A Linguistic Critique of Pakistani-American Fiction
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
CULTURAL AND IDEOLOGICAL REPRESENTATIONS THROUGH PAKISTANIZATION OF ENGLISH: A LINGUISTIC CRITIQUE OF PAKISTANI-AMERICAN FICTION By Supervisor Muhammad Sheeraz Dr. Muhammad Safeer Awan 47-FLL/PHDENG/F10 Assistant Professor A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English To DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD April 2014 ii iii iv To my Ama & Abba (who dream and pray; I live) v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I owe special gratitude to my teacher and research supervisor, Dr. Muhammad Safeer Awan. His spirit of adventure in research, the originality of his ideas in regard to analysis, and the substance of his intellect in teaching have guided, inspired and helped me throughout this project. Special thanks are due to Dr. Kira Hall for having mentored my research works since 2008, particularly for her guidance during my research at Colorado University at Boulder. I express my deepest appreciation to Mr. Raza Ali Hasan, the warmth of whose company made my stay in Boulder very productive and a memorable one. I would also like to thank Dr. Munawar Iqbal Ahmad Gondal, Chairman Department of English, and Dean FLL, IIUI, for his persistent support all these years. I am very grateful to my honorable teachers Dr. Raja Naseem Akhter and Dr. Ayaz Afsar, and colleague friends Mr. Shahbaz Malik, Mr. Muhammad Hussain, Mr. Muhammad Ali, and Mr. Rizwan Aftab. I am thankful to my friends Dr. Abdul Aziz Sahir, Dr. Abdullah Jan Abid, Mr. Muhammad Awais Bin Wasi, Mr. Muhammad Ilyas Chishti, Mr. Shahid Abbas and Mr. Yasir Khan. Mr. Ali Asghar, Mr. Yaser Ali, Mr. Muhammad Haroon, Mr. Zaheer Mughal, Mr. Naeem Waseer, and Mr. Aziz Khan have also been providing their assistance to me in various tasks all through the process of this research. It is my pleasant duty to thank Mr. Liaqat Iqbal, my best friend, for reading and giving his valuable feedback on this thesis. Last, but by no means the least, I acknowledge the role of my brothers Shahbaz Khan, Sher Baz Dasti, Ayaz Ali Khan and Yawer Dasti, and my sister Sanam Dasti in making this project possible. vi DECLARATION I, Muhammad Sheeraz, Registration No. 47-FLL/PHDENG/F10, a student of PhD in English at International Islamic University Islamabad do hereby solemnly declare that the dissertation submitted by me in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English is my original work, except where otherwise acknowledged in the dissertation, and has not been submitted earlier, and shall not be submitted by me in future for obtaining any other degree from this or any other university. ...……………………… Signature of the candidate 2014 Muhammad Sheeraz vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acceptance by the viva voce committee iv Dedication v Acknowledgement vi Declaration vii Table of Contents viii Master List of Abbreviations xv Abstract xvi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Linguistic Criticism 3 1.2.1 Sociocultural linguistics and concepts of code switching and world Englishes 4 1.2.2 Postcolonial theory and concepts of representation and language appropriation 7 1.3 Arrival of English to the Subcontinent 8 1.4 Post-Independence Status of English and Language Policy in Pakistan 11 1.5 Pakistani Fiction in English 17 1.6 Statement of the Problem 20 1.7 Research Questions 21 1.7.1 Main research question 21 viii 1.7.2 Subsidiary research questions 21 1.8 Key Terms of the Study 22 1.8.1 Cultural and ideological representations 22 1.8.2 Pakistanization of English 22 1.8.3 Pakistani-American Fiction 22 1.9 Delimitations of the Study 23 1.9.1 Pakistani-American fiction texts selected 23 1.9.1.1 An American Brat by Bapsi Sidhwa 23 1.9.1.2 Home Boy by H. M. Naqvi 26 1.9.1.3 In Other Rooms, Other Wonders by Daniyal Mueenuddin 27 1.10 Rationale and Significance of the Study 28 1.11 Chapter Division 29 2 Literature Review 32 2.1 From Mimesis to Linguistic Criticism 32 2.2 Sociocultural Linguistics, World Englishes and Code Switching 43 2.3 Postcolonial Concepts of Language Appropriation and Representation 56 2.4 Criticism of the Texts under Study 68 3 Research Methodology 72 3.1 Conceptual Framework 72 3.2 Modes of Linguistic Features, their Contextual Areas and Strategies of Appropriation 74 ix 3.2.1 Kachru’s (1983) linguistic features of South Asian English and their contextual areas 74 3.2.2 Baumgardner, Kennedy and Shamim’s (1993) contextual areas of South Asian English 77 3.2.3 Chelliah’s (2006) linguistic features of South Asian English 81 3.2.4 Muthiah’s (2009) linguistic features of South Asian English 82 3.2.4.1 Morphological features 82 3.2.4.2 Syntactic features 82 3.2.4.3 Lexical features 86 3.2.4.4 