The Yale Review of International Studies International of Review Yale The The Yale Review of International Studies VOLUME 4, ISSUE 2, WINTER 2014 The Business of Love: Inside Shanghai’s “Marriage Market” Aaron Berman 9 “Clearance that Even the President Doesn’t Have” An Interview with Daniel Ellsberg 11 Beware of Dog: Bluff and Denial in Saddam Hussein’s Iraq Samuel Obletz 27 Correcting Distorted Incentives in China’s Health Care System Anna Cornelius-Schecter 43 Obliteration and Affirmation: The Language of Suprematism in Malevich’s Late Work Oliver Preston 55 Conditional Convenience: Venezuelan Support for FARC Since Hugo Chávez Miguel G. Goncalves 91 The Sword Also Means Cleanness Grayson Clary 109 EDITORS-IN-CHIEF Samuel Obletz, Grayson Clary EXECUTIVE EDITOR Allison Lazarus MANAGING EDITORS Erwin Li, Talya Lockman-Fine SENIOR EDITORS Aaron Berman, Adrian Lo, Anna Meixler, Apsara Iyer, Jane Darby Menton EDITORS Abdul-Razak Zachariah, Andrew Tran, Elizabeth de Ubl, Miguel Gabriel Goncalves, Miranda Melcher, Nils Metter DESIGN Martha Kang McGill and Grace Robinson-Leo CONTRIBUTORS Nils Metter, Allison Lazarus, Aaron Berman, Andrew Tran, Grayson Clary, Samuel Obletz, Anna Cornelius-Schecter, Oliver Preston, Alessandra Powell, Wishcha (Geng) Ngarmboonanant, Miguel G. Goncalves ACADEMIC ADVISORS Paul Kennedy, CBE Amanda Behm J. Richardson Dilworth Associate Director, Professor of History, International Security Yale University Studies, Yale University Walter Russell Mead Beverly Gage James Clarke Chace Professor of History, Professor of Foreign Yale University Affairs, Bard College Nuno Monteiro Ambassador Ryan Crocker Assistant Professor Kissinger Senior Fellow, of Political Science, Jackson Institute, Yale Yale University University Jolyon Howorth Visiting Professor of Political Science, Yale University The Yale Review of International Studies 3 Letter from the Editors COMMENTS 5 No Respite — The Euro Crisis and the CFSP Nils Metter 7 Janet Yellen and International Impact at the Federal Reserve Allison Lazarus 9 The Business of Love: Inside Shanghai’s “Marriage Market” Aaron Berman INTERVIEWS 11 “Clearance that Even the President Doesn’t Have” An Interview with Daniel Ellsberg 21 “A Completely Muddleheaded, Confused, Angry Young Guy” An interview with James Reston Jr. ESSAYS 27 Beware of Dog: Bluff and Denial in Saddam Hussein’s Iraq Samuel Obletz 43 Correcting Distorted Incentives in China’s Health Care System Anna Cornelius-Schecter 55 Obliteration and Affirmation: The Language of Suprematism in Malevich’s Late Work Oliver Preston 65 Information Communication Technologies: A Double-Edged Sword Alessandra Powell 75 Dictatorial Tendencies: Chaudhry and Pakistan’s Supreme Court Wishcha (Geng) Ngarmboonanant 91 Conditional Convenience: Venezuelan Support for FARC Since Hugo Chávez Miguel G. Goncalves BOOK REVIEWS 109 The Sword Also Means Cleanness Grayson Clary Dear Reader: In this issue of the Yale Review of International Studies, the seventh since our founding, we’re proud to continue and renew our commitment to providing the best possible platform for the outstanding student scholarship produced at this university. Having welcomed work from across the country in our last issue, we return in this installment to our roots: highlighting the diversity and depth of our student body’s body of work. These pages include, among other essays, a study of the Chinese healthcare system, a reflection on the work of Kazimir Malevich, and a psychoanalytical inquiry into Saddam Hussein. These we bring together under the heading of international studies, not because of disciplinary sympathies among them but because of a conviction that thoughtful critique has little respect for the constraints of the disciplines. Joining this remarkable crop of essays is a suite of pieces from our editorial staff, a collection that features Nils Metter on the European Union’s Common Security and Defence Policy; Allison Lazarus on the choice of Janet Yellen to head the Federal Reserve; and Aaron Berman on the forces at work in Shanghai’s marriage market. Grayson Clary contributes a review of Lawrence in Arabia, Scott Anderson’s recent entry in the hagiography of British scholar-soldier T.E. Lawrence. Alongside these works, we present a pair of interviews with Daniel Ellsberg (of Pentagon Papers fame) and James Reston Jr., who has written a new contribution to the field of Kennedy assassination studies. We juxtapose the two on the instinct that the roiling counterpoint of conspiracy and dis- closure has enjoyed a peculiar influence in American history. This dynamic is compellingly in force today in a political cul- ture that attends to both the continued disclosures of Edward Snowden and the fiftieth anniversary of the killing of John Fitzgerald Kennedy. 