VVEGETATION OF THE FFORT RRILEY MMILITARY RRESERVATION,, KKANSAS

Craig C. Freeman1 and Jennifer M. Delisle2

1R. L. McGregor Herbarium & Kansas Biological Survey University of Kansas, 2045 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047-3729 [email protected]

2Kansas Biological Survey University of Kansas, 2101 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047-3759 [email protected]

VEGETATION OF THE FORT RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION, KANSAS

Cover Photo: Gray Copper (Lycaena dione) on Sullivant’s milkweed (Asclepias sullivantii); Fort Riley Military Reservation, Geary County, Kansas. Photo by Craig C. Freeman, 2003.

Report submitted February 27, 2004

Citation: Freeman, C. C. and J. M. Delisle. 2004. Vegetation of the Fort Riley Military Reservation, Kansas. Open-file Report No. 119. Kansas Biological Survey. Lawrence, KS. 110 pp.

Table of Contents

LIST OF FIGURES...... II

LIST OF TABLES ...... III

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... IV

ABSTRACT...... V

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1. PROJECT BACKGROUND ...... 1 1.2. STUDY OBJECTIVES ...... 1 CHAPTER 2: CURRENT VEGETATION CONDITIONS...... 5

2.1. INTRODUCTION...... 5 2.2. METHODS...... 8 2.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...... 9 2.4. CONCLUSIONS ...... 15 CHAPTER 3: PRAIRIE ASSESSMENTS...... 19

3.1. INTRODUCTION...... 19 3.2. METHODS...... 23 3.3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...... 25 3.4. CONCLUSIONS ...... 34 CHAPTER 4: WEED SURVEYS ...... 36

4.1 INTRODUCTION...... 36 4.2 METHODS...... 38 4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...... 38 4.4. CONCLUSIONS ...... 47 CHAPTER 5: RARE SPECIES ...... 49

5.1 INTRODUCTION...... 49 5.2 METHODS...... 49 5.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...... 50 5.4. CONCLUSIONS ...... 50 LITERATURE CITED...... 52

APPENDIX A. PLANTS OF GEARY AND RILEY COUNTIES, KANSAS...... 55

APPENDIX B. NATURAL/NEAR-NATURAL VEGETATION TYPES ON FRMR...... 78

APPENDIX C. PLANTS DOCUMENTED IN NATURAL/NEAR-NATURAL VEGETATION COMMUNITIES ON FRMR...... 83

APPENDIX D. SEMI-NATURAL/ALTERED VEGETATION TYPES ON FRMR ...... 106

APPENDIX E. PLANTED/CULTIVATED VEGETATION TYPES OF FRMR ...... 109

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE i List of Figures

FIGURE 1.1. Location of the Ft. Riley Military Reservation (FRMR) and landscape and cultural features referenced in this report...... 3 FIGURE 1.2. Training areas on FRMR...... 4 FIGURE 2.1. Vegetation of FRMR based on 1985 vegetation maps ...... 17 FIGURE 2.2. Vegetation of FRMR based on surveys conducted in 2002/2003...... 18 FIGURE 3.1. Summary of evaluation process for estimating viability of conservation targets ...... 20 FIGURE 3.2. Histogram of size for 116 Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairies assessed on FRMR...... 32 FIGURE 3.3. Histogram of floristic quality index values for 116 Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairies assessed on FRMR ...... 32 FIGURE 3.4. Scatterplot of size vs. floristic quality index for 116 Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairies assessed on FRMR ...... 33 FIGURE 3.5. Locations and grades of Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairies on FRMR ...... 35 FIGURE 4.1. Weed survey form used on FRMR in 2002/2003 ...... 39 FIGURE 4.2. Populations of Carduus nutans documented on FRMR in 2002/2003...... 41 FIGURE 4.3. Populations of Lespedeza cuneata documented on FRMR in 2002/2003 ...... 42 FIGURE 4.4. Populations of Robinia pseudoacacia documented on FRMR in 2002/2003...... 43 FIGURE 4.5. Populations of Sorghum halepense documented on FRMR in 2002/2003 ...... 44 FIGURE 4.6. Total number of infested acres of Lespedeza cuneata in each of 10 cover classes on FRMR...... 45 FIGURE 4.7. Locations of prairies and infestations of Lespedeza cuneata on FRMR...... 46

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE ii List of Tables

TABLE 2.1. Framework for categorizing and ranking the degree of “naturalness” of existing vegetation ...... 7 TABLE 2.2. Key to vegetation types on FRMR ...... 10 TABLE 2.3. Classification of Natural/Semi-natural and Cultural vegetation types known to occur on FRMR...... 11 TABLE 3.1. Generalized evaluation matrix for landscape context rating × size grade...... 21 TABLE 3.2. Generalized evaluation matrix for landscape context/size rating × condition grade...... 21 TABLE 3.3. Floristic quality assessment data for all sites evaluated on FRMR in 2002/2003...... 26 TABLE 3.4. Grades for landscape context, size, and condition of Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairies evaluated on FRMR in 2002/2003 ...... 29 TABLE 4.1. Number of training areas in which Carduus nutans, Lespedeza cuneata, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Sorghum halepense were documented, and total area infested...... 40 TABLE 5.1. State-rare animals documented on FRMR by previous studies...... 49

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE iii Acknowledgments

This work was carried out under contract DAKF19-01-P-0204, “Vegetation Survey and Mapping, Ft. Riley, Kansas,” between the U.S. Army and the University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc. The Kansas Biological Survey was the administrative unit responsible for the work.

We are especially grateful to Herb Abel, former Acting Director, Directorate of Environment and Safety, Ft. Riley, for his support of the work, for assistance setting up the contract, and for logistical assistance throughout the study. Also at Ft. Riley, we wish to thank Alan Hynek, Gibran Suleiman, and Jerold Spahn, all of whom provided assistance during the study. Caleb Morse and Jeff Elliott assisted with fieldwork in 2002 and 2003, respectively. The project could not have been completed without their expertise, endurance, and good humor. Jeff deserves special thanks for his perseverance during several severely hot weeks in July and August of 2003. Guoqiang Li and Justin Williams digitized the 1985 vegetation maps and performed much of the GIS work. Melissa Rossow and Erin Byrd prepared voucher specimens in the R. L. McGregor Herbarium, and Melissa assisted with data processing for the floristic quality assessment.

Finally, CCF thanks his wife, Jane, for minding the store during the many days he spent working at Ft. Riley.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE iv Abstract

In 2002, the Kansas Biological Survey initiated a 2-year project examining the vegetation of the Ft. Riley Military Reservation in northeast Kansas. Specific objectives of the project were to: 1) determine the current condition of vegetation on the installation; 2) locate tracts of native prairie and assess their current quality; 3) determine the locations and severity of infestations of four weed species of greatest concern to installation resource managers; and 4) document locations of protected and rare animal and plant species.

A new vegetation classification developed for the installation includes eight Natural/Near-natural vegetation types (Ash-Elm-Hackberry Floodplain Forest, Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest, Cottonwood-Black willow Floodplain Forest, Mixed oak Ravine Woodland, Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie, Sand Prairie, Limestone Butte Sparse Vegetation, and Riverine Sand Flats-Bars Sparse Vegetation), seven Semi-natural/Altered vegetation types (Cropland-Abandoned, Brome Field, Ruderal-Mixed, Sericea lespedeza Herbaceous Vegetation, Smooth brome/Japanese brome Herbaceous Vegetation, Overgrazed Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie, and Woodland-Brushy), and six Planted/Cultivated vegetation types (Fire Break, Food Plot, Cultivated Field, Tree Plantation, Hedgerow/Windbreak, and Lawn). Detailed physiognomic and floristic data were gathered for most of the Natural/Near-natural types and for some Semi-natural/Altered types. Planted/Cultivated types received limited attention. More studies are needed to characterize and delimit forest and woodland types. Because the classification is hierarchical and fits with existing state, regional, and national classifications, it can be expanded and modified as needs dictate and resources permit. A 1985 vegetation map of the installation provides a historical snapshot of some physical and floristic attributes. It is of limited use as a benchmark for assessing vegetation changes due to problems with the classification that was used and because of mapping errors. The new vegetation map does provide a reference point for assessing future vegetation changes.

Field surveys identified 116 Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairies ranging in size from 2.7–748.6 acres. None of these meet minimum size standards for ecoregional conservation planning. However, using assessment criteria that considered landscape context, size, and condition, we found that 34% of the prairies are A-grade or B-grade, indicating low to moderate impact by humans. The remaining 66% are C-grade or D-grade. Most of these prairies are small, isolated, and moderately to severely impacted by past or ongoing human activities. The largest prairies, which also generally graded the highest, are concentrated in the south, east, and northwest parts of the installation. Prairies are most abundant in those areas with the greatest topographic relief. Areas with comparatively lower relief have experienced a much higher incidence of past cultivation, as in the central part of the installation. Baseline data can be used by resource managers to establish management priorities based on factors under their influence, including existing levels of protection, conservation value, feasibility, and training mission. The data also can be used to track temporal changes.

Populations of Carduus nutans L. subsp. leiophyllus (Petrovič) Stoj. & Stefani (musk-thistle, musk plumeless-thistle), Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust), and Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (Johnson grass) were found to be mostly small and isolated, with 77, 150, and 218 acres on the installation infested, respectively. Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don (sericea lespedeza) clearly is an imminent ecological threat. Recorded in 94 training areas, and with an estimated 12,927 acres

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE v infested, it has become a serious management problem since its introduction in the mid-1980s. Fortunately, most populations are on former cropland. Localized populations were identified on prairies, but eradication of these populations may be possible without seriously compromising the prairie biota. Maintenance of the ecological health of prairies probably is one of the most important factors that will ensure that Lespedeza cuneata does not threaten these important reservoirs of native biodiversity. Unless eradicated or at least checked, large infestations in the central and eastern parts of the installation will continue to serve as seed reservoirs that will allow the species to continue to spread into other parts of the installation, to re-contaminate sites where it has been eradicated, to become established in prairies when local conditions are suitable, and to spread to surrounding private lands. Aggressive control measures involving aerial spraying and prescribed burns may be necessary to stem the spread of this noxious weed in training areas in which plant communities already have been compromised.

No populations of state-rare animal species tracked by the Kansas Biological Survey were documented during this study, but information about two plant species formerly considered state- rare was obtained. Based on their abundance on Ft. Riley, both Chenopodium pallescens Standl. (pale goosefoot) and Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray (prairie dropseed) are no longer considered rare in the state.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE vi Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1. Project Background

In 2002, the Kansas Biological Survey (KBS) initiated a 2-year project examining the vegetation of the roughly 101,600-acre Ft. Riley Military Reservation (FRMR), located in Geary and Riley counties, Kansas (Figure 1.1). The primary impetus for this study was the need to update the vegetation map of the installation and to control several aggressive weeds that could compromise the training mission of the military and the ecological integrity of natural communities on the installation. Working with personnel in the Directorate of Environment and Safety (DES) at Ft. Riley, a scope of services was developed to address these needs. Specific objectives of the project were to: 1) determine the current condition of vegetation on FRMR; 2) locate tracts of native prairie and assess their current quality; 3) determine the locations and severity of infestations of four weed species of greatest concern to installation resource managers; and 4) document locations of protected and rare animal and plant species. This report summarizes the methods used to attain each objective and highlights the results of each phase of the study. The primary product of this study, digital data files summarizing past and current vegetation conditions, prairie locations and conditions, and weed infestations, have been supplied to DES staff to help them better management of the installation’s natural resources.

1.2. Study Objectives

This report is organized around the four primary study objectives. A chapter is devoted to each objective, in which are described research methods, results and discussion, and conclusions. Supporting documentation is provided in appendices at the end of the report. First, each of the study objectives is described in greater detail.

Objective 1. Determine the current condition of vegetation on the installation. The vegetation of most of FRMR was mapped and described in two studies in 1985 (Agri-Service Associates, Inc. 1985, USACE 1985). Both studies used aerial photographs and field surveys to identify the dominant vegetation types on the installation (cropland, grassland, woodland, farmstead, water, and miscellaneous), to assess vegetation conditions qualitatively, and to map field boundaries of each cover type in each of nearly 100 training areas.

These studies provided baseline information about the location and condition of vegetation on FRMR, but they had several shortcomings that limited their usefulness. Perhaps their greatest problem was the classification system that was used – a simple physiognomic framework that ignored floristic attributes. Because there was no hierarchical relationship among the physiognomic classes, the classification has no direct relationship with existing state, regional, or national vegetation classifications. There are other problems. Quantitative methods were not used so it is impossible to compare qualitative assessments directly with more recent, quantitative ones. Electronic copies of the reports and maps were not produced or maintained for either study. Maps of each training area were produced manually by tracing field boundaries onto acetate sheets or aerial photos. Field descriptions were typed using field notes prepared by survey crews. The second report (USACE 1985) was prepared using a computer and word-processing software, but no copies

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 1 of the files ever were found. Scrutiny of at least the second study (USACE 1985) revealed numerous cartographic errors, most of which probably occurred when field maps were handed over to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for production of the final maps. Finally, the boundaries of many training areas have been changed since 1985. This has affected the numbers assigned to training areas, making it cumbersome to match old and new training areas, especially for individuals not intimately familiar with the installation.

For the above reasons, DES asked KBS to conduct a new survey of vegetation conditions on FRMR and to provide this information in a format that would facilitate future updates and comparisons. Specifically, KBS agreed to 1) digitize the field boundaries described and mapped in both 1985 studies (Agri-Service Associates, Inc. 1985, USACE 1985) and develop appropriate GIS layers summarizing this information; 2) assess and map the current vegetation conditions on FRMR; and 3) compare the 1985 vegetation conditions with 2002/2003 vegetation conditions. A major part of this objective was the development of a new vegetation classification that overcomes the limitations of the one used in 1985.

Objective 2. Locate tracts of native prairie and assess their current quality. Prairies are critical reservoirs of native biological diversity, so resource managers and researchers at FRMR need accurate information about the location and condition of individual prairie tracts. DES asked KBS to conduct field surveys to delimit boundaries of individual native prairie tracts and to determine the natural community type of each tract following Lauver et al. (1999). The condition of each tract was to be estimated using Floristic Quality Assessment (FQA) protocols, tools for which were developed in 2002 by staff of the KBS and R. L. McGregor Herbarium, both at the University of Kansas. After completion of the FQA evaluation, prairies were to be ranked or graded using standard methodology employed by the Kansas Natural Heritage Inventory (KSNHI).

Objective 3. Determine locations and severity of infestations of four weed species of greatest concern to installation resource managers. DES has determined that several aggressive, non-native plant species present a danger to the military’s training mission and to the ecological integrity of natural communities on FRMR. DES asked KBS to use field surveys and standardized field methods to determine the locations and severity of infestations of populations of each of four weed species: Carduus nutans L. subsp. leiophyllus (Petrovič) Stoj. & Stefani (musk-thistle, musk plumeless-thistle); Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don (sericea lespedeza); Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust); and Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (Johnson grass). GIS coverages were to be created to summarize baseline conditions that could be monitored and updated as infestations expanded, contracted, or disappeared, and to record new populations as they are discovered.

Objective 4. Document locations of protected and rare animal and plant species.

Ancillary to the aforementioned objectives, DES asked KBS to use Natural Heritage Inventory methodology to document information about any rare species of plant or animal that was encountered during fieldwork.

The location of FRMR and associated landscape and cultural features referenced in this report are shown in Figure 1.1. Training Area numbers are shown in Figure 1.2. The installation base map used in this report was provided to KBS by the Ft. Riley DES as a GIS coverage.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 2

FIGURE 1.1. Location of the Ft. Riley Military Reservation (FRMR) and landscape and cultural features referenced in this report.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 3

FIGURE 1.2. Training areas on FRMR.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 4 Chapter 2: Current Vegetation Conditions

2.1. Introduction

The vegetation of most of FRMR was mapped and described in two separate studies in 1985. Both studies used aerial photographs and field surveys to identify the dominant vegetation types on the installation (cropland, grassland, woodland, farmstead, water, and miscellaneous), to assess vegetation conditions qualitatively, and to map field boundaries of each cover type in each of nearly 100 training areas. The first study, “Fort Riley land use inventory and condition survey project” (Agri-Service Associates, Inc. 1985) summarized data for training areas primarily around the perimeter of the installation. The second study, “Land utilization vegetation and condition study” (USACE 1985) followed the field protocols and reporting formats established earlier (Agri-Service Associates, Inc. 1985) to summarize data for the remaining training areas.

These studies provided baseline information about the locations and conditions of vegetation types on FRMR, but their usefulness was limited for several reasons. Perhaps the single biggest problem was the classification system that was used – a simple physiognomic framework that ignored floristic attributes. Because hierarchical relationships among the physiognomic classes were not defined, the classification has no direct relationship with existing state, regional, or national vegetation classifications. There are other problems.

Quantitative methods were not used so it is impossible to compare qualitative assessments directly with more recent, quantitative ones. Electronic copies of the reports and maps were not produced or maintained for either study. Maps of each training area were produced manually by tracing field boundaries onto acetate sheets or aerial photos. Field descriptions were typed using field notes prepared by survey crews. The second report (USACE 1985) was prepared using a computer and word-processing software, but no copies of the files ever were found. Scrutiny of at least the second study (USACE 1985) revealed numerous cartographic errors, most of which probably occurred when field maps were handed over to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for production of the final maps. Finally, the boundaries of many training areas have been changed since 1985. This has affected the numbers assigned to training areas, making it cumbersome to match old and new training areas, especially for individuals not intimately familiar with the installation.

For these reasons, DES asked KBS to conduct a new survey of vegetation conditions on FRMR and to provide this information in a format that would facilitate future updates and comparisons. Specifically, KBS agreed to 1) digitize the field boundaries described and mapped in both 1985 studies (Agri-Service Associates, Inc. 1985, USACE 1985) and develop appropriate GIS layers summarizing this information; 2) assess and map the current vegetation conditions on FRMR; and 3) compare the 1985 vegetation conditions with 2002/2003 vegetation conditions. A major part of this phase of the study was the development of a new vegetation classification that would overcome the limitations of the one used in the 1985 studies.

Vegetation Classification – Lauver et al. (1999) classified the plant communities of natural and

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 5 near-natural vegetation in Kansas. Their classification explicitly excluded cultural vegetation types, that is, vegetation significantly modified by human activities (e.g., grasslands dominated by naturalized species) and cultivated land cover (e.g., agricultural land or tree plantations). However, these vegetation types can be incorporated into the terrestrial classification developed by The Nature Conservancy (Anderson et al. 1998, Grossman et al. 1998).

