Geobotanical Survey of Cabo Verde Islands (West Africa)
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International Journal of Geobotanical Research, Vol. nº 7. 2017. pp. 1-103 Geobotanical survey of Cabo Verde Islands (West Africa) (1) (2) (2) (3) Salvador RIVAS-MARTÍNEZ , Mario LOUSÃ , Jose Carlos COSTA & Maria Cristina DUARTE (1) Phytosociological Research Center, 28400 Collado-Villalba, Madrid, Spain.. (2) Instituto Superior de Agronomía. Universiadde Técnica de Lisloa. Centro de Botánica Aplicada à Agricultura. Tapada da Ajuda.1349-017 Lisboa. Portugal. (3) Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal Abstract: The results of the study of the bioclimate, biogeography, flora and vegetation of Cabo Verde Islands, after seven years of field works in all inhabited isles are presented in this paper. Tropical hyperdesertic to pluviseasonal, upper infra- to low supratropical and upper ultrahyperarid to upper dry, and occasionaly lower subhumid (short period years), are the bioclimates in these archipelago. Biogeographically they are situated in the Paleotropical Kingdom, Afrotropical Sub- kingdom, Tropical Saharan Region, and Cabo Verde Province. Eight new species are described: Acacia caboverdeana, Asphodelus mariolousae, Frankenia pseudoericifolia, Hyparrhenia caboverdeana, Lotus chevalieri, Polycarpaea caboverdeana, Suaeda caboverdeana and Tetraena vicentina, and also fifteen new combinations are proposed. In taxo- nomic phytosociology, five new classis: Cocculo penduli-Sarcostemmetea daltonii, Heteropogonetea contorti, Tetrae- netea simplicis, Frankenio pseudoericifoliae-Suaedetea caboverdeanae and Arthrocnemetea franzii; nine new orders: Euphorbio tuckeyanae-Sarcostemmetalia daltonii, Dichrostachyo platycarpae-Acacietalia caboverdeanae, Melinio grandiflorae-Heteropogonetalia contorti, Aristido cardosoi-Tetraenetalia simplicis, Frankenio pseudoericifoliae-Suae- detalia caboverdeanae, Artrocnemetalia franzii, Sesuvietalia sesuvioidis, Kickxietalia elegantis and Euphorbietalia prostrato-hirtae; fourteen new alliances: Asparago squarrosi-Sarcostemmion daltonii, Globulario amygdalifoliae- Periplocion chevalieri, Fico gnaphalocarpae-Acacion caboverdeanae, Phoenicion atlanticae, Tamaricion senegalensis, Heteropogonion melanocarpo-contorti, Aristido cardosoi-Tetraenion simplicis, Polycarpaeo caboverdeanae-Tetrae- nion waterlotii, Arthrocnemion franzii, Sesuvion sesuvioidis, Adiantion trifidi, Kickxion elegantis, Adiantion inciso- philippensis and Trianthemion portulacastri and, finally, fifty two new associations: Cocculo penduli-Sarcostemmetum daltonii, Campylantho spathulati-Sarcostemmetum daltonii, Frankenio caboverdeanae-Asparagetum squarrosi, Aeonio gogonei-Sarcostemmetum daltonii, Echio stenosiphonis-Euphorbietum tuckeyanae, Suaedo caboverdeanae-Aspara- getum squarrosii, Tetraeno waterlotii-Sarcostemmetum daltonii, Erysimo caboverdeanae-Periplocetum chevalieri, Echietum vulcanori, Actinopterido radiatae-Sarcostemmetum daltonii, Echio hypertropici-Euphorbietum tuckeyanae, Launaeo thalassicae-Euphorbietum tuckeyanae, Loto latifolii-Artemisietum gogonei, Melanoselino bischoffii-Globu- larietum amygdalifoliae, Asterisco smithii-Euphorbietum