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Adams, Michelle, Is Integration a Discrimina- Bismuth, Regis, Standards of Conduct for tory Purpose?, 96 Iowa L.Rev. (2011), p. Journalists under Europe’s First Amend- 250. ment, 8:2 First Amendment L.Rev. (2010), Adolphe, Jane, The Case Against Same–Sex p. 666. Marriage in Canada: Law and Policy Con- Blair, Jost, Rudman et al, The Existence of siderations, 18 BYU J. Pub. L. (2004), p. Implicit Bias is Beyond Reasonable Doubt: 344. Anderson, Alistair, World Bank Warns About A Refutation of Ideological and Methodo- Too Many Labour Rules, Business Day logical Objections and Executive Summary (South Africa) (Mar. 4, 2011), p. 221. of Ten Studies That No Manager Should Anti-Gay Abuse Rife in Africa, The Washing- Ignore, 29 Research in Organizational Be- ton Times (April 22, 2010), p. 403. havior (2009), p. 107. Anuradha Dingwaney Needham and Rajes- Boutayeb, Rachid, Re-examining French-style wari Sunder Rajan, The Crises of Secular- Secularism, Middle East Times (Feb. 26, ism in India, (eds., 2007), p. 601. 2008), p. 511. April, Kurt, Reactions to Discrimination: Ex- Bowen, W. & Bok, D., The Shape of the River clusive Identity of Foreign Workers in (1998), pp. 46, 256, 291. South Africa, in Equality, Diversity and Bradsher, Greg, The Nuremburg Laws, Na- Inclusion at Work: A Research Companion tional Archives, Prologue Magazine (Win- 216 (ed. M.F. Ozbilgin 2009), p. 221. Auchmuty, Rosemary, Same Sex Marriage ter 2010, Vol. 42, No. 4), p. 638. Revived: Feminist Critique and Legal Brameld, Educational Costs, in Discrimina- Strategy, Feminism & Psychology 14 tion and National Welfare (MacIver, ed., (2004), p. 403. 1949), p. 84. Brewer–Carias, Allen R., The Constitutional Bagenstos, Samuel R., Implicit Bias, ‘‘Sci- Protection of Human Rights in Latin ence,’’ and Antidiscrimination Law, 1 America: A Comparative Study of Amparo Harv. L. & Pol’y Rev. (2007), p. 107. Proceedings (2008), p. 728. Balepur, Swapna, Secularism in India: An Bribosia, Emmanuelle & Rorive, Isabelle, In Overview (on file with authors), p. 590. Search of a Balance Between the Right to Balkin, Jack M. & Siegel, Reva B., The Amer- Equality and Other Fundamental Rights, ican Civil Rights Tradition: Anticlassifi- European Network of Legal Experts in cation or Antisubordination?, 58 Universi- the Non–Discrimination Field (2010), p. ty of Miami L.Rev. (2003), p. 22. 42. Baub´erot, Jean, The Secular Principle (2005), Bronson, Po & Merryman, Ashley, See Baby p. 510. Discriminate, Newsweek (Sept 5, 2009), p. Beck, Randy, The Heart of Federalism: Pre- text Review of Means–End Relationships, 88. 36 U.C.D.L.Rev. (2003), p. 700. Brophy, Alfred L., Reconstructing the Dream- Bell, Derrick, Faces At the Bottom of the Well land: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, Race (1992), p. 58. Reparations, and Reconciliation (2002), p. Benhenda, Mostapha, For Muslim Minorities, 57. It Is Possible To Endorse Political Liberal- Brown, Kevin D. & Sitapati, Vinay, Lessons ism, But This Is Not Enough, 11:2 Jour- Learned From Comparing the Application nal of Islamic Law and Culture (2009), p. of Consitutional Law and Federal Anti– 95. Discrimination Law to African–Americans Bennhold, Katrin, French Minister Urges in the U.S. and Dalits in India in the Collecting Minority Data, International Context of Higher Education, 24 Harv. Herald Tribune (December 15, 2005), p. BlackLetter L.J., p. 289. 298. Brust, Richard, Practical Meaning: As the Bennoune, Karima, Secularism and Human Rights: A Contextual Analysis of Heads- Court Shifted Right: Stevens Kept His carves, Religious Expression, and Wom- Place, American Bar Association Journal en’s Equality Under International Law, 45 (April 9, 2010), p. 251. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law Bryant, Lisa, Survey: Blacks in France Say (2007), p. 562. They Face Racial Discrimination, Voice of Bhagwati, Jagdish, Secularism in India: Why America News (Feb. 2, 2007), p. 298. is it Imperiled?, Future of Secularism (2009), p. 595. Bickel, A., The Morality of Consent (1975), p. Camp, Roderic Ai, Crossing Swords: Politics 12. and Religion in Mexico 3 (1997), p. 521.