Grossman et al. (1998) developed a useful framework for categorizing and ranking the degree of “naturalness” of vegetation types (Table 2.1). They recognized five primary classes of “naturalness” distinguished by the type and extent of anthropogenic influence. Vegetation is first classified as Natural/Semi-natural or Planted/Cultivated. Planted/Cultivated vegetation includes lawns, fire breaks, food plots, cultivated fields, tree plantations, hedgerows, and windbreaks. Within the Natural/Semi-natural vegetation class are two types: Natural/Near-natural vegetation and Semi- natural/Altered vegetation. In the former, plant communities appear not to have been modified by human activities, or to have been marginally impacted by human activities, and for the impacts there exist clear, naturally maintained analogues for the existing physiognomic and floristic patterns. Natural communities at mid- or late-seral stages have the highest priority as conservation targets and were the primary focus of this study. Some early seral plant communities are “natural” and conceptually important, but they can be difficult to protect through site-based activities because of their often ephemeral nature. With early seral types, protection usually focuses on maintaining tracts of land capable of supporting the full spectrum of natural disturbance regimes that give rise to them within a matrix of mid- and late seral types. An example of such an early seral community is the Riverine Sand Flats-Bars Sparse Vegetation community (see Appendix B for description).

Semi-natural/Altered vegetation is dominated by plant communities in which species composition and/or the structure of vegetation have been altered through human disturbance to an extent that no close natural analogues are known. Grossman et al. (1998) recognized three primary types within this category: Ruderal, Invasive, and Modified/Managed. Ruderal vegetation types are those resulting from succession following severe anthropogenic disturbance. They are characterized by unnatural combinations of species, primarily non-native species, but with low to moderate richness of native species as well. They generally are not conservation priorities but may support rare species or can serve as landscape corridors in preserves. Invasive vegetation types are dominated by invasive alien species that are spontaneous, self-perpetuating, and not the immediate result of planting or human maintenance. Modified/Managed vegetation types are those with vegetation resulting from management or modification of natural or near-natural vegetation types but producing a structural and floristic combination not clearly known to have a natural analogue. In some cases they can be restored by active management, with passage of time, or through restoration of appropriate ecological processes.

By combining the classification of natural/near-natural vegetation of Lauver et al. (1999) with the cultural vegetation types recognized by Grossman et al. (1998), a comprehensive vegetation classification can be developed that is physiognomically based, hierarchical, and relatable to existing state, regional, or national classifications.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 6 TABLE 2.1. Framework for categorizing and ranking the degree of “naturalness” of existing vegetation (adapted from Grossman et al. 1998).

I. Natural/Semi-natural Vegetation – dominated by vegetation types that occur spontaneously without regular human manipulation, maintenance, or planting; generally have a strong component of native species.

a. Natural/Near-natural Vegetation – plant communities that appear not to have been modified by human activities, or to have been marginally impacted by human activities; where impacts occur there exists a clear, naturally maintained analogue for the existing physiognomic and floristic patterns; communities at mid- or late-seral stages that are highest priority as conservation targets; types typically classified and tracked by Natural Heritage Programs. Examples are Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie, Mixed-oak Ravine Woodland, and Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest.

b. Semi-natural/Altered Vegetation – dominated by plant communities in which species composition and/or structure of vegetation have been altered through human disturbance such that no close natural analogue is known.

i. Ruderal Vegetation – vegetation resulting from succession following human disturbance of an area; characterized by unnatural combinations of species (primarily native though often with low to moderate levels of richness and diversity of non-native species as well; generally not a conservation priority but may support rare species or can serve as landscape corridors or reserves). Examples are abandoned cropland undergoing natural succession.

ii. Invasive Vegetation – dominated by invasive, non-native species that are spontaneous, self-perpetuating, and not the immediate result of planting or human maintenance; active suppression and control may be needed in order to avoid spread at the expense of Natural/Near-natural vegetation types. Examples are Lespedeza cuneata herbaceous community (Sericea lespedeza herbaceous community, Bromus inermis/B. japonicus herbaceous community (Smooth brome/Japanese brome herbaceous community).

iii. Modified/Managed Vegetation – dominated by vegetation resulting from management or modification of natural or near-natural vegetation types but producing a structural and floristic combination not clearly known to have a natural analogue; may in some cases be restored easily by active management, time, or restoration of appropriate ecological processes. Examples are Overgrazed Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie and Woodland- Brushy vegetation.

II. Planted/Cultivated Vegetation – dominated by vegetation that is planted in current location by humans and/or is treated with annual tillage, modified conservation tillage, or other intentional management; usually dominated by non-native species although some native species may be present. Examples are lawns, fire breaks, food plots, cultivated fields, tree plantations, hedgerows, and windbreaks.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 7 2.2. Methods

Vegetation Classification – A vegetation classification was developed that combined elements of the natural and near-natural vegetation classification of Lauver et al. (1999) with cultural vegetation types recognized by Grossman et al. (1998). Prior to initiation of fieldwork, Natural/Near-natural, Semi-natural/Altered, and Planted/Cultivated vegetation types were identified tentatively using information from previous studies (Agri-Service Associates, Inc. 1985, Freeman and Hall 1991, USACE 1985) and from natural community information in the files and databases of KBS. As fieldwork proceeded, this classification was refined and types recognized in earlier studies (Agri- Service Associates, Inc. 1985, USACE 1985) were synonymized with types in the new classification.

Development of Digital Data Layers – Hard-copy maps from the second 1985 vegetation survey (USACE 1985) were scanned as TIFF files and geo-referenced in ERDAS Image. Field boundaries described for all training areas were digitized in ArcView 3.3. Attribute tables were populated with data about field number and vegetation type. A polygon coverage was created using field boundaries. Hedgerows were digitized as linear features and maintained in a separate file. Numerous discrepancies were discovered between boundaries of training areas mapped in 1985 and training area boundaries provided by DES. Most resulted in poor edge-matching of adjacent training areas, and most problem areas were in the southern part of the installation, south of Vinton School Road. The authors worked with DES staff to identify the source of the problems and to rectify errors in the coverages.

Assessments of digitizing efforts in early 2003 were sufficiently encouraging that DES asked KBS to develop a digital data layer of the 1985 vegetation on peripheral training areas as well (Agri-Services, Inc. 1985). These were created using the same process as used earlier. The two data layers were then merged as a single seamless coverage. The Impact Areas was excluded from both studies, and coverage of the developed, south part of the installation was incomplete. Therefore, these areas were excluded from the digital data layers.

Field boundaries were mapped in both 1985 studies (Agri-Service Associates, Inc. 1985, USACE 1985) and were digitized in the 1985 coverage that we prepared. However, our work revealed that many were artificial – not accurately reflecting past land use practices. From land management and data management perspectives, field boundaries seemed to be of limited value, and within training areas in the 2002/2003 map, we combined fields supporting identical vegetation types.

Field Surveys – Field surveys were conducted from May–October in 2002 and from May– September in 2003, usually by a 2-person crew. Observer bias was minimized in this and other phases of the study by using three individuals to conduct fieldwork, two of whom conducted assessments for >80% of all training areas. In each training area, the field crew 1) compared the 1985 vegetation map with current conditions and recorded changes, 2) conducted prairie assessments as necessary (see Chapter 3), 3) recorded locations of weed species of concern (see Chapter 4), and 4) recorded the locations of rare species tracked by the Kansas Natural Heritage Inventory (see Chapter 5).

Floristic inventories were conducted in support of this work and documented the variety of vascular plants on the installation. For most taxa, at least one voucher specimen was collected and deposited in the R. L. McGregor Herbarium. We attempted to collect floristic data in each of the natural and near-natural plant communities represented on the installation.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 8

As it was surveyed, each training area usually was divided into roughly equal parts, and one crew member completed each of the four survey tasks in his part of the training area. The typical 640- acre training area usually required 5–8 person-hours to complete. Interior training areas south of Vinton School Road (TA 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 21, 22, and 23) were surveyed in 2002. Remaining areas were surveyed in 2003, except the Impact Area, developed areas in the south, and the east half of the Multi-Purpose Range Complex (MPRC), which the field crew was unable to access in 2002, and which, when accessible in 2003, had experienced an accidental range fire that made vegetation assessment impossible.

Aerial photos of the installation taken in 1956, which were provided by DES, were used to confirm past land use practices. In many cases, the photos confirmed suspected misidentifications of vegetation types on the 1985 map, and they helped answer many questions about field boundaries.

Comparison of 1985 and 2002/2003 Vegetation Patterns – A general comparison of 1985 and 2002/2003 vegetation patterns was carried out within the limits of the data, but a host of problems prevented quantitative field-by-field and cover class-by-cover class comparisons (see discussion).

2.3. Results and Discussion

Vegetation Classification – After combining the primary elements of the natural and near-natural vegetation classification of Lauver et al. (1999) and the cultural vegetation types recognized by Grossman et al. (1998), a key to major vegetation types was developed (Table 2.2) and an outline of all Natural/Semi-natural and Cultural vegetation types was compiled (Table 2.3). Sixteen primary cover types were identified in Agri-Service Associates, Inc. (1985) and USACE (1985): woodland- lowland, woodland-upland, woodland-brushy, woodland-hedge, grassland-native, grassland-tame, grassland-firebreak, cropland-abandoned, cropland-cultivated, cropland-firebreak, disturbed (including disturbed-compacted and disturbed-construction), food plot, farmstead-abandoned (or farmstead), pond (or water), quarry, and other (or miscellaneous). The last three cover types are Developed or Cultural Features in the new classification and therefore excluded from further discussion. Many vegetation types in the old classification have a one-to-many relationship with types in the new classification because the old classification was not hierarchical. This is evident from the synonyms in Table 2.3. The 1985 classification also ignored many natural, near-natural, and cultural vegetation types that occur on FRMR. The new classification recognizes most of these types, and new types can be added to the framework while preserving the hierarchy of the classification.

Eight Natural/Near-natural vegetation types were verified: three forest communities (Ash-Elm- Hackberry Floodplain Forest, Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest, and Cottonwood-Black willow Floodplain Forest), one woodland community (Mixed oak Ravine Woodland), two herbaceous communities (Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie and Sand Prairie), and two sparse vegetation communities (Limestone Butte Sparse Vegetation and Riverine Sand Flats-Bars Sparse Vegetation). Detailed summaries of each type are provided in Appendix B, including name, code (used by KSNHI), description, occurrence on FRMR, patch size, global rank, and notes on nomenclature.

Seven types of Semi-natural/Altered vegetation were included in the classification: three ruderal types (Cropland-Abandoned, Brome Field, and Ruderal-Mixed), two invasive types (Sericea lespedeza Herbaceous Vegetation and Smooth brome/Japanese brome Herbaceous Vegetation), and

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 9

TABLE 2.2. Key to vegetation types on FRMR.

1. Area developed, dominated by buildings, roads, quarries, and other non-vegetative, man- made features; natural or planted vegetation absent or extremely limited……………………. ……………………………………………………………….Developed (Cultural Features) 1. Area not developed, not dominated by non-vegetative, man-made features; natural or planted vegetation primary landscape feature (Vegetated Types). 2. Prevailing vegetation planted and maintained by humans…………………………… ………………………………………………..Planted/Cultivated (see Appendix E) 2. Prevailing vegetation not planted and not maintained by humans. 3. Prevailing vegetation stratum dominated by species alien to ecoregion and dominance of this species not likely to give way to native species without active restoration efforts……………………….....Invasive (see Appendix D) 3. Prevailing vegetation stratum dominated by species native to ecoregion although alien species may be present in low to moderate quantities. 4. Vegetation appearing not to have been modified or appearing only slightly modified by human activities, when impacts exist there is a clear, naturally- maintained analogue for existing physiognomy and floristic pattern……………...Natural/Near-natural (see Appendix B) 4. Vegetation appearing to have been altered in composition, structure, condition, or ecosystem processes such that no clear natural analogue exists. 5. Vegetation highly altered by human activities, not identifiable to a natural type based on existing composition or structure.... …………………………………....Ruderal (see Appendix D) 5. Vegetation moderately to highly altered by human activities, identifiable to a natural type based on composition or structure, alteration may be physiognomic or compositional but is beyond range of variation allowed for corresponding natural type…………...Modified/Managed (see Appendix D)

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 10 TABLE 2.3. Classification of Natural/Semi-natural and Cultural vegetation types known to occur on FRMR. Only common names are used in the classification. Detailed information about Natural/Near-natural types is provided in Appendix B; for Semi-natural/Altered types it is in Appendix C; and for Planted/Cultivated types it is in Appendix D. Names used in Agri-Service Associates, Inc. (1985) and USACE (1985) are preceded by an equal sign (=).

I. Natural/Semi-natural Vegetation a. Natural/Near-natural Vegetation i. Forest Communities 1. Ash-Elm-Hackberry Floodplain Forest (=Woodland-Bottomland in part; =Woodland-Lowland in part) 2. Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest (=Woodland-Bottomland in part; =Woodland-Lowland in part) 3. Cottonwood-Black willow Floodplain Forest (=Woodland- Bottomland in part; =Woodland-Lowland in part) ii. Woodland Communities 4. Mixed oak Ravine Woodland (=Woodland-Upland) iii. Herbaceous Communities 5. Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie (=Grassland-Native) 6. Sand Prairie (=Grassland-Native) iv. Sparse Vegetation Communities 7. Limestone Butte Sparse Vegetation 8. Riverine Sand Flats-Bars Sparse Vegetation b. Semi-natural/Altered i. Ruderal Vegetation 9. Cropland-Abandoned (=Cropland-Abandoned) 10. Brome Field (=Grassland-Tame) 11. Ruderal-Mixed (=Disturbed-Compacted in part; =Disturbed- Construction in part) ii. Invasive Vegetation 12. Sericea lespedeza Herbaceous Vegetation (=Cropland-Abandoned in part) 13. Smooth brome/Japanese brome Herbaceous Vegetation (=Grassland-Tame in part) iii. Modified/Managed Vegetation 14. Overgrazed Tallgrass Prairie 15. Woodland-Brushy (=Woodland-Brushy) II. Planted/Cultivated Vegetation 16. Fire Break (=Cropland-Firebreak in part; =Grassland-Firebreak in part) 17. Food Plot (=Food Plots) 18. Cultivated Field (=Cropland-Cultivated) 19. Tree Plantation 20. Hedgerow/Windbreak (=Farmstead-Abandoned in part; =Woodland-Hedge in part) 21. Lawn

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 11 two Managed/Modified types (Overgrazed Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie and Woodland-Brushy). Definitions for the types are provided in Appendix D.

Six Planted/Cultivated vegetation types were recognized: Fire Break, Food Plot, Cultivated Field, Tree Plantation, Hedgerow/Windbreak, and Lawn. Definitions for the types are provided in Appendix E. Additional types could be recognized, but these six types capture most of the variety of cultural vegetation types on the installation. Planted/Cultivated vegetation occurs throughout the installation, but certain types, such as Lawn, are concentrated in developed areas in the south part of FRMR. We did not attempt to map the vegetation of these areas, but the classification provides a framework for doing so if such information is deemed useful.

Development of Digital Data Layers – Figure 2.1 shows the composite vegetation map based on 1985 surveys. Figure 2.2 shows the map based on field surveys carried out in 2002/2003.

One of our original tasks was to digitize the 1985 vegetation maps to produce a comprehensive GIS coverage for the installation. Then, training area descriptions and field narratives from the 1985 study were to be parsed and attached as polygon attributes. Our thought was that these data might be useful for comparing 1985 and 2002/2003 vegetation conditions. However, as we worked with the 1985 data we discovered several serious problems that made detailed comparisons impossible.

Close inspection of the descriptions revealed them to be highly variable in the quality of the floristic data that they contained, and in the identification of dominant and co-dominant species. We compared the 1985 maps and descriptions to 1956 aerial photographs of the installation. This exercise suggested that many field identifications were inaccurate, especially in Training Blocks B and E, where intensive use by the military has obscured many of the historical vegetation patterns. Even with the 1956 aerial photos, it often was difficult to distinguish some former cropland from prairie. We therefore elected not to use the 1985 descriptions except occasionally to assist with field surveys.

Another problem with the 1985 vegetation maps was that they contain a substantial number of apparent transcription errors. Errors included missing field boundaries, missing field labels, missing field narratives, and narrative that were incomplete or that did match mapped fields. These errors likely occurred when the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers prepared final vegetation maps and descriptions from base maps and field notes compiled by field crews in 1985. Because the original survey notes and maps cannot be relocated, it was impossible to determine precisely how each discrepancy should be corrected. We attempted to develop a GIS coverage that is an accurate interpretation of the 1985 vegetation maps. This coverage was quality-controlled to correct errors that occurred during digitizing, but we did not correct identifications or transcription errors in the 1985 coverage. However, necessary corrections were made in the 2002/2003 vegetation coverage. Because of the large number of errors that we encountered with the 1985 vegetation maps and narratives, we did not parse the narratives and to add them to them as attributes to the digitial map. We attempted to scan the narratives with an optical character reader, but this did not work for internal training areas (USACE 1985) because of the poor quality of the original documents. Narratives for these areas were typed and are available as Word documents. Narratives from some of the Agri-Service Associates, Inc. (1985) maps were scanned and are available as Word documents, but coverage is incomplete.

Field Surveys – Rather than attempt to associate community-level floristic data directly with our

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 12 GIS coverages, we organized it in reference tables in this report. We believe this will make it easier to use and will facilitate future updates. Detailed descriptions based on 2002/2003 fieldwork are provided for Natural/Near-natural, Semi-natural/Altered, and Planted/Cultivated vegetation types in Appendix B, D, and E, respectively. Lists of species encountered in the eight Natural/Near- natural vegetation types are provided in Appendix C. Species lists for Semi-natural/Altered types are not presented in this report; several can be found among the FQA data provided to DES staff.

Not all Natural/Near-natural vegetation types in the classification could be distinguished reliably. Upland forest and woodland types were especially difficult because KSNHI has not accumulated data from sufficient sites in eastern Kansas to accurately characterize these types. Our work seemed to confirm that the Ash-Elm-Hackberry Floodplain Forest and Mixed oak Ravine Woodland types do exist on the installation, but the boundaries between them and other vegetation types have been obscured by myriad land use and land management practices. Consequently, we did not try to tease apart these two types; they are mapped as the Ash-Elm-Hackberry-Oak Forest Mosaic.

Historically, Ash-Elm-Hackberry Floodplain Forest probably was restricted to floodplains and slopes along the Republican and Kansas Rivers, and to the floodplains of their larger tributaries, including Wildcat Creek. The upper reaches of smaller tributaries probably were dominated by Mixed oak Ravine Woodland, the extent and composition of which were controlled greatly by fire (Abrams 1986, 1988). We know from examining historical aerial photos that woody vegetation has expanded significantly since 1956, at least outside the Impact Area. A detailed comparison of historic and current patterns of forest/woodland vegetation was beyond the scope of this project, and discussions with DES staff suggested some investigations were ongoing. Plot data from suspected old-growth stands of both Ash-Elm-Hackberry Floodplain Forest and Mixed oak Ravine Woodland could be useful in characterizing these types and in refining the vegetation map. Species lists for the communities in Appendix C were obtained primarily from TA 3, 4, and 10 (Ash-Elm- Hackberry Floodplain Forest) and from TA 30, 32, 79, and 91 (Mixed oak Ravine Woodland).

The relationship between these tree-dominated natural communities has been further blurred by anthropogenic conditions that have allowed the establishment and spread of woody and shrubby vegetation on some upland sites. Many such areas were mapped as Woodland-Brushy vegetation, which is a category of convenience. Again, historical data might shed light on the factors that have given rise to areas so classified.

