The Lustron House, Plattsburgh
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ADIRONDACK ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE NEWSLETTER VOLUME 18 NUMBER 2 WINTER 2009 developed in the post-war era, came out of a period of much exploration and experimentation in the manufacturing of domestic architecture. It was touted as being the culmination of this experimentation and the crowning achievement of the prefab housing industry in the late 1940s. Carl Strandlund, the visionary behind the Lustron Corporation, is closely linked to this success as an inventor who strived to develop the efficient assembly of products. He accomplished this by adapting his ideas and creations to meeting the needs of the housing market crisis. By employing a unique assembly-line production and distribution system, offering a modern and streamlined design with abundant traditional and contemporary amenities, and a liberal infusion of federal funding, the Lustron house, Plattsburgh. The small window between the two picture windows is goal of the Lustron all-steel house was to characteristic of this three-bedroom Westchester model. There are four Lustron houses in Plattsburgh, and one in Saranac Lake. facilitate the end of the most severe housing (AARCH Collection) shortage crisis that the United States had ever experienced. THE LUSTRON HOUSE: THE ENDANGERED SPECIES The concept of prefabricated houses was OF THE POST-WORLD WAR II certainly not unique to the Lustron House. In fact, prefabrication had its roots in the PREFABRICATED HOUSING INDUSTRY beginning of the Industrial Revolution with By Kimberly Konrad Alvarez the concept of mass producing building component parts in order to facilitate a building boom. As mechanization took In 2006, through a grant from PreserveNY, history, we cannot ignore the building command, fully prefabricated homes Historic Albany Foundation with the author booms, which over time have become an became most popular following the working as project coordinator, conducted integral part of this history. These periods industrial revolution of the 19th century. a state-wide resource survey of the Lustron of increased construction, have often The introduction of the assembly line, homes in New York and nominated this mid involved the use of new and innovative improved mass production methods -century prefabricated building type to the materials and construction techniques combined with increased freight and National Register of Historic Places as a resulting in unique building styles, design transportation systems all contributed to Multiple-Property Designation. AARCH features and architectural achievements. their popularity. Architects and inventors participated in this survey, documenting the The modern architectural movement was in were experimenting by the early part of the Lustron houses located in the Adirondack essence about such innovation. The Lustron twentieth century with all types of efficient region, in part to help bring attention to house, designed and built in response to the systems for producing housing. those structures that were built during the housing crisis after World War II, is one of mid-twentieth century. Through AARCH’s the best examples of innovation not only in newletters, website, lectures, and tours, terms of its use of porcelain enameled steel IN THIS ISSUE architecture of the more recent past is a and prefabricated construction techniques topic that we are committed to spending but also with regard to the methodologies The Lustron House pages 1-4 more time and attention to, thus fulfilling employed to produce, market, distribute News and Notes pages 4-6 our mission to preservation and education. and erect these dwellings. Membership Form page 7 When considering our historic built The Lustron house, one of the most Save the Date page 8 environment and modern architectural recognized and iconic prefabricated homes THE LUSTRON HOUSE LUSTRON MODEL TYPES Lustron houses came in four exterior color choices: surf blue, maize yellow, desert tan, and dove gray, trimmed in eggshell white and featuring dark gray roofing tiles. On the interior, a neutral light gray, blue, light yellow, and pink were available. The Lustron house came in the following models: Esquire: Lustron prototype model with a blue and yellow exterior; two bedroom house with a total of 990 square feet. One corner on the exterior of the house featured a recessed entry porch measuring 6 x 12 feet. Westchester: The most popular design, the Westchester was available as either a two-bedroom or three-bedroom house. The two- bedroom house (Model 02) had a total of 1085 square feet. One corner on the exterior featured a recessed entry porch measuring 6 x 12 feet. The three-bedroom house (Model 03) had a total of 1209 square feet. There was not a recessed entry on the 03 model; however, the entry was protected by an attached canopy. Westchester Deluxe and Standard: In 1949 Lustron changed the way it marketed the Westchester model. • Deluxe two-three bedrooms (Models 02/03) offered “many deluxe features including built-in bookshelves, bedroom vanity- storage