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Card, Claudia, Against Marriage and Mother- Cronan, Sheila, Marriage, in Radical Femi- hood, Hypatia vol. 11, no. 3 (Summer nism (Koedt, Levine, and Rapone, eds.), p. 1996), p. 406. 406. Carter, Stephen, The Culture of Disbelief, Ba- Cunningham, Clark D., Affirmative Action: sic Books (1993), p. 502. India’s Example, Civil Rights Journal, Carvajal, Doreen, Court Convicts Galliano in Anti–Semitism Case, NY Times (Septem- United States Civil Rights Commission ber 8, 2011), p. 656. (Fall 1999), p. 282. Case, Mary Ann, The Very Stereotype the Law Condemns: Constitutional Sex Discrimi- nation Law as a Quest for Perfect Proxies, Dahlerup, Drude and Freidenvall, Lenita, 85 Cornell L.Rev. (2000), p. 33. Electoral Gender Quotas and their Imple- Cave, Damien, and Barnard, Anne, Minister mentation in Europe (2008), p. 307. Wavers on Plans to Burn Koran, N.Y. Davies, Gareth, (Not Yet) Taking Rights Seri- Times (Sept. 9, 2010), p. 622. ously: The House of Lords In Begun v. Chambers, Clare, Feminism, Liberalism, and Headteacher and Governors of Denbigh Marriage, pp. 404, 406. High School, Human Rights & Human Chang, M., D. Witt, J. Jones & K. Hakuta, Compelling Interest: Examining the Evi- Welfare: A Forum for Works in Progress. dence on Racial Dynamics in Colleges and Working paper no. 37, p. 580. Universities (eds.2003), pp. 46, 256. Days III, Drew S., Dimensions of Equality: Chatterjee, Partha, Secularism and Tolera- Doctrines of Limitation (1992), p. 72. tion, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. de Beauvoir, Simone, The Second Sex (1949), 29 No. 28 (July 9, 1994), p. 594. pp. 404, 405. Chein, What are the Psychological Effects of de Burca, Grainne, The Trajectories of Euro- Segregation Under Conditions of Equal pean and American Antidiscrimination Facilities?, 3 Int.J.Opinion and Attitute Law, American Journal of Comparative Res. 229 (1949), p. 84. China Post, The, Taiwan Could Lead Asia Law, Forthcoming; NYU School of Law, with Full Recognition of Gay Rights, Public Law Research Paper No. 11–80 (Sept. 10, 2011), p. 403. (October 28, 2011). p. 66. Christiansen, Eric C., Ending the Apartheid de Clermont–Tonnerre, Count Stanislas–Ma- of the Closet: Sexual Orientation in the rie–Ad´elaide, Speech on Religious Minori- South African Constitutional Process, 32 ties, 1789, p. 5. N.Y.U.J.Int’l L. & Pol. (2000), p. 389. Deutscher and Chein, The Psychological Ef- Clark, K. B., Effect of Prejudice and Discrimi- fects of Enforced Segregation: A Survey of nation on Personality Development, Mid- Social Science Opinion, 26 J.Psychol. 259 century White House Conference on Chil- (1948), p. 84. dren and Youth (1950), p. 84. Clarke, Linda, Sexual Harassment Law in the DiSchino, Christopher, Affirmative Action in United States, the United Kingdom and Brazil: Reverse Discrimination and the the European Union: Discriminatory Creation of a Constitutionally Protected Wrongs and Dignitary Harms, 36 Com- Color–Line, 17 U. Miami Int’l & Comp. mon Law World Review (2007), pp. 157, L.Rev. (Spring 2010), p. 302. 179. Dominique, Decherf, French Views of Reli- CNN, Uganda’s Parliament Takes No Action gious Freedom, U.S.–France Analysis, on Anti–Gay Bill, (May 13, 2011), p. 403. Harvard Center for International Affairs Cohen, Patricia, Danish Cartoon Controversy, (July 2001), p. 511. NY Times (Aug. 12, 2009), p. 666. Connerly, Ward, One Nation Indivisible Douglass, Frederick, What the Black Man (2001), p. 15. Wants: An Address Delivered in Boston, Coombs, Robert H., Marital Status and Per- Massachusetts, on 26 January 1865, re- sonal Well–Being: A Literature Review, printed in 4 The Frederick Douglass Pa- Family Relations, Vol. 40, No. 1 (Jan., pers (J. Blassingame & J. McKivigan eds., 1991), p. 404. 