tuckeyanae, Dichrostachyo platycarpae-Acacietum caboverdeanae, Cocculo penduli-Acacietum caboverdeanae, Forsskaoleo procridifoliae-Acacietum caboverdeanae, Cocculo penduli-Ficetum gnaphalocarpae, Forsskaoleo procridifoliae-Ficetum gnaphalocarpae, Dichrostachyo platycarpae-Ficetum sur, Euphorbio tuckeyanae-Ficetum sur, Sideroxyletum marginati, Dracaenetum caboverdeanae, Cocculo penduli-Phoenicetum atlanticae, Cocculo penduli-Tamaricetum senegalensis, Dichanthio foveolati-Heteropo- gonetum contorti, Heteropogonetum melanocarpi, Bothriochloo bladhii-Enneapogonetum desvauxii, Aristido cardosoi- Tetraenetum simplicis, Asphodelo mariolousae-Aristidetum cardosoi, Sehimatetum ischaemoidis, Polycarpaeo caboverdeanae-Tetraenetum waterlotii, Tetraenetum vicentinae, Sporobolo spicati-Cyperetum crassipedis, Loto brun- neri-Pulicarietum diffusae, Arthrocnemetum franzii, Cressetum salinae, Sesuvietum sesuvioidis, Sesuvietum portula- castri, Blutaparonetum vermicularis, Adiantetum trifidi, Hypodematio crenati-Campanuletum bravensis, Kickxietum webbianae, Diplotaxio hirtae-Kickxietum elegantis, Umbilico schmidtii-Cheilanthetum acrosticae, Campanuletum jacobaeae, Campanulo bravensis-Launaetum thalassicae, Adiantetum inciso-philippensis, Trianthemetum portula- castri, Euphorbio hirtae-Boerhavietum repentis and Oldenlandietum corymbosae are proposed and described. Resumen: Se presentan los resultados del estudio del bioclima, biogeografía, flora y vegetación de las Islas de Cabo Verde. El bioclima varía del tropical hiperdésertico al tropical xérico, del infratropical superior al supratropical inferior y del ul- trahiperárido superior al seco superior. Biogeograficamente las islas de Cabo Verde están en el Reino Paleotropical, Subreino Afrotropical, Región Tropical-Sahariana, Provincia Caboverdeana. Se proponen nueve nuevas especies: Aca- Corresponding author: Salvador Rivas-Martínez. Phytosociological Research Center, 28400 Collado-Villalba, Madrid, Spain email: [email protected] ISSN: 2253-6302 (print)/ISSN: 2253-6515 (on line) ©Editaefa DOI: 10.5616/ijgr 170001 2 S. Rivas-Martínez, M. Lousã, J.C. Costa & M.C. Duarte cia caboverdeana, Asphodelus mariolousae, Frankenia pseudoericifolia, Hyparrhenia caboverdeana, Lotus chevalieri, Polycarpaea caboverdeana, Suaeda caboverdeana y Tetraena vicentina; así como quince nuevas combinaciones. Se describen cinco nuevas clases fitosociológicas: Cocculo penduli-Sarcostemmetea daltonii, Heteropogonetea contorti, Tetraenetea simplicis, Frankenio pseudoericifoliae-Suaedetea caboverdeanae y Arthrocnemetea franzii, nueve nuevos órdenes: Euphorbio tuckeyanae-Sarcostemmetalia daltonii, Dichrostachyo platycarpae-Acacietalia caboverdeanae, Melinio grandiflorae-Heteropogonetalia contorti, Aristido cardosoi-Tetraenetalia simplicis, Frankenio pseudoericifo- liae-Suaedetalia caboverdeanae, Artrocnemetalia franzii, Sesuvietalia sesuvioidis, Kickxietalia elegantis y Euphorbie- talia prostrato-hirtae; también catorce nuevas alianzas: Asparago squarrosi-Sarcostemmion daltonii, Globulario amyg- dalifoliae-Periplocion chevalieri, Fico gnaphalocarpae-Acacion caboverdeanae, Phoenicion atlanticae, Tamaricion senegalensis, Heteropogonion