A similar situation was encountered with the Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest and Cottonwood-Black willow Floodplain Forest types. At this time, KSNHI has limited plot data for these types so accurate circumscription of occurrences is impossible. We did observe vegetation types that match their characteristics (sensu Lauver et al. [1999] and Faber-Langendoen [2001]). Again, management practices may have obscured the boundaries between these types. We identified areas along the Kansas River and Republican River in TA 2, 18, 19 that appear to support a mosaic of these forest communities, but separating them would have required access to historical vegetation information for the installation, data from other sites across the state, and considerable effort. We mapped the two types as Cottonwood-Sycamore-Willow Forest Mosaic.

We confirmed two herbaceous community types in our study: Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie and Sand Prairie. The former is examined in detail in Chapter 3 and will not be discussed here. One tract of Sand Prairie was identified and mapped in TA 18 and 19, where it blends with Cottonwood- Sycamore Floodplain Forest and Cottonwood-Black willow Floodplain Forest. Species data in

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 13 Appendix C were obtained in TA 19. Sand Prairie is a disturbance-dependent community that occurs on eolian and alluvial sands along the Republican River; it probably was more extensive historically. Construction of Camp Forsyth likely destroyed some parts of this natural community. Construction of Milford Dam, which reduced sediment loads in the Republican River and essentially eliminated floods that would have helped control floodplain forests, also probably affected the amount of Sand Prairie on FRMR. Prescribed burns in TA 19 appear to have been beneficial in controlling shrubby vegetation and litter accumulation, and the management practice should be continued.

Two sparse vegetation community types were confirmed during our study: Limestone Butte Sparse Vegetation and Riverine Sand Flats-Bars Vegetation. The former was encountered throughout the installation but is best expressed in association with outcrops of the Ft. Riley Limestone, especially in TA 7, 17, 21, 30, 32, 91, and 92, where data for Appendix C were obtained. Occurrences tend to be sinuous, linear features that are difficult to map; KSNHI generally tracks these small-patch communities within the large-patch or matrix community in which they occur. We did not delimit them on our map.

The Riverine Sand Flats-Bars Vegetation community occurs on alluvial sands in the beds of rivers and streams. Vegetation usually is highly ephemeral, often present for a single growing season. Excellent examples were found along the Republican River in TA 18 and 19, and along the Kansas River through the developed part of the installation. Flood control provided by Milford Dam probably ensures that this community type develops with greater regularity along the Republican River than it did historically. Species data in Appendix C were obtained from TA 18, and from a site on the north side of the Kansas River opposite the north end of TA 1.

Among the Semi-natural/Altered vegetation classes, Cropland-Abandoned is the predominant type. Local physiognomy and species composition depends on length of time since abandonment, ongoing disturbance, and management practices. Many tracts are dominated by native graminoids and herbs while others are dominated by non-native species. The vegetation type occurs throughout the installation but is concentrated in the central part. The most severe infestations of Lespedeza cuneata occur in this vegetation type. The other two ruderal types, Brome Field and Ruderal-Mixed, are extremely limited in coverage.

No occurrences of the two invasive types were mapped. This name Sericea lespedeza Herbaceous Vegetation could be applied to sites where Lespedeza cuneata infestations have become sufficiently dense to warrant special attention. Examples were not mapped because infestations were identified as a separate part of this study, but before occurrences of the type can be delimited, thresholds must be set for determining when Lespedeza cuneata has achieved dominance. Also, eradication efforts likely will cause sudden and dramatic changes in populations of Lespedeza cuneata, potentially rendering this component of any vegetation map obsolete.

Modified/Managed vegetation is represented by two types: Overgrazed Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie and Woodland-Brushy. Examples of the former were not mapped but historical aerial photos suggest they may be common on the installation. Essentially a disclimax type of the Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie, suspected examples were encountered most frequently on rocky uplands on gentle to moderate slopes. The Woodland-Brushy type encompasses sites with widely varying physiognomy, floristic composition, management, and disturbance histories. The Woodland-Brushy type generally is dominated by a moderate to dense cover of shrubs, frequently intermixed with a

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 14 variety of immature trees. Numerous examples were mapped.

Comparison of 1985 and 2002/2003 Vegetation Patterns – We had hoped to be able to conduct a rigorous comparison of 1985 and 2002/2003 vegetation patterns, but the numerous problems with the 1985 vegetation maps made this impossible. We considered generating summary statistics for each of the dominant types in the 1985 and 2002/2003 maps but decided this would not be a meaningful comparison. The change in vegetation classifications further complicated such a comparison because of the one-to-many relationship between some types in the two classifications.

Many changes between the two maps are due to redeterminations. From our fieldwork, we suspected that many fields identified as native prairie in 1985 were instead former cropland. Our suspicions were confirmed in many cases when we examined 1956 aerial photos of the installation. Cropland, rangeland, hay meadows, and farmsteads often were identified readily from the photos. Even with the photographs, past land use practices in some parts of the installation were difficult to determine, especially in Training Blocks B and E. The photos did prove extremely useful in resolving numerous discrepancies in other parts of FRMR.

We noted numerous differences between the 1985 and 2002/2003 vegetation maps that clearly are due to land use changes since 1985. Construction, alterations to fire breaks, creation of new food plots, and herbicide use are among the causes. Road and building construction was seen in many areas in the southern quarter of FRMR, some of which resulted in the destruction or severe degradation of areas that formerly supported native forest, woodland, or prairie. However, we did not attempt to quantify this. We did not examine burn records or herbicide application records since 1985, but examination of 2002/2003 vegetation patterns in the light of such records might help characterize other changes that have take place over the past 17 years.

Without question, the most dramatic change that has occurred on the installation since 1985 is the introduction and spread of Lespedeza cuneata (see Chapter 4). This weed already has severely compromised many Semi-natural/Altered vegetation communities, and control in those training areas most adversely impacted may render many mid-seral communities useless as migration or dispersal corridors, foraging or breeding sites, and prairie/forest buffer areas. However, if left unchecked, this species could jeopardize Natural/Near-natural herbaceous communities on and off the installation.

2.4. Conclusions

The new vegetation classification developed for FRMR recognizes eight Natural/Near-natural vegetation types (Ash-Elm-Hackberry Floodplain Forest, Cottonwood-Sycamore Floodplain Forest, Cottonwood-Black willow Floodplain Forest, Mixed oak Ravine Woodland, Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie, Sand Prairie, Limestone Butte Sparse Vegetation, and Riverine Sand Flats-Bars Sparse Vegetation), seven Semi-natural/Altered vegetation types (Cropland-Abandoned, Brome Field, Ruderal-Mixed, Sericea lespedeza Herbaceous Vegetation, Smooth brome/Japanese brome Herbaceous Vegetation, Overgrazed Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie, and Woodland-Brushy), and six Planted/Cultivated vegetation types (Fire Break, Food Plot, Cultivated Field, Tree Plantation, Hedgerow/Windbreak, and Lawn). Detailed physiognomic and floristic data were gathered for most of the Natural/Near-natural types and for some Semi-natural/Altered types. Planted/Cultivated types received limited attention, but at least one example of each of the types was mapped. More studies are needed to characterize and delimit forest and woodland types on the

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 15 installation. Because the new classification is hierarchical and relates to existing state, regional, and national classifications, it can be expanded and modified as needs dictate.

The primary value of the vegetation map based on 1985 surveys appears to be as a historical snapshot of some physical and floristic attributes. Its value as a benchmark against which vegetation changes can be assessed is limited because of problems with the classification that was used and because of numerous mapping errors. The new vegetation map does provide a reference point for assessing future vegetation changes.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 16

FIGURE 2.1. Vegetation of FRMR based on 1985 vegetation maps.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 17

FIGURE 2.2. Vegetation of FRMR based on surveys conducted in 2002/2003.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 18 Chapter 3: Prairie Assessments

3.1. Introduction

Prairies are critical reservoirs of biological diversity in Kansas and the Great Plains, providing habitat for a majority of the state’s native organisms. As land use and land management practices change, many prairie tracts are threatened due to fragmentation, isolation, and degradation. Issues of particular concern to the maintenance of biodiversity of prairies are 1) exotic species, especially plants, that invade prairies and out-compete native species, 2) encroachment of woody vegetation, and 3) military training activities that result in direct or indirect damage. Before these factors can be mitigated effectively, accurate baseline data about the location, quantity, and quality of prairie resources are needed.

Prior studies (Agri-Service Associates, Inc. 1985, USACE 1985) provided information about the location of prairies on FRMR; however, these data now are more than 15 years old. Furthermore, they contained limited qualitative and no quantitative estimates of the ecological condition of individual tracts. Therefore, DES asked KBS to conduct field surveys to locate and delimit the boundaries of individual native prairies, to determine the dominant natural community type of each following current natural community classifications for the state and region, and to estimate the ecological quality of each tract. To do this, we employed some of the assessment protocols developed for ecoregional conservation planning by The Nature Conservancy and its partners.

Ecoregional conservation planning is a tool that uses principles of conservation biology and ecology to identify priority areas for conservation (Groves et al. 2002). Although normally employed at the ecoregional scale (106 acres), this approach also has utility at the local scale (<101–104 acres).

The conservation planning framework used in ecoregional conservation planning has seven primary steps (Groves et al. 2002). First, conservation targets are identified – the species and communities that are most significant in the area of interest. Second, information about these targets is gathered, and data gaps are identified and filled though field surveys, rapid ecological assessment, or other approaches. Third, conservation goals are established. The quality and quantity of target species and community occurrences needed to protect biodiversity in the area of interest are determined. Fourth, existing conservation areas are identified. Fifth, the viability of conservation targets is estimated. Size, condition, and landscape context are the primary attributes considered. Sixth, a portfolio of conservation sites is assembled. Site selection criteria are developed and employed. Seventh, priority conservation areas are identified. An explanation of each step follows.

1. Identify conservation targets – Conservation targets may include ecosystems and communities, imperiled, endangered, endemic, or keystone species, and abiotic factors that help maintain the structure and function of ecosystems and natural communities.

2. Collect information and identify gaps – Information about conservation targets may be obtained from a variety of sources, including existing data sources or expert workshops. Often, new data are acquired from rapid ecological assessments, site-specific surveys, or by remote-sensing methods.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 19

3. Establish conservation goals – Normally, conservation goals are established by considering the representation and quality of the conservation targets within the planning area. This phase of the planning process involves asking two questions: How much or how many of each target should be conserved, and how should the targets be distributed across the planning region?

4. Assess existing conservation areas – An important early step in conservation planning is to determine which biological targets already have adequate protection within existing conservation areas. As employed in most planning efforts, existing management areas are identified, conservation targets within them are enumerated, and the level of protection afforded each target is assessed.

5. Evaluate viability of conservation targets – Three key factors are evaluated in this process: landscape context, size, and condition (Figure 3.1). Estimates of each factor for each conservation target are entered into a series of evaluation matrices to determine which occurrences have the highest viability. Normally, landscape context and size are weighted more heavily than is condition. The rationale is that landscape context and size cannot increase, or can do so only slightly with time, whereas condition is a more variable attribute and can be increased fairly quickly with appropriate management inputs. Also, the assessed condition of a prairie remnant may vary with season, observer, and management or environmental conditions. After landscape context and size have been evaluated (Table 3.1), results from that matrix are entered into a landscape context/size × condition matrix (Table 3.2). The results from that matrix then can be analyzed spatially in GIS to identify sites of highest conservation priority.

Landscape Context Landscape Context/ Landscape Context Size Matrix × Size (acres) × Size Matrix GIS Analysis Condition Condition Matrix

FIGURE 3.1. Summary of evaluation process for estimating viability of conservation targets.

A. Landscape Context – Landscape context refers to the general condition of the landscape in which a site occurs, considering such issues as disturbance regimes, fragmentation, topography, and biological diversity. Landscape context is ranked A–D. Generally speaking, A-grade landscapes have little if any impact from land conversion and are dominated by natural communities. Natural processes, and species interactions and migrations can occur across all natural communities and experience no complete barriers. Surrounding vegetation is >80% natural. B-grade landscapes have experienced some land conversion, but natural communities remain well-connected. Natural processes, and species interactions and migrations can occur across many natural communities and experience few barriers. Surrounding vegetation is 50–80% natural. C-grade landscapes are fragmented by cultural land, including cropland or developed areas. Barriers severely affect many natural processes, species interactions, and migrations, and many species are unable to maintain viable populations. Surrounding vegetation is 20–50% natural. At the low end of the spectrum, D- grade landscapes are surrounded almost entirely by cultural land. Natural processes and species migrations are severely compromised and cannot occur at natural scales. Only a subset of the historic biological diversity is viable within natural communities.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 20 TABLE 3.1. Generalized evaluation matrix for landscape context rating × size grade. The grade for a given site is determined by estimating the landscape context grade, the size grade, and noting the grade in the cell in which the column and row of those grades, respectively, intersect.

Landscape Context Grade A B C D A A A B B B B B B C Size Grade C B C C C D C C D D

TABLE 3.2. Generalized evaluation matrix for landscape context/size rating × condition grade. The grade for a given site is determined by estimating the landscape context/size grade (from Table 3.1), the condition grade, and noting the grade in the cell in which the column and row of those grades, respectively, intersect.

Landscape Context/Size Grade A B C D A A A B C Condition B A B B C Grade C B C C D D C D D D

B. Size – Determining the size of a natural community may appear straight-forward, but several issues complicate this process: patch size and minimum distance separating two occurrences.

Patch size denotes the size and landscape position of a natural community (Lauver et al. 1999). Four patch types usually are recognized: matrix, large-patch, small-patch, and linear. Matrix communities occur on the dominant landforms in an ecoregion and form extensive and often contiguous cover, usually >1,000 acres. Large-patch communities generally occur on subdominant landform features and form large but interrupted cover, usually 20–1,000 acres. Small-patch communities occur on specialized landforms and microhabitats, and generally are <20 acres. Linear communities are long, narrow communities usually associated with riverine features.

Size standards have been established for many natural communities to distinguish viable from non- viable occurrences and, for viable occurrences, to rank them (A–D, with A being the best and D being the worst). During ecoregional planning, each community occurrence must meet the minimum size set for its type to be considered for conservation planning purposes. For example, for Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie, a matrix community type, occurrences <1,000 acres usually are not considered viable (able to support ecosystem functions necessary to maintain high levels of native biodiversity for more than 100 years). Unless there are mitigating factors, such as high restoration

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 21 potential or other, nearby occurrences to which smaller occurrences might be connected, substandard occurrences usually are excluded from planning.

A second factor complicating the size issue is how far apart two occurrences of the same community type can be before they are considered distinct occurrences. Several evaluation guidelines are available to assist in making this determination for terrestrial natural communities. Basically, two tracts are treated as distinct if they are separated by: 1) a substantial barrier to natural processes and/or to native species, such as a busy highway, developed area, or large body of water; 2) cultural vegetation that limits connection of patches; large areas of FRMR formerly were cultivated but have undergone more than 40 years of succession and, while usually classified as ruderal community types, these areas often are dominated by native species within a patchwork of natural/ruderal types, so a substantial amount of species migration is possible; 3) a different community type coverage >0.5 mile wide if the communities frequently do not occur in a mosaic, or 1–2 miles wide if frequently in a mosaic; 4) a tract subjected to management that is significantly different from that employed on them; or 5) a major break or change in ecological land unit.

C. Condition – Condition refers to impact that human disturbance has had on a site. Condition can be estimated by any of several available methods. Most Natural Heritage programs use subjective field assessments, which are based on estimates of native species richness, abundance of exotic species, and ecological processes. As with landscape context, condition may be ranked from A–D, with A being the best (least affected by human disturbance) and D being the worst (severely affected by human disturbance).

Floristic Quality Assessment (FQA) is a standardized tool used to estimate the floristic quality of a natural area based on the vascular plants growing there (Freeman and Morse 2002). By extension, it can be used to assess the overall ecological quality of a site. Ecologists, botanists, environmental professionals, and land managers use FQA to establish baseline assessments, to conduct long-term monitoring, and to assess restoration progress in a variety of ecological settings (Herman et al. 1997, Taft et al. 1997). Developed in the 1970s (Wilhelm 1977, Swink and Wilhelm 1979), the method has been refined from its original form (Wilhelm and Ladd 1988, Taft et al. 1997, Rooney and Rogers 2002) and now is in use or development in numerous states and provinces in the U.S. and Canada (Taft et al. 1997).

The method was developed to avoid subjective measures of natural community quality, such as “high” or “low”. Some elements of FQA still are subjective, but the method has clear advantages over other evaluation tools, including repeatability and ease of application. Ideally, FQA should be used with other content-based and context-based measures (sensu Rooney and Rogers 2002) to estimate the integrity of native plant communities (Taft et al. 1997).

The FQA method is based on calculating an average coefficient of conservatism (C) and a floristic quality index (FQI) for a site. It may be used to compare several sites supporting the same community type (e.g., several Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairies) but should not be used to compare different community types (Rooney and Rogers 2002). A coefficient of conservatism is an integer from 0–10 that is assigned to each native plant species in a given geographic region – often a state or province. Naturally occurring hybrids and infraspecific taxa usually are not assigned coefficients.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 22 Coefficients of conservatism express two basic ecological tenets: plants differ in their tolerance of the type, frequency, and amplitude of anthropogenic disturbance, and plants vary in their fidelity to remnant natural plant communities (Taft et al. 1997). As employed in FQA, these two principles exhibit an inverse relationship: the lower a species’ tolerance of human-mediated disturbance, the higher its likelihood of occurring only in a natural plant community. Low coefficient values (0–3) denote taxa often found in highly disturbed habitats and without a strong affinity for natural communities. High coefficient values (7–10) denote species that tolerate only limited disturbance and usually are found in natural communities. With these principles as a guide, the C value applied to each species represents a relative rank based on observed behavior and patterns of occurrence in Kansas natural communities. Non-native species are not assigned coefficients because they were not part of the pre-settlement landscape. They do have an effect on FQA, however, and they may be incorporated in the assessment process.

The FQA process begins with a thorough inventory of vascular plants at a site of interest. The checklist then is used to calculate a floristic quality index (FQI) for the site. Two approaches have been proposed for calculating the FQI. In its original form (Wilhelm 1977, Taft et al. 1997), a mean C value (mean C) is calculated first. The mean C value for a site is the arithmetic mean of the coefficients of all native vascular plants occurring on the entire site (mean C = ΣC/N), without regard to dominance or frequency. Non-native taxa are excluded from the calculation of mean C. The FQI is the mean C multiplied by the square root of the total number of taxa (√N) inventoried on the site (FQI = mean C × √N). Separate calculations may be made using N = all taxa (native and non-native) and N = native taxa only (see analysis and discussion in Taft et al. 1997). The basic formula for FQI combines the conservatism of the taxa with a measure of the taxon richness of the site. By multiplying by √N instead of N, the formula reduces the effect of the size of the site (larger sites tend to have a larger total number of species). If the sampling method involves transects or quadrats a mean C and FQI can be calculated for each sample.