1991), p. 259. Conseil Representatif des Associations Downie, Andrew & Lloyd, Marion, At Brazil’s Noires, Should the French Government Universities, Affirmative Action Faces Collect Racial Population Data?, p. 13. Crucial Tests, The Chronicle of Higher Cowell, Alan, Britain Proposes Allowing Education (August 1, 2010), p. 301. Schools to Forbid Full–Face Muslim Veils, Dugger, Celia, Campus that Apartheid Ruled NY Times (March 21, 2007), p. 583. Cremer, Hendrik, A Constitution Without Faces a Policy Rift, NY Times (Nov. 22, Race: Proposal for an Amendment of Arti- 2010), p. 279. cle 3, German Institute of Human Rights Dworkin, Andrea, Letters From a War Zone, Policy Paper No.16 (2010), p. 17. Dutton Publishing (1989), p. 405. Cremer, Hendrik, ‘‘ TTT and To Which Race Do You Belong?’’ The Problem of the Term ‘‘race’’ in Legislation, German Insti- Eckholm, Erik, Push for Personhood Amend- tute of Human Rights Policy Paper No.10 ment Represents new Tack in Abortion (2009), p. 18. Fight, NY Times (Oct. 11, 2011), p. 700. TABLE OF AUTHORITIES xlv

Edlund, Lena and Korn, Evelyn, A Theory of Ghose, Sanjoy, Untouchability and the Law, Prostitution, 110 Journal of Political 13 Interights Bulletin: A Review of the Economy (2002), p. 405. International Centre for the Legal Protec- Egan, Patrick J. and Persily, Nathaniel, tion of Human Rights (2001), pp. 93, 129. Court Decisions and Trends in Support Glimp, Fred L., Final Report to the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 65 Official Register of for Same Sex Marriage, Polling Report Harvard University No. 25 (1968), p. 248. (August 2009), p. 331. Goni, Uki, Defying Church, Argentina Legal- Erlanger, Steven, Top French Schools, Asked izes Gay Marriage, Time Magazine (July to Diversify, Fear for Standards, NY 15, 2010), p. 402. Times (June 30, 2010), p. 298. Govender, Karthigasen, Achieving Substan- Etterbrick, Paula L., Since When is Marriage tive Equality In A Society Founded Upon a Path to Liberation? in We Are Every- Inequality: The South African Constitu- where: Historical Sourcebook of Gay and tional Experience (1997), p. 274. Lesbian Politics (Mark Blasius and Shane Gradin, Carlos, Why is poverty so high among Phelan, eds., 1997), p. 406. Afro–Brazilians? (Universidade de Vigo, European Commission, Sexual Harassment 2008), p. 301. in the Workplace in the European Union Greenwald, Anthony G. & Krieger, Linda Hamilton, Implicit Bias: Scientific Foun- (1998), p. 198. dations, 94 Cal.L.Rev. (2006), p. 107. Gray, Tricia, Electoral Gender Quotas: Les- sons from Argentina and Chile, 22:1 Bul- Firestone, Shulamith, The Dialectic of Sex letin of Latin American Research (2003), (1970), p. 404. p. 306. Fiss, Owen M., Groups and the Equal Protec- Grey, Julius, The Paradoxes of Reasonable tion Clause, 5 J.Phil. & Pub.Affairs Accomodation, Options Politiques (2007), (1976), p. 19. p. 35. Foster, Jacob, The Use of Foreign Law in Grim, Ryan, Blacks Worse Off Now Than Constitutional Interpretation: Lessons Under Slavery, Huffington Post (Apr. 28, from South Africa, 45 U.S.F.L.R. (Sum- 2010), p. 630. mer, 2010), p. 290. Foster, Sheila, Difference and Equality: A Harris, Angela P., Loving Before and After Critical Assessment of the Concept of Di- the Law, 76 Fordham L.Rev. (2008), p. 89. versity, Wis.L.Rev. 105 (1993), p. 50. Hart, P. & Teeter, R., A National