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SAGEBRUSH FALSE DANDELION Nothocalais Troximoides (A

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SAGEBRUSH FALSE DANDELION Nothocalais troximoides (A. Gray) Greene Asteraceae – Aster family Nancy L. Shaw & Corey L. Gucker | 2018 ORGANIZATION NOMENCLATURE Sagebrush false dandelion (Nothocalais Names, subtaxa, chromosome number(s), hybridization. troximoides [A. Gray] Greene) (Greene 1886; GBIF 2017; ITIS 2017) is a member of Family Asteraceae, the aster or sunflower family, and tribe Cichorieae, the chicory tribe. Range, habitat, plant associations, elevation, soils. First Collections. Holotype (GBIF 2017): Microseris troximoides Gray (Gray 1884). Collected: Clear Water, Nez Perce County, Life form, morphology, distinguishing characteristics, reproduction. Idaho by H.H. Spalding, Presbyterian missionary to the Nez Perce Tribe. Curated: Harvard University Herbaria. Growth rate, successional status, disturbance ecology, importance to animals/people. Holotype (GBIF 2017): Nothocalais suksdorfii Greene (Greene 1886). Collected: western part of Klickitat County, Washington in 1882 Current or potential uses in restoration. by W.N. Suksdorf, botanist and plant collector. Curated: California Academy of Science. NRCS Plant Code. NOTR2 (USDA NRCS 2017). Seed sourcing, wildland seed collection, seed cleaning, storage, testing and marketing standards. Synonyms. Microseris troximoides A. Gray, Nothocalais suksdorfii Greene, Scorzonella troximoides (A. Gray) Jepson (Greene 1886; Recommendations/guidelines for producing seed. Chambers 2006; ITIS 2017). Common Names. Sagebush false dandelion, Recommendations/guidelines for producing planting stock. false agoseris, weevil false-dandelion, weevil prairie dandelion (GBIF 2017; ITIS 2017). Chromosome Number. The species is diploid Recommendations/guidelines, wildland restoration successes/ with 2n = 18 (Stebbins et al. 1953; Chambers failures. 2006). Hybridization. Variability noted in Idaho and Primary funding sources, chapter reviewers. Montana, particularly on the lower Snake River Plain and in southeastern Oregon, may be the result of introgression with speckled false dandelion (N. nigrescens) and is typified by Bibliography. the presence of large involucres and phyllaries (Chambers 2006). Select tools, papers, and manuals cited. Nothocalais troximoides Nothocalais troximoides 1 inches (5 to 15 cm) long and less than 0.4 inches DISTRIBUTION (1 cm) wide (Cronquist 1955; Munz and Keck 1973; Taylor 1992). Leaf surfaces are glabrous Sagebrush false dandelion is distributed from or villous, and the margins are often wavy and south-central British Columbia to northern ciliolate (Cronquist 1955; Chambers 2006). California, northern Nevada and Utah, largely east of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountains, and eastward across western and central Montana and northwestern Wyoming (CPNWH 2017; SEINet 2017; USGS 2017). Habitat and Plant Associations. Sagebrush false dandelion grows in dry to vernally moist sites from lowlands and foothills to mountainous areas (Cronquist 1955, 1994; Chambers 1993, 2006). The species is a component of intermountain grasslands, mountain grasslands, sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) steppe, sagebrush scrub, open pinyon-juniper (Pinus-Juniperus spp.) woodlands, northern juniper woodlands, northern oak (Quercus spp.) woodlands, and Figure 1. Sagebrush false dandelion plants in flower. Photos: ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa) forests (Munz M. Lavin, Montana State University. and Keck 1973; Pokorney et al. 2004; Chambers 2006; Kerns et al. 2006; Schuller and Halvorson 2009). Inflorescences (Fig. 2) are erect heads of 13 Elevation. The species occurs at elevations to 90 ligulate ray florets borne singly on each from 160 to 6,600 feet (50 to 2,000 m) peduncle (Chambers 1993). Flower heads are (Chambers 2006). A few collections have been each subtended by an involucre 0.6 to 1 inch made at elevations as great as 7,500 feet (2,300 (15-25 mm) wide consisting of 8 to 25 subequal, m) in Idaho and 8,763 feet (2,671 m) in Nevada linear to lanceolate bracts (phyllaries) with the (SEINet 2017). outer series shorter than or equal to the inner (Chambers 1993). The bracts are acuminate Soils. Sagebrush false dandelion grows on at the tip, green, sometimes with purple dots, clayey to sandy loam soils of varied depths that and glabrous to white-hairy, especially on are often stony (O’Farrell 1975; Pitt and Wikeem the margins and midrib, which is often purple 1990; Sapsis 1990; Chambers 2006; Rhodes et (Cronquist 1955; Chambers 1993, 2006). The al. 2010). It occurs in stiff sagebrush (A. rigida) florets exceed the bracts. Ligules are yellow, communities of southeast Oregon on rocky sometimes with an orange midrib that may scablands with very shallow to shallow stony become pinkish with age. Florets may close soils derived from