melanocarpo-contorti, Aristido cardosoi-Tetraenion simplicis, Polycarpaeo caboverde- anae-Tetraenion waterlotii, Arthrocnemion franzii, Sesuvion sesuvioidis, Adiantion trifidi, Kickxion elegantis, Adian- tion inciso-philippensis y Trianthemion portulacastri, así como cincuenta y dos nuevas asociaciones: Cocculo penduli- Sarcostemmetum daltonii, Campylantho spathulati-Sarcostemmetum daltonii, Frankenio caboverdeanae-Asparagetum squarrosi, Aeonio gogonei-Sarcostemmetum daltonii, Echio stenosiphonis-Euphorbietum tuckeyanae, Suaedo caboverdeanae-Asparagetum squarrosii, Tetraeno waterlotii-Sarcostemmetum daltonii, Erysimo caboverdeanae- Periplocetum chevalieri, Echietum vulcanori, Actinopterido radiatae-Sarcostemmetum daltonii, Echio hypertropici- Euphorbietum tuckeyanae, Launaeo thalassicae-Euphorbietum tuckeyanae, Loto latifolii-Artemisietum gogonei, Mela- noselino bischoffii-Globularietum amygdalifoliae, Asterisco smithii-Euphorbietum tuckeyanae, Dichrostachyo platycarpae-Acacietum caboverdeanae, Cocculo penduli-Acacietum caboverdeanae, Forsskaoleo procridifoliae-Aca- cietum caboverdeanae, Cocculo penduli-Ficetum gnaphalocarpae, Forsskaoleo procridifoliae-Ficetum gnaphalocar- pae, Dichrostachyo platycarpae-Ficetum sur, Euphorbio tuckeyanae-Ficetum sur, Sideroxyletum marginati, Dracae- netum caboverdeanae, Cocculo penduli-Phoenicetum atlanticae, Cocculo penduli-Tamaricetum senegalensis, Dichanthio foveolati-Heteropogonetum contorti, Heteropogonetum melanocarpi, Bothriochloo bladhii-Enneapogone- tum desvauxii, Aristido cardosoi-Tetraenetum simplicis, Asphodelo mariolousae-Aristidetum cardosoi, Sehimatetum ischaemoidis, Polycarpaeo caboverdeanae-Tetraenetum waterlotii, Tetraenetum vicentinae, Sporobolo spicati-Cype- retum crassipedis, Loto brunneri-Pulicarietum diffusae, Arthrocnemetum franzii, Cressetum salinae, Sesuvietum sesuvioidis, Sesuvietum portulacastri, Blutaparonetum vermicularis, Adiantetum trifidi, Hypodematio crenati-Campa- nuletum bravensis, Kickxietum webbianae, Diplotaxio hirtae-Kickxietum elegantis, Umbilico schmidtii-Cheilanthetum acrosticae, Campanuletum jacobaeae, Campanulo bravensis-Launaetum thalassicae, Adiantetum inciso-philippensis, Trianthemetum portulacastri, Euphorbio hirtae-Boerhavietum repentis y Oldenlandietum corymbosae. Keywords: Cabo Verde, Bioclimatology, Biogeography, Phytosociology, Vascular Flora. Contents 4. Vegetation synthesis 4a. World formation types Introduction 4b. Classification formation types and syntaxa 1. Bioclimatology 4c. Typological syntaxonomy 1a. Bioclimatical notions 4d. Description of Cabo Verde syntaxa 1b. Bioclimatic classification system 5. Indexes 1ba. Parameters and bioclimatic indexes 6. References 1bb. Synoptical table “Worldwide bioclimatic classification system” (table1, 30-08-2017) Introduction 1bc. Keys for bioclimatic classification 1bd. Thermotypes, ombrotypes and continentality The archipelago of Cabo Verde, 14º45’-17º10’N and 1be. Vegetation formations of the aridic and xeric 22º40’-25º20’W, is located in the Atlantic Ocean mostly types in the high eutropical north latitudinal band (table 2), 1bf. Bioclimatic variants about 700 km from Mauritania and Senegal coasts. It has 2 1c. Bioclimatic