Rooney and Rogers (2002) have shown that a modified FQI, which is simply the mean C value for the site (mean C = ΣC/N), has greater power in reflecting the degree of habitat degradation. They argue that because the original FQI formula combines two independent measurements, species richness and the C values of species in the survey, identical FQI scores can be obtained for two natural communities that differ markedly in their quality. For example, a high FQI score could be due to either a large number of common species present at the site, each with low C values, or relatively few rare species at the site, each with high C values. Their approach is computationally simpler than the original FQI, and it is not strongly affected by sample size or species richness.

6. Assemble portfolio of conservation areas – Following assessment, sites are assembled into a portfolio that best meets the conservation goals established for the targets. The portfolio helps identify where those goals can be met, and where restoration activities may be necessary to meet conservation goals.

7. Identify priority conservation areas – The final step of the conservation planning process involves identifying conservation priorities based on issues that may influence long-term strategies, including existing levels of protection, conservation value, feasibility, and other factors.

3.2. Methods

Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie was the only conservation target for this phase of the study. Most native

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 23 prairie tracts on FRMR were identified and mapped in 1985 (Agri-Service Associates, Inc. 1985, USACE 1985). Field surveys in 2002/2003 were carried out to verify the accuracy of the 1985 maps, and discrepancies resulting from land use changes, cartographic errors, and field misidentifications were recorded. In the field, boundaries of native prairies were drawn onto 1998 aerial photographs of appropriate training areas. In the lab, boundaries were approximated by digitizing polygons directly from aerial photographs, and ArcView shapefiles were created for subsequent analysis.

We did not assume that any particular number or distribution of Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie occurrences would be best in meeting management or conservation goals of DES, so explicit goals were not set. All occurrences of Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie were considered to have equal levels of protection on FRMR despite the fact that some are buffered more from potentially detrimental influences than are others. None of the prairies on the installation is protected per se, and training activities and on-the-ground management decisions quickly can change conditions of individual sites.

Evaluation of long-term viability of prairies was the primary emphasis of our study. Landscape condition on FRMR varies from B (50–80% natural vegetation; mostly in the west and south) to C (20–50% natural vegetation; mostly in the central part) but was considered fairly uniform across the installation. A landscape context grade of C was assumed for all prairies in our analysis. Furthermore, because landscape context was assumed to be the same for all prairies, we did not consider it in the landscape context grade × size grade matrix. Size grades, unweighted by landscape context grades, were taken directly into the landscape condition/size grade × condition grade matrix. This prevented the “grade compression” that otherwise would have resulted, and it provided better spread and ranking of sites.

Prairie size was determined from the digital vegetation coverage. Patch size for communities occurring on FRMR is listed in Appendix B. Following strict assessment guidelines, only those occurrences of Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie (a matrix community type) >1,000 acres should be included in ecoregional assessments. Smaller occurrences are assumed to have low, long-term viability or not to be viable. Few tracts of Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie on FRMR are >1,000 acres in size, but because DES must work with what is on the installation, the 1,000-acre cut-off was not used to filter occurrences. All prairies, regardless of size, were included in our analysis, with size used to sort occurrences in the evaluation matrix. After a preliminary examination of size data for prairies, grades were assigned to the following size classes: D = 0–200 acres; C = 201–400 acres; B = 401–600 acres; and A = >601 acres.

Application of criteria for determining whether any two tracts were distinct meant that most training areas were treated functionally as their own management areas. Most are surrounded by perimeter roads or trails that slow, but do not prevent, dispersal of plant propagules. Some roads are robust fire guards and greatly reduce the chance of fire spreading from one unit to another. For these and other reasons, we considered prairies in different training areas to be separate even though two tracts might be separated by the width of a gravel road. Within a training area, any two prairies sharing part of a boundary (point or line) were combined as a single occurrence. Furthermore, any two prairies separated by 0.5 mi or less of any herbaceous community, natural or altered, were combined for purposes of evaluation. Prairies separated by more than 0.25 miles by a non- herbaceous community type (e.g., forest or woodland) were considered distinct. Some small, isolated prairies (mostly <10 acres) were excluded from our analysis.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 24

Our original plan was to use standard heritage methodology to estimate prairie conditions. However, basic tools were developed in 2002 that permitted use of Floristic Quality Assessment (FQA) to evaluate prairies (Freeman and Morse 2002). As a prelude to FQA, a comprehensive list of vascular plants on FRMR was compiled. A working list for Geary and Riley counties was generated from the collection database of the R. L. McGregor Herbarium, University of Kansas. Floristic inventories documented which species occurred on the installation, and each taxon encountered was vouchered with at least one collection, which was deposited in the R. L. McGregor Herbarium. Floristic data were incorporated into a field checklist used for FQA. In each prairie that we assessed, each species observed was recorded on the checklist. Presence data from field checklists were entered into a customized Excel application that calculated and summarized FQA metrics, including species richness (all taxa and native taxa only), percent of non-native taxa, mean conservatism (all taxa and native taxa only), floristic quality index (all taxa and native taxa only), and number of state-rare taxa (S1 and S2).

In 2002, floristic data were gathered for prairies in Training Areas 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 21, 22, 23, and two cool-season hay meadows in the southern part of the installation. The remaining training areas were assessed in 2003. Floristic quality assessments were conducted at 128 sites, including 116 native prairies or prairie complexes, nine tracts of abandoned cropland, and three cool-season hay meadows. The non-prairie sites were assessed to allow comparison of prairie and non-prairie scores. After a preliminary examination of FQA data for all prairies, we used the floristic quality index (for native species only) to assign condition grades for prairies. Grades were assigned to the following condition classes: D = 15.40–23.80; C = 23.81–32.20; B = 32.21–40.60; and A = >40.61.

After final assessment through the evaluation matrices, each prairie or prairie complex was assigned a final grade (A–D, with A being the best and D being the worst) that summarized all evaluation factors: landscape condition, size, and condition. Finally, site grades were added to the GIS coverage as attributes so the data could be summarized spatially.

3.3. Results and Discussion

Vascular plants documented in Geary and Riley counties, Kansas are listed in Appendix A. Nomenclature follows Freeman (2004). During this study, 820 numbers (1,330 specimens) were collected on FRMR representing more than 80 families and nearly 520 species. Appendix A also lists the Kansas coefficient of conservatism for each taxon.

Field survey sheets for FQA are not included in this report but are available upon request from the senior author. Electronic copies of all files containing FQA metrics and species lists, which are based on field survey data, have been submitted to DES. Floristic quality assessment metrics derived from field surveys are summarized in Table 3.3. Grades assigned to each prairie estimating landscape context, size, landscape context × size, condition, and landscape context/size × condition are summarized in Table 3.4.

Size data for all 116 Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairies assessed in this study are summarized in Figure 3.2. Floristic quality indices for those same prairies are summarized in Figure 3.3. Size vs. floristic quality index data are summarized in Figure 3.4. Prairie locations and grades are shown in Figure 3.5.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 25 TABLE 3.3. Floristic quality assessment data for all sites evaluated on FRMR in 2002/2003. Column codes are: Site = training area+field number; Ra = species richness, all taxa; Rn = species richness, native taxa only; %N = percent of all taxa at site that are non-native; Ca = mean conservatism, all taxa; FQIa = floristic quality index, all taxa; Cn = mean conservatism, native taxa only; FQIn = floristic quality index, native taxa only; R = number of state-rare taxa (S1 and S2); Type = A (abandoned cropland), C (cool-season grassland), and P (Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie); and Size = area of site (acres). An asterisk (*) in the Ra column indicates that no FQA data were gathered in that TA. See text for definitions of metrics.

Site Ra Rn %N Ca Cn FQIa FQIn R Type Size TA1 * TA2 * TA3-1 118 107 9.32 3.49 3.85 37.93 39.83 1 P 238.1 TA4-1 140 128 8.57 3.19 3.48 37.69 39.42 1 P 113.4 TA5-1 120 106 11.67 3.23 3.65 35.33 37.59 2 P 102.7 TA6-1 104 97 6.73 2.77 2.97 28.24 29.24 1 P 154.6 TA7-1 114 103 9.65 3.10 3.43 33.06 34.78 1 P 256.7 TA8-1 82 75 8.54 3.27 3.57 29.60 30.95 2 P 47.8 TA9-1 113 104 7.96 3.42 3.72 36.41 37.95 2 P 63.3 TA9-2 89 83 6.74 2.45 2.63 23.11 23.93 0 A 37.7 TA10-1 135 124 8.15 2.73 2.97 31.67 33.05 0 P 95.4 TA11-1 97 91 6.19 3.52 3.75 34.62 35.75 1 P 116.4 TA11-2 102 91 10.78 2.81 3.15 28.42 30.09 1 P 90.2 TA12-1 141 131 7.09 3.42 3.68 40.59 42.11 1 P 428.3 TA13-1 112 105 6.25 3.60 3.84 38.08 39.33 2 P 226.0 TA13-2 65 65 18.46 1.55 1.91 12.53 13.87 1 C 22.4 TA14-1 102 95 6.86 3.25 3.48 32.77 33.96 2 P 547.9 TA15-1 92 78 15.22 2.27 2.68 21.79 23.66 2 P 137.8 TA16-1 84 73 13.10 2.35 2.70 21.49 23.06 0 P 131.4 TA17-1 166 152 8.43 3.63 3.97 46.80 48.91 1 P 470.3 TA18 * TA19 * TA20-1 127 119 6.30 2.98 3.18 33.63 34.74 3 P 324.5 TA21-1 141 130 7.80 3.38 3.67 40.17 41.84 1 P 410.6 TA22-1 136 122 10.29 3.13 3.48 36.44 38.48 1 P 348.4 TA23-1 117 104 11.11 3.35 3.77 36.24 38.44 1 P 239.6 TA24-1 136 121 11.03 3.00 3.37 34.99 37.09 0 P 489.4 TA25-1 115 103 10.43 2.57 2.86 27.51 29.07 0 A 133.8 TA25-2 126 120 4.76 3.19 3.35 35.81 36.70 1 P 351.7 TA26-1 57 45 21.05 2.40 3.04 18.15 20.42 0 P 55.1 TA26-2 83 75 9.64 3.13 3.47 28.54 30.02 0 P 50.9 TA27-1 126 119 5.56 3.44 3.65 38.66 39.78 2 P 351.1 TA28-1 * TA29-1 120 106 11.67 3.28 3.72 35.97 38.27 2 P 428.9 TA30-1 149 143 4.03 3.35 3.49 40.88 41.73 1 P 566.9 TA31-1 122 114 6.56 3.29 3.52 36.30 37.56 1 P 244.1 TA32-1 134 126 5.97 3.59 3.82 41.55 42.85 2 P 512.2 TA33-1 118 110 6.78 3.25 3.48 35.26 36.52 3 P 124.7 TA34-1 97 91 6.19 2.84 3.02 27.92 28.83 0 P 35.9 TA35-1 113 103 8.85 2.91 3.19 30.95 32.42 1 P 211.6 TA35-2 108 96 11.11 3.16 3.55 32.81 34.80 1 P 28.2 TA35-3 95 88 7.37 2.64 2.85 25.75 26.76 0 P 91.8

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 26 Site Ra Rn %N Ca Cn FQIa FQIn R Type Size TA36-1 130 112 13.85 2.47 2.87 28.15 30.33 1 P 350.3 TA37-1 120 110 8.33 2.86 3.12 31.31 32.70 0 P 340.7 TA38-1 49 47 4.08 2.88 3.00 20.14 20.57 0 P 117.3 TA39-1 92 84 8.70 2.96 3.24 28.36 29.68 1 P 267.0 TA40-1 74 66 10.81 2.49 2.79 21.39 22.65 1 A 133.6 TA41-1 90 80 11.11 2.27 2.55 21.50 22.81 1 P 149.8 TA42 * TA43-1 73 65 10.69 2.53 2.85 21.65 22.95 0 P 138.9 TA44-1 46 45 2.17 2.67 2.73 18.14 18.34 0 P 76.1 TA45-1 83 77 7.23 2.58 2.78 23.49 24.39 0 P 115.5 TA46-1 93 86 7.53 2.69 2.91 25.92 26.96 0 P 291.9 TA47-1 72 69 4.17 3.67 3.83 31.11 31.78 0 P 64.1 TA47-2 109 100 8.26 3.22 3.51 33.62 35.10 1 P 110.9 TA48-1 116 104 10.34 2.97 3.32 32.03 33.83 0 P 462.7 TA49-1 73 60 17.81 1.93 2.35 16.50 18.20 0 P 46.3 TA50-1 113 103 8.85 3.19 3.50 33.96 35.57 1 P 197.5 TA51-1 107 100 6.54 3.02 3.23 31.23 32.30 1 P 256.5 TA52-1 69 62 10.14 2.90 3.23 24.08 25.40 0 P 65.2 TA53-1 118 107 9.32 3.16 3.49 34.34 36.06 2 P 108.4 TA53-2 70 64 8.57 2.80 3.06 23.43 24.50 0 P 32.4 TA54-1 90 85 5.56 3.42 3.62 32.47 33.41 1 P 354.4 TA55-1 91 77 15.38 1.81 2.14 17.30 18.80 0 P 199.9 TA56-1 51 47 7.84 2.43 2.64 17.36 18.09 0 P 61.3 TA57-1 102 87 14.71 2.50 2.93 25.25 27.34 0 P 209.5 TA58-1 133 119 10.53 2.85 3.18 32.86 34.74 0 P 726.6 TA59-1 78 74 5.13 3.63 3.82 32.04 32.90 0 P 491.0 TA60-1 78 74 5.13 3.50 3.69 30.91 31.74 0 P 93.7 TA60-2 102 95 6.86 2.85 3.06 28.81 29.86 0 P 220.0 TA61-1 114 105 7.89 2.94 3.19 31.38 32.69 0 P 748.6 TA62-1 58 51 12.07 2.33 2.65 17.73 18.90 0 A 79.2 TA63-1 115 106 7.83 3.42 3.71 36.65 38.17 1 P 440.8 TA64-1 103 98 4.85 3.54 3.72 35.96 36.87 0 P 533.8 TA65-1 89 79 11.24 2.44 2.75 23.00 24.41 0 P 78.8 TA65-2 94 90 4.26 3.14 3.28 30.43 31.10 0 P 56.1 TA65-3 106 97 8.49 2.81 3.07 28.94 30.26 0 P 155.2 TA65-4 95 88 7.37 3.55 3.83 34.58 35.92 1 P 30.5 TA65-5 94 84 10.64 3.13 3.50 30.32 32.08 1 P 82.7 TA66-1 117 109 6.84 3.33 3.58 36.06 37.36 1 P 209.5 TA66-2 63 62 1.59 3.63 3.69 28.85 29.08 0 P 122.6 TA67-1 118 111 5.93 3.46 3.68 37.56 38.73 0 P 738.0 TA68-1 101 93 7.92 2.90 3.15 29.15 30.38 0 P 218.3 TA69-1 84 75 10.71 2.11 2.36 19.31 20.44 1 A 285.6 TA70-1 84 79 5.95 3.10 3.29 28.37 29.25 0 P 321.4 TA71-1 97 92 5.15 3.22 3.39 31.68 32.53 1 P 132.2 TA71-2 78 72 7.69 2.92 3.17 25.82 26.87 0 P 96.9 TA72-1 108 101 6.46 3.07 3.29 31.95 33.04 0 P 524.1 TA73-1 88 79 10.23 2.51 2.80 23.56 24.86 0 P 165.9 TA73-2 60 56 6.67 2.77 2.96 21.43 22.18 0 P 54.9 TA74-1 90 78 13.33 2.42 2.79 22.98 24.68 1 P 207.6 TA75-1 132 123 6.82 3.24 3.48 37.25 38.59 1 P 525.6 TA76-1 77 69 10.39 2.75 3.07 24.16 25.52 0 P 19.8 TA76-2 107 94 12.15 2.62 2.98 27.07 28.88 0 P 84.7 TA77-1 115 109 5.22 3.16 3.33 33.85 34.77 2 P 510.2 TA78-1 87 76 12.64 2.39 2.74 22.30 23.86 1 P 160.5

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 27 Site Ra Rn %N Ca Cn FQIa FQIn R Type Size TA78-2 64 55 14.06 1.98 2.31 14.06 17.12 0 A 323.7 TA79-1 116 110 5.17 3.40 3.58 36.58 37.57 1 P 392.4 TA80-1 135 126 6.67 2.90 3.11 33.74 34.92 2 P 132.2 TA81-1 118 112 5.08 3.09 3.26 33.60 34.49 1 A 288.1 TA81-2 68 56 17.65 1.69 2.05 13.95 15.37 0 P 32.3 TA82-1 125 111 11.20 2.75 3.10 30.77 32.65 1 P 148.7 TA83-1 91 85 6.59 2.76 2.95 26.31 27.22 1 P 57.5 TA83-2 64 60 6.25 2.64 2.82 21.13 21.82 0 P 30.8 TA84-1 59 49 18.64 2.32 2.85 17.84 19.77 1 A 82.3 TA84-2 63 56 11.11 3.27 3.68 25.95 27.53 1 P 104.5 TA85-1 125 110 12.00 3.08 3.50 34.44 36.71 1 P 159.5 TA85-2 107 110 6.54 3.43 3.67 35.48 36.70 1 P 243.2 TA86-1 78 72 7.69 3.01 3.26 26.61 27.70 0 P 86.2 TA87-1 51 48 5.88 3.84 4.08 27.45 28.29 0 P 17.0 TA87-2 54 49 9.26 2.50 2.76 18.37 19.29 0 P 218.4 TA88-1 99 89 10.10 2.82 3.13 28.04 29.57 0 P 219.1 TA89-1 105 100 4.76 3.26 3.42 33.38 34.20 1 P 181.3 TA90-1 120 111 7.50 3.09 3.34 33.87 35.21 1 P 136.7 TA90-2 136 126 7.35 2.88 3.11 33.61 34.92 2 P 281.7 TA91-1 135 122 9.63 3.01 3.34 35.03 36.85 1 P 637.2 TA92-1 114 109 4.39 3.46 3.61 36.90 37.74 1 P 210.5 TA93-1 96 85 11.46 2.77 3.13 27.15 28.85 0 P 122.1 TA94-1 122 110 9.84 2.61 2.89 28.79 30.32 0 P 76.4 TA95-1 81 75 7.41 3.09 3.33 27.78 28.87 1 A 234.1 TA96-1 117 103 11.97 2.68 3.04 28.94 30.84 1 P 142.4 TA96-2 120 110 8.33 2.99 3.26 32.77 34.23 1 P 186.0 TA97-1 97 90 7.22 2.91 3.13 28.63 29.73 0 P 222.6 TA97-2 101 94 6.93 2.68 2.88 26.97 27.95 1 P 72.3 TA98-1 109 97 11.01 2.83 3.18 29.50 31.27 0 P 67.9 TA99-1 107 96 10.28 2.77 3.08 28.62 30.21 0 P 172.2 TA100-1 91 78 14.29 2.79 3.26 26.63 28.76 0 P 127.8 MPRC-C1 38 38 0.00 3.18 3.18 19.63 19.63 0 P 11.3 MPRC-C2 106 95 10.38 2.68 2.99 27.58 29.14 0 P 297.7 MPRC-77 89 85 4.49 3.34 3.49 31.48 32.21 0 P 177.5 MPRC-78 84 81 3.57 3.48 3.60 31.86 32.44 1 P 447.1 MPRC-79 48 47 2.08 3.92 4.00 27.14 27.41 1 P 2.7 Funston 52 27 48.08 0.90 1.74 6.54 9.05 0 C 3.0 Pawnee 56 39 30.36 1.86 2.67 13.90 16.65 0 C 5.0

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 28 TABLE 3.4. Grades for landscape context, size, and condition of Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairies evaluated on FRMR in 2002/2003. Column codes are: Site = training area+field number; LCgrade = landscape context score (A–D); S = size (acres); Sgrade = size grade (A–D); LCgrade × Sgrade = landscape context grade × size grade (from Table 3.1); FQIn = floristic quality index, native taxa only; FQIngrade = floristic quality index grade; and LC/Sgrade × FQIngrade = landscape context grade/size grade × floristic quality index grade (from Table 3.2). See text for explanation of grades.