Priority: France, Anatole, The Red Lily (1894), p. 3. Americans Speak on Teacher Quality Frank, Daniel J., Constitutional Interpreta- (2002), p. 258. Hawley, Jack, Fundamentalism and Gender, tion Revisited: the Effects of a Delicate (ed., 1994), p. 599. Supreme Court Balance on the Inclusion Heitzman, James and Robert L. Worden, In- of Foreign Law in American Jurispru- dia: A Country Study, (eds., 1995), p. 92. dence, 92 I.A.L.R. (March, 2007), p. 290. Henrard, Kristin, Equal Rights Versus Spe- Frazier, E. Franklin, The Negro in the United cial Rights? Minority Protection and the States (1949), p. 84. Prohibition of Discrimination, Report Pre- Freamon, Bernard K., Conceptions of Equali- pared for European Commission, Director- ty and Slavery in Islamic Law (2007), p. 6. ate–General Employment, Social Affairs Friedan, Betty, The Feminine Mystique and Equal Opportunities (June 2007), p. (1963), p. 404. 184 Fuller, Thomas, A Loud ’Non’ to Quotas Hensler, Benjamin, Nao Vale a Pena? (Not Based on Race, International Herald Trib- Worth the Trouble?) Afro–Brazilian Work- une (November 15, 2005), p. 299. ers and Brazilian Anti-discrimination Law, 30 Hastings Int’s & Comp.L.Rev. (2007), pp. 222, 224, 225, 226, 228. Galanter, Marc, Competing Equalities: Law Hermanin, Costanza, ’Counts’ in the Ital- and the Backward Classes in India (1984), ian ’nomad camps’: an incautious ethnic Ethnic and Racial Studies pp. 280, 289. census of Roma, (2011), p. 299. Gallup, For the First Time, Majority of Amer- Hernandez,´ Tanya Kateri, Multiracial Ma- icans Favor Legal Gay Marriages, (May trix: The Role Of Race Ideology In The 20, 2011), p. 331. Enforcement Of Antidiscrimination Laws, Gandhi, Mohandas, I Will Give You A Talis- A United States–Latin America Compari- man, Mahatma Gandhi, Last Phase, Vol. son, 87 Cornell L.Rev. (2002), pp. 15, 224, II (1958), p. 58. 227. Garssen, Joop and Badgett, M.V. Lee, Com- Hernandez,´ Tanya Kateri, To Be Brown in ment: Equality Doesn’t Harm ‘Family Val- Brazil: Education and Segregation Latin ues’, National Post (Toronto, Canada) American Style, 29 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc. (Aug. 11, 2004), p. 387. Change (2005), p. 302. xlvi TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

Hernandez-Forcada,´ Ricardo, The Effect of Kay, Herma Hill, Equality and Difference: International Treaties on Religious Free- The Case of Pregnancy, 1 Berkeley Wom- dom in Mexico, B.Y.U.L.Rev. 301 (2002), en’s L.J. (1985), p. 28. p. 521. Kelto, Anders, Inequalities Complicate S. Af- Herszenhorn, David M., Court Nominee Criti- rica College Admissions, National Public cized as Relying on Foreign Law, NY Radio (May 10, 2011), p. 279. Times (June 25, 2008), p. 290. Kessler, Laura, The Attachment Gap: Em- Holley, Danielle and Spencer, Delia, The Tex- ployment Discrimination Law, Women’s as Ten Percent Plan, 34 Harvard Civil Cultural Caregiving, And The Limits of Rights–Civil Liberties L.Rev. (1999), p. Economic And Liberal Legal Theory, 34 262. U.Mich.J.L.Ref. (2001), pp. 41, 198. Human Rights Watch, ‘‘Everyone Lives in Kidder, William C., The Struggle for Access Fear’’: Patterns of Impunity in Jammu from Sweatt To Grutter: A History of Afri- can American, Latino, and American Indi- and Kashmir, vol. 18, no. 11 (September an Law School Admissions, 1950–2000, 19 2006), p. 601. Harvard BlackLetter L.J. (2003), p. 262. Kimmelman, Michael, A Startling New Les- Issacharoff, Samuel & Karlan, Pamela S., son in the Power of Imagery, NY Times Groups, Politics, and the Equal Protection (Feb. 8, 2006), p. 666. King