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Scottish and International Review of the Uses of Electronic Monitoring

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Scottish and International Review of the Uses of Electronic Monitoring REPORT No.8/2015 Scottish and International Review of the Uses of Electronic Monitoring Scottish and International Review of the Uses of Electronic Monitoring Hannah Graham and Gill McIvor University of Stirling August 2015 www.sccjr.ac.uk 1 1 REPORT No.8/2015 Scottish and International Review of the Uses of Electronic Monitoring COPYRIGHT NOTICE The Authors assert their right under the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988 to be identified as the author of this work. Permission is granted to reproduce any part or all of this report for personal and educational use only. Commercial copying, hiring or lending is prohibited. Copyright © Authors 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to Lorea Arenas from the University of Malaga, Spain, and Tore Rokkan from the Correctional Service of Norway (KRUS), for helpfully providing us with English language versions of some European research literature and policy documents. We appreciate the feedback on earlier drafts of this Review offered by Prof. Mike Nellis, University of Strathclyde, Scottish Government Justice Analytical Services staff and the other members of the Scottish working group on electronic monitoring. Current statistics on the uses of EM in Scotland are included and referenced in this report from G4S (2014, 2015) Statistical Bulletins; we are grateful to Angela Smith and Norman Brown from G4S Scotland for providing us with this information. Thanks to Shona Craven and Tim McBride of the SCCJR for their skilful assistance. Finally, our knowledge of the uses of electronic monitoring in Scotland and Europe continues to be strengthened through our involvement in a separate EU-funded comparative research project on electronic monitoring as an alternative to custody in Europe; we are thankful for the insights gleaned from partnership working with Prof. Anthea Hucklesby, Prof. Kristel Beyens, Prof. Miranda Boone, Prof. Freider Dünkel, and the wider team of researchers and advisors involved in the European research project. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Dr Hannah Graham is a Research Fellow in Criminology, and Prof. Gill McIvor is a Professor of Criminology and Co-Director in the Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research (SCCJR) at the University of Stirling, Scotland. For information about the authors and the SCCJR, see www.sccjr.ac.uk www.sccjr.ac.uk 2 2 REPORT No.8/2015 Scottish and International Review of the Uses of Electronic Monitoring CONTENTS COPYRIGHT NOTICE ........................................................................................................................... 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 2 ABOUT THE AUTHORS ........................................................................................................................ 2 CONTENTS.......................................................................................................................................... 3 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................... 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 6 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 12 1.1 METHOD AND SCOPE ......................................................................................................................... 13 1.2 LANGUAGE AND TERMINOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 15 1.3 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES ................................................................... 17 2. THE PURPOSES, USES AND IMPACT OF ELECTRONIC MONITORING IN SCOTLAND ........................ 20 2.1 THE TYPES OF ELECTRONIC MONITORING IN OPERATION IN SCOTLAND........................................................ 20 2.2 THE USES OF ELECTRONIC MONITORING IN SCOTLAND ............................................................................. 26 2.3 THE IMPACT AND EFFECTIVENESS OF ELECTRONIC MONITORING IN SCOTLAND .............................................. 29 2.4 COSTS ............................................................................................................................................. 36 2.5 PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARDS ELECTRONIC MONITORING IN SCOTLAND ....................................................... 38 3. THE PURPOSES AND USES OF ELECTRONIC MONITORING: AN INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW ........ 40 3.1 VIOLENT CRIMES ............................................................................................................................... 41 3.2 DOMESTIC ABUSE ............................................................................................................................. 43 3.3 SEXUAL CRIMES ................................................................................................................................ 46 3.4 ALCOHOL AND DRUG-RELATED CRIMES ................................................................................................. 52 3.5 VEHICLE THEFT ................................................................................................................................. 53 3.6 PEOPLE WITH PROLIFIC OFFENCE HISTORIES ........................................................................................... 54 3.7 PEOPLE SUSPECTED OR CONVICTED OF TERRORISM .................................................................................. 55 4. THE IMPACT OF ELECTRONIC MONITORING: AN INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW ............................. 57 4.1 DECARCERATION AND DIVERSION FROM PRISON ..................................................................................... 57 4.2 COMPLIANCE.................................................................................................................................... 62 4.3 REDUCING RE-OFFENDING.................................................................................................................. 64 4.4 DESISTANCE FROM CRIME ................................................................................................................... 74 4.5 VICTIMS’ PERSPECTIVES AND INVOLVEMENT IN ELECTRONIC MONITORING ................................................... 80 4.6 MEDIA AND PUBLIC OPINION ABOUT ELECTRONIC MONITORING IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS .............................. 83 5. COMPARING ELECTRONIC MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES ............................................................ 86 5.1 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) TAGGING AND TRACKING ................................................................. 86 5.2 LEGAL ISSUES AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF GPS TAGGING AND TRACKING ............................................... 93 5.3 REMOTE ALCOHOL MONITORING (RAM) .............................................................................................. 98 5.4 THE EFFECTIVENESS AND IMPACT OF REMOTE ALCOHOL MONITORING (RAM) ........................................... 105 5.5 LEGAL ISSUES AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF REMOTE ALCOHOL MONITORING .......................................... 109 5.6 COSTS ........................................................................................................................................... 110 www.sccjr.ac.uk 3 3 REPORT No.8/2015 Scottish and International Review of the Uses of Electronic Monitoring 6. CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................. 116 6.1 WEIGHING UP INTERNATIONAL EVIDENCE AND EXPERIENCE: SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS ............................... 116 6.2 CONCLUSIONS ABOUT GPS TAGGING AND TRACKING ............................................................................. 120 6.3 CONCLUSIONS ABOUT REMOTE ALCOHOL MONITORING ......................................................................... 123 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 126 www.sccjr.ac.uk 4 4 REPORT No.8/2015 Scottish and International Review of the Uses of Electronic Monitoring Acronyms and Abbreviations AAMR Alcohol Abstinence Monitoring Requirement AMS Alcohol Monitoring Systems BAC Blood Alcohol Content BEM Bilateral Electronic Monitoring CEP Confederation of European Probation CJSW Criminal Justice Social Work CPO Community Payback Order DTTO Drug Treatment and Testing Order DUI Driving under the influence DWI Driving while intoxicated EM Electronic Monitoring or Electronically Monitored GPS Global Positioning System (satellite tracking) HDC Home Detention Curfew HMU Home Monitoring Unit (box unit) IOM Integrated Offender Management, England and Wales ISEM Intensive Supervision with Electronic Monitoring, Sweden ISMS Intensive Support and Monitoring Service, Scotland ISSP Intensive Supervision and Surveillance Programme, England & Wales MAPPA Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements MRC Movement Restriction Condition PID Personal Identification Device (tag) PPO Priority and Prolific Offender RAM Remote Alcohol Monitoring RF Radio Frequency RFID Radio Frequency Identification RLO Restriction of Liberty Order SCCJR Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research SCRAM Secure Continuous Remote Alcohol Monitoring SPS Scottish Prison Service TAD Transdermal Alcohol Detection TAM Transdermal Alcohol Monitoring TPIM Terrorism
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