LCgrade × LC/Sgrade × Site LCgrade S Sgrade FQIn FQIngrade Sgrade FQIngrade TA3-1 C 238.1 C C 39.83 B B TA4-1 C 113.4 D D 39.42 B C TA5-1 C 102.7 D D 37.59 B C TA6-1 C 154.6 D D 29.24 C D TA7-1 C 256.7 C C 34.78 B B TA8-1 C 47.8 D D 30.95 C D TA9-1 C 63.3 D D 37.95 B C TA10-1 C 95.4 D D 33.05 B C TA11-1 C 116.4 D D 35.75 B C TA11-2 C 90.2 D D 30.09 C D TA12-1 C 428.3 B B 42.11 A A TA13-1 C 226.0 C C 39.33 B B TA14-1 C 547.9 B B 33.96 B B TA15-1 C 137.8 D D 23.66 D D TA16-1 C 131.4 D D 23.06 D D TA17-1 C 470.3 B B 48.91 A A TA20-1 C 324.5 C C 34.74 B B TA21-1 C 410.6 B B 41.84 A A TA22-1 C 348.4 C C 38.48 B B TA23-1 C 239.6 C C 38.44 B B TA24-1 C 489.4 B B 37.09 B B TA25-2 C 351.7 C C 36.70 B B TA26-1 C 55.1 D D 20.42 D D TA26-2 C 50.9 D D 30.02 C D TA27-1 C 351.1 C C 39.78 B B TA29-1 C 428.9 B B 38.27 B B TA30-1 C 566.9 B B 41.73 A A TA31-1 C 244.1 C C 37.56 B B TA32-1 C 512.2 B B 42.85 A A TA33-1 C 124.7 D D 36.52 B C TA34-1 C 35.9 D D 28.83 C D TA35-1 C 211.6 C C 32.42 B B TA35-2 C 28.2 D D 34.80 B C TA35-3 C 91.8 D D 26.76 C D TA36-1 C 350.3 C C 30.33 C C TA37-1 C 340.7 C C 32.70 B B TA38-1 C 117.3 D D 20.57 D D TA39-1 C 267.0 C C 29.68 C C TA41-1 C 149.8 D D 22.81 D D TA43-1 C 138.9 D D 22.95 D D TA44-1 C 76.1 D D 18.34 D D TA45-1 C 115.5 D D 24.39 C D TA46-1 C 291.9 C C 26.96 C C

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 29 LCgrade × LC/Sgrade × Site LCgrade S Sgrade FQIn FQIngrade Sgrade FQIngrade TA47-1 C 64.1 D D 31.78 C D TA47-2 C 110.9 D D 35.10 B C TA48-1 C 462.7 B B 33.83 B B TA49-1 C 46.3 D D 18.20 D C TA50-1 C 197.5 D D 35.57 B C TA51-1 C 256.5 C C 32.30 B B TA52-1 C 65.2 D D 25.40 C D TA53-1 C 108.4 D D 36.06 B C TA53-2 C 32.4 D D 24.50 C D TA54-1 C 354.4 C C 33.41 B B TA55-1 C 199.9 D D 18.80 D D TA56-1 C 61.3 D D 18.09 D D TA57-1 C 209.5 C C 27.34 C C TA58-1 C 726.6 A A 34.74 B A TA59-1 C 491.0 B B 32.90 B B TA60-1 C 93.7 D D 31.74 C D TA60-2 C 220.0 C C 29.86 C C TA61-1 C 748.6 A A 32.69 B A TA63-1 C 440.8 B B 38.17 B B TA64-1 C 533.8 B B 36.87 B B TA65-1 C 78.8 D D 24.41 C D TA65-2 C 56.1 D D 31.10 C D TA65-3 C 155.2 D D 30.26 C D TA65-4 C 30.5 D D 35.92 B C TA65-5 C 82.7 D D 32.08 C D TA66-1 C 209.5 C C 37.36 B B TA66-2 C 122.6 D D 29.08 C D TA67-1 C 738.0 A A 38.73 B A TA68-1 C 218.3 C C 30.38 C C TA70-1 C 321.4 C C 29.25 C C TA71-1 C 132.2 D D 32.53 B C TA71-2 C 96.9 D D 26.87 C D TA72-1 C 524.1 B B 33.04 B B TA73-1 C 165.9 D D 24.86 C D TA73-2 C 54.9 D D 22.18 D D TA74-1 C 207.6 C C 24.68 C C TA75-1 C 525.6 B B 38.59 B B TA76-1 C 19.8 D D 25.52 C D TA76-2 C 84.7 D D 28.88 C D TA77-1 C 510.2 B B 34.77 B B TA78-1 C 160.5 D D 23.86 C D TA79-1 C 392.4 C C 37.57 B B TA80-1 C 132.2 D D 34.92 B C TA81-1 C 288.1 C C 34.49 B B TA82-1 C 148.7 D D 32.65 B C TA83-1 C 57.5 D D 27.22 C D TA83-2 C 30.8 D D 21.82 D D TA84-2 C 104.5 D D 27.53 C D TA85-1 C 159.5 D D 36.71 B C TA85-2 C 243.2 C C 36.70 B B TA86-1 C 86.2 D D 27.70 C D TA87-1 C 17.0 D D 28.29 C D TA87-2 C 218.4 C C 19.29 D D

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 30 LCgrade × LC/Sgrade × Site LCgrade S Sgrade FQIn FQIngrade Sgrade FQIngrade TA88-1 C 219.1 C C 29.57 C C TA89-1 C 181.3 D D 34.20 B C TA90-1 C 136.7 D D 35.21 B C TA90-2 C 281.7 C C 34.92 B B TA91-1 C 637.2 A A 36.85 B A TA92-1 C 210.5 C C 37.74 B B TA93-1 C 122.1 D D 28.85 C D TA94-1 C 76.4 D D 30.32 C D TA96-1 C 142.4 D D 30.84 C D TA96-2 C 186.0 D D 34.23 B C TA97-1 C 222.6 C C 29.73 C C TA97-2 C 72.3 D D 27.95 C D TA98-1 C 67.9 D D 31.27 C D TA99-1 C 172.2 D D 30.21 C D TA100-1 C 127.8 D D 28.76 C D MPRC-C1 C 11.3 D D 19.63 D D MPRC-C2 C 297.7 C C 29.14 C C MPRC-77 C 177.5 D D 32.21 B C MPRC-78 C 447.1 B B 32.44 B B MPRC-79 C 2.7 D D 27.41 C D

Prairie size ranged from 2.7–748.6 acres but was skewed strongly toward the small end of the range (Figure 3.2). Means size was 220.0 acres, but nearly 70% of all prairies assessed were smaller than the mean.

Floristic quality index values ranged from 18.09–48.91 and were roughly normally distributed (Figure 3.3). Mean floristic quality index for all Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairies was 31.5. By comparison, 12 tracts of formerly cultivated land (n = 9) and cool-season grassland (n = 3) were assessed by FQA. Floristic quality indices for these tracts ranged from 9.05–34.49 and had a mean index of 21.24, appreciably lower than the index for prairies.

The scatterplot of size vs. condition for all Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairies (Figure 3.4) shows a relationship between these two variables. Condition increased with size but appeared to approach an asymptote when the index reached the low 40s. Despite a non-linear relationship between size and condition, the two variable showed a moderately positive relationship (r = 0.559, Spearman’s rho test for nonparametric correlation significant at 0.01 value).

Vertical lines on Figure 3.4 indicate breaks between size classes (D = 0–200 acres, C = 201–400 acres, B = 401–600 acres, and A = >601 acres). Likewise, horizontal lines indicate breaks between condition classes (D = 15.40–23.80, C = 23.81–32.20, B = 32.21–40.60, and A = >40.61). Grades for sites within each cell of Figure 3.4 were determined by applying the “rules” from Table 3.2. Site grades for all 116 Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairies assessed on FRMR were distributed as follows: D = 46, C = 31, B = 30, and A = 9.

Figure 3.5 shows the locations and grades of prairies documented during this study. On FRMR, as in many other parts of the state, level or nearly level ground is more likely to be cultivated or

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 31 30

22 20

18 16 15

10

8 6 6 6 Std. Dev = 172.76 5 4 4 Mean = 220 3 0 2 N = 116.00 0 200 400 600 100 300 500 700

Size (acres)

FIGURE 3.2. Histogram of size for 116 Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairies assessed on FRMR.

20

17

15 14 13 12 10 11

8

5 4 4 4 4 4 Std. Dev = 6.09 Mean = 31 0 1 N = 116.00 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48

Floristic Quality Index

FIGURE 3.3. Histogram of floristic quality index values for 116 Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairies assessed on FRMR.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 32 49

41

32

Floristic Quality Index Quality Floristic 24

15 0 200 400 600 800

Size (acres)

FIGURE 3.4. Scatterplot of size vs. floristic quality index for 116 Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairies assessed on FRMR.

developed, while prairies occur most frequently in areas with comparatively greater relief. This is evident from Figure 3.5. Extensive tracts of native Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie occur on uplands and on upper slopes of valleys along the south, east, and northeast sides of the installation (Training Blocks C, F, I, M, and training units south of Vinton School Road). In these areas, tributaries to the Republican River, Kansas River, and Wildcat Creek have eroded short, steep-sided valleys. The bottoms and lower slopes of these valleys usually are dominated by Ash-Elm-Hackberry Floodplain Forest or Mixed oak Ravine Woodland, but fire and haying have controlled the spread of woody vegetation onto the upper slopes and uplands in most places. The second area of concentration of prairies on FRMR is in the northwest part (Training Blocks A, D, G, H, J, K, N, and the MPRC). Again, most large tracts are associated with the upper reaches of tributaries to the Republican River, namely Rush Creek, Farnum Creek, Madison Creek, Dry Creek, and several other unnamed tributaries.

The divide between watersheds draining westward to the Republican River and eastward to Wildcat Creek or southeastward to the Kansas River is approximated by Old Highway 77, which extends from near the northwest corner of Custer Hill north to the town of Riley. Along this divide is a 2– 4-mile wide band of fairly level ground, along which much of the land formerly was cultivated, and where native prairies are relatively uncommon. Not coincidentally, some of the worst infestations of

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 33 Lespedeza cuneata on the installation are found here (see Chapter 4).

In our analysis, we closely followed all criteria for determining when two prairies should be treated as one or two occurrences. One exception was Training Area 65, where we conducted FQA on five separate prairies in the TA rather than a single assessment for all five tracts as criteria would dictate. This was done to obtain FQA data from several sites with similar management and topographic features but which differed in size. The prairies in TA65 were suitable for this purpose. However, had we followed our criteria, as was done in adjacent training areas, all five prairies in TA65 would have been part of a single, large, B-grade complex.

A-grade and B-grade prairies are concentrated in the south, east, and northwest parts of the installation, where prairie is most plentiful. Sites in Training Blocks H and K generally exhibit less relief than do prairies with similar grades in other parts of FRMR. C-grade and D-grade prairies are concentrated along the divide through the central part of the installation. They also occur sporadically in other parts of the installation.

As stated earlier, we closely followed all criteria for determining when two prairies should be treated as one or two occurrences. More often than not, the consequence was that all prairies in a given training area were treated as a single occurrence for purposes of assessment of size, condition, and overall site grade. To obtain more of a landscape perspective, we eliminated the criterion that two prairies separated only by a road must be treated as distinct, and we visually combined appropriate polygons in Figure 3.5. Though not shown in this report, this approach caused most polygons in the northwest part of FRMR to aggregate into a single, large prairie complex of sufficient size to be a conservation candidate in ecoregional planning. Polygons in the south and east part of the installation aggregated into eight primary polygons, but prairies in the central part of FRMR mostly remained small and isolated. This perspective may be useful to DES staff as they examine the prairie data in this study and attempt to map long-term management strategies that will ensure the maintenance of native biodiversity on the installation.

3.4. Conclusions

Field surveys in 2002/2003 identified the locations of 116 Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairies on FRMR. None of the prairies meets the 1000-acre minimum size standard used for this community type in ecoregional planning. However, using assessment criteria that considered landscape context, size, and condition, we found that 34% of the prairies are A-grade or B-grade, indicating they are least impacted by humans. The remaining 66% are C-grade or D-grade. Most of these prairies are small, often isolated, and have been moderately to severely impacted by past or ongoing human activities. The largest prairies, which also generally graded the highest, are concentrated in the south, east, and northwest parts of the installation. Generally speaking, prairies are most abundant in those parts of the installation that have the greatest topographic relief. Areas with comparatively lower relief have experienced a much higher incidence of past cultivation. Prairies are far less abundant in the central part of FRMR. This study yielded baseline data that can be used by resource managers to establish management priorities based on issues under their influence, including existing levels of protection, conservation value, feasibility, training mission, and other factors. The data also can be used to track temporal changes.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 34

FIGURE 3.5. Locations and grades of Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairies on FRMR.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 35 Chapter 4: Weed Surveys

4.1 Introduction

Invasive plants, especially those that are non-native, are among the greatest threats to natural ecosystems worldwide. Problems associated with them have increased dramatically with expanding human populations, world travel, and international trade. An estimated 5,000 non-native plant species (also called exotic, alien, or introduced) occur in the U.S. today (Morse et al. 1995). Non- indigenous plants occupy an additional 4,600 acres of wildlife habitat per day in the U.S. (Babbitt 1998), and invasive weeds on croplands are estimated to cost the U.S. $26.4 billion annually (Pimentel et al. 2000). Combined annual losses and damages plus control costs from aquatic weeds, crop weeds, weeds in pastures, and weeds in lawns, gardens, and golf courses are close to $34 billion (Pimentel et al. 2000).

Nearly 420 of the approximately 2,100 species (20%) of vascular plants documented in Kansas have been introduced since the arrival of Euro-Americans. Exotic plants are of particular concern since many natural controls formally regulating their populations are absent in the new, non-native environment. Among their many adverse impacts on natural communities (Randall 1995, 1996), non-native plant species often out-compete native species, reducing biodiversity and modifying habitat structure.

The State of Kansas, based on recommendations from the Kansas Department of Agriculture (KDA), labels a plant species as “noxious” when it threatens economic activities. Kansas Statute 2- 1314 (Information Network of Kansas, Inc. 2002–2003) assigns responsibility to all people who own or supervise land in Kansas to, “control the spread of and to eradicate all weeds declared by legislative action to be noxious on all lands owned or supervised by them and to use such methods for that purpose and at such times as are approved and adopted by the department of agriculture.” State law deems noxious weeds as plants that are such a nuisance to the economy that landowners and extension agents are bound by law to destroy them (Information Network of Kansas, Inc. 2002–2003). The KDA Plant Protection and Weed Control Program lists 12 species as noxious in Kansas, and states, “the term noxious weeds shall mean kudzu (Pueraria lobata), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), Russian knapweed (Centaurea repens), hoary cress (Cardaria draba), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), quackgrass (Agropyron repens), leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula), bur ragweed (Ambrosia grayii), pignut (Hoffmannseggia densiflora), musk (nodding) thistle (Carduus nutans), Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), and sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata).”

DES determined that four non-native plant species pose the greatest threat to the military’s training mission and to the ecological integrity of plant communities on FRMR. Three of these, Carduus nutans L. subsp. leiophyllus (Petrovič) Stoj. & Stefani (musk-thistle, musk plumeless-thistle), Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don (sericea lespedeza), and Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (Johnson grass), are noxious in Kansas. The fourth, Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust), is not noxious. Information about each species, summarized from Freeman et al. (2003), is presented below.

Carduus nutans (Asteraceae; musk-thistle). Native to Europe and introduced into the U.S. in the 1850s, musk-thistle is a biennial herb that grows to 2 m tall. This thistle favors abandoned fields,

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 36 overgrazed pastures, roadsides, and other sites where frequent disturbance exposes the soil. It can occur in native grassland but usually is restricted to areas of localized disturbance. It usually does not tolerate shading. Varying degrees of control have been achieved with chemical, biological, mechanical, and cultural methods. Many types of control are ineffective if carried out while thistles are in bloom. Fire has not been proven to be an effective control measure unless it ultimately increases the vigor of native, perennial grasses and forbs, thereby reducing the amount of suitable habitat.

Lespedeza cuneata (Fabaceae; sericea lespedeza). Native to eastern Asia, sericea lespedeza is a perennial legume with slightly woody stems that can grow to 2 m tall. It was introduced into many parts of the U.S. for erosion control and as food and cover for wildlife, the reason it apparently was planted on FRMR in the mid- to late 1980s. Compared to native grassland species, sericea lespedeza is unpalatable to livestock because of the high concentration of tannins in its tissues. Seeds are dispersed in the fall, may be spread by birds, and can remain viable for over 20 years. It is found extensively along roadsides but also can invade other sites, including thickets, fields, meadows, prairies, and woodlands. It is very drought hardy. Burning, grazing, and fertilization can provide some control on rangeland. Late spring burns on non-rangeland have achieved some success. Sericea lespedeza can become highly invasive, forming dense populations that diminish native biodiversity or impede efforts at ecosystem restoration; it is particularly problematic in rangeland in the southern Flint Hills of Kansas. The species is a serious threat to prairie and woodland communities.

Robinia pseudoacacia (Fabaceae; black locust). Black locust’s original range was in the southeastern U.S. on the lower slopes of the Appalachian Mountains, with some outliers further north on slopes and forest margins in Illinois, Indiana, and Missouri. It is a rapid-growing, deciduous tree in the legume family; it can grow to 30 m tall. Most natural reproduction is by root suckering and stump sprouting. Black locust becomes a management problem when it aggressively invades dry prairies and savannas, and shades native species. It is found in a variety of disturbed sites such as pastures, degraded woods, old fields, roadsides and rights-of-way. Mowing and burning largely are ineffective control measures because of the plant’s vigorous vegetative propagation. Management has concentrated more on chemical control. Annual haying may prevent first year seedlings from spreading into prairies.