Jr., Rev. Dr. Martin Luther, I Have A Clause, Issues in Legal Scholarship Dream (1963), p. 53. (2003), p. 25. Klausen, Jytte, The Cartoons That Shook the World (2009), p. 666. Jackson, V. & M. Tushnet, Federalism: Pow- Knauer, Nancy, Same-Sex Marriage and Fed- er Sharing and Minority Protection in eralism, 17 Temple Political & Civil Rights L.Rev. (2008), p. 699. Comparative Constitutional Law (eds., Kramer, Jane, Taking The Veil: How 1999), p. 733. France’s Public Schools Became A Battle- Jenkins, Laura Dudley, Identity and Identifi- ground In A Culture War, The New York- cation in India (2003), p. 289. er (Nov. 22, 2004), p. 571. Johnson, The Legal Status of Church–State Krauss, Clifford, Court Says Canada’s Con- Relationships in the United States (1934), stitution Does Not Bar Same–Sex Mar- p. 487. riage, NY Times (Dec. 9, 2004), p. 342. Johnson, Lyndon B., Commencement Speech Krieger, Linda Hamilton, The Content Of Our at Howard University (1965), p. 12. Categories: A Cognitive Bias Approach To Johnson, Lyndon B., Speech Announcing Discrimination And Equal Employment Submission of the Voting Rights Act Opportunity, 47 Stan.L.Rev. (1995), p. (1965), p. 4. 104. Jolls, Christine & Sunstein, Cass, The Law of Krieger, Linda Hamilton & Fiske, Susan T., Implicit Bias, 94 Cal.L.Rev. (2006), p. 107. Behavioral Realism in Employment Dis- Josephson, Jyl, Citizenship, Same–Sex Mar- crimination Law: Implicit Bias and Dis- riage, and Feminist Critiques of Marriage, parate Treatment, 94 Cal.L.Rev. (2006), p. Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 3, No. 2 107. (June 2005), p. 404. Joshua, Anita, A French Experiment in Affir- Labi, Aisha, Lessons From—Quelle Horr- mative Action, The Hindu (Feb. 3, 2007), eur!—Les Am´ericains: France’s Venerable p. 298. Political-Science Institute Adopts Contro- Jost, Rudman, Blair et al, The Existence of versial Reforms, The Chronicle of Higher Implicit Bias is Beyond Reasonable Doubt: Education (Sept. 2, 2005), p. 298. A Refutation of Ideological and Methodo- Lau, Holning & Stotzer, Rebecca L., Employ- logical Objections and Executive Summary ment Discrimination Based on Sexual Or- of Ten Studies That No Manager Should ientation: A Hong Kong Study, Employ Ignore, 29 Research in Organizational Be- Respons Rights J. (2010), p. 214. havior (2009), p. 107. Lawrence, Charles, ‘‘When the Defendants are Foxes Too: The Need for Intervention by Minorities in ‘Reverse Discrimination’ Kang, Jerry, Implicit Bias: A Primer for Suits Like Bakke,’’ 34 Guild Practitioner Courts, National Center for State Courts (1976–1977), p. 270. (2009), p. 109. Lawrence III, Charles R., The Id, The Ego Karlan, Pamela S. & Rutherglen, George, And Equal Protection: Reckoning With Disabilities, Discrimination, and Reason- Unconscious Racism, 39 Stan.L.Rev. able Accomodation, 46 Duke L.J. (1996), (1987), p. 99. p. 38. Leckey, Robert, Thick Instrumentalism and Karst, Kenneth, Equal Citizenship under the Comparative Constitutionalism: The Case Fourteenth Amendment, 91 Harv.L.Rev. of Gay Rights, 40 Colum.Hum.Rts.L.Rev. (1977), p. 9. (2009), p. 346. TABLE OF AUTHORITIES xlvii

