enriching the lives of those involved, and hopefully making a small contribution to world peace, in addition to sustainably improving sorghum and pearl millet production in developing countries and in the United States.
International
Scientific by Technical Thrust
Germplasm Enhancement and Conservation
Germplasm exchange, movement of seeds in both directions between the U.S. and host countries, has involved populations, cultivars, and breeding lines carrying resistances to insects, diseases, Striga, drought, and soil acidity, as well as elite materials with high yield potential which can be used as cultivars per se or used as parents in breeding programs. Specific germplasm releases (including breeding lines) for host country use include the following.
Improved yield (for all host countries) Improved drought tolerance (Africa and drier areas of Latin America) Acid soil tolerance Striga resistance (West, Eastern Africa, and Southern Africa) Midge and Greenbug resistance (Latin America) Downy mildew resistance (Latin America and Botswana) Anthracnose resistance (Latin America and Mali) Charcoal rot and lodging resistance (Africa and drier areas of Latin America) Head smut and virus resistance (Latin America) Foliar disease resistance (for all host countries) Improved grain quality characteristics for food and industrial uses (for all host countries)
The hybrid sorghum success story in Sudan traces to ICRISAT/INTSORMIL/ARC collaboration in which they developed, produced seed, and popularized the first hybrid sorghum, Hageen Dura-1 (Tx623 x K1567), for this country. The female line Tx623 was used due to its wide adaptation, high yield potential and drought resistance. It currently is produced on about 12% of the sorghum area in the Sudan Gezira Irrigation Scheme, the largest in the world under one management. The Hageen Dura-1 success story provides an example of the potential economic gains possible through plant breeding research, followed by seed productiontmarketing activities. Impact studies show that the internal rates of return to this research without further extension of the production area in Hageen Dura-1 were 23 % for low fertilizer levels, and 3 1 % for high fertilizer use levels. With the present rate of diffusion, the investment on this research would pay approximately $1 million of annual benefits. The line Tx622 (a sister line to AT623 in Hageen Dura) has been introduced to China, and is used in hybrids planted on tens of thousands of hectares.
In Honduras, three food-type high yielding sorghum maicillo cultivars have been tested and released. These are Tortillero (CS3541 Sel.), Catracho (Tx623 x Tortillero), and Sureiio [(SC423 x CS3541)E35-11-2-2. Surefio, in particular, has widespread acceptance by Honduran farmers because of its superior grain quality, high yield potential, disease resistance, and dual purpose use for both forage and grain. It is the first sorghum cultivar released by the MNR that has found its way into informal seed markets in Honduras. INTSORMIL's socioeconomic research has also shown that in Honduras the internal rate of return to the development of two new sorghum cultivars, Surefio and Catracho, which are in diffusion, is estimated at 32% or, on annuity basis, $0.7 million annually for the next 30 years. These new sorghum cultivars have economically benefitted small farmers dependent on small-acreage hillside farms, the poorest farmer segment in Honduras. Seed production continues to be a problem, however, this is expected to be resolved through the assistance of the new seed processing plant at Escuela Agricola Panamericana (EAP). This linkage will assure production of good quality, certified seed.
The INTSORMILIHonduras sorghum project has been cooperating with the "Poligono Industrial Copaneco", a religious NGO funded by the Belgium and Canadian governments. The sorghum project has been providing technical advice on agronomic management and marketing of broom corn fibers. The NGO project is producing broom corn fiber and selling it to "Broom and Mops", a broom export factory located at San Pedro Sula in Honduras. Traditionally broomcorn fiber is either imported from Mexico by two or three companies in Central America or produced by small farmers using seed removed from the imported fiber. The result is an increase in costs due to imported fibers and poor fiber quality produced by the small farmers. INTSORMILIHonduras has developed a new long fiber variety of "broom corn" sorghum which will compete more successfully with imported fibers from Mexico. Seed increase of this new variety was made in 1995. In January, 1996 another field was planted to produce approximately 200 kg of basic seed which will be used to produce @ certified seed for use by the broom corn producers. Cost benefit analyses indicate this to be a profitable business for small producers to participate in.
Honduras plays a unique role in conservation of local landrace sorghum germplasm (maicillo or photoperiod sensitive sorghum). Central America is the only location in the world where sorghum has evolved to fit the cropping systems of the steepland hillsides. The INTSORMILIHonduras sorghum project has assumed the responsibility for comerving this sorghum gene pool. The goal of the conservation effort is to create a mosaic of maicillo, enhanced maicillo, and improved variety fields in which genes flow freely among these different kinds of sorghum. Ostensibly, an informal network of village level landrace custodians will care for this germplasm as they have cared for maicillo. The creation of enhanced maicillo cultivars and their subsequent deployment on-farm, not only is intended to increase genetic diversity in-situ, but to stave off maicillo's replacement by introduced cultivars. Two new improved varieties, Gigante Mejorado and Porvenir Mejorado have shown outstanding performance across five testing locations in Honduras. Other new enhanced cultivars are being tested on farmer's fields through the on-farm demonstration system in 1966.
In Central America sorghum utilization patterns are shifting as the demand for poultry rapidly increases (8.4% annually in Honduras). For the time period of 1990-1993 sorghum production in Central America grew 18 percent, at a rate of 4.42% per year. Seventy six percent of the sorghum was utilized for animal consumption and 17% for human consumption in Honduras in 1994. For human consumption 6% was for on-farm use and the other 11 % was sold. With the rapid expansion of poultry feeding, sorghum has been filling much of the increased demand for feed grains. Of the cereal component in Honduran commercial feeds, sorghum increased its share from 4% in 1985 to 26% in 1993. All over Central America there has been a rapid growth of hybrid sorghum seed sales for use in production of sorghum grain for feed. It is estimated that 35% of the sorghum area was planted to hybrids in 1995. Sorghum is successfully replacing maize in animal feed and releasing an equivalent amount of white maize for human consumption.
The principal objective of an impact assessment activity completed in July, 1996 was to measure the impact of the new cultivars and associated technologies developed in the SRNIEAPIINTSORMIL program in Honduras. Secondly, the assessment team looked at the impacts and production systems in other principal sorghum producing countries in the @ region, El Salvador, and Nicaragua. The primary research output in all three countries was the selection of new higher yielding white seeded varieties of sorghum. Conclusions reached from this impact assessment of the Sorghurn/Millet CRSP research in Central America indicate that benefits from the varietal research in the three countries ranged from $437,000 per year in Nicaragua, $600,000 in Honduras (low side estimate), to $1,900,000 per year in El Salvador. The two new cultivars introduced in El Salvador were introduced with more extension and public policy support for improved seed production and credit. Estimates include only the benefits accruing from the adoption of cultivars developed by the public research systems. Note that only the Honduras benefits can be totally credited to the SRNIEAPIINTSORMIL program. In a Honduras improvements in the quality and availability of seed of varieties will continue to be critical for small-and medium-scale farmers.
A new drought tolerant sorghum hybrid designated NAD-1 (NAD-I = Tx623 x MR732) has proven to be highly productive and well adapted in Niger. The grain quality is acceptable for local food preparations and the yields reported from 100 on-farm demonstration plots in 1992 were approximately twice the yields of local varieties. Overall, the average yield of NAD-1 between 1986 and 1994 is 2758 kglha on-station, ten times the average yield of the farmer in Niger (273 - kglha). In 1993 the farm level plots showed the average farmer yield for the KOM~and Jirataoua region was 2365 kglha for NAD-1. In 1994, NAD-1 yielded an estimated 1725 kglha (Say), 3500 kgka (Jirataoua), 3800 kglha (Cerasa), and 4600 kglha (Komi) for an overall farmer yield of more than 3000 kglha. This is compared to the national average of 273 kglha. In 1995 farmer demonstration trials were conducted in an area extending from Konni to Zinder eastward and as far north as Dakora. The 1995 trials compared the NAD-1 hybrid yields to one of the best local landraces, Mota Maradi (MM). The objectives were to check the extent of NAD-1 superiority over locals under as diverse conditions as possible with fanner management, and assess its area of best performance. A preliminary yield analysis showed that, overall, NAD-1 yielded an average of 1.6 tlha compared to 1.1 tlha for MM. This is about 50% better yield for the hybrid. This is especially important because 1995 was not a good year. Farmer interest has been very high. Head size and grain yield have been impressive. This is the first sorghum hybrid that has actually reached farmer fields. In early 1996 a seed program consultancy sponsored by INTSORMIL was put into place. The draft report indicates that the Hybrid NAD-1 and the country of Niger fulfill three basic requirements for the establishment of a seed industry, i.e. (1) it is important that a cultivar be identified that has significant yield, good grain quality and is not more susceptible to pest than local varieties; (2) the area in the country should be large enough to support a seed industry and this exists in Niger (area sown to sorghum is in excess of one million hectares); and (3) the cultivar involved should be a hybrid to permit the establishment of a suitable market and the hybrid should be readily produceable. Results of Regional Trials indicate a wide adaptation of NAD-1 in other countries of the region indicating the opportunity for an international market. The experience of developing a private seed industry in Niger would be immediately valuable to other countries of the region with the production and marketing of hybrid seeds as they realize superior hybrids from their research.
Through the integrated cooperation of sorghum breeders and food scientists we now understand many of the factors necessary for improving the nutritional value of sorghum through local village processing. Sorghum flour is less digestible than most cereal flours unless it is processed using local village procedures which have evolved over hundreds of years. We now understand the scientific reasons why processing is important. This knowledge will help modify and improve the traditional processing methods and to develop improved processing methods for utilization in other countries in the world where sorghum is used as a feed for food grain. This annual report notes for the first time that a genetic solution may be possible for the digestibility problem. Dr. Bruce Hamaker, INTSORMIL scientist in the Food Science Department at Purdue University, has been collaborating on studies of new genetic lines of sorghum with protein digestibilities equivalent to maize. Studies are in progress to determine the inheritance of this important newly identified trait in sorghum.
A Striga resistant variety, SRN-39, has been identified as promising and released for production in Sudan. In one area alone about 1200 ha of SRN-39 was grown in 1992. SRN-39 and other possible sources of resistance to Striga are being used in breeding programs in Sudan, Mali, Niger and other countries to improve adaptation, yield potential and agronomic characteristics. They are being tested in integrated control programs with various cultural practices, fertilizer management, and different mechanical and chemical control strategies. Recently eight tons, one ton each of eight high yielding Striga resistant food grain sorghum varieties were released by Purdue University to the PVO, World Vision, for use in nine countries in Africa. During the first eleven months of operation these Striga resistant food quality sorghums have been tested on field stations or in farmers fields, or both, in the following countries: Ghana, Senegal, Mali, Niger, Sudan, Rwanda, Mozambique, and Eritrea. Information and data about the impact and potential impact of these varieties will be available by the end of calendar year 1996.
Excellent progress has been made in Mali to develop white-seeded, tan-plant guinea cultivars. Q progenies from crosses involving Bimbiri Soumale and CSM388 look very promising. Emphasis is also being placed on intercrosses using the experimental guinea-type white seeded tan-plant cultivar named N'Tenirnissa (Birnbiri Soumale x 87CZ-Zerazera) with elite local guineas and with other high yielding non-guinea breeding lines which lack the necessary head bug tolerance. They have good guinea plant, grain, glume, and panicle characteristics, and some have juicy stems. Two new lines were selected in 1995 for on farm testing in the rainy season of 1996. Grain of N'Tenimissa will be increased on about five ha in 1996 for use in utilization and value-added product development. The PVO, World Vision, plans to distribute N'Tenimissa in 20 on farm trials in 1996. In Northern Mali, CARE is cooperating with IER and testing new sorghum cultivars at about 20 sites.
Sustainable Production Systems
In agronomy and soillcrop management, a major INTSORMIL impact has been understanding the soillcropping systemlgenotype interactions. Rotation with cowpea in Mali increased pearl millet grain yield by 19,17,31,27,and 30% in 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995 respectively, while application of 40 kgha N fertilizer increased grain yield 8,20,16,35,and 6%. All cropping system plots had lower ph, N,K, and Mg levels than the fallow after four years, suggesting that all continuous, rotational, and intercrop systems studied were mining nutrients. Research in Mali has shown that small nitrogen (N) additions are beneficial and necessary to sustain sorghum grain yields. In 1994, the increase in pearl millet yield due to N application was 31 % and 66% with 20 kglha N and 40 kg/ha N, respectively, in monoculture and 64% and 66% for 20 kglha N and 40 kglha N, respectively, in millet-cowpea rotation. Crop rotation (millet-cowpea) alone without N increased millet grain yield by 74%. The legume effect appears worth 30 to 40 kg Nlha. This information has been compiled and is being used by extension personnel in their recommendations to farmers.
In both Mali and Niger, increasing the production level through use of manure and fertilizer, higher plant population resulted in increased grain yield of all pearl millet cultivars, suggesting that differential production practices are not required. However, in both locations, cultivar grain yield differences were large among cultivars, indicating the importance of cultivar selection.
INTSORMIL research results have demonstrated 18 to 203 % yield enhancement of pearl millet and grain sorghum yields in Africa by use of crop rotation with legumes, and a 20 to 50 kg/ha N equivalent contribution to cereals following legumes. In Mali and Niger, intercropping has shown land use efficiency increases of 14 to 48% over sole crops, and also enhanced yields of succeeding crops when intercrop legume yields are high. Obviously legume production, no matter the system, is important to producing optimal sorghum and pearl millet yields when N fertilizer is limiting, especially for improved cultivars. In Mali crop residue management research with residues removed, left on the surface, and incorporated had no effect on pearl millet or cowpea yield or stover yield. Similar results have been recently reported by the ROTOPHOS project, University of Hohenheim, Germany, on Nigerien sites that were not degraded and that had medium to higher soil P levels.
New research on production practices for improved pearl millet genotypes was initiated. Advanced, recently released, and improved local cultivars were produced at different fertilizer levels (manure and N) and plant populations. No cultivar by production practice interaction was found, suggesting that the cultivars respond similarly to these practices. The advanced cultivars "Benkadinio" and "Sanioba 03" yielded 100-300 kgha better than the other cultivars. Increasing the fertilizer rate to the highest level (15 tlha manure plus 100 kglha N) increased grain yield from 1246 to 2475 kglha and stover yield from 3178 to 5067 kglha. Increasing plant population slightly decreased grain yield.
In Botswana, the benefits of single element fertilizer have been determined and demonstrated to farmers. Water harvesting technology has been evaluated and appropriate recommendations have been extended to farmers. Management practices on water runoff show if additional water could be diverted to a site, better yields resulted. Increased water availability must be coupled with the proper plant population, fertilizer level and pest control to produce high yields. In the event that excess water occurs, the system must be designed to release water without erosion. The National Tillage Trials showed early tillage frequently improved soil water storage. This coupled with 15 kg P ha' fertilizer increased yield. Due to low sorghum yield potentials, addition of phosphorus (P) was not economical where soil P was greater than 5 mg kg. Nitrogen did not increase yields unless rainfall was uniformly distributed during the season, while manurelcrop residue additions - - were effective in increasing water intake and grain yield.
Research in Mali and Botswana has shown that grain yields do not always increase with applied fertilizer N when conditions are extremely dry. However, in the higher rainfall regimes, yield increases are consistently obtained with N application. In Mali, the local varieties such as Tiemarifing have produced higher N use efficiencies than the improved types such as Malisor 84-7. There is a need for P in sandier soils, and this often is the mineral element most limiting in - Mali and Niger sorghum and pearl millet production. - Stand establishment problems of sorghum and pearl millet, especially improved cultivars, is common due to heat and water stress, crusting, and due to the small seed size. Pearl millet research indicated that screening for large seed, or producing large seeds by partial head removal, improves stand establishment and often grain yield.
Stand establishment research on sorghum indicates that kernel density is associated with seedling vigor and emergence, and the germinationlemergence temperature response varies greatly among genotypes. Emergence potential in crusted soils is - associated with lqge coleoptile diameters, and is a highly heritable trait with additive gene effects.
Sustainable Plant Protection Systems
In crop protection, a wide range of sources of resistance for insects, diseases, and Striga have been identified and crossed with locally adapted germplasm. This process has been improved immensely by INTSORMIL collaborators developing effective resistance screening methods for sorghum head bug, sorghum long smut, grain mold, leaf diseases and Striga. - INTSORMIL scientists and their collaborators identified sorgoleone, a group of chemically reactive oily quinones exuded from the root hairs of sorghum, as the first natural germination stimulant identified from a Striga host. Sorgoleone has other properties, including herbicidal and antibiotic, and is a powerful contact allergen. In the field, Striga germination is not controlled by sorgoleone but by a different set of compounds exuded by host roots. These compounds are more stable and more water soluble than sorgoleone.
The INTSORMIL PIS have studied each stage of the Striga life cycle separately. They are characterizing the host-parasite interaction at each stage, particularly the chemical signals exchanged. For each stage, simple ways to detect ineffective interactions are sought such as an agar gel assay for germination stimulant production. These screening methods are being used to identify crop genotypes bearing the resistance-conferring traits, and to map the traits on the sorghum genome.
The necessity of coordinating the life cycle of Striga with that of its host has led to the recognition of the tight integration of the Striga life cycle with growth and development of the host by means of a series of chemical signals exchanged between the two. INTSORMIL scientists have played an important role in the identification of the first signal, germination stimulant, and have provided evidence for later signals exchanged in both directions between Striga and its host by means of vascular connections, rather than through the soil medium as for germination stimulant and haustorial initiator.
The collaborative research on African sorghum head bugs in West Africa, especially in Niger and Mali has quantified damage (yield and quality loss); identified resistant genotypes, including practical methodology to screen for resistance; and described bug species composition, biology, and population dynamics. Research activities have studied the bio-ecology of head bug (Euvystylus marginatus) and the identification of new resistance sources to be used in integrated pest management programs. The larva and adult populations of head bugs vary naturally across years. During 1995196 field observations at Sikasso and other areas south of Bamako, Mali, especially where sorghum had not been grown extensively for many years, head bug infestations were observed to be low. At Cinzana experiment station, bug infestation was very severe. Bug infestation at Sotuba was low. The lateness of planting at Sotuba could have caused bug infestations to be lower than usual. There was evidence that bug infestation levels were increasing, and this was especially true at Samanko (ICRISAT) where bug infestation was beginning to increase to very severe levels. Progress is being made by Malian sorghum breeders to develop improved sorghums, especially the improvements to Guinea-type sorghums. It also, is now apparent that resistance to panicle-feeding bugs can be transferred to elite varieties. The important possibility is that if improved Guinea sorghums have moderate levels of resistance and bug severity is less in farmers' fields, panicle-feeding bugs may pose little production constraint to sorghum in Mali.
Sorghum lines resistant to sugarcane aphid have been identified in Botswana and Zimbabwe, and the mechanism of resistance assessed. Genes for resistance have been identified, confirmed, and initially utilized. Efforts are now being made to move the resistance genes into parental lines which are used in hybrid combinations for combine height, early maturing genotypes with acceptable agronomic trans..
Work continues on identification of the most important disease constraints and for design of disease control strategies. This includes continued studies on the variability of Colletotrichurn graminicola (anthracnose) and genetic resistance of sorghum grown in Honduras to anthracnose. INTSORMIL pathologists continue to collaborate with ICRISAT on growing, distributing, and evaluating the Sorghum Anthracnose Virulence Nursery. The program continues to monitor the major downy mildew screening program run by the Honduran National Program to evaluate disease and host plant resistance.
In Mali, efforts are being continued toward the establishment of a National Sorghum and Millet Disease program. This includes evaluation of INTSORMIL nurseries for reaction to the prevalent pathogens in Mali. INTSORMIL pathologists (NARS and U.S.) are collaborating with program entomologists to study the interaction of head mold and insects (head bug) on grain deterioration in the field.
In Niger, INRANIINTSORMIL pathologists are continuing to monitor for resistance to long smut, and evaluation for resistance to head smut, Acremonium wilt, and anthracnose. The Niger program has reported the infestation of nematodes on pearl millet for the first time. The species found belong to the genera, Helicotylenchus, Criconemella and Tylenchovynchus. Preliminary results do not prove that nematodes are a serious threat to pearl millet, but they do give some indication of their relative importance. Pearl millet does serve as a good host for many species of plant parasitic nematodes. Until now, there have been no reports on the importance of nematodes on pearl millet in the Sahel. This lack of research on nematodes on millet and sorghum in the Sahel may be partly explained by the assumption that nematodes cannot survive in an environment which is to dry and hot. These species of nematodes plus Pratylenchulus spp. were also found on sorghum in the Konni area where the level of infestation was much higher and threatening. This is the first time that nematodes have been shown to infect sorghum in Niger. This finding is very important because the Konni area is the sorghum belt in Niger.
In Honduras and Niger, INTSORMIL entomological collaboration has resulted in development of sustainable biological control strategies for stem borers, and information on pest and natural enemy biologies has contributed improved approaches to IPM. For whorlworms in Honduras, techniques were developed to manipulate key natural enemies; for stem borers. An efficient natural enemy was imported, released in Honduras and established; for stem borers in Niger, natural enemies have been demonstrated to occur in greater densities in natural vegetation than in millet, a suggestion that the substantial changes in pearl millet production practices is interfering with biological controls.