3 It’s been our pleasure to bring these pieces together; as always, we hope you’ll enjoy reading them and consider submit- ting your own work for publication. Sincerely, The Editors 4 No Respite — The Euro Crisis and the CFSP Nils Metter Looking at the European Union from integration, which is partly a step an outside perspective — let’s say towards greater political integration. from Yale — leads almost inevitably Nonetheless, ignoring the lack of to one question: When will they common foreign policy stances now finally solve their economic crisis? will severely harm Europe’s ability Currently, the world has primarily to be a stabilizing factor in the world, one interest in the EU, and that even after a hoped-for economic is the recovery of the globe’s largest recovery. economy. This is understandable During the last four years, the and certainly legitimate. Neverthe- European agenda has been domi- less, anyone who has a stake in nated by stabilizing the Union’s Europe’s trajectory should look at economy. Roughly a year after the broader picture: The EU as the onset of this ongoing debacle, a global player has no bright future another international crisis emerged: without a Common Foreign and the Arab Spring. This kaleidoscope Security Policy (CFSP). of revolutions and civil wars struck Freshly reelected German Chan- right on the doorstep of the EU. cellor Angela Merkel points out that And to address such events, institu- Europe, while comprising 7 percent tions like the CFSP and its major of the world population and 25 per- branch, the Common Security and cent of global GDP, is responsible Defence Policy, were established. for roughly half of worldwide social Still, when it came to specific and spending. And if the Union wants crucial decisions about military to remain a shaper of world poli- engagement, countries could not find tics, it must balance spending with a common ground. Germany even income and productivity. However, abstained from the United Nations what the European crisis showed on resolution authorizing a no-fly zone a regional scale is that separating in Libya, while two days later the economics from politics simply does United States intervened alongside not work: a single type of currency France and Britain. If the EU wants for 17 different countries without to play the role of an influential fiscal and political coherence can- global power, then a basic prereq- not succeed. Currently, the primary uisite is a cohesive strategy for focus in the EU is on more fiscal Europe’s immediate neighborhood. COMMENT 5 But why should the US care about scale, it seems highly unlikely that a geopolitically weak EU? A Euro- the EU can expect to maintain world- pean attempt to substitute a real wide influence without a coherent common foreign policy with eco- foreign policy. Economic prosperity nomic stability would have two always works in a specific political negative effects on the US. First, it frame. Within Europe, the lack of would increase the uncertainty about agreement over political framing has possible future collaborations, led to an economic downturn that meaning the US would have to reas- yet to be resolved. Internationally, sess its relationships with several the influence of theEU is not based countries. As we’ve seen, even when on pure economic power either, but a crisis like the Libyan civil war relies on sufficient political unity arises that pertains to both parties’ paired with the capacity and cred- interests, only an ad-hoc coalition ibility to execute common strategies. can form, leaving the vast responsi- The EU and US have interests bility to few powers. A second issue in other regions, and most of these is the loss of EU capacity to address interests are of an interconnected Middle Eastern security issues. If security-economic nature. Both rec- the compromise building process ognize that their own prosperity took place within the EU, then more and security also rely on economic countries would be driven to com- and political stability around the bine resources. Germany was able to world. A growing European Union abstain from voting on the UN’s reso- is of vital interest to the US and its lution because committing to Euro- trade partners worldwide; all the pean unity in foreign affairs was not same, it is not enough. The ability its primary objective: both upcoming to act as one entity in international elections and public opinion polls affairs is necessary to project sta- indicated no support for foreign bility. The Euro crisis must not be intervention. The current shift in used as an excuse to put off political US foreign policy towards Asia and integration, but as a lesson in the less direct intervention has a clear importance of making the Common impact on responsibilities; the US Foreign and Security Policy a reality. will have to rely more on Europe to tackle problems within their sphere Nils Metter (’17) is a freshman in Ezra Stiles College. of influence. On the other hand, the EU (and Germany in particular) must accept that, for the immediate future, they can expect less direct assistance from the other side of the Atlantic. Drawing an analogy from intra- European affairs to an international METTER 6 Janet Yellen and International Impact at the Federal Reserve Allison Lazarus Barack Obama recently announced ics — as well as other fields — more his nomination of Janet Yellen as broadly.