basalt or rhyolite. Soils in early in the day during hot weather (Taylor 1992; these communities may be water saturated in Chambers 1993). winter and spring and subject to frost heaving (Ashley 2004). DESCRIPTION Sagebrush false dandelion is a somewhat variable perennial herb with milky juice (Fig. 1) that resembles the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). The taproot is stout and fleshy. One or more slender stems (peduncles) 2 to 16 inches (5-40 cm) tall arise from a thick caudex (Chambers 1993, 2006). Stems are erect, generally leafless, and glabrous, but may Figure 2. Sagebrush false dandelion flower heads with be puberulent below the flower head (Chambers involucral bracts and ligulate ray florets. Photos: M. Lavin, 1993, 2006). Leaves are basal, crowded, linear Montana State University. or occasionally divided, and usually 2 to 6 2 Nothocalais troximoides The fruit (a cypsela or false achene, often referred to as an achene) is cylindric or ECOLOGY fusiform, narrowed and puberulent apically, beakless, 0.3 to 0.5 inch (7-13 mm) long, and Sagebrush false dandelion is a disturbance- gray to brown (Cronquist 1955; Chambers tolerant forb that generally occurs as scattered 1993, 2006). The pappus consists of 10 to 30 plants within its communities. It may be found in lustrous, white subulate or aristate scales that early seral sites invaded by cheatgrass (Bromus are more or less equal in length (Chambers tectorum) and on burned sites (Powell 1994; 1993, 2006). Mature fruiting heads are white Wrobleski 1999). Following fire the species and spherical, resembling those of dandelions. recovers by basal sprouting of surviving plants Individual fruits resemble parachutes and are and establishment of windborne seed from non- wind dispersed (Taylor 1992). burned areas (Powell 1994; Wrobleski 1999). Reproduction. Sagebrush false dandelion Sagebrush false dandelion also persists in late- reproduces entirely from seed. seral communities including sagebrush steppe, sagebrush scrub, ponderosa pine, juniper-pinyon, Flowering and fruiting phenology. Flowering juniper woodland, and Intermountain bunchgrass occurs from March to June depending on (Daubenmire 1992; Schuller and Halvorson 2009). location (Chambers 2006). Pitt and Wikeem (1990) examined phenology of vegetation in Fire Response. Fall burns may not negatively a transitional zone between big sagebrush impact sagebrush false dandelion (Cooper et al. and ponderosa pine in south-central British 2011; Link and Hill n.d.), but decreased frequency Columbia at an elevation of 1,800 to 2,500 following spring burns has been reported (Sapsis feet (550 to 750 m). They placed sagebrush 1990). false dandelion in a group of shallowly Fall prescribed burns were conducted to rooted, spring-ephemeral forbs that initiate determine whether they would increase the development in very early spring, flower forb component in a Wyoming big sagebrush and complete growth rapidly to avoid (Artemisia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis) summer drought, and rarely resprout in fall community in the northern Great Basin of south- (Pitt and Wikeem 1990). In 1978 sagebrush central Oregon. Six years following treatment there false dandelion initiated growth and floral was no increase in yield of Cichorieae tribe forbs production in April, reached full flower in May, (sagebrush false dandelion, taper-tip hawksbeard set seed and shattered in June, and plants [Crepis acuminata] and pale agoseris [Agoseris were cured in July. In 1979, possibly due to glauca]; P = 0.278) (Rhodes 2010). Another lower April precipitation and soil moisture, study conducted in this area found no significant seed set and shatter occurred in May, and differences in frequency, abundance, or density plants cured in June (Pitt and Wikeem 1990). of sagebrush false dandelion between fall burned Pollination. Pollination biology of sagebrush and non-burned plots in the first post-fire year (P false dandelion has not been examined. > 0.10) (Wrobleski 1999). These prescribed fires Prairie false dandelion (N. cuspidata) is a hill were conducted at the Hart Mountain Antelope and sand prairie species of the midwestern Refuge of south-central Oregon to evaluate their United States and the prairie provinces of potential for improving degraded rangeland. Canada (Dieringer and Cabrera 2017; USDA Over a 3-year period following fall prescribed fires, NRCS 2017). In Missouri it is primarily self- frequency of sagebrush false dandelion increased incompatible; most florets cross-pollinated from 0 to 80% on unburned control sites and from over a 2- to 3-week period (Dieringer and 20 to 100% on burned sites (Link and Hill n.d.). Cabrera 2017). Bees considered likely Sites were located in a cheatgrass-dominated area pollinators were members of the Halictidae (4 of a former big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass species),
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