Future of Exploring the use of electronic monitoring Rory Geoghegan Foreword by Chris Miller

@RoryGeo #tagging Future of Corrections Exploring the use of electronic monitoring

Rory Geoghegan Foreword by Chris Miller

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Trustees Daniel Finkelstein (Chairman of the Board), Richard Ehrman (Deputy Chair), Theodore Agnew, Richard Briance, Simon Brocklebank-Fowler, Robin Edwards, Virginia Fraser, Edward Heathcoat Amory, David Meller, George Robinson, Robert Rosenkranz, Andrew Sells, Patience Wheatcroft, Rachel Whetstone and Simon Wolfson. About the Authors

Rory Geoghegan joined Policy Exchange’s Crime and Justice Unit as a Research Fellow in January 2011. Most recently he co-authored the Policy Exchange reports Inside Job (June 2011) on creating a market for real work in and Cost of the Cops (September 2011) examining police deployment and value for . Prior to joining Policy Exchange, Rory has worked developing web-based applications for the criminal justice system and with a business partner set up an online marketing business and supporting call centre. He worked for the Institute for Government in 2009 covering Ministry of Justice transformation and the development of strategies to reduce re-offending in Swansea. Prior to this he worked at PwC Strategy from 2007–9. Rory read Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Trinity College, Oxford and serves as a volunteer Special Constable in the Metropolitan Police.

Chris Miller read classics at Trinity College Cambridge, after which in 1980 he joined the Metropolitan Police. In 2004 he joined Hertfordshire Constabulary where he served until his retirement as an Assistant Chief Constable in 2011. He spent most of his career as a detective and specialised in the investigation of homicide, sex crime and latterly in the development of programmes to manage prolific and complex offenders. He took a particular interest in developing technology-based approaches to managing offenders and understanding the risk that they pose to others. In 2009 he trialled the first police use of GPS tags to manage prolific offenders and in 2011 he piloted the use of polygraph testing of internet sex offenders. In 2011 he was the Association of Chief Police Officers’ lead for electronic monitoring. He is now working as a public policy advisor and is a director of the Westminster Drug Project.

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2 | policyexchange.org.uk Contents

Acknowledgements 5 Glossary 6 Foreword 7 Executive Summary 9

Part One: Introduction to Tagging 22 1 Beyond Custody 23 2 Evolution of Electronic Monitoring 24

Part Two: Tagging – Past and Present 32 3 Overcharged and Under-Delivered 33 4 Monopoly and Monopsony 47

Part Three: The Future of Tagging 58 5 The Unrealised Potential 59 6 Creating a More Effective Tagging Regime 80

Recommendations 85

Online Appendices The following supplements are available online at http://pxcri.me/tagging

Appendix A: Potential Application