Lee, Donna R., Mail Fantasy: Global Sexual the Kwazulu–Natal Constitution, 41. Exploitation in the Mail–Order Bride In- Vand. J. Transat’l L. (2008), pp. 719, 728– dustry and Proposed Legal Solutions, 5 729. Asian L.J. (1998), p. 405. Martins, S´ergio Da Silva, Medeiros, Carlos Lempert, Richard O., Kidder, William C., Alberto, Nascimento, Elisa Larkin, Paving Clydesdale, Timothy T., & Chambers, Paradise: The Road From ‘‘Racial Democ- David L., Affirmative Action in American racy’’ to Affirmative Action in Brazil, Law Schools: A Critical Response to Rich- Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 34, No. 6 ard Sander’s ‘‘A Reply to Critics’’ (Febru- (Jul. 2004), p. 302. ary 2006), U. of Michigan Law & Econom- Mathis, Andrew E., Holocaust Denial, A Defi- ics, Olin Working Paper No. 06–001, p. 271. nition, in Conspiracy Theories in Ameri- Lenhardt, R.A., Beyond Analogy: Perez v. can History: An Encyclopedia (Peter Sharp, Antimiscegenation Law, and the Knight, ed. ABC–CLIO 2003), p. 639. Fight for Same–Sex Marriage, 96 Cal. Matsuda, Mari, Looking Beyond the Bottom: L.Rev. (2008), p. 313. Critical Legal Studies and Reparations, Letter from Herbert E. Hawkes, dean of Co- 22 Harvard Civil Rights—Civil Liberties lumbia College, to E.B. Wilson, June 16, L.Rev. (1987), p. 54. 1922 (reprinted in Qualified Student), p. Mauer, Marc, Racial Impact Statements as a 260. Means of Reducing Unwarranted Sentenc- Lewis, Jane, The End of Marriage? Individu- ing Disparities, 5 Ohio State Journal of alism and Intimate Relations (2001), p. Criminal Law (2007), p. 72. 405. Mayerson, Arlene B., & Yee, Silvia, The ADA Liptak, Adam, Religion Largely Absent in Ar- and Models of Equality, 62 Ohio State L. gument About Cross, NY Times (Oct. 7, 535 (2001), p. 42. 2009), p. 501. McSmith, Andy, The Big Question: Why does Litwack, Leon F., Been in the Storm so Long the marriage rate continue to decline, and (1979), p. 309. does the trend matter?, The Independent Lucas, Richard E., Clark, Andrew E., Geor- gellis, Yannis, and Diener, Ed, Reexam- (UK) (Feb. 13, 2009), p. 386. ining Adaptation and the Set Point Model Mehta, Pratap Bhanu, Dear Prime Minister, of Happiness: Reactions to Changes in Indian Express (May 23, 2009), p. 291. Marital Status, Journal of Personality and Meng, Eddy, Mail-Order Brides: Gilded Pros- Social Psychology, Vol. 84, No. 3 (2003), p. titution and the Legal Response, 28 U. 404. Mich. J.L. Reform (1994–1995), p. 405. Lyall, Sarah, British High Court Says Jewish Mill, John Stuart, On Liberty and the Subjec- School’s Ethnic–Based Admissions Policy tion of Women (1879), p. 404. is Illegal, NY Times (Dec. 16, 2009), p. Millett, Kate, The Prostitution Papers: A 584. Candid Dialogue, p. 405. Mody, Nawaz B., The Shah Bano Judgment MacKinnon, Catharine, Sex Equality, 2d Edi- and Its Aftermath, Asian Survey Vol. 27, tion, p. 405. No. 8 (Aug. 1987), p. 594. Madrazo, Alejandro & Vela, Estefania, Con- MPs Defeat Bid to Reopen Same–Sex Mar- stitutional Review: The Mexican Supreme riage, CBC News (Dec. 7, 2006), p. 344. Court’s (Sexual) Revolution?, 89 Tex. Mukul, Akshaya, Centre Supports UP’s Law L.Rev. (2011), p. 402. on Quota in Private Institutes, Times of Mahajan, Vaibhav, Lacunae in Laws against India (Mar. 26, 2010), p. 289. Child Marriages in India (May 29, 2010), Murthy, Sharmila L., Iraq’s Constitutional p. 406. Mandate to Justly Distribute Water: The Mahmood, Dr. Tahir, Muslim Personal Law Implications of Federalism, Islam, Inter- (1977), p. 593. national Law and Human Rights, 42 Geo. Makhanya, Mondli, We Must Now Get to Wash. Int’l L.Rev. (2011), p. 728. Grips with the New, Diverse South African Family, Sunday Times (South Africa) Myrdal, An American Dilemma (1944), p. 84. (May 18, 2008), p. 221. Malawi Gay Couple Get Maximum Sentence Narula, Smita, Broken People: Caste Violence of 14 Years, British Broadcasting Corpora- tion (May 20, 2010), p. 403. Against India’s ‘‘Untouchables’’ (Patricia Marina, et al, Sharing Motherhood: Biologi- Gossman ed., 1999), p. 