MHM, Pearl millet head miner (Heliocheilus albipunctella) is a serious insect pest of West Africa, and has been found to be an excellent candidate for biological control since it has a predictable habitat, consistent annual habits, produces one generation per year, and has several natural enemies. Two major predators and two commonly encountered parasites have been identified, and are being studied. During 199511996, two NARS scientists from West Africa were admitted as graduate students in the Department of Entomology at Texas A&M University. In 1996 they will begin their graduate degree research at the ICRISAT Sahelian Center. Their research objectives and results will build on findings for MHM biological control reported by INTSORMIL scientists in 1994 and 1995 Annual report. When this research is complete. the key mortality sources, including natural enemies of MHM, will be identified and methods of manipulation will be described for those that can be effectively managed for optimal mortality to MHM populations. The INTSORMIL MHM research continues to coordinate closely with the West Africa ROCAFREMI millet network. INTSORMIL participated in the three ROCAFREMI network meetings during this program year.
Derivatives of SC326-6 continued to show good adaptation and resistance to anthracnose and other foliar pathogens in a Zambia and Zimbabwe but a few did show some vulnerability to sooty stripe disease. These lines are being utilized as parental lines in breeding programs. A virus apparently similar to MDMV-A again caused high infection in a late planting of A-lines of released hybrids at one location in Zambia and it (or another virus) was also present in several sorghums in the Pandamatenga and Southern regions of Botswana including a newly released sorghum variety. Live virus samples collected from Zambia and Botswana and sent under a special import permit are being characterized by Dr. S. Jensen at the University of Nebraska. - A bacterial disease of pearl millet first observed in Southern Zimbabwe in 1995 has been tentatively identified as Pseudomonas syringae by D. Frederiksen at the University of Zimbabwe. If confirmed this would be the first report of P. syringae on pearl millet outside of the United States.
In Honduras insect pest control developed for one species or a complex of species involves the integration of specific management tactics, possible applied throughout the crop growing season, in a holistic crop management system. This holds true for insect pest management in subsistence farming, as it does for high technology crop production. Host plant associations have been identified and ecological relationships have been identified and ecological relationships defined for three of the "langosta" defoliator species. These investigations have provided the information for design of integrated insect pest management programs for designated crop production areas. The use of cultural methods (e.g., planting dates and weed management in production fields), crop varieties with insect resistance, and limited and judicial use of insecticides, as previously identified will benefit sorghum-maize production in Honduras and other areas in Latin America having similar crop production problems.
Crop Utilization and Marketing
In Mali a survey on "Sorghum Diversification of Processing and Utilization" was done using the new white-seeded, tan- plant variety N'Tenimissa. Two hundred 500 gram packets of sorghum grits and flour were placed in a supermarket. Results indicated that 80% of the people that brought the samples liked the products very much, and the other 20% did not respond. This test will be expanded in 1996197 to about 10 supermarkets. - Major economic changes in Mali relate to the price and availability of wheat for bread and biscuits. There is an economic demand for sorghum, millet or maize flour to extend wheat flour in biscuits (cookies) and French breads. Industry personnel wanted to use maize because they had reports discouraging the use of sorghum because the local sorghum flour has been of poor quality. This poor image of sorghum and millet as a food item is a major problem.
The Cereal Quality Laboratory (LQC) at INRAN in Niger has conducted several surveys to determine the effect of crop selection and pearl millet varieties on couscous preparation in Niger. Sorghum, pearl millet, and durum wheat all produced acceptable couscous in this study. Work continues with INRANINiger scientists on sorghum and millet-based couscous. A couscous processing unit has been put into place at INRAN, with funding assistance from the Niger USAID Inter-CRSP initiative. The processing unit consists of a decorticatorlmill, agglomeratorlsiever (designed by CIRAD, France), steamer, solar drier, and packaging sealer. This will be used for research purposes, and also as a demonstration and testing unit to encourage local entrepreneurs to commercialize millet or sorghum couscous. A commercial-type product will also be tested in the market place.
MILEG, a prepared weaning food from dehulled pearl millet and cowpea flours (3: 1 blend), is being produced and sold by a small food company in Bamako, Mali. The product prototype was developed cooperatively by the Institute of Rural Economy food technology laboratory, with assistance from INTSORMILITexas A&M University food scientists. The businessman, who formerly worked as a technician in the IER Food Technology Laboratory, was financed by a loan from a Canadian agency. The product has been in production for nearly two years. It is being prescribed by medical staff for children suffering from malnutrition. It is not a complete weaning food, but it definitely has improved nutritive value at a reasonable cost compared to other more completely balanced imported weaning foods. Benefits to the U.S.
Germplasm Enhancement and Conservation
INTSORMIL PIS have developed numerous germplasm lines resistant to biotype C, E, andlor I biotype greenbug which have been distributed to private seed companies for use in their breeding programs. Testing of advance B-line selections resistant to biotype E greenbug continued in 1995. Lines identified for release, with their experimental designations are GR107090M17, GR108-90M23, GR134A-90M50, and GR127-90M21. Each line produces hybrids with excellent yield. Increased emphasis was given in 1995 to development of new germplasm lines resistant to both greenbug biotypes E and I. Two excellent sources of resistance have been identified for biotype I resistance, PI550607 and PI550610. To diversify the germplasm base of green-bug resistant germplasm, PI550607 is used exclusively in R-lines and PI550610 primarily in B- lines. Gene mapping has shown that genes conferring resistance to different greenbug biotypes are slightly different, but probably control the same resistance process.
INTSORMIL research has confirmed that sorghum midge abundance the subsequent year is reduced when sorghum residue containing overwintering larvae is shredded, disked, and deep plowed after harvest compared to when residue is only shredded or shredded and disked. Sorghum midge resistance in sorghum is caused by morphology of spikelets and asynchrony between time of flowering during the day and the presence of sorghum midges. Germplasm resistant to sorghum midge, developed through INTSORMIL support, has served as the foundation for many similar breeding programs throughout the world. Experimental sorghums with female parents A91-6, A92-3, and A93-6 produced superior hybrids during the previous two years and will be released to the commercial seed industry. Hybrid seed has been distributed to commercial seed companies and extension personnel to evaluate hybrid performance in a large range of environments with or without sorghum midge present. The lines will be released to other breeders during the fall of 1996. These will be the first sorghum midge resistant AIB pairs with the traits needed to produce commercially acceptable resistant hybrids.
Materials from the INTSORMILIUSDAlTexas A&M University Sorghum Conversion Program and selected breeding cultivars from other projects are evaluated regularly for resistance to internationally important diseases and insects in a cooperativelcollaborativeprogram throughout the sorghum growing world. INTSORMIL PIS have cooperated in the release of 360 converted exotic sorghum lines. The releases were made in three groups: 240 lines in 1986, 110 in 1992, and 50 fully converted exotic lines and 253 partially converted bulks were released in 1994195. Sets of the 50 converted lines and the 253 partially converted bulks released in May, 1995 have been distributed to 11 private companies and 4 public sorghum breeding programs.
In January 1995, INTSORMILlPurdue University reported a breakthrough in sorghum digestibility research. Irregularly shaped protein bodies discovered in sorghum kernels under the electron microscope may signal improved human nutrition in some developing countries and higher quality livestocklpoultry feed worldwide. In 25 experimental genetic lines of sorghum, two have been identified with significantly faster protein digestion. These two genetic lines of more highly digestible sorghum fall right between maize and wheat in digestibility. The more digestible lines maintain 80 percent digestibility, even after cooking. Most sorghum varieties lose digestibility in cooking; some drop to as low as 46 percent. That makes sorghum potentially competitive with other cereal grains as a source of dietary protein for humans and livestocklpoultry. Poultry feeding tests have been initiated to verify the findings.
Sustainable Production Systems
Research in the area of mineral stress, particularly nitrogen, has shown that certain genotypes cope with low soil nitrogen better than others by a rapid mobilization of that element to actively growing tissue which sustains whole plant photosynthesis and thus growth. Also, certain sorghum genotypes have higher photosynthesis rates at lower tissue nitrogen concentrations than others, which allows continued growth at low nitrogen supply. Sorghum varieties having known N use efficiency (NUE) characteristics were studied to determine the physiological basis for superior NUE. The study clearly demonstrated the superiority of two sorghum lines from China for C02 assimilation capacity when leaves were experiencing N stress (deficiency). Analysis of the data indicated that the enzyme of particular interest is most likely phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase, the first catalytic enzyme in the C02 capture process in cells.
Studies to develop an agronomic production practices package for dwarf pearl millet as a new alternate crop for the U.S. have been initiated. Narrow row spacing, nitrogen application, and good weed control were identified as important practices, although pearl millet appeared to be more competitive with weeds than grain sorghum. (I, Sustainable Plant Protection Systems
INTSORMIL PIS developed an International Anthracnose Virulence Nursery which is used to monitor the pathogen. This nursery is now managed in cooperation with ICRISAT. The system of networking includes the growing of several uniform nurseries in locations where sorghumlmillet diseases are important, such as the International Sorghum Anthracnose Virulence Nursery, which is grown where anthracnose is endemic. Other nurseries include a uniform nursery for head smut, sorghum downy mildew, sorghum viruses, and grain mold. Growing of these nurseries permits a quick evaluation of pathotype differences among locations and the severity of the problem. INTSORMIL also evaluates and distributes elite sorghums in nurseries for evaluation of the multiple resistance of sorghum. These are international nurseries and represent a means of distributing elite germplasm from different breeding programs in INTSORMIL.
INTSORMIL PIS have developed a dot irnmunobinding assay (DIA) to distinguish different bacterial pathogens of sorghum and millet. The test is easy to perform, inexpensive, requires limited equipment and chemicals, and was designed with e LDC laboratory conditions in mind. It has been shown that the causal agent of bacterial leaf streak is seedborne and can remain viable in the seed for more than two years.
International collaborative research programs with NARS and ICRISAT scientists have resulted in the development of sustainable insect management strategies and identification of sorghums resistant to sorghum midge, greenbug (biotypes C, E, and I), African sorghum head bugs, sugarcane aphid, and yellow sugarcane aphid. Mechanisms and inheritance of resistance have been determined, and genes conferring resistance have been introgressed into elite parental lines that have - been evaluated alone and in hybrid combinations. Levels of resistance have been quantified, and economic injury levels established for most of them.
INTSORMIL research has employed a holistic approach to identify, evaluate, and deploy sorghum midge, greenbug, and yellow sugarcane aphid resistant sorghums as a component of IPM, and develop and validate sorghum plant and sorghum midge dynamics computer models.
- Significant advances were made in developing the technology to allow farmers to manage these sorghum insect pests. Significant advances have been made in biological control and these advances contribute to improved IPM of sorghum and millet, and to improved concepts for using biological control in annual crops. For aphids attacking sorghum in the U.S., predators were demonstrated as key natural enemies for effective biological control of these pests. In the U.S., phytoseiid predators have been demonstrated as an effective alternative to pesticides for control of spider mites and parasites, and were shown to be effective on the American sugarcane borer attacking sorghum. - - Biological and ecological relationships and insecticide susceptibility for fall armyworm for Florida, Mississippi, Honduras, and Jamaica have been determined. This provides a basis for understanding infestations and developing control strategies for this migrating insect pest of economic importance in the U.S.
The impact of insect resistant germplasm in sorghum production of the U.S. has been dramatic. For example, insecticide use on sorghum in Texas was at an all-time high at the initiation of this CRSP. In 1978, nearly 60% of the sorghum - acreage in Texas was treated with insecticide, while in 1990 only about 24% of the acreage was treated. The savings gained from not using insecticide were $6,000,000 per year, and this does not consider the ecological or environmental benefits, or benefits from reduction in insect pest resurgence or secondary pest outbreaks. During this project, the economic benefit to Texas farmers has been at least $90,000,000.
Crop Utilization and Marketing
INTSORMIL scientists originally addressed the tannins as antinutritional factors. They developed methods, now widely used by others, for assaying and characterizing these materials. They also developed a simple method for detoxifying and improving the nutritional value of high tannin sorghum. They are elucidating the biochemical mechanisms by which tannins exert their antinutritional effects. They are also characterizing the role of tannins and related materials in resistance to birds. molds, and leaf diseases. Methods for polyphenol analysis, purification and characterization have been widely adopted and used by nutritionists and ecologists studying tannins in other crops and range plants.
The most significant finding of late concerns the poor protein digestibility of sorghum. In screening 25 selected sorghum ~. genotypes for in vitro protein digestibility they found a range from 66 to 88 % for uncooked values and 48 to 81 % for cooked values. Two sorghum lines had notably higher digestibilities compared to the other sorghums tested. Perhaps more important, digestibility of these two sorghums did not decrease appreciably on cooking, which is commonly seen with sorghum. This was verified using two in vitro enzyme systems. Chemical studies showed that in the two highly digestible sorghums the major storage protein (about 65% of total protein),a-kafirin, was digested much earlier than the other sorghum samples. Also, a group of high molecular weight proteins, that usually restrict the digestion of a-kafirin, was digested very rapidly. This group of sorghums is now being grown to determine if this is a heritable trait. If this proves to be so, we believe that a rapid screening assay for digestibility can be developed based on chemical differences between genotypes.
The chemistry, composition, structure and nutritional value of sorghum kernels has been related to genes that control pericarp thickness and color and the presence and absence of a pigmented testa. From this knowledge, several white, tan plant sorghum inbreds have been released to the seed industry and are being grown in the United States. These food hybrids have improved quality for use in livestock feed as well as ingredients in food systems.
New prototype food products including noodles, ready-to-eat breakfast foods, weaning foods, granolas, instant porridges, baked products and others have been developed from 100% sorghum and millet for potential utilization in several countries. Products have been made with sophisticated techniques like extrusion and micronizing and also with simple, low-technology methods appropriate to targeted countries. The major constraint limiting their application is the lack of a consistent supply of good quality sorghum and pearl millet grains at a competitive price.
Sorghum has been used to produce tortilla chips, tortillas and related products from alkaline cooking. Several new cultivars with improved tortilla making quality have been or are near release in Central America because of collaborative work within the breeding programs. A simple test to evaluate tortilla potential of sorghums has been successfully utilized.
New waxy and heterowaxy sorghum cultivars and hybrids have been developed with unique properties for use in food systems. A white, tan waxy sorghum produced flakes for granola using micronizing. These JOWAR flakes have excellent potential for use in a wide variety of products. The same grains have excellent steam flaking properties and may have improved feed efficiency when fed to ruminants and swine.
The adverse effects of molds and weathering on sorghum quality significantly limit the use of sorghum for foods in many areas. Major progress to. understand the factors affecting grain deterioration has been made. Work continues to secure mold resistant sorghum cultivars. New information on the role of antimicrobial proteins is being developed.
The structure and processing properties of pearl millet has been evaluated. A white pearl millet grain had excellent acceptance when cooked like rice. The milling properties of pearl millet were mainly affected by kernel size, shape and hardness. Parboiled pearl millet did not develop the off-flavor that occurs in pearl millet products.
Future Directions
INTSORMIL will continue to jointly plan and execute collaborative research that benefits developing countries and the United States. These collaborative relationships are keys to INTSORMIL's success and will continue as fundamental approaches to meeting the INTSORMIL mission. In the future, INTSORMIL will target NARS collaborative ties that reflect regional needs for sorghum and/or millet production. These ties are envisioned to be in the sorghum and millet agroecological zones of western, eastern, and southern Africa, and Central America. By concentrating collaboration in selected sites, INTSORMIL optimizes its resources, builds a finite scientific capability on sorghum and millet, and creates technological and human capital that has a sustainable and global impact. INTSORMIL will use five specific strategies to maintain its current momentum, build on its record of success, and accomplish a new set of goals. These strategies are (1) sustainable research institutions and human capital development, (2) conservation of biodiversity and natural resources, (3) research systems development with focus on relevant technology generation, (4) information and research networking, and (5) demand driven processes. Funding INTSORMIL Source of Funding Total FY 91 -96 - $37,8W,I 58
- USAIDIAFS Institutional Match Host Country Match I Buyins $1 6,225,000 $3,935,395 $4,637,816 1 $13,098,947 INTSORMIL Technical Budget Analysis FY 91 -96 - $12,906,250
32.64
Production Systems Plant Protection I Crop Utilization Germplasm 1 $4,212,280 1 $2,808,358 1 $1,831,862 1 $4,053,750
By Technical Thrusts
I Sorahum Millet I $9,966,077 $2,940,173
By Crop
17 INTSORMIL Budget Analysis - FY 91 - 96 Functional - $1 6,225,000
I U.S. 1 West Africa I Horn of Africa 1 Southern Africa / Central America 1 Other I
By Region
- Inarea corm Omer Semes Unw Stan Eqwpmr* Grad StudanUi Uhsr DM Tnval Sums Po* DM&
Y X6 062 $1 914 014 $2 495 938 $511 800 $1 UM 887 51 276 333 $2 275 891 $1 %8 $1 W(I 860
By Line Item Table 1. USAID-Grant Contribution to Sorghum Millet CRSP for FY 91 through FY 96 for all Collaborative Research and Management Entity.
Budget Line Item FY 9 1-96 Totals
Salaries & Benefits 6,792,528
Travel 1,733,730
I Technical Assistance I 171,800 1 LDC Special Projects 838,506
I Mission Buyin 100,000 I I Indirect Costs I 4,063,667 1 I Totals 1 $16,325,000 1 ------
Table 2. Management Entity Office Budget - FY 9 1 through FY 96
Budget Line Item 1 FY 91- 96 Totals I Salaries & Benefits I 1,278,950 1 I Equipment & Facilities I 9.850 1 Travel 233,500
Other Direct Costs 178,240 Indirect Costs I 703,704 Sub-Total 2,420,244
P.I. Conference 45,000 External Evaluation Panel 170,000
Special Projects 233,400 ( ME Total Costs 1 $2,868,644 1 Table 3. Sorghurn/Millet CRSP Summary of Non-Federal Matching Contributions by U.S.institutions - Grant FY 9 1 through FY 96.
( Matching Funds I FY91-961
Kansas State University 586,575 Mississippi State University 155,000
I Purdue University 1 . 1,081,996 1 Texas A&M University 1,528,858
Totals $ 3,935,395 Table 4. USAID-Grant contribution to SorghumIMillet CRSP for all Collaborative Research, U.S. Institutions and the Management Entity for USAID Grant AIDIDAN-1 254-G-00-002 1-00 - FY 91 through FY 96.
Line Item Kansas Mississippi lhiversity of Purdue Texas APM State State Nebraska llniversitv Universitv Total Bud et TA/I.DC Grant
Salaries & Benefits 477,741 554,576 1,034,826 1,527,171 1,857,945 5,452,259 1,282,950 6,735,209 Equipment & Facilities 2 1,438 14,224 102,821 39,800 136,667 314,950 --9,850 324,800 Travel 103,072 115,035 180,044 377,889 591,190 1,367,230 318,SOO 1,685,730 Other Direct Costs 102,270 166,248 261,229 932,758 552,543 2,015,048 190.240 171,800 2,X6C61~1 Technical Assistance
LDC 1,138,506 1,138,506
Indirect Costs 252,029 267,567 525,830 1,114,882 1 ,I 99,655 3,359,963 703,704 4,063,667 Totals 956,550 1,117,650 2,104,750 3,992,500 4,338,000 2,505,244 1 3 0306 116.1158001 Training TRAINING
INTSORMIL gives high priority to training host country scientists who have major responsibilities for sorghum and millet research in their home countries. Training is also provided for young US. scientists who plan for careers in international development work.
The most frequently used mode of training is graduate study for advanced degrees, with the students' research forming an integral part of an INTSORMIL project. During the grant period covered by this report, 519 students from 51 different countries received educational training with INTSORMIL. Approximately 78% of these students come from countries other than the U.S., which shows the emphasis placed on host country institutional development (Figure 1). In addition to graduate degree programs, short term training programs have been designed and implemented on a case by case basis to suit the needs of host country scientists. Sixteen post doctoral scientists and ten visiting scientists were provided the opportunity to upgrade their skills (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Country Breakdown. Figure 2. Degree breakdown
INTSORMIL also places a high priority on training women, which is reflected in Figure 3. Under this grant, 21.4% of the INTSORMIL participants were female.