Sorghum halepense (Poaceae; Johnson grass). Native to the Mediterranean, Johnson grass was introduced to the U.S. in the 1800s as a potential forage crop. It is a coarse, perennial grass that can reach 2.5 m tall and produces stout rhizomes. It spreads by seed and rhizomes, forming dense clumps. It can crowd out native species, reducing plant diversity and complicating restoration efforts. It invades disturbed sites including fallow fields, forest edges, and riverbanks. It also can be a pest in annually tilled agricultural fields. Johnson grass grows on a variety of soils but thrives best on fertile lowlands. Individuals in small infestations can be hand-pulled or sprayed with a backpack sprayer. Repeated, close mowing can kill seedlings and reduce rhizome growth. Johnson grass can become highly invasive, forming dense populations that diminish native biodiversity or impede efforts at ecosystem restoration. It occurs abundantly in low, mesic restoration areas on former agricultural land, near cropped ground and food plots, and in other disturbed areas.

Management concerns about these four species prompted DES to ask that field surveys be conducted to map populations of each of these four species. Two questions were of particular

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 37 interest. First, where are populations of these weeds? Second, what is the geographic relationship between populations of these weeds and native prairies on the installation? The latter was of particular interest because of potential management implications.

4.2 Methods

The locations and severity of infestations of Carduus nutans, Lespedeza cuneata, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Sorghum halepense were recorded as populations were encountered in the field. Surveys were conducted from May–October despite phenological difference among these species.

Weed surveys were conducted simultaneously with vegetation mapping (Chapter 2) and floristic quality assessment (Chapter 3). Field data were recorded on field forms (Figure 4.1.). Mapping procedures followed the recommendations in Carpenter et al. (2002) and Anonymous (2002), with minor modifications. The minimum mapping unit for each occurrence was <1m2 (individuals mapped), and the minimum distance between adjacent occurrences was 30 m (i.e., any two plants closer than 30 m were mapped as part of the same occurrence). These parameters worked well during the 2002 field season, but in 2003 the minimum mapping distance was increased to 50–60 m in some fields (especially in training areas in Training Blocks B, D, and E) because plants occurred at low but uniform densities. Without increasing the minimum mapping distance between populations, excessive time would have been spent mapping dozens of small occurrences with no foreseeable management benefits. Latitude and longitude of small, isolated occurrences (points, or polygons with at least one dimension up to 5 m) was determined with a hand-held Garmin GPS II+. Boundaries of larger occurrences were drawn onto 1998 aerial photographs and at least one GPS reading within the occurrence was recorded as a quality control measure. Population boundaries were approximated by digitizing polygons directly from aerial photographs. Each point or polygon was assigned the following attributes: date observed, observer(s), centroid position, canopy cover (using 10 cover classes), and area (calculated in ArcView). Weed survey results were provided to DES as ArcView shapefiles so they may be used to track new populations, to update information about known populations, and to perform periodic analyses.

Training areas south of Vinton School Road (except for those along the perimeter of the installation) were surveyed in 2002. Remaining training areas were surveyed in 2003. Neither the Impact Area nor most of the developed and residential parts of FRMR were surveyed. Limited access and a late-season fire in the eastern two-thirds of the MPRC prevented surveys there.

4.3 Results and Discussion

We believe the accuracy of field surveys was relatively unaffected by phenological difference among the four weed species, although the herbaceous species generally were more conspicuous in flower and fruit than they were in vegetative condition. Flowering and fruiting in the herbaceous species are: Carduus nutans = May–July; Lespedeza cuneata = July–October; Sorghum halepense = June–October. However, because many prairies on FRMR are hayed in July and August, surveys for the latter two species could not be delayed because haying would make accurate surveys virtually impossible. This was less of an issue with musk-thistle. Fortunately, all four species are biennial or perennial and produce stems, leaves, or fruits that can persist more than one growing season. Furthermore, accurate identifications can be made throughout the growing season, even from young vegetative parts. Therefore, early season (May–June) surveys may have underestimated the abundance of

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 38 FT. RILEY WEED INVENTORY FORM

General Information

Training Area No.: ______

Survey Date (YYYYMMDD): 2003--____--____

Surveyor: ______Base Map Reference No. ______

Location Information

Centroid: N Latitude ____.______Centroid: W Longitude ____.______

Point ( Y / N ) Polygon ( Y / N )

If polygon, boundaries are defined by map ______or GPS coordinates ______

N boundary ____.______S boundary ____.______E boundary ____.______W boundary ____.______

Plant Information

Species: ____ Carduus nutans ____ Lespedeza cuneata ____ Robinia pseudoacacia ____ Sorghum halepense

Infested Area ______Unit of Measure: acre hectare (Actual infested area of weeds.)

Gross Area ______Unit of Measure: acre hectare

(How dense are the weeds. Check appropriate Canopy Cover amount) 1-10% 11-20% 21-30% 31-40% 41-50% 51-60% 61-70% 71-80% 81-90% 91-100%

FIGURE 4.1. Weed survey form used on FRMR in 2002/2003.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 39 Lespedeza cuneata and Sorghum halepense, but this was not believed to be a serious methodological flaw.

Distribution maps are provided for Carduus nutans (Figure 4.2), Lespedeza cuneata (Figure 4.3), Robinia pseudoacacia (Figure 4.4), and Sorghum halepense (Figure 4.5). Field data are summarized for each species in Table 4.1.

TABLE 4.1. Number of training areas in which Carduus nutans, Lespedeza cuneata, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Sorghum halepense were documented, and total area infested (in acres). Area figures exclude populations recorded as points.

Species Training Areas Area (acres) Carduus nutans 20 77 Lespedeza cuneata 94 12,927 Robinia pseudoacacia 31 150 Sorghum halepense 13 218

Carduus nutans was recorded in 20 training areas and infested an estimated 77 acres (Table 4.1, Figure 4.2) Canopy cover for all polygons was 1–10%. Populations were observed in prairies, former cropland, and in cultural vegetation types, but in nearly all cases they comprised one or a few individuals in habitats that had experienced recent disturbance. Usually, there was some soil exposed. The largest population (>45 acres) was recorded in TA85, where widely scattered individuals occupied a large hay meadow. Survey data suggest that the species is likely where suitable microhabitats exist, but management practices that promote healthy native vegetation probably will largely exclude the species. Carduus nutans is expected to be a nuisance primarily in areas where perennial vegetation is damaged or destroyed, and where the soil has not experienced severe compaction.

Lespedeza cuneata was recorded in 94 training areas, with an estimated 12,927 acres infested (Table 4.1, Figure 4.3). Nearly 8,760 acres had a canopy cover of 1–10%, and nearly 11,800 acres had a canopy cover between 1–30% (Figure 4.6). Roughly 330 acres had a canopy cover of 71–100% (Figure 4.6). Without question, Lespedeza cuneata has become a serious management problem on FRMR since its introduction in the mid-1980s. The species was documented in all training blocks and nearly all training areas. Surveys confirmed the most severe infestation are in the central, north- central, and east-central parts of the installation, especially in Training Blocks A, B, C, D, E, F, L, and O. Presently the species is less of a problem south of Vinton School Road, although most training areas immediately south of the road (6, 7, 12, 15, and 16) have extensive areas with cover of 11–20%. Also, training blocks in the northwest part of FRMR (J, K, and N) appear to be less severely infested. Definitive statements about the severity of infestations in the MPRC cannot be made because survey data are unavailable for the eastern half of that unit. Small populations were observed in the western half of the MPRC.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 40

FIGURE 4.2. Populations of Carduus nutans documented on FRMR in 2002/2003.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 41

FIGURE 4.3. Populations of Lespedeza cuneata documented on FRMR in 2002/2003.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 42

FIGURE 4.4. Populations of Robinia pseudoacacia documented on FRMR in 2002/2003.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 43

FIGURE 4.5. Populations of Sorghum halepense documented on FRMR in 2002/2003.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 44 Infestations of sericea lespedeza were estimated during the 1999 growing season, but little is known about the assessment techniques used. Degree of infestation was estimated in five classes: heavy, moderate, light, not infested, and not scouted. The polygons produced for that study suggest that very liberal criteria were used for determining the size of the area infested. Despite whatever methodological differences might exist between the 1999 and 2002/2003 surveys, and the fact that there have been efforts to control some infestations through herbicide use, the generalized maps from the two studies show great congruence in both location and severity of infestations across the installation.

10000

9000

8000

7000

6000 s 5000 Acre 4000

3000

2000

1000

0 1-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 % Canopy Cover

FIGURE 4.6. Total number of infested acres of Lespedeza cuneata in each of 10 cover classes on FRMR.

Prior to the initiation of this study, a major question was the extent to which Lespedeza cuneata had invaded native prairies on FRMR. Surveys in 1999 suggested that the most severe infestations were in training areas in the central and eastern part of the installation. However, lacking recent maps of the locations of prairies, it was difficult to evaluate the co-occurrence of the weed and prairies. Our data are useful in addressing this question.

Figure 4.7 shows the locations of prairies, mapped infestations of Lespedeza cuneata, and sites where

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 45

FIGURE 4.7. Locations of prairies and infestations of Lespedeza cuneata on FRMR.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 46 Lespedeza cuneata occurs on prairies. Our surveys confirmed the general distribution patterns shown in the 1999 surveys. Furthermore, they showed that more than 75% of populations of Lespedeza cuneata are not associated with Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie but rather with communities in the Semi- natural/Altered vegetation category. The most severe infestations were on formerly cultivated land. Lespedeza cuneata was documented on native prairies; however, most populations are isolated and have canopy covers in the 1–10% range. Of 12,927 infested acres on FRMR, 23% were on native prairies: 131 acres on A-grade, 901 acres on B-grade, 1022 acres on C-grade, and 867 acres on D- grade.

These results are somewhat encouraging. They suggest that maintenance of the ecological health of prairies may help prevent them from becoming seriously infested. If Lespedeza cuneata does become established on prairies, spot spraying with herbicide can be used to kill local infestation without endangering native species. Tracked vehicles likely are the primary vector for introduction of Lespedeza cuneata into native prairies, but other methods of dispersal, such as by birds, also may be occurring. Aggressive control measures, perhaps involving aerial spraying with herbicides combined with prescribed burns, likely are necessary to control larger populations of Lespedeza cuneata in the central and eastern parts of the installation. Unless eradicated, or at least checked, these populations will persist as seed reservoirs that will allow the species to continue to spread into other parts of the installation, to re-contaminate sites where the weed has been eradicated, to become established in prairies when local conditions are suitable, and to spread to surrounding private lands. Unfortunately, aggressive control measures may come at a price, as Semi-natural/Altered vegetation communities supporting the weed may be rendered useless as migration or dispersal corridors, foraging or breeding sites, and prairie/forest buffer areas.

Robinia pseudoacacia was recorded in 31 training areas, with an estimated 150 acres infested (Table 4.1, Figure 4.4). More than 80 acres had a canopy cover of >50% because the species usually forms stands from root suckers and stump spouts. Many populations were associated with abandoned farmsteads, where the tree probably was planted in shelterbelts or for shade. Many populations showed evidence of damage from herbicide application, which probably was applied to kill or control the spread of colonies. Unfortunately, most of these colonies showed signs of suckering even where more mature individuals had been killed by herbicides. Currently, Robinia pseudoacacia appears to be a localized pest on the installation.

Sorghum halepense was recorded in 13 training areas, with an estimated 218 acres infested (Table 4.1, Figure 4.5). Canopy cover for more than half of these acres (115) was 1–10%. All documented populations are in the south half of the installation, where they usually occurred along fire breaks, roadsides, construction sites, around food plots, and in other sites where the soil had been disturbed and exposed. The largest populations documented were in TA1 and TA29 around construction sites. Of the four weed species tracked during this study, our survey probably underestimated the abundance of Sorghum halepense the greatest because many of the populations were small and isolated. It is likely that many additional occurrences were overlooked, and the species might reasonably be expected almost anywhere on the FRMR where appropriate microhabitats exist, especially associated with fire breaks and construction sites in the developed part of the installation. Sorghum halepense does not appear to be a serious pest on FRMR.

4.4. Conclusions

Field surveys were carried out to identify the locations and severity of infestations of Carduus nutans

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 47 L. subsp. leiophyllus (Petrovič) Stoj. & Stefani (musk-thistle, musk plumeless-thistle), Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don (sericea lespedeza), Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust), and Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (Johnson grass). Populations of Carduus nutans, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Sorghum halepense are mostly small and isolated, with 77, 150, and 218 acres on the installation, respectively. These species are locally abundant at some sites, but overall they appear to be minor pests. Clearly, they are not the imminent ecological threat that is Lespedeza cuneata. Recorded in 94 training areas, and with an estimated 12,927 acres infested, Lespedeza cuneata has become a serious management problem on FRMR since its introduction in the mid-1980s. One encouraging finding of our study was that most populations are not on Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie, but rather occur on former cropland. Localized populations were identified on some prairies, but eradication may be possible without seriously compromising the prairie biota. Maintenance of the ecological health of Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairies probably is one of the most important factors that will ensure that Lespedeza cuneata does not threaten these important reservoirs of native biodiversity. Unless eradicated or at least checked, large infestations in the central and eastern parts of the installation will continue to serve as seed reservoirs that will allow the species to continue to spread into other parts of the installation, to re-contaminate sites where it has been eradicated, to become established in prairies when local conditions are suitable, and to spread to surrounding private lands. Aggressive control measures involving aerial spraying and prescribed burns may be necessary to stem the spread of this noxious weed in training areas in which plant communities already have been compromised.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 48 Chapter 5: Rare Species

5.1 Introduction

The Kansas Natural Heritage Inventory tracks site-specific information for nearly 400 species of vascular plants and 150 species of vertebrate and invertebrate animals in Kansas. Previous floristic, faunistic, and vegetation studies on FRMR documented six species tracked by KSNHI (KSNHI unpublished data), including four animals (Accipiter striatus Vieillot [sharp-shinned hawk], Ammodramus henslowii (Audubon) [Henslow’s sparrow], Gryllotalpa major Saussure [prairie mole cricket], Notropis topeka (Gilbert) [Topeka shiner]), and two plants (Chenopodium pallescens Standl. [pale goosefoot], Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray. [prairie dropseed]). KSNHI databases contained at least one occurrence record from FRMR for each of the animal species (Table 5.1). Five occurrence records have been processed for Chenopodium pallescens Standl. A tentative state-rank of S2 was assigned to Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray prior to this study based on herbarium records, but no occurrence records had been processed.

DES asked KBS to document populations of any of these or other rare plants and animals encountered during vegetation surveys of the installation. However, because specialized survey techniques usually are required to locate populations of these animals, rare species surveys were considered to be a low priority, ancillary activity. No specialized survey techniques were employed to search for any species in this phase of the study.

TABLE 5.1. State-rare animals documented on FRMR by previous studies. Rank = G (global), S (state) ranks (see http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/ranking.htm for rank definitions); TA = training area where seen; P = precision of record (M = minutes precision [location known to within ca. 4 km], S = seconds precision [location known to within ca. 100 m]); and LastObs = date species last seen at site.

Scientific Name Common Name Rank TA P LastObs Accipiter striatus sharp-shinned hawk G5 S3N, S4N 21+22 S 1990-06-12

Ammodramus henslowii Henslow’s sparrow G4 S3B 39 S 1996

Gryllotalpa major Prairie mole cricket G3 S3 10 S 1998-05-06 Gryllotalpa major Prairie mole cricket 79+75 S 1992-05-30

Notropis topeka Topeka shiner G3 S3 41/Impact Area S 2000-07-12 Notropis topeka Topeka shiner 95 M 1996-07-01 Notropis topeka Topeka shiner 96 S 1995-09-06 Notropis topeka Topeka shiner 98 S 1999-06-15

5.2 Methods

Concurrent with vegetation surveys during the 2002/2003 field seasons, the field crew recorded information about populations of rare species that were encountered. Close attention was paid to

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 49 populations of Chenopodium pallescens Standl. and Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray. Early in the study, it became clear that both species were represented by numerous populations on FRMR and that current state-ranks overstated their rarity in Kansas. Therefore, we decided not to record precise location data for populations as they were encountered. Instead, presence data for these species were recorded during floristic quality assessment, and this information was combined with existing occurrence data to re-estimate the statewide rarity of each species.

5.3 Results and Discussion

Not surprisingly, no populations of any of the four rare animals known previously from FRMR were documented during this study. Surveys for these species usually require special techniques (e.g., seining for Notropis topeka, aural surveys conducted at sunset in mid-May for Gryllotalpa major) that were not employed. It would have been possible to encounter Accipiter striatus or Ammodramus henslowii during vegetation surveys, but the attention of the field crew usually was focused on the ground, especially when conducting FQA or mapping weeds. Consequently, no data were obtain to update existing records for any of the animal species.

Prior to this study, Chenopodium pallescens Standl. was known from 21 extant and historic populations in eastern and central Kansas. This easily overlooked annual grows in tallgrass and mixed-grass prairies and frequently is found at sites with exposed or compacted soil, and often where other native vegetation has been damaged or destroyed. Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray was known from 13 extant and historic populations in eastern Kansas. This caespitose grass grows in native prairies but frequently is overlooked because it blooms from late September through October. Because both species are easily overlooked, we believed both were more abundant in Kansas than herbarium records and field observations suggested.

Populations each of Chenopodium pallescens and Sporobolus heterolepis were documented in nearly all training areas on FRMR. Pale goosefoot often grew along vehicle ruts and in places where the vegetation was damaged and the topsoil exposed. Some populations were encountered isolated in large tracts of Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie, but more often they occurred on ground that formerly was cultivated. Prairie dropseed was restricted to Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie communities. Numerous large, healthy populations were seen in hay meadows, where plants were easy to find and where flowering and fruiting occurred in greatest profusion. Smaller populations also were found on level uplands or less frequently on slopes in Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie that showed no evidence of recent haying.

No other state-rare plant species were encountered during this study. Floristic work did provide information that confirmed the state status of many native species and allowed refinement of range information about them.

5.4. Conclusions

No populations of state-rare animals species tracked by KSNHI were documented during this study, but information about two plant species formerly considered state-rare was obtained. Based on their abundance on FRMR, both Chenopodium pallescens Standl. and Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray have been re-ranked by KSNHI from S2 to S3, indicating 20–100 populations of each exists statewide. A rank of S4 (>100 populations statewide) may be justified for each but is not currently recommended because populations are concentrated in a small area of the state. The Kansas

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 50 Natural Heritage Inventory no longer actively tracks these species but will continue to attempt to find new populations elsewhere that will help establish more accurate state-ranks.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 51 Literature Cited

Abrams, M. D. 1986. Historical development of gallery forests in northeast Kansas. Vegetatio 65: 29–37.

Abrams, M. D. 1988. Effects of prescribed burn on woody vegetation in a gallery forest understory in northeastern Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 91: 63–70.

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VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 54 Appendix A. Plants of Geary and Riley counties, Kansas. CoC = Kansas coefficient of conservatism. An asterisk (*) in the CoC column indicates the species is non-native and therefore not included in calculation of the floristic quality index. Bold indicates species confirmed on FRMR. X = county voucher at KANU not collected on FRMR. Abbreviations for collections are F = Craig C. Freeman and M = Caleb A. Morse, followed by collection number. Nomenclature follows Freeman (2004).

FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name ACANTHACEAE

Justicia americana (L.) Vahl American water-willow 5 X

Ruellia humilis Nutt. fringe-leaf ruellia 3 F3771, F19052 F19254

Ruellia strepens L. limestone ruellia 4 F18928 X ACERACEAE

Acer negundo L. var. violaceum (Kirchn.) Jaeger boxelder 1 F20006 F19014 Acer saccharinum L. silver maple 2 X X

AGAVACEAE

Yucca filamentosa L. Adam's-needle * X

Yucca glauca Nutt. small soapweed 4 F18719 X ALISMATACEAE

Alisma subcordatum Raf. southern water-plantain 4 X F19973

Alisma triviale Pursh northern water-plantain 4 FM19119

Echinodorus berteroi (Spreng.) Fassett upright burhead 4 MF8498 F19417, F19974

Sagittaria brevirostra Mack. & Bush short-beak arrowhead 4 X F19389, F19976

Sagittaria cuneata E. Sheld. northern arrowhead 4 MF8500 Sagittaria latifolia Willd. broad-leaf arrowhead 4 X Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. & Schltdl. giant arrowhead 3 F19967 F19411, F19975 subsp. calycina (Engelm) Bogin AMARANTHACEAE

Amaranthus albus L. tumbleweed amaranth 0 F19945 F19335 Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson prostrate pigweed 0 X

Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson Palmer's pigweed 0 F19239 F19336, F19560

Amaranthus retroflexus L. rough pigweed * F19465 F19348 F19464, F19521, Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J.D. Sauer tall water-hemp 0 F19600 F19537

Froelichia gracilis (Hook.) Moq. slender snake-cotton 3 X F19337 ANACARDIACEAE Rhus aromatica Aiton var. serotina (Greene) aromatic sumac 3 F18730 F19599 Rehder Rhus glabra L. smooth sumac 1 F18939 F18956 Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze subsp. poison-ivy 0 F18927 F19062 negundo (Greene) Gillis APIACEAE

Ammoselinum popei Torr. & A. Gray plains sand-parsley 3 X X

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 55 FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville var. incisa (Torr.) cut-leaf water-parsnip 6 FM19118 Cronquist Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz spreading chervil 0 F18632 F18804

Chaerophyllum tainturieri Hook. var. tainturieri southern chervil 2 F19877

Conium maculatum L. poison-hemlock * F18926 F19058

Daucus carota L. Queen-Anne's-lace * F19057 Eryngium leavenworthii Torr. & A. Gray Leavenworth's eryngo 3 X

Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. button snake-root eryngo 7 X F19924 Lomatium foeniculaceum (Nutt.) J.M. Coult. & Rose var. daucifolium (Torr. & A. Gray) fennel-leaf desert-parsley 6 F18701 Cronquist Polytaenia nuttallii DC. Nuttall's prairie-parsley 6 F18744 F3745, F19012

Sanicula canadensis L. var. canadensis Canadian sanicle 2 F3767, F18920 F19453

Sanicula odorata (Raf.) Pryer & Phillippe fragrant sanicle 2 F18733 F18810, F19930 Spermolepis inermis (Nutt. ex DC.) Mathias & F3739, F18963, spreading scaleseed 3 F18890 Constance F19042 Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link field hedge-parsley * X

Zizia aurea (L.) W.D.J. Koch common golden-alexanders 5 X X

APOCYNACEAE

Apocynum cannabinum L. hemp dogbane 0 F19501 F18979 ARACEAE

Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott dragonroot Jack-in-the-pulpit 7 X

ASCLEPIACACEAE

Asclepias amplexicaulis Sm. blunt-leaf milkweed 7 F19959 X

Asclepias incarnata L. subsp. incarnata swamp milkweed 4 F19154 X

Asclepias speciosa Torr. showy milkweed 2 F19045 F19881

Asclepias stenophylla A. Gray narrow-leaf milkweed 7 F3758, F18887 F3753

Asclepias sullivantii Engelm. ex A. Gray smooth milkweed 5 F3793, F19026

Asclepias syriaca L. common milkweed 1 F18943 F18951

Asclepias tuberosa L. subsp. interior Woodson butterfly milkweed 6 F18902 F3744

Asclepias verticillata L. whorled milkweed 1 F19155, F19961 F3756, MF8464 F3759, F18901, Asclepias viridiflora Raf. green milkweed 6 F3735 MF8484 Asclepias viridis Walter spider milkweed 1 X F18664 ASTERACEAE Achillea millefolium L. subsp. lanulosa (Nutt.) western yarrow 1 F18707 F3748, F18672 Piper Ageratina altissima (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. tall snakeroot 1 F20005 F19400 var. altissima Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. common ragweed 0 F19171 F19293

Ambrosia psilostachya DC. western ragweed 3 F19221 F19266

Ambrosia trifida L. giant ragweed 0 F19163 F19291

Amphiachyris dracunculoides (DC.) Nutt. common broomweed 2 X F19581

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 56 FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name Antennaria neglecta Greene field pussy's-toes 2 X F19884

Arnoglossum plantagineum Raf. tuberous Indian-plantain 6 F18949 F3734

Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. subsp. ludoviciana Louisiana sagewort 2 X F19578

Aster drummondii Lindl. subsp. drummondii Drummond's aster 2 F19469 F19392, F19591 F19428, F19583, Aster ericoides L. subsps ericoides var. ericoides heath aster 5 F19493 F19597 Aster lanceolatus Willd. subsp. lanceolatus var. lance-leaf aster 3 F19421, F19579 lanceolatus Aster oblongifolius Nutt. aromatic aster 5 F19470 F19429, F19596 Aster oolentangiensis Riddell var. oolentangiensis azure aster 8 X

Aster pilosus Willd. var. pilosus hairy aster 0 F19387, F19580

Aster sericeus Vent. silky aster 8 F19492 F19391, F19595 F19163, F19517, Aster subulatus Michx. var. ligulatus Shinners saltmarsh aster 0 F19409 F19525

Bidens bipinnatus L. Spanish needles 0 F20004

Bidens cernuus L. nodding beggar-ticks 3 X F19414

Bidens frondosus L. devil's beggar-ticks 0 X F19390, F19415 Bidens vulgatus Greene tall beggar-ticks 2 X Brickellia eupatorioides (L.) Shinners var. eastern brickellbush 2 F19194 F19321 corymbulosa (Torr. & A. Gray) Shinners Carduus nutans L. subsp. leiophyllus (Petrovic) musk plumeless-thistle * F19060 Stoj. & Stefani Cirsium altissimum (L.) Spreng. tall thistle 2 F19150 F19306 Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. wavy-leaf thistle 4 X X

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. bull thistle * X X

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist tall horseweed 0 F19160 F19286, F19584

Conyza ramosissima Cronquist spreading horseweed 0 F18924, MF8501 X Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet var. big-flower coreopsis 8 X F3796, F19031 harveyana (A. Gray) Sherff Cyclachaena xanthifolia (Nutt.) Fresen. rag sumpweed 0 X

Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) Hitchc. fetid marigold 0 F18934, F19205 F19588 black-Sampson purple- Echinacea angustifolia DC. var. angustifolia 6 F18888, MF8524 F3733 coneflower Echinacea atrorubens Nutt. tall purple-coneflower 8 X X

Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. pale purple-coneflower 7 F18889 F19032

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. yerba de tajo 3 F19167 F19982 Engelmannia peristenia (Nutt. ex Raf.) Goodman & Engelmann's daisy 2 X C.A. Lawson Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC. American burnweed 1 F19395, F20018

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. annual fleabane 0 F18972 F18993 Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia fleabane 3 X

Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. daisy fleabane 4 F18693 F3746

Eupatorium altissimum L. tall joe-pye-weed 2 F19461 F19267

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 57 FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name Grindelia lanceolata Nutt. spiny-tooth gumweed 3 F19869 Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal var. curly-top gumweed 0 F19468 F19408 squarrosa Helianthus annuus L. common sunflower 0 F19495 F19403

Helianthus grosseserratus M. Martens saw-tooth sunflower 4 X F19613

Helianthus hirsutus Raf. hairy sunflower 6 F19145 F19304

Helianthus maximilianii Schrad. Maximilian's sunflower 3 F19458 F19418

Helianthus mollis Lam ashy sunflower 7 F19922

Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt. var. pauciflorus stiff sunflower 5 F19193 F19329

Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. plains sunflower 1 F19502 F19283 Helianthus salicifolius A. Dietr. willow-leaf sunflower 6 X Jerusalem-artichoke Helianthus tuberosus L. 2 F19436 F19269 sunflower Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. scabra sunflower heliopsis 6 F19180 FM19122 (Dunal) Fernald Heterotheca canescens (DC.) Shinners gray golden-aster 4 X Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & Rusby broad-leaf golden-aster 2 F19216 subsp. latifolia Heterotheca stenophylla (A. Gray) Shinners var. narrow-leaf golden-aster 4 F19933 angustifolia (Rydb.) Semple Hieracium longipilum Torr. long-beard hawkweed 5 X Hymenopappus scabiosaeus L'Her. var. flat-top white-woolly 4 F3806, F18688 F18676 corymbosus (Torr. & A. Gray) B.L. Turner Iva annua L. annual sumpweed 0 X X

Krigia cespitosa (Raf.) K.L. Chambers weedy dwarf-dandelion 4 F3749

Lactuca canadensis L. Canadian lettuce 2 F19179 F19271

Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. Florida lettuce 3 F19178 F19310 Lactuca ludoviciana (Nutt.) Riddell western lettuce 3 X

Lactuca saligna L. willow-leaf lettuce * F19217

Lactuca serriola L. prickly lettuce * F19244 F19270 Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. common ox-eye daisy * X

Liatris aspera Michx. button gayfeather 6 F19467 F19986

Liatris mucronata DC. eastern dotted gayfeather 5 F19211 F19590

Liatris punctata Hook. western dotted gayfeather 5 F19332 Nothocalais cuspidata (Pursh) Greene wavy-leaf false-dandelion 7 X Packera plattensis (Nutt.) W.A. Weber & A. prairie ragwort 5 F18695 F18645 Löve Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. purple marsh-fleabane 2 F19522 F20021

Prenanthes aspera Michx. rough rattlesnake-root 8 F19316, F19594

Prionopsis ciliata (Nutt.) Nutt. wax-goldenweed 1 F19220 F19280 Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hillard & fragrant false-cudweed 0 X F19456, F19977 B.L. Burtt Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walter) DC. Carolina false-dandelion 1 X X

Pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (Nutt.) Nutt. tuberous false-dandelion 4 F19941

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 58 FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name F3775, F18886, Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Wooton & Standl. upright prairie-coneflower 4 F19913 MF8522 gray-head prairie- Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart 3 MF8523 F19926 coneflower Rudbeckia hirta L. var. pulcherrima Farw. black-eyed-Susan 2 F3786 F3742 Silphium integrifolium Michx. var. laeve Torr. & whole-leaf rosinweed 3 F19235 F19248 A. Gray Silphium laciniatum L. compassplant 4 MF8486, F19208 F19455 Solidago canadensis L. var. scabra (Muhl. ex Canadian goldenrod 1 F19474 F19307, F19388 Willd.) Torr. & A. Gray Solidago gigantea Aiton late goldenrod 3 F19552 F19268

Solidago missouriensis Nutt. Missouri goldenrod 5 MF8476, F19195 F19319 Solidago nemoralis Aiton subsp. decemflora gray goldenrod 2 F19459 F19318, F19611 (DC.) Brammall Solidago petiolaris Aiton var. petiolaris downy goldenrod 7 F19460 F19582

Solidago rigida L. var. humilis rough goldenrod 3 F19196 F19317 Solidago speciosa Nutt. var. rigidiuscula Torr. & showy goldenrod 7 F19320, F19589 A. Gray Sonchus asper (L.) Hill prickly sow-thistle * X F18980 Taraxacum laevigatum (Willd.) DC. red-seed dandelion * X X

Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. common dandelion * F18621 X Thelesperma megapotamicum (Spreng.) Kuntze Rio Grande greenthread 4 F3766, F18916 F19005 var. megapotamicum Tragopogon dubius Scop. western salsify * F18745 X

Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton ex Kearney wing-stem crownbeard 4 F19274 Vernonia baldwinii Torr. subsp. interior (Small) western ironweed 2 X F19401 W.Z. Faust Xanthium strumarium L. common cocklebur 0 X F19279 BETULACEAE

Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch American hop-hornbeam 5 X X

BIGNONIACEAE

Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. common trumpet-creeper * X

Catalpa bignonioides Walter southern catalpa * X

Catalpa speciosa Warder northern catalpa * F19245 F19349 BORAGINACEAE

Cynoglossum officinale L. common hound'd-tongue * X

Hackelia virginiana (L.) I.M. Johnst. Virginia bracted-stickseed 3 X F19299 Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort. blue stickseed * X

Lithospermum arvense L. corn gromwell * F18779 F3812, F18704, Lithospermum incisum Lehm. plains gromwell 5 F18659 MF8521, F19947

Myosotis verna Nutt. spring forget-me-not 2 F19883 Onosmodium bejariense A. DC. var. occidentale western false-marbleseed 4 F3805 F19603 (Mack.) B.L. Turner BRASSICACEAE

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 59 FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande common garlic-mustard * F18630 F18800

Arabis canadensis L. Canadian rockcress 4 F18766 X Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch black mustard * X X

Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex DC. little-pod false-flax * X F19022

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. common shephard's-purse * F18778 X Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. heart-pod hoarycress * X

Chorispora tenella (Pall.) DC. blue-mustard * X

Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl flix-weed tansy-mustard * X

Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. stinking wall rocket * F19899 Draba brachycarpa Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray short-pod draba 1 X

Draba cuneifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray wedge-leaf draba 3 X X

Draba reptans (Lam.) Fernald white whitlow-wort 2 X F19876 Erysimum repandum L. bushy wallflower * X X

Hesperis matronalis L. dame's rocket * X

Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. field pepper-grass * X

Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. prairie pepper-grass 0 X F18658, F18786 Lepidium oblongum Small oblong pepper-grass 0 X X

Lepidium virginicum L. Virginia pepper-grass 0 X

Microthlaspi perfoliatum (L.) F.K. Mey. perfoliate-pennycress * F18777 F18807 Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser subsp. fernaldiana blunt-leaf yellowcress 2 F18991, F19972 (Butters & Abbe) Jonsell Rorippa sessiliflora (Nutt.) Hitchc. stalkless yellowcress 1 F19983 Rorippa sinuata (Nutt.) Hitch. spreading yellowcress 3 X X

Sisymbrium altissimum L. tumble-mustard * X X

Thlaspi arvense L. field pennycress * X X

CACTACEAE Coryphantha missouriensis (Sweet) Britton & Missouri River coryphantha 7 F18706 F19875 Rose var. missouriensis Opuntia macrorhiza Engelm. var. macrorhiza big-root pricklypear 3 X F19870 CAMPANULACEAE

Campanula americana L. American bellflower 4 MF8506, F19184 F19303

Lobelia cardinalis L. cardinal-flower 6 X F19419 Lobelia siphilitica L. great lobelia 4 X slender-fruit Venus'- Triodanis leptocarpa (Nutt.) Nieuwl. 3 F18895 F19024 looking-glass clasping-leaf Venus'- Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. 2 F18896 F19025 looking-glass CANNABACEAE

Cannabis sativa L. marijuana * F19234 X Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc. Japanese hop * X

Humulus lupulus L. var. pubescens E. Small common hop 3 FM19121

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 60 FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese honeysuckle * X

Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim. Amur honeysuckle * F20007 F18639, F18794 Lonicera sempervirens L. trumpet honeysuckle * X

Lonicera tatarica L. Tatarian honeysuckle * X

Sambucus canadensis L. American elder 2 F3769, F19906 F18978, FM19120

Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench coral-berry 1 F19435, F19473 X

Triosteum perfoliatum L. clasping horse-gentian 4 F18772 F19893 CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Arenaria serpyllifolia L. thyme-leaf sandwort * F18612, F18925 X short-stalk mouse's-ear Cerastium brachypodum (Engelm. ex A. Gray) B.L. Rob. 2 X X chickweed Dianthus armeria L. Deptford pink * X F19891 Holosteum umbellatum L. jagged-chickweed * X X

Saponaria officinalis L. common soapwort * F19557

Silene antirrhina L. sleepy catchfly 0 F18921 F3741

Silene stellata (L.) W.T. Aiton starry catchfly 4 MF8509 F19929

Stellaria pallida (Dumort.) Crep. pale chickweed * F18614 F18802 CELASTRACEAE F18669, F18995, Celastrus scandens L. American bittersweet 4 F18736 FM19097

Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. eastern wahoo 5 F18773, MF8497 X CERATOPHYLLACEAE

Ceratophyllum demersum L. common hornwort 3 X X

CHENOPODIACEAE

Chenopodium album L. lamb's-quarters goosefoot 0 F19425, F19604 Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. ambrosioides worm-seed goosefoot * X X

Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. var. zschackii pit-seed goosefoot 0 F19482 MF8466 (Murray) Murray ex Asch.