129. cal Lesbian Co-mothers, a New IVF Indi- Narula, Smita, Equal by Law, Unequal by cation, Human Reproduction, Vol. 25, No. Caste: The ‘‘Untouchable’’ Condition in 4 (2010), p. 385. Critical Race Perspective, 26 Wis. Int’l L.J. Marois, Pierre, Religion, Private Schools and (2010), p. 231. the Duty of Reasonable Accommodation: Nesiah, Vasuki, Federalism and Diversity in Looking Beyond the Trees to the Forest, Le India in Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negoti- Devoir (2005), p. 34. ating Competing Claims in Multi–Ethnic Marshfield, Jonathan L., Authorizing Subna- States, Yash Ghai, ed. (2000), p. 715. tional Constitutions in Transitional Feder- Nussbaum, Martha C., The Prohibition Era al States: South Africa, Democracy, and (Review of Covering: The Hidden Assault xlviii TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

On Our Civil Rights, by Kenji Yoshino), Polgreen, Lydia, Nigeria Counts 100 Deaths The New Republic (2006), p. 48. Over Danish Caricatures, NY Times (Feb. 24, 2006), p. 666. O’Cinneide, Colin, Age discrimination and Post, Robert, Prejudicial Appearances: The the European Court of Justice: EU Equali- Logic of American Antidiscrimination ty Law Comes of Age, Law and European Law, 88 California L.Rev. (2000), p. 95. Affairs (2009–2010/2), pp. 200, 712. Post, Robert C. & Siegel, Reva B., Equal Ogletree Jr, Charles J., Repairing the Past: Protection by Law: Federal Antidiscrimi- New Efforts in the Reparations Debate in nation Legislation After Morrison and Ki- America, 38 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil mel, 110 Yale L.J. (2000), p. 681. Liberties L.Rev. (2003), p. 52. 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Sabbagh, Daniel, Affirmative Action and the Smith, Craig S., Paris Journal: Poor and Group–Disadvantaging Principle, Issues Muslim? Jewish? Soup Kitchen Is Not for in Legal Scholarship (2003), p. 25. You, NY Times (Feb. 28, 2006), p. 299. Sabbagh, Daniel, Affirmative Action at Sci- South Asian Human Rights Documentation ences Po, French Politics, Culture and So- Centre, Prevention of Atrocities Act: Un- ciety (Fall 2002), p. 292. used Ammunition (Aug. 2003), p. 233. Saghal, Gita, and Yuval–Davis, Nira, Refus- Srivastava, D.K., Progress of Sexual Harass- ing Holy Orders, Women and Fundamen- ment Law in India, China and Hong talism in Britain (2000), p. 578. Sander, Richard H., A Systematic Analysis of Kong: Prognosis for Further Reform, 51 Affirmative Action in American Law Harvard International L.J. Online (Aug. Schools, 57 Stan.L.Rev. (2004), p. 271. 11, 2010), p. 231. Sarkozy, Nicolas, Man and God in France, Star, The, Equality for all? Not by a Long Timothy Lehmann on ’La R´epublique, les Shot—Statistics; Men are Earning Up to religions, l’esp´erance, Policy Review 65% More than Their Female Counter- (April–May 2005), p. 511. parts, (South Africa) (Oct. 6, 2010), p. 221 Sautman, Barry, The Politics of Racial Dis- Stelter, Brian, A Fringe Pastor a Fiery Stunt crimination in Hong Kong, Maryland Ser- and the Media Spotlight’s Glare, NY ies in Contemporary Asian Studies, Num- Times (Sept. 10, 2010), p. 622. ber 2 at 3 (2002), p. 215. Suk, Julie C., From Antidiscrimination to Schultz, Vicki, Telling Stories About Women Equality: Stereotypes and the Life Cycle in and Work: Judicial Interpretations of Sex the United States and Europe, 60 Am. J. Segregation in the Workplace in Title VII of Comp. Law (forthcoming 2012), p. Cases Raising the Lack of Interest Argu- 33. ment, 103 Harv.L.Rev. (1990), p. 123. Suk, Julie C., Procedural Path Dependence: Sciolino, Elaine, Appointment of Arab Prefect Discrimination and the Civil–Criminal Fans French Angst Over Affirmative Ac- tion, International Herald Tribune (Jan. Divide, 85 Wash.U.L.Rev. (2008), pp. 81, 15, 2004), p. 299. 