INTSORMIL provided full scholarships for a total of 129 students. An additional 124 students received partial INTSORMlL funding, and the r emaining 266 students were funded from other sources (Figure 4). All of these students worked directly with INTSORMIL principal investigators on INTSORMIL projects. These students were enrolled in graduate programs in four technical thrust areas: Germplasm Enhancement and Conservation (GEC), Sustainable Plant Protection Systems (SPP), Sustainable Production Systems (SPS), and Crop Utilization and Marketing (CUM) as Figure 3. Gender breakdown shown in Figure 5. Figure 4. Funding source. Figure 5. Technical Thrusts
The number of INTSORMIL funded students has decreased gradually over the years. This is related directly to decreases in program budget levels and the loss of U.S. Principal Investigators (PI) associated with our program. In 1990-91 there were 29 PISwith the program and in 1995-96 this decreased to 18. INTSORMIL continues to consider training as an extremely critical component of development assistance to host country research programs. Workshops INTSORMIL Sponsored and Co-Sponsored Workshops 1991 - 1996
Name Where Date
Sorghum for the Future Workshop Cali, Colombia INTSORMIL PI Conference Corpus Christi, TX Social Science Research and the CRSPs Lexington, KY Seminario Intemacional Sobre 10s Cultivos de Sorgo y Maiz Colombia sus Principales Plagas y Enfermedades Workshop on Adaptation of Plants to Soil Stresses Lincoln, NE Latin America Workshop on Sustainable Production Systems Villavicencio, Colombia for Acid Soils Latin America Sorghum Research Scientists Workshop Villavicencio, Colombia (CLAIS meeting) Disease Analysis through Genetics and Biotechnology: An Bellagio, Italy International Sorghum and Millet Perspective International Conference on Genetic Improvement of Sorghum Lubbock, TX and Pearl Millet Equipment EQUIPMENT INVENTORY LIST 1990-1996 USAlD DAN-1254-G-00-0021-00
DATE ( ~n.I ITEM I LOCATION 1 PROJECT1P.I. 1 COST I APPROVE Computer Management Entity I UNL I Printers UNL Management Entity 1,405 619 1 I I I I 511 5 2 Computers UNL Management Entity 6,165 619 1
6/27 1 Computer TAM TAM-1 26-Rooney 1,895 719 1 1 Software for Rapid Visco Analyzer 2,900 ------Plant tissue grinder I Mali I UNL-I ICMaranville - -. 8/29 I Electric forced air oven I Honduras I I 911 1 1 Hybridization Oven Chamber 1 TAM TAM-124-Frederiksen 1 Tabletop Centrifuge I 1 HiTemp water bath I 1118 1 Laminar flow clean bench PRF PRF-103-Axtell 1 Mettler top loading balance 1 Microprocessor 995
1211 1 1 Incubator TAM TAM-I 28-Odvody 4,315 11/92 I I I Mita Photocopier Minolta SPAD-502 Chlrophyll Meter UNL UNL-114-Maranville Sentry 200-AP probe
Micro centrifuge Scanning Densitometer Mixer mill & grinding sets I Laptop computer TAM TAM-126 Rooney ------Jeep Cherokee Mali 1 ME Facsimile UNL Mangement Entity I 2,635 8/25 1 Computer Mali UNL-123-Sullivan 3,500 1 Thermocouple psychrometer & meter 2,700 1 Conductivity meter & dip cell 1,800 1 Belt conveyor Acces.Portable leaf area 4,000
1 Computer UNL Management Entity 2,230 - - 1 Ultra freezer PRF PRF-107-Ejeta 5,450
1 Kifco water reel TAM TAM-124-Frederiksen 5,000 4/93
1011 1 Cooling unit for walk-in cold room TAM TAM-124-Toler 2,400
1211 I Micro computer & printer TAM TAM-I 23-Onken 4,425 4/93
12/1 1 Micro computer PRF PRF-104-Butler 2,500 415 - 1 0ligo.saccharide column TAM TAM-128-Rooney 1,040 415
1 Analytical balance PRF PRF-112-Hamaker 2,195 716
1 Dispenser MSU MSU-I ObGourley 1,230 716 1 Computer 3,500 1 Germinator 7,000
1 Computer TAM TAM-12CFrederiksen 2,000 711 2
1 Toshiba Ext. drive TAM TAM-123-Peterson 719
1 Soil Moisture gauge Mali UNL-I 13-Mason 3,990 1 Soil Moisture gauge Mali UNL-114-Maranville 3,990
1 HP printer Sudan PRF-I II-Ejeta 1,300
1 Computer/monitor/software Niger PRF-109-Axtell 3,782 1/95 1 HP printer 855
1 Diamond knife PRF PRF-112-Hamaker 1,990 7/26
1 Micrologger TAM TAM-I 28-Odvody 1,043 7/26
1 Notebook computer TAM TAM-122-Clark 2,500 7126 5126 1 Single plant & head thresher Mali ME - Rooney 3.765 7/26 Refrigerated Benchtop centrifuge & biofuge rooter UNL UNL-I I6-Eastin 6,557 7126
Copy machine Mali ME 1,540 1/25/95
Germinator UNL UNL-113-Mason 4,730 1/25
Computer PRF PRF-1OSSanders 2,859 1125 Computer & printer I Mali I UNL-114-Maranville 1 3.671 1 1125 1 1 Computer UNL 1 HP Printer
1 Computer & monitor TAM 1 Microscope
1 Leaf area meter Mali 1 Computer - Cinzana station Mali ME 2,500 1 Computer - IER office 2,500 1 Laptop - Sotuba station 2,200 1 Computer - Mopti station 3,000 Printer - Cinzana KSU-101Stegmeier 800 Computerlprinter Mali TAM-126-Rooney 2,248
John Deere tractor Honduras ME-PetersonlGomez 22,500 Gooseneck trailer wlchain &winch 7,300 Almaco 2- row planter/fertilizer hopper 16,900 Notebook computer UNL I Management Entity 1 3.150 1 Scanner 945 4126 1 Computer-Apple PowerMac TAM TAM-126-Rooney 5,453 4/26
Laptop computer-Dell TAM TAM-124-Frederiksen 2,500 4/26 Hybridization Oven 3,000 Reverse Osmosis system 1,700 Micrologger-portable weather station 4,400 --- - - 3120 1 Weighting balancePrecision seed cones I UNL UNL-115/118-Andrews 4,625 4/26 July 1,1995 - Equipment purchase between $1000- $5,000 will be approved by M.E. I Over $5,000 by USAlD I I I 711 1 Computer UNL Management Entity I I I 711 2 1 HP Laser Jet printer TAM I 813 2 HarvestMaster Fieldbook computers Niger
814 1 HP Laser Jet printer PRF I ZEOS Pantera Pentiurn computer
814 1 RVA-rapid visco analyzer software upgrade TAM I 811 5 1 MAC Powerbook computer Honduras I I I 1015 2 Liquid chromatography columns and guard column I PRF I I I 1118 1 Pentium Computer Mali UNL-113 - Mason
12112 1 pH Meter PRF 1 Laptop computer & software
12/21 1 Pentium Computer TAM 1 TI Laptop
1996 1 Centrifuge Rotor Niger 1126 1 Tecator Digestion DS-40 Model Niger 1 Marathon Benchtop Centrifuge Niger
216 1 LI-2000 Leaf Area Index Meter MaliISotuba and UNL-113-1I4 Cinzana MaranvilleIMason
212 1 1 HP Laser Printer MSU MSU-I05 - Pitre 1 Macintosh Performa 6300 computer 1 Intel Pentium computer
2123 1 Weighing balancelremote reading UNL UNL-113A - Clegg 1 Dell LX4 100T computer
2126 1 Kincaid Heavy Duty 3-point planter UNL Gel Dryer PRF PRF-107 - Ejeta Vacuum Pump Power Pack Sequence Gel Apparatus Radiation Monitor Refrigerator Dissecting Microscope (Zeiss) Autoclave, NAPCO Precision Incubator Precision Shaking Water Bath Corning pH Meter and Electrode Mettler Balance - - -- IMP Pentium computer SudanIARC PRF-I II - Ejeta Color Monitor
HP LaserJet 4+ printer EthiopiaIlAR PRF-111 - Ejeta HP ScanJet 4C Uninterrupted Power Supply Dot Matrix Printer Micron Computer
1996 I-Ton Clubcab Truck Honduras PetersonlGomez
Notebook Computer TAM TAM-125B - Gilstrap 4,800
Compaq ComputerlMonitorlPrinter NigerIKollo UNL-I 14-Maranville 2,565
Hygrothermograph Model 225-5020-A EthiopiallAR PRF-I II - Ejeta 625 SB Mettler Precision Balance 1,450 Table top hand sealer 535 Slide Projector 515 Sharp SF-21 18 Copier 3,082 Air Conditioner 1,158 - ONERSOL Solar Dryer Niger Inter-CRSP PRF-115 2,750 4/1/96 Flour Agglomerator Niger 14,000
Computer Upgrade equipment TAM TAM-123 Peterson 2,130
Leitz DMLS Microscope and ATC 2000 EthiopiaIlAR PRF-I 11 Ejeta 4,490
Spectronic 20 Model D+ Spectrophotometer Ethiopia11AR PRF-111 Ejeta 1,475 611 1 1 SPAD Chlorophyll meter UNL UNL-114 Maranville 1.405 I I I I 611 0 1 HP LaserJet 5 printer TAM TAM-123 Peterson 1,300
6126 1 Pentium Pro Computer system TAM TAM-128 Odvody 4,500 3 2 Scanners & 1 Printer 3,500 6130 15 I Row cleaners & attachments for grain drill I UNL I UNL-1136 Mason 1 4.087 1 I 6/27 1 Dell computer/monitor TAM TAM-125 Frderiksen 4,000 I I I I I I 611 1 11 ( Almaco Belt Plant Thresher 1 UNL ( UNL-118 Andrews 1 2,500 1 I I I I I I I 611 4 Belt Cone Type Seeders UNL SADGAndrews 4,100 1 61 1 2 Computers Botswana SADGAndrews 3,910
611 1 Computer Zambia SADC-Andrews 1,910
6/28 4 Computers Ma1 ME-Rosenow 8,085 5 HP Printers 3,625
KSU Kansas State University MSU Mississippi State University PRF Purdue University TAM Texas ALM University UNL University of Nebraska
Mali IERllnstitut dlEconomie Rurale Niger INRANIlnstitut National de Recherches Agronomiques du Niger Honduras EAPIEscuela Agricola Panamericana Sudan ARClAgricultural Research Corporation Ethiopia IARIlnstitute of Agricultural Research Botswana DARIDepartment of Agricultural Research Zambia Mt.Makulu Research Station Publications INTSORMIL Publications 1995 - 1996
Aboubncar. A. and B.R. Hamaker. 19'3.5. Effect of sorghum flour properties on the textural characteristics of couscous. Cereal Foods World 40:65S. Acosta H., C.M. McDonough, R.D. Waniska and L.W. Rooney. 1995. Processing characteristics of tempered and nontempered steam flaked sorghum hybrids. AACC Meeting, November 5-9, San Antonio, TX.Cereal Foods World JO(9):665. Anand Kumar. K.. K.N. Rai, B.S. Talukdar, D.J. Andrews. and A.S. Rao. 1995. Registration of pearl millet parental line ICMP 45 1. Crop Sci. 35:604. Anderson, R. M., and G. L. Teetes. 1995. Evaluation of insecticides for suppression of sorghum midge on sorghum, 1994. Arthropod Management Tests 2023 1. Anderson, R.M., J.W. Jones, B.B. Pendleton, K. Schaefer, G.C. Peterson, and G.L. Teetes. Development of germplasm resistant to sorghum midge. Proc. of the 19'~Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference. Mar. 5-7. 1995. Lubbock, TX.p48. Anderson, R. M., and G. L. Teetes. 1993. Greenhouse evaluation of insecticides for control of yellow sugarcane aphid and greenbug on sorghum seedlings, 1994. Arthropod Management Tests 20:230. Andrea B. Jensen and George L. Teetes. Greenbug genetic diversity and biotypes. Texas Agricultural Extension Service Research Review and Information Exchange Conference, 17- 19 October 1995, Corpus Christi, Texas. Andrews, D.J. and J.F. Rajewski. 1996. Tropical influences in breeding milo for improving yield and gain quality. Nebraska Milo Expo. Feb. 12-15, 1996. ARD-IM. p. 1-5. Andrews, D.J. and K. Anand Kumar. 1996. Use of the West African pearl millet cultivar Iniadi in cultivar development (ARD JA #11126) Plant Genetic Res. Newsltr. 105: 15-22. Andrews, D.J., J.F. Rajewski. 1995. Registration of NPM-3 Grain Pearl Millet. Crop Sci. 35: 1229. Asante, S.A., H.Z.Acosta, L.W. Rooney and R.D. Waniska. 1995. Physicochemical properties of starches from sorghum with different arnylose arnyIopectin ratios. AACC Meeting, November 5-9, San Antonio, TX. Cereal Foods World 40(9):67 1. Babiker, A.G.T., N.E. Ahmed, G. Ejeta, L.G. Butler, A. Mohamed, M.G. El Mana. S.M. El Taye , and B.E. Abdel Rharnman. 1996. Chemical control of Striga hennonthica on sorghum. Pp. 769-776. In M.T. Moreno, J.I. Cubero, D. Berner, D. Joel. and L.J. Musselman (eds). Advances in Parasitic Plant Research: Proceedings of the Sixth International Parasitic Weeds Symposium. Direccion General De Investigcion Agraria. April 16-18, 1996. Cordoba, Spain. Babiker, A.G.T. LA. Ali, G. Ejeta, L.G. Butler and W.R. Woodson. 1995. Striga asiatica germination requires stimulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-I-carboxylicacid (ACC) synthesis and oxidation. pp. 23-24. In J.A. Bailey and J.A. Lane (eds.). Proceedings of International Workshop on Parasitic Plants: Biology and Resistance. IACR - Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol, U.K. May 30th-June 2nd, 1995. Babiker, A.G.T., N.E. Ahmed, G. Ejeta, L.G. Butler. A. Mohamed, M.G. El Mana, S.M. El Taye, and B.E. Abdel Rhamman. 1996. Chemical control of Striga hermonthica on sorghum. pp. 769-776. In M.T. Moreno, J.I. Cubero, D. Berner, D. Joel, and L.J. Musselman (eds). Advances in Parasitic Plant Research: Proceedings of the Sixth International Parasitic Weeds Symposium. Direccion General De Investigcion Agraria April 16- IS, 1996. Cordoba, Spain. Babiker, A.G.T., LA. Ali, G. Ejeta, L.G. Butler and W.R. Woodson. 1995. Striga asiatica gemination requires stimulation of I-aminocyclopropane- 1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthesis and oxidation. Pp. 23-24. In J.A. Bailey and J.A. Lane (eds.). Proceedings of International Workshop on Parasitic Plants: Biology and Resistance. UCR-Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol, UK. May 30th-June 2nd, 1995 Beta, Trust, Lloyd W. Rooney and Ralph D. Waniska. 1995. Malting characteristics of sorghum cultivars. Cereal Chemistry 72(6):533-538. Bezuneh, Taye, and John H. Sanders. 1995. Research orientation towards the needs of cereal-based agro-industries. Pp. 229-235. In J.M. Menyonga, Taye Bezuneh, C.C. Nwasike, P.M. Sedego. and A. Tenkouano (eds.). Processing and Industrial Utilization of Sorghum and Related Cereals in Africa, OAUISTRC-SAFGRAD Regional Symposium on Processing and Utilization of Sorghum and Related Cereals in Africa, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Nov. 22-26. 1993. The Coordination Office, OAU/STRC-SAFGRAD, Semi-Arid Food Grain Resexch and Development, Ouag~doug~u. Burkina Faso. Bonnie B.Pendleton and George L. Teetes. kfanual and model: integrated crop management in sorghum. Texas .~gricullural Extension Service Research Review and Information Exchange Conference. 17-19 October 1995. Corpus Christi. Texas. Boora. K.,R.A. Frederiksen and C. Magil. 1995. Genetic markers associated with foliardiseasz resistance in sorghum. Proc. 19th Biennial Grain Sorg. Res. and Utii. Conf. March 5-7. 1995. Lubbock. TX.19: 1 1 1. Buah. S.S., D.D. Liebl and J.W. hfaranville. 1995. Nitrogen use et'ficlency in sorghum at different soil N regimes. hgron. Abstr. p. 107. Buckncr. R.J.. Halriakcr, B. R.. and Niclsen. S.S. 1995. Prediction of cooked prc~tcindigestibility using pH-stat bnscd on human metrlbolic data. Cereal Foods World 40:663. Butlcr. L.G.. C.Ejcta and A.G.T. Babikcr. 1995. Biochemical aspects of an interdisciplinary program of research on control of Sfrip. pp 25-26. In J.A. Bailey and J.X. Lane (eds.). Proceedings of International Workshop cn Psasitic Plants: Biology and Resistance. IACR-Long Ashton Research Station. Bristol, UK. May 30th - June 2nd. 1995. Butler. L.G. and G. Ejeta. 1996. INTSORMIL-Supported research on Striga control in sorghum and millet In J. Lenne' (ed.). Proceedings of ICRISAT's Sector Review of Strign Control in Sorghum and Millet blay 27th-May 28th. 1996. Bamako. Mali. ICRISAT, Patancheru, A.P. India In press. Butler. L.G. 1995. Agricultural research with and for Africans: One scientist's attempt to do something useful. Keynote address, annual meeting, American Scientific Affiliation, Montreat-Anderson College, Montreat, NC. July 24th, 1995. Butler. L.G. and G. Ejeta. 1996. INTSORMIL-Supported research on Striga control in sorghum and millet. In J. Lenne' (ed.). Proceedings of ICRISAT's Sector Review of Striga Control in Sorshum and Millet. May 27th-May 28th, 1996. Bamako, Mali. ICRISAT, Patancheru, A.P. India. In press. Butler, L.G. and G. Ejeta. 1996. Biotechnological approaches for understanding mechanisms of resistance to Striga. Pp. 567-572. In M.T. Moreno, J.I. Cubero, D. Berner, D. Joel, and L.J. Musselman (eds). Advances in Parasitic Plant Research: Proceedings of the Sixth International Parasitic Weeds Symposium. Direccion General De Investigcion Asaria. April 16- 18, 1996. Cordoba, Spain. Butler, L.G. 1995. INTSORMIL's studies of effects of tannin on sorghum nutritional quality. In N. Ibrahim, G. Ejeta, and S. Mukuru (eds.). Sorghum and Millet Research in Eastern Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop Organized to Reestablish a Sorghum and Millet Network in the Region. Kampala, Uganda, November 6-9, 1995, in press. Butler, L.G., G. Ejeta and A.G.T. Babiker. 1995. Biochemical aspects of an interdisciplinary program of research on control of Striga. Pp 25-26. In J.A. Bailey and J.A. Lane (eds.). Proceedings of International Workshop on Parasitic Plants: Biology and Resistance. IACR-Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol, UK. May 30th-June 2nd. 1995 Castro, M. T., H. N. Pitre, and D. H. Meckenstock. . Fail armyworm (Spodoptera fnrgiperda) (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) development on Honduran landrace sorghums as a function of plant age. Trop. Agric. (Accepted). Castro, M. T.. H. N. Pitre, D. H. Meckenstock and F. Gornez. . Influence of slash and bum and slash and mulch practices on insect pests in intercropped sorghum and maize in southern Honduras. CEIBA. (Accepted). Catharine Susan Katsar and George L. Teetes. Biotechnology research related to resistance in sorghum to greenbug. Texas Agricultural Extension Service Research Review and Information Exchange Conference, 17-19 October 1995, Corpus Christi, Texas. Crasta, Oswald, Wenwei Xu, Darrell Rosenow, John Mullet and Henry Nguyen. 1995. QTL analysis of yield and related drought resistance traits in grain sorghum. p. 3 1. In: Plant Genome 111, January 15-19, 1995, San Diego, CA. Crasta. Oswald R. 1995. Molecular genetic analysis of stay-green, a post-flowering drought resistance trait in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX. Crasta, Oswald, Wenwei Xu, Darrell Rosenow, John Mullet, and Henry Nguyen. 1996. Molecular genetic analysis of the relationship stay green trait and grain yield in sorghum. p. 65. In: Plant Genome IV, January 14-18, 1996, San Diego, CA. Cruz y Celis, L.P., L.W. Rooney and C.M. McDonough. 1996. A ready-to-eat breakfast cereal from food-grade sorghum. Cereal Chemistry 73(1): 108- 114. Cui. Y., C. Magill, J. Magill and R. Frederiksen. 1995. Cloning and mapping of chalcone synthase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes in sorghum. Phytopathology 85: 1160. Cui, Y., C. Magill, J. Magill and R. Frederiksen. 1994. Chalcone synthase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes in sorghum and their response to hngal pathogens. Fall Meeting of the Texas Branch of the American Society for Microbiology, College Station, TX. Dec. 1-3, 1994. Desjardins, A.E., R.D. Plattner and J.F. Leslie. 1995,Genetic analysis of fumonisin production and virulence of Gibberella fujikuroi mating population A (Fusarium rnoniliforrne) on maize (Zea mays) seedlings. pplied and Environmental Microbiology 6 1:79-86. Diarisso, Niarnoye Yaro, Bonnie B. Pendleton, and George L. Teeres. Sorghum spikelet flowering time and morphology as causes of resistance to sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett). Twelfth Biennial International Plant Resistance to Insects Workshop, 26-25 February 1996, Savannah, Georgia. Diarisso. Niarnoye Yaro, Bonnie B. Pendleton, and George L. Treres. Sorghum spikelet flowering time and morphology as causes of resistance to sorghum midge. Srenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett). Forty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Southwestern Branch of the Entomological Society of America, IJ- 17 January 1996. Austin, Texas. Diarisso, Niarnoye Y. and George L. Teetes. Causes of sorghum resistance to sorghum midse. Texas Agricultural Extension Service Research Review and Information Exchange Conference. 