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AQUACULTURE TOXICOLOGY This page intentionally left blank AQUACULTURE TOXICOLOGY Edited by FREDERICK S.B. KIBENGE Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada BERNARDO BALDISSEROTTO Full Professor, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil ROGER SIE-MAEN CHONG Registered Veterinary Specialist of Fish Health and Production, Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, London, United Kingdom Registered Specialist of Veterinary Aquatic Animal Health, Queensland Veterinary Surgeons Board; Senior Veterinarian (Aquatic Pathology) Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, QLD, Australia Current affiliation: Australian Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD, Australia Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1650, San Diego, CA 92101, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-12-821337-7 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Mica Haley Acquisitions Editor: Patricia Osborn Editorial Project Manager: Billie Jean Fernandez Production Project Manager: Maria Bernard Cover Designer: Greg Harris Typeset by SPi Global, India Contents Contributors ix About the editors xi Preface xiii 1. Introduction to aquaculture 1 Frederick S.B. Kibenge 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Structure of the global aquaculture industry 2 1.3 Mollusk aquaculture 9 1.4 Crustacean aquaculture 10 1.5 Chemicals in aquaculture 10 1.6 Governance of aquaculture 11 References 12 2. General introduction to toxicology of aquatic animals 17 Bernardo Baldisserotto 2.1 Introduction to toxicology 17 2.2 Water quality criteria/guidelines 18 2.3 Intraspecies variation of toxicity 20 2.4 Models to predict toxicity of contaminants 21 References 22 3. Antifoulants and disinfectants 25 Samantha Eslava Martins and Camila de Martinez Gaspar Martins 3.1 Overview 25 3.2 Definitions and uses 26 3.3 Mode of action 28 3.4 Ecotoxicity and biological effects 33 3.5 Ecological risks and regulation 46 3.6 Further considerations 49 References 50 v vi Contents 4. Metals 59 Claudia B.R. Martinez, Juliana D. Simonato Rocha, and Paulo Cesar Meletti 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Biochemical effects 62 4.3 Physiological effects 67 4.4 Behavioral effects 69 References 73 5. Agrochemicals: Ecotoxicology and management in aquaculture 79 Vania Lucia Loro and Bárbara Estevão Clasen 5.1 Water and soil contamination by agrochemicals 79 5.2 Environmental contamination by agrochemicals and risk assessment in aquaculture: Effects on aquatic organisms and food for human consumption 82 5.3 Mitigation of agrochemicals 94 5.4 Agrochemicals banned from use in agriculture and aquaculture 98 5.5 Regulatory process for new chemicals and good agricultural practices 98 References 101 6. Pharmaceutical pollutants 107 Helena Cristina Silva de Assis 6.1 Introduction 107 6.2 Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment 108 6.3 Pharmaceutical sources and pathway to the environment 109 6.4 Pharmaceutical exposure effects in nontarget species 111 6.5 Final considerations 123 References 124 7. Oil and derivatives 133 Helen Sadauskas-Henrique, Luciana Rodrigues Souza-Bastos, and Grazyelle Sebrenski Silva 7.1 Oil and derivatives and the aquatic contamination 133 7.2 Aquaculture and the problem of oil and derivative contamination 137 Contents vii 7.3 Effects of oil and derivatives on fish species 140 7.4 Effects of oil and derivatives on mollusks and crustaceans 160 7.5 Interaction of oil and derivatives with water characteristics 169 7.6 Future perspectives on oil and derivative contamination and aquaculture 172 References 173 8. Ecotoxicological effects of microplastics and associated pollutants 189 Fábio Vieira de Araújo, Rebeca Oliveira Castro, Melanie Lopes da Silva, and Mariana Muniz Silva 8.1 Introduction 189 8.2 Impacts of microplastic on marine animals 190 8.3 Plastic additives 191 8.4 Microplastic and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) 195 8.5 Microplastics and metals 203 8.6 Microplastics and microorganisms: The plastisphere 205 8.7 Microplastics and other compounds 213 8.8 Final considerations 214 References 216 Index 229 This page intentionally left blank Contributors Bernardo Baldisserotto Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil Ba´rbara Esteva˜o Clasen Department of Environmental Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Sul, Tr^es Passos, RS, Brazil Rebeca Oliveira Castro Programa de Po´s Graduac¸a˜o em Biologia Marinha e Ambientes Costeiros, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Nitero´i, RJ, Brazil Camila de Martinez Gaspar Martins Universidade Federal do Rio Grande—FURG, Instituto de Ci^encias Biolo´gicas, Rio Grande/RS, Brazil Fa´bio Vieira de Arau´jo Faculdade de Formac¸a˜o de Professores, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Sa˜o Gonc¸alo, RJ, Brazil Grazyelle Sebrenski Silva Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Brazil Luciana Rodrigues Souza-Bastos Instituto de Tecnologia para o Desenvolvimento (LACTEC), Laborato´rio de Toxicologia e Avaliac¸a˜o Ambiental, Ambiental, Curitiba, Brazil Mariana Muniz Silva Programa de Po´s Graduac¸a˜o em Biologia Marinha e Ambientes Costeiros, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Nitero´i, RJ, Brazil Melanie Lopes da Silva Laborato´rio de Ecologia e Din^amica B^entica Marinha, Faculdade de Formac¸a˜o de Professores, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Sa˜o Gonc¸alo, RJ, Brazil Frederick S.B. Kibenge Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada Vania Lucia Loro Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil Paulo Cesar Meletti Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Claudia B.R. Martinez Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Samantha Eslava Martins Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment Section, Oslo, Norway; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande—FURG, Instituto de Ci^encias Biolo´gicas, Rio Grande/RS, Brazil Helena Cristina Silva de Assis Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Parana´, Curitiba, Parana´, Brazil ix x Contributors Helen Sadauskas-Henrique Universidade Santa Cecı´lia (Unisanta), Laborato´rio de Biologia de Organismos Marinhos e Costeiros (LABOMAC), Santos, Brazil Juliana D. Simonato Rocha Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil About the editors Dr. Frederick S.B. Kibenge is Professor of Virology at the Atlantic Vet- erinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada, where he has been Chairman of the Department of Pathology and Microbiology for several years, and teaches veterinary virology in the second year of the DVM curriculum. He has been working with animal viruses for more than 30years in addition to prior extensive postdoc- toral research experience in virology in the United Kingdom and the United States. He is a Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Microbiol- ogists, ACVM (subspecialty Immunology). He has published extensively