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The Legacy of News Media Censorship in Central Europe

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The Legacy of News Media Censorship in Central Europe The Legacy of News Media Censorship in Central Europe Thesis By Anja Duričić Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts In Communication and Mass Media State University of New York Empire State College 2018 Reader: Dr. Todd Nesbitt Statutory Declaration / Čestné prohlášení I, Anja Duričić, declare that the paper entitled: Censorship of News Media in the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary: Case Study was written by myself independently, using the sources and information listed in the list of references. I am aware that my work will be published in accordance with § 47b of Act No. 111/1998 Coll., On Higher Education Institutions, as amended, and in accordance with the valid publication guidelines for university graduate theses. Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto práci vypracoval/a samostatně s použitím uvedené literatury a zdrojů informací. Jsem vědom/a, že moje práce bude zveřejněna v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb., o vysokých školách ve znění pozdějších předpisů, a v souladu s platnou Směrnicí o zveřejňování vysokoškolských závěrečných prací. In Prague, 7. 12. 2017 Anja Duričić Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my mentor, Dr. Todd Nesbitt for his consultations, advice and encouragement which helped me finish my thesis. Additionally, I would like to thank all my friends and family who helped me shape my thoughts and supported me during my writing process. Table of Contents Statutory Declaration / Čestné prohlášení .................................................................... 2 Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................... 3 Table of Contents.............................................................................................................4 Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 5 I. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 6 II. A History of Censorship ............................................................................................ 8 II.I. Early Restrictions ................................................................................................. 10 II.II Censorship in Modern Times ............................................................................... 13 III. Types of Censorship ............................................................................................... 15 III.I Self-Censorship .................................................................................................... 15 III.II Market Censorship .............................................................................................. 17 III.III Overt Governmental Censorship ....................................................................... 19 IV. Censorship and Society .......................................................................................... 21 IV.I. Deontological and Utilitarian Approaches ......................................................... 22 IV.II Justifications for Censorship .............................................................................. 24 IV.III Consequences of Censorship ............................................................................ 26 V. Case Studies .............................................................................................................. 30 V.I. The Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe ........................................................ 30 V.II Post-communist Media ........................................................................................ 32 V.III The Czech Republic ........................................................................................... 37 V.IV Poland................................................................................................................. 43 V.V Hungary ............................................................................................................... 51 V.VI Summary of Case studies ................................................................................... 58 VI. Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 61 Works Cited: ................................................................................................................. 64 Bibliography: ................................................................................................................. 74 Abstract This paper examines the concept of censorship related to the news media, and its role in society throughout history. It traces the different understandings and incentives behind censorship in different periods by a range of stakeholders; including what the initial motivations to censor were, and how and why these may have changed. Using a case study approach, the paper examines types of censorship occurring in the news media from the end of the Second World War to the present in three central European countries - the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary. The paper focuses on these countries due to their recent historical development and experience with both oppressive and liberal regimes. Additionally, the paper seeks to compare and contrast similarities and differences in censorship in the given countries in connection to recent or imminent changes in legislation regarding the role of the news media. I. Introduction Censorship is most commonly understood as limitations imposed by authorities to the flow and dissemination of information in society. It includes not only information distributed via the news media, but also various forms of entertainment or art that is for different reasons deemed inappropriate by censoring bodies (Bloom-Cooper, 1977). It can be said that the practice of censorship is as old as the humanity itself, as will later parts of this paper demonstrate. Starting from ancient Greece and Rome, where being a censor was considered to be an honourable task, up until the present, the main reasons for censorship have remained unchanged. These tend to be protection of citizens from content that could supposedly harm their moral values, endanger them physically, or that could be perceived as a threat to national security (Oxford Dictionary, n.d.). Throughout history, censorship of news media in particular can be observed, as those media have always been the main source of information for citizens. The role of the news media is to facilitate the creation of a public sphere where, ideally, as Habermas (1962) suggests, open and rational discussion would take place creating healthy social environment. However, the restrictions regarding the flow of information can be observed in all political regimes. In totalitarian regimes where dictatorship exists, censorship is often overtly conducted by governments, whereas in democratic regimes, censorship is more subtle and its source is the individual themselves as will be later discussed in more detail. Eastern and central Europe has experienced a significant amount of censorship in its changing political environments over the past 100 years. Starting with the situation during the two world wars, followed by the communist regime and its later collapse, the societies have undergone a remarkable path to reach the freedom that they enjoy 6 nowadays. However, recent situations in some countries in the region indicate that certain forms of news media censorship may be rising again. Knowing the histories of those countries it is highly worrying that the legacy of the communist regime, that seemed to have been discredited, has persisted, and may influence further development of painfully won freedom. The aim of this paper is to explore the history and philosophy of censorship, and to examine the nature of it in the news media in three central European countries in the post-World War II period, in order to assess change and/or continuity in approaches. Case studies of the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary will be used to illustrate trends. To understand censorship and how it occurs in societies, one has to look at the origins of censorship and how it developed and persisted. Thus, in the first part of this paper, the beginnings of censorship will be examined. To try to better understand the nature of change affecting the news media in Poland and Hungary, and possible developments in the Czech Republic, their recent histories and development after World War II will be focused on. Finally, it will seek to find evidence of differences and similarities in the censorship in the given countries in connection to contemporary movements to affect legislation regarding restrictions on the news media in society 7 II. A History of Censorship “Censorship always defeats its own purpose, for it creates in the end the kind of society that is incapable of exercising real discretion. In the long run it will create a generation incapable of appreciating the difference between independence of thought and subservience.” (Henry Steele Commanger, n.d.) Censorship, as defined by Oxford Dictionary, can be understood as a “suppression or prohibition of any part of book, films, news, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security” (n.d.). However, there are many other definitions of the term that incorporate aspects of everyday life into the definition. Jurgen Wilke (2013) defines censorship as “a
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