17- 19 October 1993. Corpus Christi. Texas. Diarisso, N. Y., B. B. Pendleton, and G. L. Teetes. 1995. Sorghum spikrlet morpholo,oy and flowering time as causes of resistance to sorghum midge. Annual Plant Resistance to Insects Newsletter 7 1: 19. Ejcta. G.. L.G. Butlcr and A.G.T. Babiker. 1995. Genetics. breeding and agronomy of Srrigcl resistance in sorghum. Pp. 3-23. In S.A. Bailey and J.A. Lane (eds.). Proceedings of International Workshop on Parasitic Plants: Biology and Resistance. IACR-Long Ashton Rcsearch Station. Bristol. UK. May 30th-June 2nd. 1995 Ejcta. G. 1905. Research collaboration between NARS and INTSORMIL. Eastern Africa Regiocal Sorghum and klillet Workshop. 6-9 November. 1995, Kampala, Uganda. Ejeta. G. 1995. Development and release of Striga resistant sorghum varieties. International Workshop for Pamitic plants: biology and resistance. 30 May - 2 June 1995. Ejeta, G., L.G. Butler and A.G.T. Babiker. 1995. Genetics, breeding and agronomy of Strign resistance in sorghum. pp. 27-28. In J.A. Bailey and J.A. Lane (eds.). Proceedings of International Workshop on Parasitic Plants: Biology and Resistance. IACR-Long Ashton Research Station, Bristol, UK. May 30th-June 2nd. 1995. Ejeta, G..L.G. Butler, 1996. Biotechnological approaches for understanding mechanisms of resistance to Srriga. pp. 567-572. In M.T. Moreno, J. I. Cubero, D. Berner, D. Joel and L.J. Musselman (eds). Advances in Parasitic Plant Research: Proceedings of the Sixth International Parasitic Weeds Symposium. Direccion General De Investigcion Agraria. April 16- 18, 1996. Cordoba, Spain. Ek-Couoh. N.B., H.D. Almeida-Dominguez and N.G. Almeida-Dominguez. 1995. Properties of extruded food-type sorghum-malt instant flours. AACC Meeting, November 5-9, San Antonio, TX. Cereal Foods World 40:(9):657-8. Elkin, R.G., M.B. Freed, B.R. Hamaker, Y. Zhang and C.M. Parsons. 1996. Condensed tannins are only partially responsible for variations in nutrient digestibilities of sorghum grain cultivars. J. Agric. Food Chem. 448484353. Ervin, R. Terry, Tieiso M. Khalema. Gary C. Peterson, and George L. Teetes. 1996. Costlbenefit analysis of a sorghum hybrid resistant to sorghum midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Southwest. Entomol. (in press). Ervin, R.T., T.M. Khalema, G.C. Peterson, and G.L. Teetes. 1996. Costhenefit analysis of a sorghum hybrid resistant to sorghum midge (Diptera:Cecidomyiidae). Submitted to Southwestern Entomologist. Floyd, C.D, H.D. Almeida-Dominguez and L.W. Rooney. 1995. Effect of storage on pasting, gelatinization and extrusion properties of sorghum. AACC Meeting, November 5-9, San Antonio, TX.Cereal Foods World 40(9):657. Floyd, Cherie. 1996. Effect of aging on endosperm characteristics and processing functionality of sorghum and corn. PhD Dissertation. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 88 pp. Frederiksen, R.A. 1995. Integrated disease management: opportunities for the Horn of Africa. Presented at the Eastern African Regional Sorghum and Millet Workshop. Kampala, Uganda Nov. 6-9, 1995. Frederiksen, R.A. 1995. Contributions from international programs to pathology of sorghum. Proc. 19th Biennial Grain Sorg. Res. and Util. Conf. March 5-7. 1995. Lubbock, TX. 19:lOO. George L. Teetes and Gary C. Peterson. Progress on developing sorghum midge resistant hybrids and availability of hybrid seed for large scale testing. Texas Agricultural Extension Service Research Review and Information Exchange Conference, 17- 19 October 1995, Corpus Christi. Texas. George L. Teetes, Gary C. Peterson, Roger M. Anderson, Kenneth Schaefer, and Jerry W. Jones. Development of germplasm resistant to sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett). Twelfth Biennial International Plant Resistance to Insects Workshop, 26-28 February 1996, Savannah, Georgia. George L. Teetes, Gary C, Peterson, Roger M. Anderson, Kenneth Schaefer, and Jerry W. Jones. Development of germplasm resistant to sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett). Forty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Southwestern Branch of the Entomological Society of America, 14- 17 January 1996, Austin, Texas. Gilstrap. F. E., T. 0.Holtzer & D. Gonzdez. 1996. A Response Model for an Introduced Pest: The Russian Wheat Aphid. IN: Proc. of Thomas Say Publ. Entomol. The Importance of Effective Response Models for Introduced Pests. In Press. Gilstrap, F. E. 1996. Biological control in ephemeral crop habitats. Biological Control. In Press. Gbmez, F. and J. MorBn. 1996. 1995 Grain sorghum performance tests for the PCClMCA (In Spanish). Tech. Rep. NoAG-960 1. Escuela Agrfcola Panamericana, El Zamorano, Honduras. Gomez, F. Conservation and enhancement of maicillo. CRS meeting, November 1995. Jicaro Galan, Honduras. Gowda, P.S.B., C.W. hlagill, R.A. Frederiksen and G.W. Xu. 1995. DNA based markers for downy mildew resistance genes in sorghum. Genome 38:823-826. Grant. R.H., M.A. Jenks. P.J. Rich. P.J. Peters, and EX. ~shworth.1995. Scattering of ultraviolet and photosyntheticslly active radiation by sorghum bicolor: influence of epicuticular wax. Agricultuml and Forest l~feteorology75:263-25 1. Hamaker. B.R. and S.K. Sathe. 1995. Cross-reactivity of sorghum 8-kafirin antibody with rice ~rolaminprotein. Cereal Foods World 40:669. Hamaker, B.R.. C.4. Weaver. b1.P. Oria and J.D. Axtell. 1995. Improving sorghum nutritional quality. In Proceedings of the International Symposium of Quality Protein >fsize, Brian .A. Larkins and Edwin T. M~ictflz(rds.). December 1-3. Sere Lagoas, Brazil. (in press) Hamaker. B.R.. A. .A. bfohamed. C.P. Huang,, J.E. Habben and B.X. Larkins. 1995. An efficient procedure for sxuacting maize and sorghum- kernel proteins reveals higher prolamin contenrs than [he conventional method. Czre31 Chem. 72:583-585. Hamaker. B.R., C.X. Weaver, M.P. Oria. and J.D. Axtell. 1995. novel sorghum genotype with hrgh itr rifro proteln digestib~lity.Cereal Foods World -lO:h3l Jcnks. MA.. R.J. Joly. P.J. Pctcrs. P.J. Rich. J.D. Axtell and E.N. Ashworth. 1994. Chemi~aily-inducedcuticle mutation affecting epidermal conductance to water vapor and disease susceptibility in Sorghum bicnlor (L.) Moench. Plant Physiology 105: 13-39-1245, Klein. K.K.. J.F. Leslie, and B. Salleh. 1995. Distribution of Gibberellafujikuroi by biological species, mating type. and female fertility in a Malaysian maize field. Fungal Genetics Newsletter 42A: 7 1. Kumiui. S., C. Magill. and R.A. Frederiksen. 1995. Genetic mapping of fungal inhibiting proteins affecting grain mold in sorghum. Proc. 19th Biennial Grain Sorg. Res. and Util. Conf. March 5-7. 1995. Lubbock, TX. 19: 110. Leslie, J.F. and A.S.B. Mansuetus. 1995. Biological species and vegetative compatibility group as population descriptors in Fusarium. In: J.F. Leslie and R.A. Frederiksen (Eds.). Disease Analysis Through Genetics and Biotechnology: Interdisciplinary Bridges to Improved Sorghum and Millet Crops, Iowa State University Press, Ames, LA. Pp. 277-290. Leslie, J.F.. and R.A. Frederiksen. 1995. Variable pathogens: A scenario. In: J. F. Leslie and R. A. Frederiksen (Eds.). Disease Analysis Through Genetics and Biotechnology: Interdisciplinary Bridges to Improved Sorghum and Millet Crops, Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. Pp. 1-6. Leslie, J.F. and R.A. Frederiksen, eds. 1995. Disease Analysis Through Genetics and Biotechnology: Interdisciplinary Bridges to Improved Sorghum and Millet Crops. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa. Leslie, J.F., and R.A. Frederiksen. 1995. Variable pathogens: The changing scenario. In: J.F. Leslie and R.A. Frederiksen (Eds.). Disease Analysis Through Genetics and Biotechnology: Interdisciplinary Bridges to Improved Sorghum and Millet Crops. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. Pp. 341-344. Leslie. J.F., and K.K. Klein. 1995. Motherhood and the price of sex. Fungal Genetics Newsletter 42A: 71. Leslie, J.F. 1995.Gibberellafujikuroi:Available populations and variable traits. Canadian Journal of Botany 73: S282-S29 1. Lilja, Nina, John H. Sanders, Catherine A. Durham, Hugo De Groote, and Issiaka Dembili. 1996. "Factors Influencing the Payments to Women in Malian Agriculture," principal paper presented at AAEA annual meeting, San Antonio, TX, July 28-3 1. Forthcoming in American Journal of Agricultural Economics Dec. 1996. Limon Ortega, A., S.C. Mason, and A.R. Martin. 1995. Competitive ability of pearl millet and sorghum to weeds measured by canopy temperature and yield. Agron. Absts., p. 119. Limon-Ortega, A. 1995. Competitive ability of pearl millet and grain sorghum to weeds measured by canopy temperature and yield. M.S. Thesis, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE. 95 pp. Lopez, J. I., H. N. Pitre, D. H., Meckenstock, and F. Gomez. . Evaluation of Honduran landrace sorghums for antibiosis resistance to Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). CEIBA. (Accepted). Lopez, J., H. N. Pitre, D. H. Meckenstock, and F. Gomez. . Evaluation of a sorghum population for resistance to fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Trop. Agric. (Accepted). M. Ahmed, Mohamed, William A. Masters, and John H. Sanders, 1995. Returns From Research in Economies With Policy Distortions: Hybrid Sorghum in Sudan, Agricultural Economics 12(2): 183- 192. Magallanes-Cgdeno, Ricardo. 1995. Sorghum midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) population distribution and survival on resistant sorghum. Ph.D. dissertation, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. Maranville, J.W. and S. Sirifi, 1995. Pearl millet response to N fertilizer in silty clay loam soils of eastern Nebraska. p. 109. In I.D. Teare, J. Woodruff, and D.L. Wright (eds.) Proc. 1st Nat. Grain Pearl Millet Symp. January 17-18. Tifton, GA. Maranville, J.W. 1995. Mechanisms of nitrogen use efficiency in sorghum. Proc. 19th Bienn. Grain Sorghum Res. Utiliz. Conf., March 5-7, Lubbock, TX. pp. 25-30. Masi, C. and J.W. Maranville, 1995. Fractal evaluation of sorghum rooting systems grown in the greenhouse. Agron. Abstr. p. 106. Mason, S.C., J.M. Lasa and K.M. Eskridge. 1995. Number of samples, replication and measurements for a screening technique of sorghum emergence potential in crusted soils. Invest. Agrar. Prod. Prot. Veg. 10(1):61-69. Mason, S.C., and J.W. Maranville. 1995. Crop production strategies: An INTSORMIL perspective, p. 5 1-63. IN Gebrekidan. B. (ed). Natural Resource Management and Inter CRSP in West Africa. Proc. Regional Workshop: Technology Development and Transfer to Improve Natural Resource Management in West Africa, 18-22 Sept. 1995, Niamey, Niger. Mason S.C.. T.D. Galusha, R.W. Klein and A. Limon-Ortega. 1996. Pearl millet row spacing and planting date in the Great Plains. Agron Absts. (In Press). McDonough. C.M. 1996. Keynote address: Microscopy techniques used to determine the microstructure of starch-based food systems. Taught workshop on Techniques Used in Preparation and Viewing ofFood Samples with an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope. Texas Society of Electron biicroscopy. March 23-29. College Station, TX. McDonough. C.M. 1996. Microscopy techniques used to determine the microstructure of starch-based food systems. Scanning 96 Conference, April 10-13. Monterrey. CA. Mei, W.. L.E. Claflin and B.X. Ramundo. 1995. Pathogenicity of Various Strains in Fusarium Section Liseola to Corn and Sorghum. Phytopathology 85: 1 199. Melake Berhan. A., A. Menkir, G. Ejeta and L.G. Butler. 1996. Grain mold resistance and polyphenol accumulation in sorghum. J. Agric. Food Chem., in press. Miller. F.R., K.L. Prihoda, L.W. Rooney, D.T. Rosenow, and R. D. Waniska. 1996. Reyistration of a food quality sorghum restorer parent, Tx2907. Crop Sci. 36:179 Miller. F.R.. K.L. Prthoda. L.W. Rooncy. D.T. Roscnow. and R.D. Wuniska. 1996. Registration of ;I food quality sorghum rcstorcr parcnt. Tx7907. Crop Sc jcnce 36(3479. Mkhabcl;~,Sipho Milton. 1995. Ccnetic variation, heritability estimates, and yield relationship of pre-flowering and post-flowering drought resistant traits in grain sorghum. Ph.D. Dissertation. Texas Tech Uiliversity. Lubbock, TX. Muheno-Pcre~,J.A.. H.D. Almeida-Dominguez and S.O. Serna-Saldivar. 1995. Effect of fiber degrading enzymes in the wet-milling and starch properties of different types of sorghums and maize. AACC Meeting, November 5-9, San Antonio. TX. Cereal Foods World 40(9):673. Moran. J. 1995. Reaction of Honduran Collerotrichum graminicola (Cesati) isolates on sorghum lines from the International Sorghum Anthracnose Virulence nursery (ISAVN) and other nurseries. B.S. Thesis. Pan American Agricultural School Zamorano. December, 1995. Moran, J. 1995. Estudio sobre resistencia a poblaciones hondurefias de ColletotrichurngrarnL~icola (Cesati) en Is lineas de sorgo del Ensayo International de Antracnosis y ouos viveros. ReuniBn AnuaI del PCCMCA, Marzo de1995. San Salvador, El Salvador Matt, Dale A., George L. Teetes. Bonnie B. Pendleton, and Roger M.Anderson. 1996. Effect of sorghum residue destruction on abundance of sorghum midges emerging from diapause. Southwest. Entomol. (in press). Mott, Dale A., George L. Teetes, and ~MichaelI. Biggerstaff. 1996. Magnitude of survival of overwintering sorghum midge. Southwest. Entomol. (in press). Matt, Dale Allen. 1995. Overwintering survival and role of moisture in diapause termination and subsequent emergence of sorghum midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). M.S. thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.T Matt, Dale A. and George L. Teetes. Overwintering survival of sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola (CoquiIIett), in relation to crop residue destruction. Forty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Southwestern Branch of the Entomological Society of America, 14- 17 January 1996, Austin, Texas. Mott, Dale A. and George L. Teetes. Sorghum midge diapause termination, overwintering survivaI, and effect of residue treatments on survival. Texas Agricultural Extension Service Research Review and Information Exchange Conference, 17-19 October 1995. Corpus Christi. Texas. Muriithi, L.B., L.E. Claflin and B.A. Ramundo. 1995. Reaction of All Disease and Insect Nursery (ADIN) Accessions to Pseudornonas andropogonis. Proc. 19th Grain Sorghum Res and Util. Conf. 19: 105-107. Muriithi, L.B., L.E. Claflin, and B.A. Rarnundo. 1995. Survival of Pseudomonas andropogonis in Grain Sorghum Debris. Phytopathology 85: 1164. N.Y. Diarisso ,B. B. Pendleton, and G. L. Teetes. Sorghum spikelet flowering time and morphology as causes of resistance to sorghum midge. Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, 17-21 December 1995, Las Vegas, Nevada. Nguyen, Henry T., Wenwei Xu, Oswald Crasta, Darrell T. Rosenow, and John M. Mullet. 1995. p. 1-5. In. Roc. International Congress on Integrated Studies on Drought Tolerance in Higher Plants, Aug. 31-Sept. 2, 1995, Montpellier, France. Oh, B.J., R.A. Frederiksen and C.W. Magill. 1996. Identification of IiriLP muri;i.s iii;Xd w a gene for downy mildew resistance (Sdm) in sorghum. Can.J. of Bot. 74:315-317. Oria, M.P. and B.R. Hamaker. 1995. Protein body structure and localization of kafirins in a highly digestible sorghum genotype. Cereal Foods World 40:668. Osorio-Morales, S., J.-Chavez-Contreras, H.D. Alrneida-Dominguez. and S.O. Serna Saldivar. 1995. Production of brewing adjuncts and sweet worts from regular and waxy sorghums. AACC Meeting, November 5-9, San Antonio, TX. Cereal Foods World 40(9):657. Ouendeba, B., G. Ejeta, W.W. Hanna, and A. Kumar. 1995. Diversity among African pearl millet landraces. Crop Sci. 35:9 19-924. Oumarou, M., A. Aboubacar, S. Kaka, R. Seydou, B. Hamaker, A. Berthe, A. Toure and L. Rooney. 199.5. INTSOILMIL CRSP utilization projects. In Proceedings of the Regional Workshop: Technology Development and Transfer to Improve Natural Resource Management in West Africa, 18-22 September. Niamey, Niger. Owens, C. K.,and R.A. Frederiksen. 1995. Detection of sexual compatibilities in Sporisorium reiLianrtm by plate matings. Proc. 19th Biennial Grain Sorg. Res. and Util. Conf. March 5-7. 1995. Lubbock, TX. 19: 110. Peters, P.J., J.D. Axtell, P.J. Rich. and M.A. Jenks. 1994. Drought reaction and allelic characterization of epicuticular wax mutants in Sorghum bicolor. Agronomy Abstr.. p. 123. Peterson, G.C..D.T. Rosenow, L.E. Clark. A.J. Hamburger. J.X. Dahlberg and A. Soromayor-Rios. 1995. Update on the sorghum conversion program. In Proc. of the 19th Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference, Lubbock, TX. .Cia. 5-7, 1995. 171p. Peterson. G.C.. D.T. Rosenow. D. Pietsch. C.A. Woodfin. and J.W. Jones. 1995. Analysis of sorghum performance data using randomized complete block versus ne;lrest neighbor analysis. Proc. of the lYh Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference. Mar. 5-7. 1995. Lubbock. T;Y pJS. Peterson. G.C., D.T. Rosenow, I.X. Dhlberg, G. Ejeta, M.X. Xf~lhmoud,and 0.1 Ibrahim. 199.5. L'nique sorghums from Sudan. Agronomy Abstracts. Oct. 39-Nov. 3, 1995. St. Louis. MO. plS3. Peterson, G.C..D.T. Rosenow, J.A. Dahlberg, G. Ejcta. N.X. Mahmoud, and 0.1. Ibrahim. 1995. Unique sorghums from Sudan. Agronomy Abs. p. 133- 184. Peterson. G. C.. G. L. Tcetes, J. W. Jones. R. M. Anderson, and B. B. Pendleton. 1995. Performance of sorghum midge resistant sorghum hybrids. Annual Plant Resistance to Insects Newsletter 2 1 :20. Pietsch. Dennis. Leon Synatschk, D.T. Rosenow. and G.C. Peterson. 1996. 1995 Grain Sorghum Performance Tests in Texas. Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences Department Technical Report. DTR 96-02. I06 p. Pietsch. D.,L. Synatschk, D.T. Rosenow, and G.C. Peterson. 1996. 1995 Grain sorghum performance tests in Texas. Dep. of Soil and Crop Sci. Technical Report No. 96-1. 106p. Portillo. H. E., H. N. Pitre, D. H. Meckenstock. and K. L. Andrews. . Oviposition preference of Spodoptera latifascia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) for sorghum, maize and non-crop vegetation. Fla. Entomol. (Accepted). Portillo, H. E., H. N. Pitre, D. H. Meckenstock, F. Gomez and I. Lopez. . Validation of new agronomic and plant protection technologies in intercropped sorghum and maize in southern Honduras. Trop. Agric. (Submitted). Portillo, H. E., H. N. Pitre, D. H. Meckenstock and K. L. Andrews.. Feeding preferences of neonates and late instar larvae of a lepidopterous pest complex (the langosta in Honduras) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on sorghum, maize. and noncrop vegetation. Environ. Entomol. (Accepted). Portillo. H. E.. H. N. Pitre. D. H. Meckenstock. and K. L. Andrews. . Performance of a lepidopterous pest complex (the langosta in Honduras) on sorghum, maizes and non-crop vegetation. Environ. Entomol. (Accepted). Premachandra, G.S., D.T. Hahn. J.D. Axtell and R.J. Joly. 1994. Epicuticular wax load and water-use efficiency in bloomless and sparse-bloom mutants of Sorghum bicolor (L.). Environmental and Experimental Botany 34(3):293-30 1. Rai, K.N., D.J.Andrews, and S.A. Rao. 1995. Registration of NCDz Pearl Millet Germplasm. Crop Sci. 35: 1237-1238. Rao, Asha. Evaluation of natural enemies of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), on sorghum using two approaches of the insecticidal check method. M.S. Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station TX. Rooney, L.W. 1996. Networking: INTSORMIL activities in Proc. Regional Workshop on Sorghum and Pearl Millet Food Technology in SADC Countries, January 29-30, Harare, Zimbabwe, pp. 57-61. Rooney, Lloyd W. 1996. Factors affecting utilization and improvement of sorghum. Third Australian National Sorghum Conference, February 20-22, Tarnworth, New South Wales. Rooney, L.W. 1996. Utilization and quality of sorghum and millet, Project TAM-126. INTSORMIL Annual Report 1995, University of Nebraska, 54 Nebraska Center, Lincoln, NE 68583, pp 126-132. Rooney, L.W. 1996. Cereal grain quality: Sorghum and millet, Henry and Kettlewell, eds., Chapman and Hall publishers, London (in press) Rooney, L.W. 1995. Nixtamalized maize products and maize quality. American Association of Soybeans, SoyaNoticias 24. Presented at ASA Seminar on Tortilla Technology, Mexico City, September 27, 1995. Rooney, L.W. 1995. Steam flaking research progress. Board of Directors, Texas Grain Sorghum Producers Board, August, 1995, Dallas, TX. Rooney, Lloyd W. 1996. The role of the protein matrix in sorghum processing. Third Australian National Sorghum Conference, February 20-22, Tamworth, New South Wales. Rooney, Lloyd W. 1995. Sorgo en hojuelas al vapor. Feed and Grain. Johnson Hill Press, Ft. Atkinson. WT, July, pp. 5-9. Rosenow, D.T., J.A. Dahlberg, G.C. Peterson, L.E. Clark, F.R. Miller, A. Sotomayor-Rios, A. Quiles-Belen, P. Madera- Torres, and C.A. Woodfin. 1996. Registration of fifty converted exotic sorghums. Crop Science (accepted). Rosenow, D.T. Grain quality research and progress in sorghum. Mexico pinbuyers. Sept. 25. 1995, Lubbock, TX. Rosenow, D.T.The TAES sorghum research program. Queensland Dept. Primary Industry Group, June 20, 1996, Lubbock, TX. Rosenow, D.T., J.A. Dahlberg, J.C. Stephens, F.R. Miller, D.K. Barnes, G.C. Peterson, J.W. Johnson, and K.F. Schertz. 1996. Registration of sixty-three converted sorghums from the sorghum conversion program. Crop Science (accepted). Rosenow, D.T. Sorghum conversion program update. Sorghum conversion and biotechnology tour. Sept. 20.1995, Lubbock, TX. Rosenow. D.T. The relationship between drought and lodging resistance in sorghum. Post-Australian Sorghum Conference Producers Meeting, Feb. 25, 1996, Emerald, QLD, Australia. Rosenow. D.T. Breeding for lodging and drought resistance in sorghum. Post-Australian Sorghum Conference Producers Meeting, Feb. 24, 1996, Dalby, QLD, Australia. Rosenow, D.T., L.W. Rooney, A.B. Maunder and M.L. Gilbert. 1995. Breeding gain sorghum with improved food quality. Proceedings 19th Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference, National Grain Sorghum Producers Association. Lubbock, TX, March 5-7. 1995. p. 41-42. Rosenow, D.T. Drought resistance in sorghum. Post-Australian Conference Sorghum Producers hleeting, Feb. 23. 1996. Moree, NSW, Australia. Rosenow, D.T., J.A. Dahlberg, G.C. Peterson. and L.E. Clark. 1995. Conversion-An efficient technique to enhance use of exotic sorghum. Agronomy Abs. p. 183. Rosenow, D.T.. J.A. Dahlberg, G.C. Peterson, and L.E.Clark. 1995. Conversion - An cfficicnt technique to enhance use of exotic germplasm. Agronomy Abstracts. Oct. 29-Nov. 3, 1995. St. Louis. %lo.~133. Rwnow. D.T..J.A. Dahlbzrg, G.C. Pztcrson. L.E. Clark, F.R. Miller, A. Sotomayor-Rios. A.J. Hnmburger. P. Madera- Torrcs. A. Quiles-Belen, and C.A. Woodtin. 1996. Registration of fifty converted sorghums from the sorghum conversion progrm. Crop Sci. (in press). Roscnow. D.T.. J.A. Dnhlberg. G.C. Peterson. L.E. Clark. A. Sotomayor-Rios. F.R. Miller. A.S. EIaniburger. P. Madera- Turres. A. Quiles-Belen, and C.A. Woodtin. 1995. Release of 50 convened sorghum lines and 253 partially converted bulks. International Sorghum and Millets Newsletter, ISMN No. 367. p. 19-3 1. Rosenow, D.T., J.A. Dahlberg, J.C. Stephens, F.R. Miller, D.K. Barnes, G.C. Peterson. J.W. Johnson. and K.F. Schertz. 1997. Registration of sixty-three converted sorghums from the sorghum conversion program. Crop Sci. (accepted for publication). Rosenow, D.T., and L.E. Clark. 1995. Drought and lodging resistance for a quality sorghum crop. p. 82-97. In: Proc. Fiftieth Annual Corn and Sorghum Industry Research Conference, Dec. 6-7, 1995, Chicago, IL. Rosewich, U.L., R.A. Frederiksen and B.A. McDonald. 1995. Population genetic structure of Colletorrichim graminicola from sorghum and johnsongrass. Proc. 19th Biennial Grain Sorg. Res. and UtiI. Conf. March 5-7. 1995. Lubbock. TX. 19:96. Rosewich U.L.1996. The population genetics of Colerotrichumgraminicola (Cesati) from different ecosystems of sorghum. Ph.D. Dissertation. Texas A&M University. May, 1996. Rosewich. U.L. 1996. The population genetics of Collerorrichumgraminicola from different ecosystems of sorghum. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX May 1996. Sanders, John H., Bany I. Shapiro, and Sunder Ramaswarny. 1996. The Economics of Agricultural Technology in Semiarid Sub-Saharan Africa. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 303 pp. Sanders, John H., Douglas D. Southgate, and John G. Lee. 1995. The Economics of Soil Degradation: Technological Change and Policy Alternatives. SMSS Technical Monograph No. 22, USDAINatural Resources Conservation Service, World Soil Resources, Washington, DC, 82 pp. Sankara, E., J. Dickey, L. Butler, and G. Ejeta 1995. Performance of sorghum lines under Striga hermonthica infestation in Burkina Faso. In: J. Lowenberg-Deboer (ed), pp. 131- 145. Purdue University - INERA Report to USAID. Seetharaman, K., R.D. Waniska and L.W. Rooney. 1995. Potential of sorghum antifungal proteins to inhibit grain molding. AACC Meeting, November 5-9, San Antonio, TX.Cereal Foods World 40(9):66 1. Seetharaman, K., Ralph D. Waniska, and L.W. Rooney. 1996. Physiological changes in sorghum antifungal proteins. J. Agricultural and Food Chemistry. (in press) Smith, J. W., R. N. Wiedenmann & F. E. Gilstrap. 1996. Challenges and opportunities for biological control in ephemeral crop habitats: An overview. Biological Control. In Press. Teetes, George L., Christopher S. Manthe, Gary C. Peterson. Klaus Leuschner, and Bonnie B. Pendleton. 1996. Sorghum resistant to the sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Homoptera: Aphididae), in Botswana and Zimbabwe. Insect Sci. Applic. (in press). Teetes, G. L., R. M. Anderson, B. B. Pen+!ston, and G. C. Peterson. 1995. Field evaluation of sorghum midge-resistant sorghum hybrids, 1993. Arthropod Management Tests 20:366-367. Teetes, G. L., G.C. Peterson, R. M. Anderson, and B. B. Pendleton. 1996. Evaluation of sorghum midge-resistant sorghum hybrids. Annual Plant Resistance to Insects Newsletter (in press). Thomas, M.D. and U.L. Rosewich and R.A. Frederiksen. 1995. Preliminary studies on total DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism of West African isolates of Colletotrichumgraminicola from sorghum. International Sorghum and Millets Newsletter 36: 90-93. Thomas, M.D., and R.A. Frederiksen. 1995. Dynamics of oval and falcate conidiurn production of Colletorrichum graminicola from sorghum. Mycologia 57:87-89. Thomas, M.D. and R.A. Frederiksen. 1995. Fertility tests on sorghum isolates of Colletorrich~rmgraminicola from western Africa. International Sorghum and iMiilet+ Newsletter 36: 79. Traore, A. and J.W. Maranville. 1995. Nitrogen use efficiency in sorghum at different soil N regimes. Agron. Abstr. p. 109. Vogler, R.K., G. Ejeta, and L.G. Butler. 1996. Inheritance of low production of Srriga germination stimulant in sorghum. Crop Science. in press. Vogler, R.K.,G. Ejeta, and L.G. Butler. 1995. Integrating biotechnological approaches for the control of Srriga. ~frican Crop Sci. Journal. 3:217-222. Waniska. Ralph D. 1996. Grain sorghum utilization. Husker Feed Grains and Soybean Conference. January 3 1-February 2. Keruney. NE. Weaver. C.A. and B.R. Hm3ker. 1995. Rapid digestion of the a-kafirin storage protein of a highly digestible sorghum genotype as measured by ELISA. Cereal Foods World 40:663. Wheeler. R.X., W.R. Chaney. K.D. Johnson. and L.G. Butler. 1996. Leucaena forage analysis for tannin using near inirxed reflectance spectroscopy. Animal Feed Science and Technology, in press. Woodtin. C.A.. J.W. Jones. D.T. Rosenow, and G.C. Peterson. 1995. Leaf burn reaction of jorghum lines to insecticides and chemical defoliants. Proc. of the 19'h Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference. %far.5-7. 1995. Lubbock, TX p49. Woudt, L.P., A. Neuvel, A. Sikkema, W.A.J. de Milliano, C.L. Campbell, and J.F. Lcslie.1995. Fusarium from cyclarnens.Phytopathology 85: 1348- 1355. Woudt. L.P., A. Neuvel, A. Sikkema, W.A.J. de Milliano. C.L. Campbell, and J.F. Leslie. 1995. Fusarium oxysporum from cyclamens. Fungal Genetics Newsletter 42A: 94. Xu, J.-R.. K. Yan, M.B. Dickman, and J.F. Leslie.1995.Electrophoretic karyotypes distinguish the biological species of Gibberellafujikuroi (Fusariurn section Liseola). Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 8:74-84. Xu. Wenwei, Oswald Crasta, Darrell Rosenow, John Mullet, and Henry Nguyen. 1996. Molecular mapping of drought resistance genes in grain sorghum. p. 24. In: Plant Genome IV, January 14-18, 1996, San.Diego, CA. Xu, X., L.E. Claflin, B.A. Ramundo, and R.A. Frederiksen. 1995. Evaluation of All Disease and Insect Nursery Sorghum Germplasm to Various Diseases in China. Proc. 19th Bien. Grain Sorghum Res. and Util. Conf. 19: 108- 109. Xu, X., L.E. Claflin, B.A. Rarnundo and D.J. Jardine. 1995. Optimizing Production for Rmulispora sorghi. Phytopathology 85: 1 169. INTSORMIL 1994 - 1995 Publications and Presentations
Abdoulaye, Tahirou, Dec. 1995. "Impact of Opportunity Cost on Adoption of New Technologies in the Birni N'Konni Region of Niger," unpublished Master's thesis. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, Dept. of Agricultural Economics. (Adviser: Jess Lowenberg DeBoer) forthcoming Acosta, H.A., C.M. McDonough, L.W. Rooney, K. Smith and C.R. Richardson. 1995. Steam flaking of sorghum hybrids. SICNA 19th Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference, Lubbock, TX, March 6-7, 1995. Acosta, H., C.M. McDonough, R.D. Waniska and L.W. Rooney. 1994. Effects of tempering, conditioning, and grain type on steam flaking properties of sorghum. AACC Meeting, October 23-27, 1994, Nashville, TN. Cereal Foods World 39(5):611-612. Ahmed, Moharned, William A. Masters, and John H. Sanders, 1995. "Returns From Research in Economies With Policy Distortions: Hybrid Sorghum in Sudan," Agricultural Economics, forthcoming. Ahmed, Mohamed A., 1994. "Introducing New Technologies on the Vertisols of Eastern Sudan: A Dynamic Programming Approach," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, Dept. of Agricultural Economics. Almeida-Dominguez, H.D. M.M. Ku-Kumul, C.M. McDonough and L.R. Rooney. 1994. Effect of extrusion parameters on physicochemical, pasting and microstructural characteristics of a food-type white sorghum. AACC Meeting, October 23-27, 1994, Nashville, TN.Cereal Foods World 39(8):611. Almeida-Dominguez, H.D. and L.W. Rooney. 1994. Propiedades de malta diastasica de sorgo blanco. Archivos Latino Americanos de Nutricion 44(1):23-28. Anand Kumar, K., K. N. Rai, B. S. Talukdar, D. J, Andrews, and A. S. Rao. 1995. Registration of Pearl Millet Parental Line ICMP 45 1. Crop Science 35:604. Anderson, R. M. and G. L. Teetes. 1995. Evaluation of insecticides for control of yellow sugarcane aphid and greenbug on sorghum seedlings, 1994. Arthropod Management Tests. 20: 230. Anderson, R., J. Jones, B. Pendleton. K. Schaefer, G.C. Peterson, andG.L. Teetes. 1995. Development of germplasm resistant to sorghum midge. 19th Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference. Mar. 5-7, 1995. Lubbock, TX (in press). Anderson, R.M. and G. L. Teetes. 1994. Yield and selected traits of sorghum midge-resistant hybrids. Entomol. Soc. Amer., Dallas. Texas. Anderson, R. M. and G. L. Teetes. 1995. Evaluation of insecticides for suppression of sorghum midge on sorghum, 1994. Arthropod Management Tests. 20: 23 1. Anderson, C. 1994. Restriction Mapping of the Internal Transcribed Spacer of the Ribosomal DNA of Fusarium section Liseola. M.S. thesis. Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS. Andrews, D. J. and J. F. Rajewski. 1994. Male Fertility Restoration and Attributes of the A4 Cytoplasmic-Nuclear Male Sterile System for Grain Production in Pearl Millet. Inti. Sorghum and Millets Newsltr. 3554. Andrews, D. J. and J. F. Rajewski. 1995. Origin, Characteristics and Uses of Pearl Millet. p. 1-4. In Teare, I.D. (Ed.) Roc. 1st Natl. Grain Pearl Millet Symposium, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA. Andrews, D. J., J. F. Rajewski, and L. A. Pavlish. 1995. Registration of NPM-1 and NPM-2 Grain Pearl Millet Germplasms. Crop Science 35:597-598. Babiker, A.G.T., I.A. Ali, G. Ejeta, L. Butler and W.R. Woodson. 1995. Striga asiatica Germination Requires Stimulation of I-arninocyclopropane-1-carboxylicacid (ACC) Synthesis and Oxidation. Workshop on Parasitic Plants: Biology and Resistance. May 30-June 2, 1995. Bristol, UK. Babiker, A.G.T., M. Mana, G. Ejeta, L.G. Butler, T. Cai, and W.R. Woodson. 1994. Ethylene biosynthesis in Striga seeds and its possible use as a probe for germination stimulants. Proc. of the Third International Workshop on Orobanche and Related Striga Research. A.H. Pietersee, J.A.C. Verkleig, and S.J. ter Borg (eds.) Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Royal Tropical Institute, 1994. Babiker, A.G.T., Tishu Cai, G. Ejeta, L.G. Butler, and W.R. Woodson. 1994. Enhancement of ethylene biosynthesis and germination with thidiazuron and some selected auxins in Striga asiatica seeds. Physiol. Plant 91:529-536. Bagayoko, M., S. Traore, B. Coulibaly. and S.C. Mason. 1994. Grain and stover yields of pearl millet-cowpea cropping systems in Mali. Agron. Abst., p. 73. Bagayoko, LM.,S. Traore. A.W. Toure, B. Coulibaly, and S.C. Mason. 1994. Grain and stover yields of grain sorghum-peanut cropping systems in Mali. Agron. Abst., p.73. Bayoun, I. M., F. E. Gilsuap, and 0. Youm. 1995. Preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of natural enemies attacking the millet head miner, Hefiocheifusalbipunctella (de Joannis). Internat. Sorghum Millet Newsl. 36. In press. Bayoun, I. hi., F. W. Plapp. F. E. Gilstrap. and G.J. Michels. 1995. Toxicity of selected insecticides to Diuraphis Noxia (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemies. J. Econ. Entomol. 88. In press. Bell-Lclong, D.A.. D. E. Hess, G. Ejeta, and L. G. Butler. 1994. Do Phenolics from the Pnrasitic Wced Striga Inhibit Host Photosynthesis and Growth'? Acta Horticultuae 38 1, 683-686. Bello, A.B., R.D. Waniska. M.H. Gomez. and L.W. Rooney. 1995. Starch solubilizaticn and retrogradation during preparation of T6 (a food jell) from different sorghum cultivars. Cereal Chem. 72380-84. a Beta, T., L.W. Rooney, and R.D. Waniska. 1995. Malting characteristics of sorghum cultivars. Cereal Chem. (accepted) Boora, K.. R.A. Frederiksen, and C. Magill 1995. Genetic markers associated with foliardisease resistance in sorghum. Roc. 19th Biennial Grain Sorg. Res. and Util. Conf. March 5-7. 1995. Lubbock, TX. (In press). Bramel-Cox, P. J., K. Anand Kumar, J. H. Hancock, and D. J. Andrews. 1994. Sorghum and Millets for Forage and Feed. Chapter 11. p. 325-364. In D. A. V. Dendy (ed.) Sorghum and the Millets: Chemistry and Technology. American Assoc. Of Cereal Chem. Buah, S.S. and J.W. Maranville. 1994. Response of nitrogen use efficient sorghums to nitrogen fertilizer. Agron. Abstr. p. 136. Butler, L.G., A. G. Babiker, T. Cai and G. Ejeta. 1994. Possible Growth Factors for the Parasitic Weed Striga from Sorghum Host Plants, Am. Soc. Agronomy Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA. Butler, L. G. 1995. Chemical Communication Between the Parasitic Weed Striga and Its Crop Host: A New Dimension in Allelochemistry, Insights into Allelophathy, Inderjit, K.M.M. Dakshini and F. Einhellig (Eds.). ACS Books, Washington D.C. 158-168. Butler, L.G., T. Cai, G. Ejeta, and A.G.T. Babiker. 1994. Possible growth factors for the parasitic weed Striga from sorghum host plants. Agron. Abst. p. 123. Butler, L.G., G. Ejeta and A.G.T. Babiker. 1995. Biochemical Aspects of an Interdisciplinary Program of Research on Control of Striga. Workshop on Parasitic Plants: Biology and Resistance. May 30-June 2, 1995. Bristol, UK. Cai, T., G. Ejeta, and L.G. Butler. 1995. 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Texas A&M University, Department of Soil & Crop Sciences, Tech. Rpt. 94-2. Portillo, H. E., H. N. Pitre, D. H. Meckenstock, and K. L. Andrews. . Performance of a lepidopterous pest complex (the langosta in Honduras) on sorghum, maizes and non-crop vegetation. Environ. Entomol. (Submitted). Portillo, H. E., H. N. Pitre, D. H. Meckenstock, F. Gomez and J. Lopez. . Validation of new agronomic and plant protection technologies in intercropped sorghum and maize in southern Honduras. Trop. Agric. (Submitted). Portillo, H. E., H. N. Pitre, D. H. Meckenstock, and K. L. Andrews. . Oviposition preference of Spoabptera latifascia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) for sorghum, maize and non-crop vegetation. Fla. Entomol. (Submitted). Premachandra, G.S., D.T. Hahn, J.D. Axtell and R.J. Joly. 1994. Epicuticular wax load and water-use efficiency in bloomless and sparse-bloom mutants of Sorghum bicolor (L.). Environmental and Experimental Botany 34(3):293-301. Rai, K. N.. B. S. Talukdar, S. D. Singh, A. S. Rao, A. M. Rao, and D. J. Andrews. 1994. Registration of ICMP 423 parental line of pearl millet. Crop Science 34: 1430. Rajewski, J. F. And D. J. Andrews. 1995. Grain Pearl Millet Performance and Adaptability in Six Years of Regional Tests. p. 14-17. In Teare, I.D. (Ed.) Proc. 1st Natl. Grain Pearl Millet Symposium, Univ. of Georgia, Tifton, GA. Rajewski, J. F. and D. J. Andrews. 1995. 1995 Pearl Millet Regional Grain Yield Trials. Dept. Of Agronomy, UN-L, rnimeo. 24~~. Reda, F., L. G. Butler, G. Ejeta and J. K. Ransome. 1994. Screening of Maize Genotypes for Low Srriga asiatica Stimulant Production Using the "Agar Gel Technique."African Crop Science J. 2, 173-177. Rooney, Lloyd W. and F.R.Miller. 