124. Selmi, Michael, Proving Intentional Discrimi- Sullivan, Kathleen M., Sins of Discrimina- nation: The Reality of Supreme Court tion: Last Term’s Affirmative Action Rhetoric, 86 Georgetown L.J. (1997), p. Cases, 100 Harv.L.Rev. (1986), p. 250. 76. Swaine, Jon, Allowing Pupils to opt out of Shultz and Zedeck, Predicting Lawyer Effec- school prayer is wrong, says Archbishop of tiveness: A New Assessment for Use in Wales, The Telegraph (Aug. 7, 2009), p. Law School Admission Decisions (2009), 500. p. 270. Siegel, Reva B., Equality Talk: Antisubordi- nation and Anticlassification Values in Tagliabue, John, French Lesson: Taunts on Constitutional Struggles Over Brown, 117 Race Can Boomerang, NY Times (Sept. Harv.L.Rev. (2004), p. 27. 21, 2005), p. 299. Siegel, Reva, Why Equal Protection No Long- Tavernise, Sabrina, Elected Chief of Turkey er Protects: The Evolving Forms Of Sta- Warns Army, NY Times (April 29, 2007), tus–Enforcing State Action, 49 Stan.L.Rev. p. 561. (1997), p. 8. Tavernise, Sabrina, Top Generals Quit in Simone de Beauvoir Institute, The, Concordia Group, Stunning Turks, NY Times (July University, ‘‘Reasonable Accommodation: 30, 2011), p. 561. A Feminist Response’’ (November 2007), Tavernise, Sabrina, Under A Scarf, A Turk- p. 41. , NY Times Sitaraman, Ganesh, The Use and Abuse of ish Lawyer Fighting to Wear it Foreign Law in Constitutional Interpreta- (Feb. 9, 2008), p. 560. tion, 32 H.V.J.L.P.P. (Spring, 2009), p. Thayer, Religion in Public Education (1947), 290. p. 487. Smith, Catherine, Equal Protection for Chil- Thernstrom, Stephan & Thernstrom, Abigail, dren of Gay and Lesbian Parents: Chal- America in Black and White: One Nation, lenging the Three Pillars of Exclusion— Indivisible (1997), pp. 64, 291. Legitimacy, Dual–Gender Parenting, and Biology, 28 Law and Inequality (2010), p. 334. Vargas, Jorge A., Freedom of Religion and Smith, Craig S., Elite French Schools Block Public Worship in Mexico: A Legal Com- the Poor’s Path to Power, NY Times (Dec. mentary on the 1992 Federal Act on Reli- 18, 2005), p. 298. gious Matters, B.Y.U.L.Rev. (1998), p. 521. Smith, Craig S., France Has an Underclass, Villanueva, Joanne, The Power of Procedure: but Its Roots Are Still Shallow, NY Times The Critical Role of Minority Intervention (Nov. 6, 2005), p. 299. in the Wake of Ricci v. DeStefano, 99:4 Smith, Craig S., France is Trying, Discretely, California L.Rev. (2011), p. 270. To Integrate Television a Bit, NY Times (Nov. 16, 2005), p. 299. l TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

Washington, Tanya Monique, All Things Be- Williams, Wendy W., The Equality Crisis: ing Equal: The Promise of Affirmative Ef- Some Reflections on Culture, Courts and forts to Eradicate Color–Coded Inequality Feminism, 14 Women’s Rights Law Re- in the United States and Brazil, 21 Na- porter (1992), p. 37. tional Black L.J. (2009), pp. 300, 301. Witmer and Kotinsky, Personality in the Weisskopf, Thomas E., Affirmative Action in the United States and India (2004), pp. Making (1952), p. 84. 289, 291. Wollstonecraft, Mary, A Vindication of the Whittle, Richard, The Framework Directive Rights of Woman (1792), pp. 309, 404. for Equal Treatment in Employment and Occupation: An Analysis From a Disabili- ty Rights Perspective, 27 Eur.L.Rev. Yoshino, Kenji, Covering, 111 Yale L.J. (2002), p. 192. (2002), p. 46.