Phonetic features 89 3.3 Postcolonial Model of Language Appropriation 92 3.3.1 Postcolonial representations 92 3.3.2 Strategies of language appropriation by Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffins (2002) 92 3.4 Data 95 3.5 Data Analysis 95 4 Analysis 97 4.1 Of Zap, Zia and Zareen: Bapsi Sidhwa’s An American Brat 98 x 4.1.1 Pakistani English features, their frequency and function in An American Brat 100 4.1.2 Conceptual areas of native words, their frequency and function in An American Brat 110 4.1.3 Strategies of appropriation, their frequency and function in An American Brat 115 4.1.4 Hybrid innovations, and their types, examples and number 120 4.2 From “Little Pakistan” to “Submarine Chowk”: H. M. Naqvi’s Home Boy 122 4.2.1 Pakistani English features, their frequency, and function in Home Boy 123 4.2.2 Contextual areas of native words, their frequency, and function in Home Boy 130 4.2.3 Strategies of appropriation, their frequency, and examples in Home Boy 136 4.2.4 Hybrid innovations, their types, examples and number in Home Boy 140 4.3 Of Deras and Dupattas: Daniyal Mueeddin’s In Other Rooms, Other Wonders 143 4.3.1 Pakistani English features, their frequency, and function in In Other Rooms, Other Wonders 143 4.3.2 Conceptual areas of native words, their frequency, and function in In Other Rooms, Other Wonders 147 4.3.3 Strategies of appropriation used in In Other Rooms, Other Wonders, and their frequency, and examples 153 xi 4.3.4 Hybrid innovations in In Other Rooms, Other Wonders, their types, examples and number 156 4.4 Three-Dimensional Model for Postcolonial Linguistic Critique 157 4.5 Discussion 161 4.5.1 Opinions of writers of the texts under study 164 5 Conclusion 170 5.1 Summary of Findings 170 5.1.1 Nature and extent of Pakistanization of English in Pakistani-American fiction 172 5.1.2 Implications of Pakistanization of English in Pakistani-American fiction 179 5.1.3 Cultural and ideological representations through Pakistanization of English 181 5.2 Limitations of the Study 197 5.3 Recommendations for future research and policy making 197 5.4 Conclusion 199 References 200 Appendices 227 List of Tables Table 3.1 Contextual areas of lexical transfer to South Asian English 79 xii Table 3.2 The Linguistic Features of South Asian English 91 Table 3.3 Strategies of Appropriation 94 Table 4.1 General Statistics of An American Brat 99 Table 4.2 Pakistani English Features in An American Brat 101 Table 4.3 Pakistani Semantic Contexts, their Examples and Frequency in An American Brat 110 Table 4.4 Strategies of Appropriation, their Examples and Number in An American Brat 116 Table 4.5 Hybrid Innovations, their Types, Examples and Number in An American Brat 120 Table 4.6 General Statistics of Home Boy 123 Table 4.7 Pakistani English Features in Home Boy 123 Table 4.8 Contextual Areas of Native Words, their Examples and Frequency in Home Boy 131 Table 4.9 Strategies of Appropriation, their Examples and Number in Home Boy 136 Table 4.10 Hybrid Innovations, their Types, Examples and Number in Home Boy 140 Table 4.11 General Statistics in In Other Rooms, Other Wonders 143 Table 4.12 Pakistani English Features in In Other Rooms, Other Wonders 144 Table 4.13 Pakistani Contextual Areas, their Examples and Frequency in In Other Rooms, Other Wonders 148 Table 4.14 Strategies of Appropriation, their Examples and Number in In Other Rooms, Other Wonders 154 Table 4.15 Hybrid Innovations in In Other Rooms, Other Wonders 156 xiii Table 4.16 Three-Dimensional Model for Postcolonial Linguistic Critique 158 Table 4.17 Indigenous Lexical Items Common in the Texts under Study 163 List of Figures Figure 4.1 Three-Dimensional Model for Postcolonial Linguistic Critique 160 xiv MASTER LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS [sic!] = shows that the preceding word is quoted exactly as it stands in the original AAB = An American Brat EFL = English as foreign language ENL = English as native language ESL = English as second language ff. = and the following pages HB = Home Boy IndE = Indian English IOROW = In Other Rooms, Other Wonders NA = Not applicable p. = page number PakE = Pakistani English SAE = South Asian English SALs = South Asian Languages xv ABSTRACT This study investigates the nature, scope and implications of and reasons for Pakistanization of English in Pakistani-American fiction. It draws upon the conceptual frameworks developed by Fowler (1996) and Muthiah (2009), and employs earlier models offered by Kachru (1983), Baumgardner, Kennedy and Shamim (1993), Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffins (2002), and the recent ones by Chelliah (2006), and Muthiah (2009) from the fields of linguistic criticism, sociocultural linguistics, world Englishes and postcolonial studies.