1994. Sorghum. Encyclopedia of Agricultural Science, ed. C. Arntzen. Academic Press, Inc. Vol4: 169- 179. Rooney, L.W. 1996. Cereal grain quality: Sorghum and millet. Henry and Kettlewell, eds., Chapman and Hall publishers, London (in press) Rooney, Lloyd W. 1995. Kernel characteristics of sorghum and maize related to grain standards. Presentation at Taller de Estandardes de Grano para Centro America Workshop, Escuela Agricola Panamericana, May 16- 18, 1995, Zamarano, Honduras. Rooney, L. W. Grain Maize Quality Standards. Presented at Grain Quality Standards for Central America Workshop. &May 17-20, 1995. Zamorano, Honduras. Roscnow. D.T.. C.A. Woodtin. M.S. Bcder, G. Gebeyehu, A.N. McCosker, & H.T. Nguyen. 1995. Stay green reaction of sorghum lines in F1 hybrids. p. 49. In: Proc. 19th Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference, March 5-7. 1995, Lubbock, Tx. 17 1 pp. Rosenow, D.T., J.A. Dahlberg, G.C. Peterson. L.E. Clark, F.R. Miller, A. Sotomayor-Rios, A. Queles-Beien, P. Madera, and C.A. Woodfin. 1995. Registration of 50 converted exotic sorghums. Crop Science (accepted). Rosenow. D.T. 1988 (Published 1994).The Maicillos Criollos: A global perspective. p. 16 1- 162. In: Proc. lC1aicillos Criollos and other Sorghums in Middle America Workshop, December 7- 11, 1987, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. CELBA Vol. 29(2). 501 p Rosenow, D.T., W.W. Xu, and H.T. Nguyen. Identification of molecular markers for stay green in sorghum, TAES Science Conference, Jan. 10, 1995. Rosenow, D.T., J.A. Dahlberg, G.C. Peterson, and L.E. Clark. 1995. Conversion -An efficient technique to enhance use of exotic germplasm. Agronomy Abstracts. Oct. 29-Nov. 3, 1995. St. Louis, MO. (in press). Rosenow, D.T. Sorghum Conversion Program, West African Sorghum Workers on Landrace Varieties, Oct. 14, 1994, Sotuba, Mali. Rosenow, D.T., C.A. Woodfin, G. Gebeyehu, M.S. Beder, A.N. McCosker, and H.T. Nguyen. 1994. Evaluation of parental sorghum lines for stay green in F1 hybrids. Agronomy Abs. p. 130. Rosenow, D.T., L.W. Rooney, A.B. Maunder, and M.L. Gilbert. 1995. Breeding grain sorghum with improved food quality. p. 41-42. In: Proc. 19th Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference, March 5-7, 1995, Lubbock, Tx. 171 pp. Rosenow, D.T. Sorghum growth and development, Insurance Adjusters Workshop, Sept. 14, 1994, Lubbock, TX. Rosenow, D.T. Breeding for drought resistance, June 2, 1995, TAES, Lubbock, TX. Rosewich, U. L., R.A. Frederiksen and B.A. McDonald. 1995. Population genetic structure of Colletotrichum graminicola from sorghum and johnsongrass. Proc. 19th Biennial Grain Sorg. Res. and Util. Conf. March 5-7. 1995. Lubbock, TX. (In press). Sanders, John H." Technology Introduction and Policy Changes in Serni-Arid Sub-Saharan African Agriculture," invited paper at the SAFGRADIOAU and African Development Bank Workshop on Technology Options and Transfer Systems, Abidjan, C6te d' Ivoire, April 1995. Sanders, John H. and Mohamed M. Ahmed, "Impact of Sorghum and Millet Technology Development and Transfer in Sub-Saharan Africa," invited paper for the USAID Regional Workshop on Supporting Sustainable Development in Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe, January 1955. Sanders, John H. and Barry I. Shapiro, "Technology Development in Semi-Arid Sub-Saharan Africa With an Emphasis on Livestock," invited seminar presented to the scientists of the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, September 1994. Sanders, John H.; Sunder Ramaswamy, and Barry I. Shapiro, "Technology Development for Semi-Arid Sub-Saharan Africa: Theory, Performance, and Constraints," selected paper at the meetings of the International Association of Agricultural Economists (LAAE), Harare, Zimbabwe, August 1994. A variation of this was also presented at the meetings of the American Agricultural Economics Association (AAEA), San Diego, CA, August 1994. Sanders, John H., Barry I. Shapiro, and Sunder Ramaswamy, 1995. The Economics of Agricultural Technology in Semiarid Sub-Saharan Africa. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, forthcoming. Sanders, John H. and B. Kupfuma, 1995. Chapter 10, "Case Study 1 - Zimbabwe: Sorghum SV-2," and Chapter 11, "Case Study 2 - Namibia: Pearl Millet: Okashana," in Report on the Impact Assessment of the SADCACRISAT Sorghum and Millet Improvement Program, Volume I, prepared by P. Anandajayasekeram, D.R. Martella, J. Sanders, and B. Kupfuma. Gaborone, Botswana: SACCAR (Southern African Centre for Cooperation in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training). Sanderson, Matt A., F.R. Miller, and R.M. Jones.%1994. Forage quality and agronomic traits of sorghum-sudangra~shybrids. Texas Agri. Exp. Sta.. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. MP-1765. Sanderson, Matt A., F.R.Miller, and R.M. Jones. 1994. Forage quality and agronomic traits of experimental forage sorghum hybrids. Texas Agri. Exp. Sta., Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. MP-1759. Sanderson, Matt A., Fred R. Miller, Mark A. Hussey, Ronald M. Jones, and G. Ali. 1994. Quality of forage sorghums: Response to genetics and management. National Conference on Forage Quality, Evaluation, and Utilization. April 13- 15. Lincoln, NE. p. 55. Sanderson, Matt A., G. Ali, Mark A. Hussey, and Fred R. Miller. 1994. Plant density effects on forage quality and morphology of four sorghum cultivars. Proc. American Forage and Grassland Council. Vol. 3:237-24 1. Santini, J.B., A. Shaner, D. Koller, W.E. Nyquist, and G. Ejeta. 1994. The accuracy of visual estimates vs. the average of individual plant measurements in segregating materials in sorghum. Agron. Abst. p. 116. Sretharaman, K.,R.D. Waniska, and L.W. Rooney. 1995. Variability in sorghum antifungal proteins: chitinases and sormatin. SICNA 19th Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference, Lubbock, TX, March 6-7, 1995. Seetharaman, K., R.D. Waniska and L.W. Rooney. 1994. Screening antifungal proteins in sorghum cultivars - preliminary results. SICNA International Sorghum and Millets Newsletter 35:136. Serna-Saldivar. S.O. and L.W. Rooney. 1995. Structure and chemistry of sorghum and millets, Chapter 4 in Sorghum and Millets: Chemistry and Technology. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN, Dendy (ed) p. 69-124. Serrano. L., J. Oliva, G. Henriquez. J. Najera, R.Reyes, I. Cea and F. Gilstrap. 1995. Barrendores de maiz y sorgo y su control biologico en El Salvador. Ceiba 29(2):377-80. .I, Siame. B. A.. G. Ejeta, and L. G. Butler. 1994 Phenolic Composition of Tan and Red Isogenic Sorghum Genotypes and their Reaction to Leaf Diseases. Acta Horticulturae 38 1.675-678. Sifuentes Barrera, J. A., and R.A. Frederiksen. 1994. Evaluation of sorghum hybrid mixtures for controlling sorghum leaf blight. Plant Dis. 78:499-503. Suhendro, E.L., C.M. McDonough, L.W. Rooney and R.D. Waniska. 1995. Effects of processing conditions and sorghum variety on the quality of "Jowar Crunch". SICNA 19th Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference, TX, Lubbock, March 6-7, 1995. - Teetes, G. L. 1995. Status of a label for the use of a pyrethroid on sorghum. 19th Biennial Grain Sorghum Research & Utilization Conference, Lubbock, Texas. Teetes, George L., Christopher S. Manthe, Gary C. Peterson, Klaus Leuschner and Bonnie B. Pendleton. 1994. Sorghum resistant to the sugarcane aphid Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Insect Sci. Applic. (Accepted for publication). Teetes, G. L., R.M. Anderson, B.B. Pendleton and G.C. Peterson. 1995.Field evaluation of sorghum midge-resistant sorghum hybrids, 1993. Arthropod Management Tests 20: 230. Teetes, G.L., R.M. Anderson, and G.C. Peterson. 1994. Exploitation of sorghum nonpreference resistance to sorghum midge (Diptera:Cecidomyiidae) using mixed plantings of resistant and susceptible sorghum hybrids. J. Econ. Entomol. 87:826- 831. Thindwa, Harriet P., George L. Teetes and J. Spencer Johnston. 1994. Greenbug DNA content. Southwest. Entomol. 19: 37 1-378. Thomas, M. D., and R.A. Frederiksen. 1995. Dynamics of oval and falcate conidium production of Colletotrichum graminicola from sorghum. Mycologia 87:87-89. Torres, P.I., B. Ramirez-Wong, S.O. Serna-Saldivar and L.W. Rooney. 1994. Effect of decorticated sorghum addition on . the rheological properties of wheat tortilla dough. Cereal Chem. 71(5):509-5 12. Traore, A. and J.W. Maranville. 1994. Studies of diverse sorghums for plant nitrate accumulation and metabolism. Agron. Abstr. p. 136. Tunistra, M. E. Grote, G. Ejeta, and P. Goldsbrough. 1995. A method to develop near isogenic lines for quantitative trait loci: application to the analysis of drought tolerance in sorghum. I995 Plant Genome meeting, San Diego, CA. Tunistra, M., G. Ejeta, and P. Goldsbrough. 1994. Segregating inbred family (SF) analysis: a novel approach to the genetic analysis of quantitative traits. Agron. Abst. 206. Vogler, R., G. Ejeta, K. Johnson, and J. Axtell. 1994. Characterization of a new brown midrib sorghum lines. Agron. Abst. p. 124. Vogler, R. ,G. Ejeta, and L.G. Butler. 1995. Integrating biotechnological approaches for the control of Striga. Biotechnology and Biosafety Risk Assessment In An African Perspective workshop, Nairobi, Kenya, 27 February- 3, March 1995. Weaver, C.A., B.R. Hamaker and C.P. Huang. 1994. Differences in rates of protein digestion due to kafiin-contaning protein bodies. Cereal Foods World 39:618. Weerasuriya, Y., A. Melakeberhan, G. Ejeta, L.G. Butler, and J. Bennetzen. 1994. A molecular marker-based linkage map of sorghum. Agron. Abst. p. 206. Weerasuriya, Y.M., G. Ejeta, and L.G. Butler. 1994. The use of simple lab assays to identify mechanisms of sorghum resistance to Striga. Agron. Abst. p. 123. William A. Masters and John H. Sanders, "Tools and Concepts in Impact Assessment: Research Results and Future Directions," invited paper for the USAID Regional Workshop on Supporting Sustainable Development in Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe, January 1955. Woodfin, C.A.. J.W. Jones, D.T. Rosenow, and G.C. Peterson. 1995. Leaf bum reaction of sorghum lines to insecticides and chemical defoliants. p. 49-50. In: Proc. 19th Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference, March 5-7, 1995, Lubbock, Tx. 171 pp. Xu, Wenwei, Oswald Crasta, Darrell Rosenow, John Mullet, and Henry Nguyen. 1995. Major QTLs for post-flowering drought resistance in grain sorghum. p. 22. In: Plant Genome III, January, 1995, San Diego, CA. Xu, W.W.. O.R. Crasta, D.T. Rosenow, J.M. Mullet and H.T. Nguyen. 1994. Tagging stay-green and other drought resistance traits in sorghum with RFLP markers. Agronomy Abs. p. 206. Xu, Wenwei, 0.Crasta, H.T. Nguyen, D.T. Rosenow, and J.E. Mullet. 1994. Progress toward molecular mapping for drought resistance traits in Sorghum bicolor. SICNA Sorghum Biotechnology Conference, July 20-22, 1994. College Station, TX. (In press). Yohe, J. M., and R.A. Frederiksen. 1995. Developing interdisciplinary research in a collaborative context. p. 307-319- In J. F. Leslie and R. A. Frederiksen (eds.) Disease Analysis through Genetics and Biotechnology. Iowa State Press, Ames, IX. Publications and Presentations
Zeigler. R. S., S. Pandey, J. Miles, L. M. Gourley, and S. Sarkarung. 1995. Advances in the selection and breeding of acid-tolerant plants: rice, maize, sorghum, and tropical forages. Plant and Soils (in press). Zheng, X., S. Pammi, F. Miller, G.E. Hart, K. Shertz, and J. Mullet. 1995. Identification of DNA markers associated with a plant dwarfing gene (dwz) in Sorghum bicolor. 19th Biennial Grain Sorghum Research & Utilization Conference. March 5-7. Lubbock, 'IX. INTSORMIL 1993-1994 Publications Alrneida Dominguez, H.D. and L.W. Rooney. 1994. Propiedades de malta diastasica de sorgo blanco. Archivos Latino Americanos de Nutricion. Voi 44(1)23-28. Anderson, Brian J. May 1994. The effects of tempering and steam flaking on sorghum. M.S. Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. 155 pp. Anderson, B.J., C. McDonough, and L.W. Rooney. 1993. Effects of tempering on steam flaked sorghum. AACC Meeting, Miami. October 3-7. Cereal Foods World 38(5):594. Anderson, R. M., 6.B. Pendleton and G. L. Teetes. 1994. Greenhouse evaluation of imidacloprid-treated seed for control of yellow sugarcane aphid on sorghum seedlings, 1993. Arthropod Management Tests. (In press). Anderson, R. M. and G. L. Teetes. 1994. Evaluation of insecticides for suppression of sorghum midge on sorghum, 1993. Arthropod Management Tests. (In press). Anderson, R. M. and G. L. Teetes. 1993. Sources of biotype I greenbug resistance in sorghums. Annual Plant Resistance to Insects Newsletter 19:3 1. Anderson, R. M. and G. L. Teetes. 1994. Greenhouse evaluation of insecticides for control of yellow sugarcane aphid on sorghum seedlings, 1992. Arthropod Management Tests 19:26O. Andrews, D.J., B. Kiula, and J.F. Rajewski. 1993. The use of protogyny to make hybrids in pearl millet. p. 208-210. In J. Janick and J. Simon (eds) New Crops. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Andrews, D.J. and Paula Bramel-Cox. 1994. Breeding cultivars for sustainable crop production in low-input dryland agriculture in the tropics. Chapter 28. p 21 1-222. In D.A. Buxton (ed) Intern. Crop Science I. CSSA Madison WI. Andrews, D.J. 1993. Principles for breeding small millets. p. 41 1-423. In K. W. Riley et al. (eds) Advances in Small Millets. Oxford and IBH Publishing, New Delhi. Andrews, D.J., and Paula Bramel-Cox. 1994. Breeding cultivars for sustainable crop production in low-input dryland agriculture in the tropics. Chapter 28. p 2 1 1-222. In D. A. Buxton (ed) Intern Crop Science I. CSSA Madison WI. Axtell, J.D., P. Peters, and U. Zehr. 1993. Mechanisms of drought resistance in sorghum. ASTN1992 - 47th Annual Corn & Sorghum Research Conference Proc. Amer. Seed Trade Assoc., p. 157- 163. Axtell, J.D., P. Peters, and U. Zehr. 1993. Mechanisms of drought resistance in sorghum. ASTM1992 - 47th Annual Corn & Sorghum Research Conference Proc. Amer. Seed Trade Assoc., p. 157-163. Babiker, A.T., G. Ejeta, L.G. Butler and W.R. Woodson. 1993. Ethylene biosynthesis and strigol-induced germination of Striga asiatica. Physiol. Plant. 88-359-365. Babiker, A.G.T., M. El Mana, G. Ejeta, L.G. Butler, T. Cai and W.R. Woodson, Ethylene Biosynthesis in Striga Seeds and Its Possible Use as a Probe for Germination Stimulants, Proc. 3rd International Workshop on Orobanche, Nov. 8-12. 1993, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, in press. Babiker, A.G.T., T. Cai, G. Ejeta, L.G. Butler and W.R. Woodson, Enhancement of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Germination in Striga asiatica Seeds by Thidiazuron and Selected Auxins, Physiologia Plantarum 91, 529-536 (1994). Babiker, A.T., M. Mana, G. Ejeta, L.G. Butler, T. Cai and W.R. Woodson. 1994. Ethylene biosynthesis in Striga seeds and its possible use as aprobe for germination stimulants. Proc. ofthe Third International Workshop on Orobanche and Related Striga Research. A.H. Pietersee, J.A.C. Verkleig, and S.J. ter Borg (eds.) Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Royal Tropical Institute, 1994. Babiker, A.G.T., G. Ejeta, L.G. Butler, and W.R. Woodson, Ethylene Biosynthesis and Smgol-Induced Gemination of Striga asiatica. Physiologia Plantarum 88, 359-365 (1993). Babiker, A.T., Tishu Cai. G. Ejeta, L.G. Butler and W.R. Woodson. 1994. Enhancement of ethylene biosynthesis and germination with thidiazuron and some selected auxins in Striga asiatica seeds. Physiol. Plant 91 529-536. Babiker, A.G.T., L.G. Butler, G. Ejeta, and W.R. Woodson, Enhancement of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Germination with Cytokinins and 1-Aminocyclopropane-I-carboxylicAcid in Sfriga asiatica Seeds. Physiologia Plantarum 89, 21-26 ( 1993). Bnbiker, A.T., L.G. Butler, G. Ejeta and W.R. Woodson. 1993. Enhancement of ethylene biosynthesis and germination with cytokinins and 1-arninocyclo-propane-1-carboxylicacid in Sfriga asiatica seeds. Physiol. Plant 8921-26. Bagayoko, M.,S. Traore, A.W. Toure, B. Coulibaly, and S.C. Mason. 1994. Grain and stover yields ofgrain sorghum-peanut cropping systems in Mali. Agron. Abst., p. 74 Bagayoko, M., S. Traore, B. Coulibaly, and S.C. Mason. 1994. Grain and stover yields of pearl millet-cowpea cropping systems in LMali. Agron. Abst., p. 74 Barwale-Zehr, J., andJ.D. Axtell. 1993. Genetic analysisofmutablephenotype associated with candy stripe sorghum. Agon. Absrr. p. 172. Amer. Soc. of Agron.. Cincinnati, OH. Barwale-Zehr, J., and J.D. Axtell. 1993. Genetic analysis ofmutable phenotype associared with candy stripe sor@um. Agron. Abstr. p. 172. Amer. Soc. of Agron., Cincinnati, OH. Bell-Lelong, D.A., D.E. Hess, G. Ejeta. and L.G. Butler. 1993. Do phenolics from the parasitic weed Striga inhibit host photosynthesis and growth? Proc. Symp. on Natural Phenols in Plant Resistance. Int. Soc. for Hort. Science. Sept. 13-17, Freising, Germany. Abs. # 1-32. Bell-Lelong. D.A., D.E. Hess, G. Ejeta, and L.G. Butler, Do Phenolics from the Parasitic Weed Striga Inhibit Host Photosynthesis and Growth? Symp. on Natural Phenols in Plant Resistance (Intl. Soc. for Horticultural Science), Sept. 13- 17, 1993, Techn. Univ. of Munich, Freising, Germany, Abstract # 1-32. Bennetzen, J., L.G. Butler, G. Ejeta, P. Goldsbrough, E. Grote, C.N. Liu, A. Melake Berhan, bI. Tunistra, Y. Weerasuriya, and C. Zanta. Structure and evolution ofthe genomes ofsorghum bicolor and Zea mqw. Proc. Conf. on Molecular Markers in Sorghum and Pearl Millet for Developing Countries. March 29-April 1, 1993. Norridge, England. Beta, Trust. December 1993. The malting properties of different sorghum cultivars. M.S. Thesis. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 99 pp. Beta, T., L.W. Rooney and R.D. Waniska. 1993. Malting characteristics of sorghum varieties. AACC Meeting, Miami. October 3-7. Cereal Foods World 38(8):594. Bowden, R. L. and J. F. Leslie. 1993. A method for crossing Gibberella zeae. Proc.of the VIIth International Fusarium Workshop, p. 45. Butler, L.G., B. Siame, Y. Weerasuriya, and G. Ejeta. 1993. Characterization of Striga seed germination stimulants from several Striga hosts. Proc. Third International Workshop on Orobanche. Nov. 8-12, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam. Butler, L.G. and G. Ejeta. 1993. Control of Striga: New Approaches at Purdue University. Roc. PASCON Workshop on Integrated Management of Striga. Oct. 18-23, Harare, Zimbabwe. Butler, L.G., T. Cai, and G. Ejeta. 1993. Sorghum cell, tissue, and organ culture. Agron. Abst. p. 173. Butler, L.G., B. Siame, Y. Weerasuriya, and G. Ejeta, Characterization ofStriga Seed Germination Stimulants fkom Several Striga Hosts. Proc. 3rd International Workshop on Orobanche, Nov. 8-12. 