wall, eleven closets and overhead storage cabinets, oil or gas radiant panel heating, Thor dishwasher-clotheswasher combination, china cabinet passthrough, large picture windows, large service and storage area,” a bay window, and floor tile. Kitchen wall panels were two feet square. • Standard 2 and 3 bedrooms (Models 021/031) did not have as many built-in amenities or a bay window, and did not come with floor tile. The kitchen wall panels measured 2 x 8 feet. Newport: Smaller and less expensive than the Westchester, the Newport had only two windows per side. The two-bedroom house did not have the recessed porch that appears on the two-bedroom Westchester. • Two-bedroom (Model 023) measured 23 x 31 feet, with a total of 713 square feet. • Three-bedroom (Model 033) measured 31 x 31 feet, with a total of 961 square feet. Meadowbrook: essentially the same as the Newport except two feet longer. • Two-bedroom (Model 022) measured 25 x 31 feet, with a total of 775 square feet. • Three-bedroom (Model 032) measured 33 x 31 feet, with a total of 1,023 square feet. In England, a post-World War I housing American Rolling Mills Company Other technological advances in the shortage and a simultaneous steel surplus (ARMCO) and Ferro Companies produced housing industry in general, such as the resulted in at least two successful factory- in a cooperative effort, the Armco-Ferro introduction of balloon framing and the made metal houses—the “Weir” and the house, a frameless structure built of load- standard four-foot construction module may “Athol” models, both designed in 1924 and bearing enameled steel. Other corporations have had an impact on the lack of success constructed with timber framing and clad in tried their own experiments with of prefab steel houses. steel. The Dorlonco house of the 1920s prefabricated steel houses in the early eliminated wood in its construction and 1930s including General Houses, Inc. Despite the number of prefabricated house instead combined a steel frame with a skin (Chicago), American Houses, Inc. (New designs making use of steel, or enameled of metal panels covered with cement. In York), and National Houses, Inc. modular panels, homebuyers still saw these America, Buckminster Fuller introduced his (Lafayette, Indiana). metal houses as “out of the norm,” too first Dymaxion House in 1927. In experimental, temporary, and ultimately too Germany, the Muche-Paulick steel house The 1933 Century of Progress Exposition in expensive. Each company only built a few (1926) had a Bauhaus design with Chicago was one of the first fairs to hundred houses because of these public enameled steel wall panels with rubber popularize experimental demonstration conceptions and the fact that production gasket trim. Neither ever reached full houses to the public. Much of the focus and steel supplies came to an abrupt halt production. during this fair was centered on the use of once the United States entered into World steel for housing stock. More than a dozen War II. As in Europe, America suffered through firms exhibited prefab steel houses, but some trying times between World Wars and only two thirds of these prefab housing In the 1940s, although the housing industry specifically after the Great Depression in companies used steel as a major component was ready to accept mass-produced or the late 1920s. The resulting economic in their products. Typically, technical prefabricated housing, the restriction or conditions and series of housing shortages problems such as condensation, corrosion, rationing of many consumer products in the United States had a profound effect and insulation hindered their experiments during the World Wars further crippled on the housing industry, forcing the and the resulting final products. In addition, most domestic industries. When World War reexamination of the role that the major investment needed for raw II ended in 1945, approximately 12 million prefabrication played in the production of materials and equipment for mass soldiers returned home looking for jobs, affordable and available single-family production, as well as the critical lack of homes, and financial security, but instead houses. In 1932, Charles Bacon Rowley & access to an organized distribution network found an unprecedented housing crisis. Associates of Cleveland, Ohio, designed drove the unit cost of each house too high Once again the government looked to the the first American prototype of a house to be attractive to potential buyers. At the prefab industry for an immediate solution. with interlocking enameled steel panels as same time, the experimental nature of these Corporations such as U.S. Steel, Republic the exterior skin. That same year, the houses limited their corporate support. Steel, the Homosote Company, General 2 T H E L U S T R O N H O U S E Electric, and Westinghouse Electric began with the company was that they were on the looking at the success of the American verge of another industrial revolution and automobile companies, specifically Ford that they were going to be the General and General Motors, and how they could Motors of the housing industry.