1993, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, in press. Butler, L.G. Germination Stimulants: State of the Art. Proc. 3rd International Workshop on Orobanche, Nov. 8-12. 1993, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, in press. Butler, L.G. Polyphenols and Herbivore Diet Selection and Nutrition, in Polyphenolic Phenomena (A. Scalbert, ed) INRA Editions, Paris, pp 149- 154 (1993). Butler, L.G. and G. Ejeta, Control of Striga: New Approaches at Purdue University. Roc. 3rd PASCON General Workshop on Integrated Management of Striga for the African Farmer, Oct. 18-23, 1993, Harare, Zimbabwe, in press. Butler, L.G. and K.D. Bos, Analysis and Characterization of Tannins in Faba Beans, Cereals and Other Seeds, A Literature Review. Proc. 2nd International Workshop on Anti-Nutritional Factors in Legume Seeds, Dec. 1-3, 1993, Wageniningen, The Netherlands, EAAP Publication # 70, pp 8 1-89. Butler, L.G. Chemical Communication Between the Parasitic Weed Striga and Its Crop Host: A New Dimension in Allelochemistry, for Insights into Allelopathy, lnderjit and F. Einhellig, eds., ACS Books, Washington, D.C., in press. Butler, L.G., T. Cai and G. Ejeta, Sorghum Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture. Am. Soc. Agronomy Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, Nov. 7-12, 1993, Agronomy Abstracts, p. 173. Cai, T., G. Ejeta, and L.G. Butler, Facile Sorghum Plant Regeneration fkom PP290, a High Yielding, Drought Tolerant Variety. Am. Soc. Agronomy Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, Nov. 7-12, 1993, Agronomy Abstracts, p. 83. Cai, T., A.G.T. Babiker, G. Ejeta, and L.G. Butler, Morphological "Response of Witchweed (Striga asiatica) to in vitro Culture. J. Exp. Botany 44, 1377-1384 (1993). Cai, T. and L.G. Butler, Somaclonal Variation in Sorghum, for Y.P.S. Bajaj, ed., Somaclonal Variation in Crop Improvement 11, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, in press. Cai, T., G. Ejeta and L.G. Butler. 1993. Development and maturation of sorghum seeds on detached panicles grown in vitro. Proc. 18th Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference. March 1-2, Lubbock, TX p. 139. Cai, T., G. Ejeta, and L.G. Butler. 1993. Tacile sorghum plant regeneration from PP290 a high yielding drought tolerant variety. Agron. Abst. p. 83. Cai, T., G. Ejeta, and L.G. Butler, Screening for Grain Polyphenol Variants from High Tannin Sorghum Somaclones, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, in press. Cai, T., G. Ejeta, and L.G. Butler, Development and Maturation of Sorghum Seeds on Detached Panicles Grown in vitro, Plant Cell Reports, in press. Cai, T., G. Ejeta and L.G. Butler. 1994. Development and maturation of sorghum seeds on detached panicles grown in virro. Plant Cell Reports (In Press). Cai, T., G. Ejeta and L.G. Butler. 1994. Screening for grain polyphenol variants from high tannin sorghum somaclones. Theor. Appl. Genet. (h Press). Cai. T., G. Ejeta, and L.G. Butler. 1993. Grain polyphenol variants from tissue culture derived somaclones. Proc. 18th Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference. March 1-2. Lubbock. TX. p. 34. Cai. T., A.T. Babiker, G. Ejeta and L.G. Butler. 1993. blorphological response of witchweed (Strlga asiatica) to L'mo culture. J. Exp. Botany 44:1377-1383. Campbell. C. L., and J. F. Leslie. 1993. Using VCGs to determine genetic diversity of Fusclrium monilrforme in 34 maize seed lots. Phytopathology 83: 1011. Campbell, C. L. and J. F. Leslie. 1993. Genetic diversity in Fusarium monilrforme recovered from maize seed at 12 locations. Proc. 6th Internat. Cong. Plant Path., p. 168. Casas, A.M., A.K. Kononowicz, U. B. Zehr, D.T. Tomes, J.D. Axtell, L.G. Butler. R.A. Bressan and P.M. Hasegawa. 1993. Transgenic sorghum plants via microprojectile bombardment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Science. USA 90: 11212-1 1216. Casas, A.M., A.K. Konowicz, U.B. Zehr, J.D. Axtell, L.G. Butler,.R.A. Bressan, and P.M. Hasegawa, Transgenic Sorghum Plants via Microprojectile Bombardment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US 90, 11212-1 1216 (1993). Casas, A.M., A.K. Knonwiscz, U.B. Zehr, J.D. Axtell, L.G. Butler, R.A. Bressan, andP.M. Hasegawa, Transgenic Sorghum Plants via Microprojectile Bombardment. Am. Soc. 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USAIDIAFR, OAUISTRC-SAFGRAD, Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. 1 11 pages. Sanderson, Matt A., G. Ali, Mark A. Hussey, and Fred R. Miller. 1994. Plant density effects on forage quality and morphology of four sorghum cultivars. Proc. American Forage and Grassland Council. 3:237-24 1. Sanderson, Matt A., Fred R. Miller, Mark A. Hussey, Ronald M. Jones, and G. Ali. 1994. Quality of forage sorghums: Response to genetics and management. p.55. National Conference on Forage Quality, Evaluation, and Utilization. April 13- 15. Lincoln, NE. Sankara, E., J.B. Dickey, L. Butler, and G. Ejeta, Performance of Several Sorghum Lines Under Striga hermonthica Infestation: Preliminary Results from Burkina Faso, Burkina Faso Project Final Report, Purdue University. Serna-Saldivar, S.O., C. Clegg and L.W. Rooney. 1993. Effects of Parboiling and Decortication on the Nutritional Value of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. 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Symp. on Natural Phenols in Plant Resistance. Int. Soc. of Hort. Science. Sept. 13-17. Freising, Germany. Abst. #I-29. Siame, B.A., Y. Weerasuriya, K. Wood, G. Ejeta, and L.G. Butler. 1993. Isolation of wigol, a gemination stimulant for Striga asiatica f?om natural host plants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41: 1486-139 1. Siame, B. A., G. Ejeta and L.G. Butler. 1993. Role of tannins and pigments in the reaction of tan and red near-isogenic sorghum lines to leaf diseases. Afric. Crop Sci. J. 1: 123- 130. Siame, B.A., K. Wood, G. Ejeta and L.G. Butler, Isolation of Strigol, a Germination Stimulant for Striga asiatica, from Natural Host Plants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 4 1, 1486- 149 1 (1993). Siame, B.A., G. Ejeta, and L.G. Butler, Phenolic Composition of Tan and Red [sogenic Sorghum Genotypes and their Reaction to Leaf Diseases.Symp. on Natural Phenols in Plant Resistance (Intl. Soc. for Horticultural Science), Sept. 13- 17, 1993, Techn. 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Effect of temperature and photoperiod on sorghum resistance to biotype C and E greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. Econ. Entornol. 87. (In press). Thindwa, Harriet P., George L. Teetes and J. Spencer Johnston. 1994. Greenbug DNA content. Southwest. Entomol. (In press). Tunistra, M., P. Goldsbrough, E. Grote. and G. Ejeta. 1993. Identification and RAPD mapping of quantitative trait loci associated with drought tolerance in sorghum. Agron. Abst. p. 184. Vogler, R.K., G. Ejeta, L.G. Butler, and W.E. Nyquist. 1993. Association between low stimulant production and field resistance against Striga asiatica in sorghum. Agron. Abst. p. 104. Walulu, R.S., D.T. Rosenow, D.B. Wester, and H.T. Nguyen. 1994. Inheritance of the stay-green trait in sorghum. Crop Sci. 34:970-972. Weaver, C.A., B.R. Hamaker and C.P. Huang. 1994. Differences in rates of protein digestion due to kafuin-containing protein bodies. Cereal Foods World, in press. Weerasuriya, Y., B.A. Siame, D.E. Hess, G. Ejeta, and L.G. 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Sorghum bicolor L. Moench. B.S. Thesis. National University of Colombia, Palmira, Colombia. TM Dahlberg, J., G.C. Peterson, and D.K. Mulitze. 1993. Sorghum pedigree management using Agobasel4 . Agronomy Abstracts. Nov. 7-12, 1993. Cincinnati, OH p. 69. Desjardins, A. E., R. D. Platmer, J. F. Leslie & P. E. Nelson. 1992.Heritability of fumonisin Bi production in Gibberella fujikuroi mating population "A". Applied and Environmental iMicrobiologv 58:2799-2805. Diawara, M. M., B. R. Wiseman and D. J. Isenhour. 1992. Spodopterafrugiperda resistance in developing panicles of sorghum accessions. Insect Science and its Application. 13: 793-799. Dickman, M. B. & J. F. Leslie. 1992.Complementation of a nnu mutant of Gibberella zeae (Fusarium grarninearum) by the regulatory nit-2 gene of ~Veurosporacrassa. Molecular and General Genetics 235:458-462. Ejeta, G. and L.G. Butler. 1993. Host-parasite interactions throughout the Striga life cycle and their contribution to Sfi-iga control. A&ic. 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Frederiksen, and F.R. Miller. 1993. The association of genes controlling caryopsis traits with grain mold resistance in sorghum. Phytopathology 83:490-495. Forero, Luz Angela. 1992. Obtencion de alcohol para elaborar whisky a partir de sorgo Sorghum bicolor L. Moench. B.S. Thesis. University Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia Gandoul, G. I. and J.D. Eastin. 1993. The effect of leaf pubesence on soybean canopy photosynthesis and respiration. Agronomy Abst. p. 243. ASA-CSSA-SSSA AMU~~Meetings, November 7-13, Cincinnati, OH. Garcia, Luz Elena. 1992. Evaluation nutritiva y farinologica de cuatro variedades de sorgo Sorghum bicolor L. Moench. In: Mezclas para panificacion y galleteria. B.S. Thesis. University Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia. Gilstrap, F. E. 1993. The six-spotted thrips: a gifi from nature that provides control. Proc. 1993 Intemat. Conf. on Thysanoptera. Sep 28-30, 1993. Burlington VT. In Press. Giistrap, F. E. and I. Bayoun. 1993. Biological control ofthe millet headminer: Needs, tactics andprospects. Proc. Workshop on Millet Panicle Pests. Niamey, Niger. Oct 4-9, 1993. In Press. Goggi, A. S., J. C. Delouche, and L. M. Gourley. 1992. Morphological aspects of weathering and immaturity in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] associated with seed specific gravity. Symposium Abs. 23rd ISTA Congress Symposium, November 2-4, 1992. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Goggi, A. S., J. C. Delouche, and L. M. Gourley. 1993. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] seed internal morphology related to seed specific gravity, weathering, and immaturity. Journal of Seed Technology (in press). Gomez; M.H., C.C. Dollak and L.W. Rooney. 1992. Steeping of Alkaline-Cooked Sorghum. Presented AACC Meeting, September 20-24, 1992. Cereal Foods World 37(7):574. Gono, L. T. 1993. Sorghum emergence among genotypes in relation to soil water and soil temperature. Ph.D. Dissertation. Kansas State University Gourkj, L. M. i 392. Sorghumdmillet breeding research program. p. 19-25.h Kenya National Agricultural Research Project Fourth AMU~Report of Activities and Progress. MIAC. Nairobi, Kenya. Gourley, L. M. and A. S. Goggi. 1992. Breeding sorghum for tolerance to infertile acid soils. p. 114-120. Irl, J. M. Yohe and T. T. Schilling (Eds.) MTSORMIL Annual Report 1991 - Fighting Hunger with Research . . A Team Effort. The University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE. Gourley, L. M. and G. Munoz. 1992. Sustainable production of sorghum and pearl millet in fragile, tropical acid soils. p. 63-71. h J. M. Yohe and T. T. Schilling (Eds.) MTSORMIL Annual Report 1991 - Fighting Hunger with Research. . . A Team Effort. The University of Yebrasks, Lincoln, NE. Gouveia, S.J., F.R. Miller, and D.T. Rosenow. 1993. The effect of different rates of glyphosate on development of charcoal rot (~Macrophorninaphuseolina)on some sorghum cultivars. Proc. 18th Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference. Lubbock, TX, Feb 28 - March 2. p. 35. Greene, S. L., B. A. Ramundo, P. J. Bramel-Cox, & L. E. Claflin. 1992. Presence, impact and control of endophytic bacteria in sorghum tissue culture. Agron. Abstr. 1992 AM. Mtg. p. 191. Grote, E., G. Ejeta, M. Tunistra and P. Goldsbrough. 1993. Selection indices for drought tolerance in RAPD mapping and QTL analysis of sorghum. Agron. Abst. p. 176. Grote, E., G. Ejeta, D.T. Rosenow, and W.E. Nyquist. 1992. Genetic variation and yield stability among sorghum inbred lines developed from a single cross. Agronomy Abs., p. 98. Grote, E., G. Ejeta and D. Rhodes. 1993. Inheritance of glycinebetaine deficiency in sorghum. Crop Science (hPress). Guevera, L.D., T.T. Bauman, J.D. Axtell and G. Ejeta. 1993. Herbicidal activity of primisulfuron and nicosulfuron on 232 sorghum genotypes. WSSA 32: 13. Guthrie, P. A. 1992. RAPD Markers as a System for Differentiating Among Isolates of the Anthracnose Fungus Coffe- rotrichurn graminicola. Ph. D. Dissertation, Texas A&M, College Station, TX. 114 pp. Hagerman, A.E., and L.G. Butler. 1993. Methods of Assaying Flavonoids and Their Oligomers (Condensed Tannins) in Plants. Methods in Enzymology, in press. Hamaker, B.R. 1993. "Relationship of specific sorghum endosperm proteins to in vim0 protein digestibility." 18th ~iemial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference, held at Lubbock, Texas, February 28-March 2. Hamaker, B.R. and Oria, M.P. 1993. Potential relationship of a HMW protein to protein digestibility oEsor&um. Cereal Foods World 38524. (Abst.) Harrison, R.L. and F.R. Miller. 1993. Release of Deilasweet sor$um. Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences Dept., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA. and Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&hf University, College Station, TX. Heiniger, R. W., R. L. Vanderlip, and K. D. Kofoid. 1993a. Caryopsis Weight Patterns within the Sorghum Panicle. Crop Sci. 33:543-549. Heiniger, R. W., R. L. Vanderlip, and K. D. Kofoid, 1993b. Influence of Pollination Pattern on Inmapanicle Caryopsis Weight in Sorghum. Crop Sci. 33549-5531. Hipskind. J.D., J.R. Vincent, L.G. Butler and R.L. Nicholson, Partial Purification ofJ-Hydroxycinnamic Acid: CoA Ligase from Maize Leaves Infected with B~opolarlsmclydrs. Physiological and .LIolecular Plant Physiology, in press. [slas-Rubio. Alma. May 1993. Ph.D. Dissertation. Evaluation of the quality of sorghum malts. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. 122 pp. Islas-Rubio, A.R., M.H. Gornez, and L.W. Rooney. 1993. Evaluation ofsorghum malting quality. Proceedings 18th Biennial Grain Sorghum Research & Utilization Conference. Lubbock, Texas, February 28 - March 3, p. 63. Ishs-Rubio. A.R., M.H. Gomezand L. W. Rooney. 1992. Evaluation ofSorghum Malting Quality. Presented AACC Meeting, September 20-24, 1992. Cereal Foods World 3 7(7):564-5. Jardine, D. J. & J. F. Leslie. 1992. 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Fumonisin B1 production and vegetative compatibility of strains fiom Gibberellafujikuroi mating population "A" (Fusarium moniliforme).Mycopathologia 1 17: 37-45. Leslie, J. F., R D. Plattner, A. E. Desjardins and C. J. R. Klittich. 1992. Fumonisin B1 production by strains &om different mating populations of Gibberellafuiikuroi (Fusarium section Liseola). Phytopathology 82:341-345. Lopez-Pereira, M.A., and J.H. Sanders, 1992. "Market Factors, Government Policies, and Adoption ofNew Technology by Small Honduran Farmers: A Stochastic Programming Application," Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture 3 1(1):55-73. M'Khaitir, Y. 0. and R. L. Vanderlip. 1992. Grain sorghum and pearl millet response to date and rate of planting. Agron. J. 84~579-582. M'Ragwa, Lawrence Francis Riungu. 1993. Divergent selection for seedling root length and coleoptile length in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] and effects on seedling emergence, seedling vigor, and agronomic traits. Ph.D. dissertation, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS. Mansuetus, A. S. B., Frederiksen, R. A., Waniska, R. D., Odvody, G. N., and Rosenow, D. T. 1993. The effect of glume characteristics of sorghum on infection by Fusarium moniliforme. Plant Dis. (In press). Mansuetus, A.S.B. 1993. Mating Populations and Vegetative Compatibility Groups Within Gibberellafujikuroi (Fusarium Section Liseola) on Sorghum in Tanzania, Ph. D. Dissertation, Texas A&M, College Station, TX. 93 pp. Marinesco, O., C. Chungu, P. J. Bramel-Cox, E. Igartua, D. J. Andrews, and M. D. Witt. 1992. Comparison of the effectiveness of different types of testers to identify parent lines for improved hybrids in grain sorghum. Agron. Abstr. 105. Mason, S. C., J. Lasschuit, and J. M. Lasa.. 1993. Interrelationship of sorghum coleoptile morphology with emergence potential in crusted soils. Eur.J. Agron. 2: (In Press). McBee, G.G. and F.R. Miller. 1993. 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Rooney, L.W. 1993. Proceedings of Cereals International: Critical progress in sorghum utilization and improvement. Presented at 9th International Cereal and Bread Congress, Paris, June 1992. Rooney, L. W. 1993. Critically important advantages of food sorghums for domestic and international market development. Proceedings 18th Biennial Grain Sorghum Research & Utilization Conference, Lubbock, Texas, February 28 - march 2, pp. 108-1 12. Rooney, L.W., F.R. Miller, D.T. Rosenow and R.D. Waniska. 1993. JOWAR, a new cereal for food utilization. Proceedings 18th Biennial Grain Sorghum Research & Utilization Conference, Lubbock, Texas, February 28 - March 2, p. 63. Rooney, L.W., F.R. Miller, D.T. Rosenow and R.D. Waniska. 1992. JOWAR, a New Cereal for Food Utilization. Presented AACC Meeting, September 20-24, 1992. Cereal Foods World 37(7):565. Rooney, L.W., F.R. Miller, D.T. Rosenow, and R.D. Waniska. 1993. JOWAR, a new cereal for food utilization. Proc. 18th Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference. Lubbock, TX, Feb 28 -March 2. p. 63. Rooney, L. W. and S.O. Sema-Saldivar. 1993. Sorghum. In: Encyclopaedia of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition (Macrae, R., Robinson, R.K. and Sadler, M.J.. eds) Volume 6, pp 32 10-42 14. London: Academic Press. Rooney, T.K. J. Lupton and L.W. Rooney. 1992. Physiological characteristics of sorghum and millet brans in the rat model. Cereal Foods World 37(10):782-786. Rosenow, D.T. 1993. Breeding for drought resistance under field conditions. pp. 192-126. In Proc. 18th Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference, Feb. 38-March 2, 1993. Lubbock, TX. Rosenow. D.T. 1993. Evaluation for drought and disease resistance in sorghum for use in molecular marker aided selection. Proc. of Conference Molecular Markers in Sorghum and Pearl Millet for Developing Countries. March 28-April 2, 1993. Norwich. U.K. (In Press). Rosenow, D.T., G.C. Peterson, F.R. Miller, L.E. Clark, J. Dahlberg, and A. Sotomayor-Rios. 1992. Release to plant breeders of 50 converted exotic lines from the World Sorghum Collection. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX and United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washing- ton, D.C. Salih, Ali, 1993. "Sustainability and Profitability of Intensive Cropping Technologies on the Dryland Vertisols of Sudan: A Simulation Approach With EPIC," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, Dept. of Agricultural Economics. Sanders, John H., and JoBo Carlos Garcia, 1993. "The Economics of Stress and Technology Development in the Sahel and 'Cerrados' of Brazil," paper presented at an MTSORMIL-sponsored Workshop on Adaptation of Plants to Soil Stress, Lincoln, NE, Aug. 2. INTSORMIL Publication No. 94-2. pp. 28-47. Sanders, John H., and Sunder Ramaswamy, 1993. "Impacts of New Technologies in Burkina Faso and the Sudan: Implications for Future Technology Design," in Proceedings of the Workshop onSocialScience Research andthe CWs, June 9-1 1, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Lincoln, NE: MTSORMIL Publication 93-3. Sanderson, M.A. and F.R. Miller. 1992. Agronomic traits and forage quality of experimental forage sorghum hybrids. July 14-22. Int. Crop Sci. Congr. Ames, IA. Sanderson, M.A., F.R. Miller and R.M. Jones. 1993. Forage quality and agronomic traits of experimental forage sorghum hybrids. In Forage Research in Texas - 1993. Consolidated Progress Report . Sanderson, M.A., M.A. Hussey, R.M. Jones, and F.R. Miller. 1993. Plant populations for forage sorghums -Thick or Thin? Texas Forage and Grassland Newsletter. Seitz, L.M., R.L. Wright, R.D. Waniska, and L.W. Rooney. 1993. Contribution of2-acetyl-1-pyrroline to odors f3om wetted, ground pearl millet. I. Agric. Food Chem. 41(6):955-958. Serna-Saldivar, S.O. 1993. Cereals: Dietary importance. In: Encyclopaedia of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition (Macrae, R., R.K. Robinson, and M.J. Sadler, eds) Volume 2, pp 784-790. London: Academic Press. Sema-Saldivar, S.O., M.H. Gomez, F. Gomez, D. Meckenstock, C. Cossette and L.W. Rooney. 1993. The tortilla making properties of two improved Maicillo cultivars &om Honduras. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrition (accepted, in press) Serna-Saldivar, S.O., C. Clegg and L.W. Rooney. 1993. Effects of Parboiling and Decortication on the Nutritional Value of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and Pearl Millet (Pennisetum typhoides L.). I. Cereal Science. (accepted, in press) Shapiro, B.I., J.H. Sanders, K.C. Reddy, and T.G. Baker, 1993. "Evaluating and Adapting New Technologies in a High-Risk Agricultural System -Niger," Agricultural Systems 42(1-2): 153-171. Siame, B. A., G. Ejeta and L.G. Butler. 1993. Role of tannins and pigments in the reaction of tan and red near-isogenic sorghum lines to leaf diseases. Afric. Crop Sci. Journal 1:123-130. Siame, B.A., G. Ejeta, and L.G. Butler, Role ofTannins and Pigments in the Reaction ofTan And Red Near-Isogenic Sorghum Lines to Leaf Diseases. Proc. 1st Crop Science Conference for Eastern and Southern Africa, June 14-1 8, 1993, Kampala, Uganda. Siame, B.A., G. Ejeta, and L.G. Butler, Phenolic Composition of Tan and Red Isogenic Sorghum Genotypes and their Reaction to Leaf Diseases. Symp. on Natural Phenols in Plant Resistance (Int. Soc. for Horticultural Science), Sept. 13- 17, 1993, Tech. Univ. of Munich, Freising, Germany, Abstract # 1-29. Siame, B.A., K. Wood, G. Ejeta and L.G. Butler. 1993. Isolation of StrigoI, a Germination Stimulant for Shipasiatica, from Natural Host Plants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 4 1: 1486- 149 1. Sifientes Barrera, J. A., and Fredenksen, R. A. 1993. Evaluation of sorghum hybrid mixtures for controlling sorghum leaf blight. Plant Dis. (In Press). Singh, S. D., P. Singh, D. J. Andrews, B. S. Talukdar, and S. B. King. 1992. Reselection of a pearl millet cultivar utilizing residual variability for downy mildew reaction. Plant Breeding 10954-59. Sirifi, S. 1993. Nitrogen uptake and utilization by pearl millet grown at different soil moisrure and nitrogen regimes. M.S. Thesis. University of Nebraska. 93 pp. Srromberger, J.A., I.M. Dweikat, J.D. Axtell, D.M. Huber, and C.Y. Tsai. 1993. Genotype variation among maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines for ammonium assimilation characteristics. A.E.S. J. No. 14065. Crop. Sci. (submitted) Suhendro, E., M.H. Gomez, C. McDonough and L.W. Rooney. 1993. JOWAR cmch, a low-fat snack. 1993 IFT Annual Meeting Program & Food Expo Exhibit Directory: 122, July 10- 14, Chicago, IL. Suhendro, E.L., M.H. Gomez. and L.W. Rooney. 1993. JOWAR crunch, a new snack product. Proceedings 18th Biennial Grain Sorghum Research & Utilization Conference, Lubbock, Texas, February 28 - March 3, pp. 63-64. Ta ley, L., J.A. Dahlberg, D.M. Vietor, and F.R. Miller, 1993. Batch anion exchange and quantification of I4"C hexose and 'C sucrose. Crop Sci. 33:338-34 1. Tarpley, L., D.M. Vietor, and F.R. Miller. 1993. '.'c-assimilate export from upper leaves ofsweet and grain sorghum hybrids. Proc. 18th Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference. Lubbock, TX, Feb 28 - March 2. p. 139. Teetes. G. L. 1992. Sorghum management options to reduce insect-induced stress. Proc. Ann. Corn and Sorghum Industry Res. Conf. 47: 1 12- 120. Teetes, G. L. 1993. Adjusting crop management recommendations for insect-resistant crop varieties. J. Agric. Entomol. (Accepted for publication) 6 4 Teetes. G. L., R. M. Anderson, and G. C. Peterson. 1993. Exploitation of sorghum nonpreference resistance to sorghum midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) using mixed planting of resistant and susceptible sorghum hybrids. J. Econ. Entorno[. (accepted for publication). Tenkouano, Abdou. 1993. Genetic and ontogenic analysis ofanthracnose resistance in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. P~.D. Dissertation. Texas A&M University. College Station, TX. Tenkouano, A., F.R. Miller, G.E.Hart, R.A. Frederiksen, and R.L. Nicholson. 1992. Phytoalexin assay in juvenile sorghum: An aid to breeding for anthracnose resistance. Crop Sci. 33:243-248. Tenkouano, A., F.R. Miller, R.A. Frederiksen, and D.T. Rosenow. 1993. Genetics of nonsenescence and charcoal rot in sorghum. Theor. Appl. Genet. 85:644-648. Theu, M.P.K.J., R.W. Toler and F.R. Miller. 1992. Increased host range of sorghum yellow banding virus in sorghum cultivars. Texas Agri. Exp. Sta. MP-1739 Torres, P.I., B. Ramirez-Wong, S.O. Serna-Saldivar and L.W. Rooney. 1993. Effect of sorghum flour addition on the characteristics of wheat flour tortillas. Cereal Chemistry 70(1):8- 13. Tunistra, M., P. Goldsbrough, E. Grote and G. Ejeta. 1993. Identification and RAPD mapping of quantitative trait loci associated with drought tolerance in sorghum. Agron. Abst. p. 184. Vanderlip, R. L., S. W. Welch, R. W. Heiniger, and D. L. Fjell. 1993. A decision aid model for determining planting and replant management options in grain sorghum. Agron. Abst. 574. Vietor, D.M, L. Tarpley, and F.R. Miller. 1993. Partitioning of C f4 assimilate among sorghum leaf carbohydrates and plant organs. Agron. Abst. 126. Vivas, N.E., R.D. Waniska and L.W. Rooney. 1992. Effects on proteins in sorghum, maize and pearl millet when processed into acidic and basic tii. Cereal Chemistry 69(6): 673-676. Vogler, R.K., G. Ejeta, L.G. Butler and W.E. Nyquist. 1993. Association between low stimulant production and field resistance against Striga asiatica in sorghum. Agron. Abst. p. 104. Watterson, J.J., Shull, J.M., and Kirleis, A.W. 1993. Quantitation of a-,13-, and y-kafrins in vitreous and opaque endosperm of Sorghum bicolor. Cereal Chem. 70:452-457. Weerasuriya, Y., G. Ejeta, A. Melake Berhan, J. Bennetzen and L.G. Butler. 1993. Identification of RAPD markers linked to Striga resistance in sorghum. Agron. Abst. p. 105. Weerasuriya, Y., B.A. Siame, D.E. Hess, G. Ejeta and L.G. Butler. 1993. Influence of conditions and genotypes on the amount of Striga germination stimulants exuded by roots of several host crops. J. Agric. Food Chem. 4 1: 1492- 1496. Wiseman, B. R. 1992. Foliage-feeding lepidopterous insects attacking sorghum in the Americas. Sorghum Newsletter. 33: 40-45. Wiseman, B. R. and R. R. Duncan. 1993. Evaluation ofgrain sorghhhybrids for resistance to insects. 1992. Field Crops Performance Tests. University of Georgia Research Report. 618: 77-79. Xu, J.-R. & J. F. Leslie. 1992. Electrophoretic karyotypes of Gibberellafujikuroi mating populations A-F.PhytopathoIogy 82: 1150. Youm, 0. and F. E. Gilstrap. 1993. Life-fertility tables of Bracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) reared on Heliocheilw albipunctella de Joannis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Insect Sci. Applic. 14. In Press. Youngquist, J.B., D.C. Carter, W.C. Youngquist, and M.D. Clegg. 1993. Phenotypic and agronomic characteristics associated with yield and yield stability of gain sorghum in low rainfall environments. Trends in Agricultural Sciences (in press). Youngquist, J.B., P. Brarnel-Cox and J.W. Maranville. 1992. Evaluation of alternative screening criteria for selecting nitrogen use efficient genotypes in sorghum. Crop Sci. 32: 13 10-13 13. Zaifnejad, Mojtaba. 1993. Growth relations of water deficit and aluminum toxicity in sorghum. Ph.D. Thesis, Agronomy Depamnent, University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Zake, Vincent Makumbi. 1993. Inheritance of tolerance to soil acidity and effects on agronomic characteristics and leaf mineral element concentrations in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Ph.D. dissertation, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS. Zake, V. M., C. E. Watson, Jr., and L. M. Gourley. 1992. Performance of grain sorghum hybrids on infertile, acid soils in Kenya. p. 120. h Agron. Abs. November 1-6, 1992. Minneapolis, MN. Zanta, C.A., X. Yang, J.D. Axtell and J.L. Bemetzen. 1993. The candystripe locus, y-cs, determines mutable pigmentation of the sorghum leaf, flower, and pericarp. J. Heredity (In Press). Zvoutete, P., L. E. Claflin, & B. A. Ramundo.199l.Susceptibility of Xanrhomonas campesrris pv. holcicola to various antibiotics.Proc. 17th Sorg. Improve. Conf. No. Amer. (Lubbock, TX) 17:96-98. INTSORMIL 1991-1992 Publications
Ahmed. Moharned M.. and John H. Sanders. 1992. The Economic Impacts of Hageen Dura-1 in the Gezira Scheme, Sudan, in T. Schilling and D. Stoner (eds.), Proceedings, International Sorghum and Millet CRSP Conference, July 8-12, Corpus Christ. TX. Lincoln, NE: LNTSORMIL Management Entity Office, University of Nebraska, Publication No. 92-1, pp. 73-84. ~lrneida.H.D.. M.H. Gomez, S. Serna-Saldivar, R. Waniska, L.W. Rooney, and E. Lusas. 1992. Extrusion-cooking of pearl millet for weaning food production. Cereal Chemistry (in press). Alrneida-Dominguez, H.D., S.O. Serna-Saldivar, M.H. Gomez, and L.W. Rooney. 1992. Production and nutritional value of weaning foods from mixtures of pearl millet, cowpeas and sorghum malt. Cereal Chemistry (in press). Almeida-Dominguez, H.D.. Serna-Saldivar, S.O., Rooney, L.W. 1992. Properties of new and commercial sorghum hybrids for utilization in alkaline cooked foods. Cereal Chemistry 68(1):25-30. Anderson, J. B., L. M. Kohn, and J. F. Leslie. 1992. Genetic mechanisms in fungal adaptation. In The Fungal Community: Its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem, 2nd ed. (G. C. Carroll and D. T. Wicklow, eds.), pp. 73-98. Marcel Dekket. New Yo&, 976 pp. Anderson, R M. and G. L. Teetes. 1992. Evaluation of insecticide application timing, intervals and frequency for controi of sorghum midge in sorghum. Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn. PR-0000.6~rp.(Approved for publication) Andrews, D. J., and I. F. Rajewski 1992. 1991Pearl Millet Regional Grain Yield Test. Dept. of Agronomy, UN-L. pp. 5 Andrews, D.J., W.D. Stegmeier, and J.F. Rajewski. 1991. Pearl millet development as a feed grain for the Great Plains. In Proc. of the Third Annual New Crops Symposium, 7-9 October 1991. Indianapolis. IN. (in press). Babiker, A.T., G. Ejeta, L.G. Butler and W.R. Wbodson. 1992. Ethylene biosynthesis and strigol-induced gemination of Sniga asiatica. Physiol. Plant. (in press). Bagayoko, M., S.C. Mason, and RJ. Sabata 1992. Effects of previous cropping systems on soil nitrogen and grain sorghum yield. Agronomy Journal 84: 862 - 868. Beall, F.D., P.W. Morgan, L.N. Mander, F.R. Miller, and K.H. Babb. 1991. Genetic regulation of development in Sorghwn bicolor. V. The mjuR allele results in gibberelLin enrichment. Plant Physiol. 95:116-125. Berhan, A. Melake, S. H. Hulbert, L.G. Butler and J. L. BemetZen. Structure and Evolution of the Genomes of Sorghum bicolor and Zea mays. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, (in press). Bhaskaran, S., RA. Smith and R.A. Frederiksen. 1991. A factor that promotes mycelial development in Sponsorim reilianum in vitro. Botanical Gazette 1524. Boren, Bruce and Ralph D. Waniska. 1992. Sorghum seed color as an indicator of tannin content. Journal of Applied Poultry Rmh1:117-121. Bowden, R. L., and J, F. Leslie. 1992. Nitrate-nonutilizing mutants of Gibberella zeae (Furarium gramineanmr) and their use in determining vegetative compatibility. Experimental Mycology 16 (in press). ButIer, L.G. and J.C. Rogler. 1992. Biochemical Mechanisms of the Antinutritional Effects of Tannins in Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, C.T. Ho, C.Y. Lee and M.T. Huang, eds. ACS Books, Washington, D.C.,pp. 298-304. Butler, L.G.Polyphenoh and Herbivore Diet Selection and Nutrition, Polyphenols Actualities (Commemorating the 20th Anniversary of GmpePolyphenoh), (in press). Cai, T. and L.G. Butler. Sorghum Suspension Cultures. Sorghum Newsletter, (in press). Calderdn, M.A. 1990. DeterminacicSn & la digestibilidad in situ y composici6n quimica del fmjede diferentes genotipos de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) y millo (Panicwn miliaceum) en diferentes etapas de crecirniento. Tesis zooctecnia Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Palmira, Colombia 187 p. Casela, CX.,P. Guthrie, R.A. Frederiksen and U. Rosewich. 1992. Anthracnose in the 90's. Sorghum Newsletter (in press). Castro, M. T. , H. N. Pitre, D. H. Meckenstock.. FaIl armyworm, Spodopterafiugiperda (J. E Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), development on Honduran landrace sorghums as a function of plant age. Florida Entomologist. (Submitted). Castm, M. T., H. N. Pitre, andD. H. Meckenstock.Fall armyworm (Spodopterafnrgiperda(J. E. Smith)) (Lepidoptetera' Noctuidae) and neotropical cornstalk borer (Diarraea lineolata (Walker)) upidoptera: Pyralidae) on sorghum and mam intercropped with legumes in Honduras. Tunialba. (Submitted). Castro. M. T. .H. N. Pitre, D. H. Meckenstock, and F. Gomez.. Some phytophagous insect pests, and aspects of control in intempped sorghum and maize in southern Honduras. Tropical Agriculture. (Submitted). Cemtos, G., D. H. Meckenstock, F. Gomez, and T.C. Hash. 1992. Introduction of 54 broomcorn varieties in Honduras (In Spanish). p. 121-128. Agronomy Department Annual Report. Vol. 4. Escuela Agricola Panamericana El Zamorano. Honduras. Cherney. D J.R, J.H. Cherney, J.A. Patterson, and J.D. Axtell. 1992. In vitro remind fiber digestion as influenced by phenoliccarbohydrate complexes released from sorghum cell walls. Ani. Fed Sci. & Technology 3979-93. Cherney, J.H., DJR. Chemey, DE. Akin and J.D. Axtell. 1992. Potential ofbrown-midrib,low-lignin mutants for improving fonge quality. In Advances in Agronomy. Donald L. Sparks (ed). Vol. 46. pp. 158-198. (Book Chapter). Claflin. L. E.. B. A. Ramundo, I. E. Leach. and M. Qhobela. 1992 Bacterial diseases of sorghum. In Sorghum and Millet Diseases: A Second World Review (W. A. J. de Millimo, R A. Frederiksen, and G.D. Bengston, &), pp. 135-151. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, A. P., India. Clark, LE. and D.T. Rosenow. 1992.Oif-type sorghum plants. Texas Agric. Exp. Stn. MP-835 (Revised). 7p. Clegg. M.D. 1992. Predictability oigrain sorghum and maize yield grown after soybean over arange of envitonments. Agric. Systems. 3925-3 1. Collins. D., RA. Frederiksen, and D.T. Rosenow. 1992. Registration of Tx289l sorghum. Crop Science (accepted). Craig, J., and R.A. Frederiksen. 1992. Comparison of sorghum seedling reactions to Sporisorium reilianum in relation to sorghum head smut resistant classes. Plant Dis. 76:3 14-3 18. Desjardins, A. E,R. D. Plattner, D. D, Shackelford, J. F. Leslie, and P. E. Nelson. 1992. Heritability of fumonisin B1 production in Gibberellafujiboi mating population A. Applied and Environmentd Microbiology 58:2799-2805. Diawara, M. M.. B. R. Wiseman, and J. Isenhour. 1991. Spodopterafiug@erda (Lepidoptera' Noctuidae) resistance in converted sorghum accessions: a research summary. Sorghum Newsletter. 32: 46-47. Dickman, M. B., and J. E Leslie. 1992. Complementation of annu mutant of Gibberella zeae (Fusarium grmninearum) by the regulatory nit-2 gene of Neurospora crassa. Molecular and General Genetics. (in press). Doe, F. J., and J. F. Leslie. 1992. A laboratory exercise for isolating and characterizing microbial mutants with metabolic defects. The American Biology Teacher, (in press). Duncan, R.R., P.J. Bramel-Cox, and FR. Miller. 1991. Contributions of introduced sorghum germplasm to hybrid development in the USA. In Use of Plant Introductions in Cultivar Development (Part 1) eds. Shands, HL. and LE Wiesner. Crop Science Special Publication Number 17; Chapter 5, pp. 69-102. Ejeta, G. andL. Butler. 1992. Host plant resistance to Striga. In DR. Baxton et al. (eds)International Crop Science Congress I. Crop Science Society of America, Madison, WI. (in press). Ejeta, Gebisa, and D.T. Rosenow. 1992. Registration of P89001 to P89010.10 fertility restorer parental lines of sorghum. Crop Science (accepted). Elhag, H. and L.G. Butler. 1992. Effect of Genotype, Explant Age and Medium Composition on Callus Production and Plant Regeneration fmm Immature Embryos of Sorghum. Arab Gulf J. Scient. Res. 10:109-119. Esele, JP.,RA. Frederiksen, and FR. Miller. 1991. The association of genes controlling caryopsis traits with grain mold resistance in sorghum. Phytopathology. (accepted) Fundaci6n El AIcaravWINTSORMIUCIAT. 1991. Informe de las actividades de investigaciones reahdas en Colombia en el Cultivo de Sorgo. BogotA, Colombia. 300 p. Gilbert, ha.,N.W. Kramer, D.T. Rosenow and H.T. Nguyen. 1991. StTategies for sorghum inbred development in the 90's. p.11-14. In: Pmc. 17th Biennial Grain Sorghum Research and Utilization Conference, Feb. 17-20,1991. Lubbock, TX Gilstrap, F.E., I. Bayoun and G. Michels. 1992. ?he impact of aphid biological control: Some ideas on evaluating natural enemies in annual crop ecosystems. hoc. 5th Russian Wheat Aphid Cod., Ft. Worth, TX,pp. 146-151. Gdmez, F. and D.H. Meckenstock. 1992.1990 Grain sorghum performance tests (In Spanish). Tech. Rep. EAP/SRN/INT- SORMIC3. Escuela Agricola Panarnericana, El Zarnorano, Honduras. Gonzalez, D. and F. Gistrap. 1992. 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