F3755, F3820, Chenopodium pallescens Standl. pale goosefoot 1 F3780 FM19107, MF8465, F19610, F19992

F19227, F19438, Chenopodium pratericola Rydb. field goosefoot 3 X F19531, F19953

Chenopodium simplex (Torr.) Raf. maple-leaf goosefoot 2 F19147 F20012

Chenopodium standleyanum Aellen Standley's goosefoot 3 F19148 F19442, F19556 F19037, F19514, Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) J.M. Coult. tumble ringwing 1 F19282 F19530, F19944

Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. broom kochia * F19219, F19532 F19561 Monolepis nuttalliana (Schult.) Greene Nuttall's poverty-weed 0 X

CLUSIACEAE F3776, F18948, Hypericum perforatum L. common St. John's-wort * X F19047

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 61 FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name Hypericum punctatum Lam. spotted St. John's-wort 6 FM19091 COMMELINACEAE

Commelina erecta L. var. erecta erect dayflower 4 F19142 F19285

Tradescantia bracteata Small bracted spiderwort 5 X F19879

Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. Ohio spiderwort 5 F3764, F18690 F18667 CONVOLVULACEAE

Calystegia macounii (Greene) Brummitt Macoun's hedge-bindweed 6 X X Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. subsp. angulata common hedge-bindweed 0 FM19114 Brummitt Convolvulus arvensis L. field bindweed * F19471 F18687

Evolvulus nuttallianus Schult. Nuttall's evolvulus 6 X F19915

Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. ivy-leaf morning-glory * X F19558

Ipomoea lacunosa L. white morning-glory 0 F19523 X

Ipomoea leptophylla Torr. bush morning-glory 5 F19939

Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth purple morning-glory * X F19559 CORNACEAE Cornus amomum Mill. subsp. obliqua (Raf.) J.S. pale dogwood 5 X FM19108, F19964 Wilson F18970, F18999, Cornus drummondii C.A. Mey. rough-leaf dogwood 1 F19475 FM19109 CRASSULACEAE

Penthorum sedoides L. ditch-stonecrop 3 X F19422 CUCURBITACEAE Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai watermelon * F19472 var. lanatus Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth buffalo gourd 0 X X

Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & A. Gray wild mock-cucumber 2 X

Sicyos angulatus L. wall bur-cucumber 2 F19157, F19555 F20010 CUPRESSACEAE Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray bis) Port-Orford-cedar * F19909 Parlatore Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana eastern red-cedar F18742 F19448 CUSCUTACEAE

Cuscuta glomerata Choisy cluster dodder 3 F19978 Cuscuta pentagona Engelm. field dodder 2 X

CYPERACEAE

Bolboschoenus fluviatilis (Torr.) Sojak river tuberous-bulrush 5 F18992, F19910

Carex aggregata Mack. cluster sedge 6 F18622

Carex albicans Willd. ex Spreng. var. albicans white-tinge sedge 7 F18767

Carex austrina Mack. southern sedge 2 F18601, F18743 F18788

Carex bicknellii Britton Bicknell's sedge 8 F19878

Carex blanda Dewey woodland sedge 1 F18615, F18765 F18811

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 62 FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name Carex brachyglossa Mack. yellow-fruit sedge 5 FM19126 F18661, F18781, Carex brevior (Dewey) Mack. ex Lunell short-beak sedge 5 F18715, F18761 F18793

Carex bushii Mack. Bush's sedge 4 F18780

Carex davisii Schwein. & Torr. Davis' sedge 4 F18631 F18643, F18808

Carex emoryi Dewey Emory's sedge 5 F18762 Carex frankii Kunth Frank's sedge 4 X

Carex gravida L.H. Bailey heavy sedge 4 F18709 F18641, F18782

Carex grisea Wahlenb. narrow-leaf sedge 3 F18608 F18789

Carex hystericina Muhl. ex Willd. bottle-brush sedge 7 F18760 FM19124 Carex inops L.H. Bailey subsp. heliophila sun sedge 8 F18717 (Mack.) Crins Carex laeviconica Dewey smooth-cone sedge 8 X F19098, FM19125

Carex leavenworthii Dewey Leavenworth's sedge 2 F18609, F18929 F18642, F18790

Carex meadii Dewey Mead's sedge 7 F18716 F18660 Carex molesta Mack. ex Bright pest sedge 4 X

Carex normalis Mack. large straw sedge 5 X

Carex oligocarpa Sckuhr ex Willd. straight-fruit sedge 6 F18768 X

Carex pellita Muhl. ex Willd. woolly sedge 5 F18759 F19008, FM19123

Carex vulpinoidea Michx. fox sedge 3 F18764 F18981

Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. tape-leaf flat-sedge 0 F19466 F3818, F19019

Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. red-root flat-sedge 4 F19543 F19980

Cyperus esculentus L. yellow nut-sedge 0 F19510 F19443 Cyperus lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks subsp. F3810, F19035, slender-stem flat-sedge 3 lupulinus F19038, F19956 Cyperus ×mesochorus Geise intermediate sedge 4 F19040, F19957 F19166, F19512, Cyperus odoratus L. slender flat-sedge 3 F19273 F19542

Cyperus schweinitzii Torr. Schwinitiz's flat-sedge 6 F19039, F19955 F19036, F19509, Cyperus squarrosus L. awned flat-sedge 0 X F19544

Cyperus strigosus L. false nut-sedge 4 F19511 F19273, F19420 Eleocharis compressa Sull. var. acutisquamata flat-stem spike-rush 6 F19016 (Buckley) S.G. Sm. Eleocharis engelmannii Steud. Engelmann's spike-rush 4 F19968

Eleocharis erythropoda Steud. bald spike-rush 4 F18763 X

Eleocharis macrostachya Britton large-spike spike-rush 3 X F19017 Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. marsh spike-rush 6 X

Lipocarpha aristulata (Coville) G.C. Tucker awned dwarf-bulrush 7 X Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C. Gmel.) soft-stem twine-bulrush 4 F18751, MF8492 F18984 Palla Scirpus atrovirens Willd. green bulrush 4 MF8494 X

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 63 FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name Scirpus pallidus (Britton) Fernald pale bulrush 5 F19001

Scirpus pendulus Muhl. drooping bulrush 3 F18757 F19018, FM19111 DRYOPTERIDACEAE

Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. subsp. obtusa blunt-lobe cliff fern 6 X

ELATINACEAE

Bergia texana (Hook.) Seub. & Walp. Texas bergia 2 X

EQUISETACEAE

Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun smooth scouring-rush 3 F19954 X EUPHORBIACEAE

Acalypha ostryifolia Riddell rough-pod copperleaf 0 F19441, F19463 F19334

Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. rhombic copperleaf 1 F18990, F19430 FM19093, F19288, Acalypha virginica L. Virginia copperleaf 0 F20008 F19412

F19214, F19230, Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small ridge-seed mat-spurge 0 F19434, F19518, X F19942

Chamaesyce humistrata (Engelm.) Small spreading mat-spurge 3 F19144

Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small spotted mat-spurge 0 F19133, F19213 F19338

Chamaesyce missurica (Raf.) Shinners Missouri mat-spurge 5 F18917, F19937 F19990

Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small eyebane 0 F19159, F19212 F19265 Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small prostrate mat-spurge 0 X

Chamaesyce serpens (Kunth) Small round-leaf mat-spurge 0 X FM19094

Chamaesyce stictospora (Engelm) Small slim-seed mat-spurge 0 F19210 F19247

Croton capitatus Michx. var. capitatus woolly croton 1 F19497 FM19095 Croton glandulosus L. var. septentrionalis Mull. tropic croton 1 F19215 Arg. F3808, F18935, Croton monanthogynus Michx. one-seed croton 1 F19256 MF8479 Croton texensis (Klotzsch) Mull. Arg. var. Texas croton 1 F19226 texensis Euphorbia corollata L. flowering spurge 5 X F19298

Euphorbia cyathophora Murray painted spurge 3 F19140, F20009 F19264

Euphorbia davidii Subils western toothed spurge 0 F19141 F19255 F19222, F19499, Euphorbia hexagona Nutt. ex Spreng. six-angle spurge 2 F19281 F19934

Euphorbia marginata Pursh snow-on-the-mountain 0 F19158 F19315

Euphorbia spathulata Lam. warty spurge 5 F19902 F3732

Tragia ramosa Torr. catnip noseburn 6 F18694 FM19106 FABACEAE

Amorpha canescens Pursh leadplant 7 F18933, MF8477 F3743, F18957 F3770, F18746, Amorpha fruticosa L. bush wild-indigo 6 X F19905 Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald America hog-peanut 3 F19182 X

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 64 FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name Astragalus canadensis L. var. canadensis Canadian milk-vetch 4 F19963

Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. var. crassicarpus ground-plum milk-vetch 7 F18912 F19895

Astragalus lotiflorus Hook. lotus milk-vetch 4 F18702 F18647

Astragalus plattensis Nutt. Platte River milk-vetch 7 X F19887 Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. var. minor (Lehm.) F3801, F3814, blue wild-indigo 6 F18649 Fernald F18691, MF8485 Baptisia bracteata Muhl. ex Elliott var. plains wild-indigo 6 X F19895 leucophaea (Nutt.) Kartesz & Gandhi Cercis canadensis L. eastern redbud 2 F18737 F19592 Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene var. showy partridgepea 2 F19183, F19935 MF8460, F19289 fasciculata Crotalaria sagittalis L. arrow rattlebox 4 FM19090

Dalea aurea Nutt. ex Pursh golden prairie-clover 5 MF8475 F3794, FM19102

Dalea candida Michx. var. candida white prairie-clover 7 F3782, MF8517 MF8459

Dalea enneandra Nutt. nine-anther prairie-clover 5 F3777 F3795

Dalea leporina (Aiton) Bullock hare-foot prairie-clover 2 MF8457

Dalea multiflora (Nutt.) Shinners round-head prairie-clover 7 FM19105

Dalea purpurea Vent. var. purpurea purple prairie-clover 7 F3783, MF8516 MF8458 Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMill. ex Illinois bundle-flower 2 F19168 MF8461 Robinson & Fernald Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. Canadian tick-clover 4 F19993

Desmodium canescens (L.) DC. hoary tick-clover 4 F19272 Desmodium cuspidatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC. long-leaf tick-clover 6 F19139 ex Loud. Desmodium glutinosum (Muhl. ex Willd.) A.W. large-flower tick-clover 3 F18911 F3798 Wood Desmodium illinoense A. Gray Illinois tick-clover 5 F3815, MF8515 F18955 Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. panicled tick-clover 4 X

Desmodium perplexum B.G. Schub. Dillen's tick-clover 5 F19169 F19309, F20011

Gleditsia triacanthos L. common honey-locust 0 F18747 F19888

Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh American licorice 3 F18942, F19904 MF8462

Gymnocladus dioica (L.) K. Koch Kentucky coffeetree 4 F19480 F19297

Kummerowia stipulacea (Maxim.) Makino Korena low-bush-clover * F19134 F19292, F19992

Lespedeza capitata Michx. round-head bush-clover 6 F19192 F19447

Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don sericea lespedeza * F19176 F19402, F19585

Lotus corniculatus L. bird-foot trefoil * F19059, F19605 Lotus unifoliolatus (Hook.) Benth. var. prairie trefoil 3 F19445 unifoliolatus Medicago lupulina L. black medic * F18628 X

Medicago minima (L.) Bartal. prickly medic * F18977 F19055

Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa alfalfa * MF8503 F19054

Melilotus alba Medik. white sweet-clover * F18931 F18953

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. yellow sweet-clover * F18932 F18680

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 65 FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name Mimosa quadrivalvis L. var. nuttallii (DC.) L.S. cat-claw mimosa 6 F18905, MF8480 F3736 Beard ex Barneby Oxytropis lambertii Pursh Lambert's crazyweed 5 F3811 F18652, F19885 F3774, F18898, Pediomelum argophyllum (Pursh) J.W. Grimes silver-leaf scurf-pea 8 F19021 F19949 Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh) Rydb. bread-root scurf-pea 7 F3807, F1705 F18650, F19886 Psoralidium lanceolatum (Pursh) Rydb. lemon scurf-pea 6 X X

Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydb. wild-alfalfa 3 F3813, F18697 F18674, F18952

Robinia pseudoacacia L. black locust * X F18682

Securigera varia (L.) Lassen common crown-vetch * F18892 FM19103

Senna marilandica (L.) Link Maryland senna 3 X F19932

Strophostyles helvula (L.) Elliott trailing wildbean 3 F19500 F19290 F19229, F19545, Strophostyles leiosperma (Torr. & A. Gray) Piper slick-seed wildbean 3 F19940 Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers. Virginia hoarypea 7 X

Trifolium pratense L. red clover * F19243 F18657

Trifolium repens L. white clover * F18753 X Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd. var. minor American vetch 7 F18775 Hook. Vicia villosa Roth hairy vetch * X

FAGACEAE

Quercus macrocarpa Michx. bur oak 4 F3773, F18752 F19449

Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. chinquapin oak 5 F3772, F18740 F19450 Quercus rubra L. northern red oak 6 X

FUMARIACEAE

Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. Dutchman's-breeches 7 X

GENTIANACEAE

Gentiana puberulenta J.S. Pringle downy gentian 8 F3785 F19593 GERANIACEAE

Geranium carolinianum L. Carolina crane's-bill 0 F3809 X

Geranium pusillum L. small crane's-bill * F18611 F3800 GROSSULARIACEAE

Ribes missouriense Nutt. Missouri gooseberry 3 F18633 F18796, FM19113 HIPPOCASTANACEAE

Aesculus glabra Willd. var. arguta (Buckley) B.L. Rob. Ohio buckeye 5 X X

HYDROCHARITACEAE Najas guadalupensis (Spreng.) Magnus subsp. common naiad 1 F19984 guadalupensis HYDROPHYLLACEAE

Ellisia nyctelea (L.) L. water-pod 0 F18629 F18803 IRIDACEAE

Iris germanica L. German iris * F18666

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 66 FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name Sisyrinchium campestre E.P. Bicknell prairie blue-eyed-grass 6 F18720 F18662 JUGLANDACEAE

Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch bitter-nut hickory 4 F18776, MF8510 F18797 Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch pecan 6 X

Juglans nigra L. black walnut 3 F18729 X JUNCACEAE

Juncus interior Wiegand inland rush 2 X F19004

Juncus torreyi Coville Torrey's rush 2 X F19009, FM19127 LAMIACEAE

Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze catnip giant-hyssop 4 F19305

Hedeoma hispida Pursh rough false-penny-royal 1 F18708 F3817, F18663

Lamium amplexicaule L. hen-bit dead-head * F18616 X

Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex W.P.C. Barton American water-horehound 3 F19153 F19287 Marrubium vulgare L. common horehound * X X

Mentha arvensis L. field mint 3 F19152 F19404

Monarda fistulosa L. var. fistulosa wild bergamot bee-balm 3 F18947 F18964

Nepeta cataria L. common catnip * F20003 X Prunella vulgaris L. common selfheal * X

Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrad. narrow-leaf mountain-mint 4 MF8514 F19598, F19925 Salvia azurea Michx. ex Lam. var. grandiflora blue sage 4 F19191 F19262 Benth. Salvia reflexa Hornem. lance-leaf sage 1 X F19872

Scutellaria lateriflora L. var. lateriflora side-flower skullcap 4 F19551 F19277

Scutellaria parvula Michx. var. australis Fassett southern small skullcap 5 X X

Teucrium canadense L. var. canadense American germander 1 F3804, MF8495 F19023

Trichostema brachiatum L. flux-weed bluecurls 5 F19209 F19609, F19991 LEMNACEAE

Lemna aequinoctialis Welw. equinox duckweed 7 X

Lemna minor L. leser duckweed 3 X X

Lemna obscura (Austin) Daubs obscure duckweed 7 X X

Lemna perpusilla Torr. minute duckweed 7 X X

Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid. greater duckmeat 6 X

LILIACEAE

Allium canadense L. var. fraseri Ownbey Canadian onion 5 X F3728 Allium canadense L. var. lavendulare (Bates) Canadian onion 5 F18698 F19865 Ownbey & Aase Allium sativum L. garlic * F19061

Allium stellatum Ker Gawl. summer pink onion 6 X F19989

Allium vineale L. field garlic * F19917

Asparagus officinalis L. garden asparagus * F19931

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 67 FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name Erythronium mesochoreum Knerr prairie fawn-lily 7 X

Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. orange day-lily * F19907

Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link starry spikenard 8 F18771 Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britton yellow false-garlic 3 X

Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott small Solomon's-seal 5 X X Toxicoscordion nuttallii (A. Gray ex S. Watson) Nuttall's death-camas 5 F18692 F3730 Rydb. LINACEAE

Linum pratense (Norton) Small Norton's blue flax 5 F19010 F18962, F19011, Linum sulcatum Riddell grooved flax 6 F3802 MF8463 LOASACEAE F3763, F18918, Mentzelia oligosperma Nutt. ex Sims stick-leaf 4 X MF8478 LYTHRACEAE

Ammannia coccinea Rottb. purple toothcup 2 F19503, F19528 F19970

Ammannia robusta Heer & Regel stout toothcup 2 F19527 F19416, F19971

Lythrum alatum Pursh var. alatum winged loosestrife 4 F3790 Lythrum californicum Torr. & A. Gray California loosestrife 4 X

MALVACEAE

Abutilon theophrasti Medik. common velvetleaf * F19533 F19399

Callirhoë alcaeoides (Michx.) A. Gray pale poppy-mallow 6 F18711 F18665 Callirhoë involucrata (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray F3781, F18748, purple poppy-mallow 1 F18787 var. involucrata F19938 Hibiscus trionum L. flower-of-an-hour * F19484, F19547 X Malva neglecta Wallr. common mallow * X X

Malvastrum hispidum (Pursh) Hochr. rough false-mallow 3 X F19606, F19918

Sida spinosa L. prickly sida * F19476 MENISPERMACEAE

Menispermum canadense L. Canadian moonseed 4 F18735, F19487 X MOLLUGINACEAE

Mollugo verticillata L. green carpetweed * F19143, F19943 F19347 MORACEAE

Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K. Schneid. Osage-orange * X

Morus alba L. white mulberry * F19478 F18638

Morus rubra L. red mulberry 5 F18626 X NYCTAGINACEAE

Mirabilis albida (Walter) Heimerl white four-o'clock 5 F19496 X

Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) MacMill. narrow-leaf four-o'clock 5 F3762 F19871

Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacMill. wild four-o'clock 0 F18749 F19284 OLEACEAE

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 68 FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall green ash 0 F18738 F19030 ONAGRACEAE plains yellow evening- Calylophus serrulatus (Nutt.) P.H. Raven 5 F3765, F18689 F18653 primrose Epilobium ×wisconsinense Ugent Wisconsin willowherb * X

Gaura coccinea Pursh scarlet butterfly-weed 4 X X

Gaura longiflora Spach large-flower butterfly-weed 2 F19161 F19446

Gaura parviflora Douglas velvet butterfly-weed 1 F19190 F18950, F19263 Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) P.H. Raven subsp. floating seedbox 3 X F20017 glabrescens (Kuntze) P.H. Raven F18922, F19043, Oenothera laciniata Hill cut-leaf evening-primrose 0 X F19960

Oenothera macrocarpa Nutt. subsp. macrocarpa Missouri evening-primrose 5 F18700, MF8481 F3737, F18646 showy white evening- Oenothera speciosa Nutt. 2 X F19006 primrose Oenothera villosa Thunb. subsp. villosa hairy evening-primrose 0 F19162 F19323

Stenosiphon linifolius (Nutt.) Heynh. stenosiphon 6 F18906, F19203 F19326 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE

Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. rattlesnake fern 4 F18734 F18791 Ophioglossum engelmannii Prantl limestone adder's-tongue 3 X

ORCHIDACEAE

Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich. nodding ladies'-tresses 5 X F19608 Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & A. Gray spring ladies'-tresses 8 X

OXALIDACEAE

Oxalis dillenii Jacq. gray-green wood-sorrel 0 F18623 F3740, F18784

Oxalis violacea L. violet wood-sorrel 4 F18722 F18673 PAPAVERACEAE

Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G.B. Ownbey plains prickly-poppy 3 F18936, F19946 X PHYTOLACCACEAE

Phytolacca americana L. var. americana American pokeweed 0 F18919 F19396 PINACEAE

Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold Austrian pine * F19914 Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C. ponderosa pine * F19921 Lawson var. scopulorum Engelm. PLANTAGINACEAE

Plantago aristata Michx. bottle-brush plantain 2 F19051 F3791

Plantago lanceolata L. English plantain * F18976, MF8502 F3760, F18712, Plantago patagonica Jacq. var. patagonica woolly plantain 1 F19868 F19046, F19948

Plantago rhodosperma Decne. red-seed plantain 2 F19050 F18683, F18998

Plantago rugelii Decne. Rugel's plantain 0 X F19346, F19294

Plantago virginica L. pale-seed plantain 1 F18713 X

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 69 FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name PLATANACEAE

Platanus occidentalis L. common sycamore 4 F18770 X POACEAE

Aegilops cylindrica Host jointed goat grass * X X

Agrostis hyemalis (Walter) Britton et al. winter bent grass 2 X F18651 Agrostis stolonifera L. creeping bent grass * X

Alopecurus carolinianus Walter Carolina foxtail 0 F19880

Andropogon gerardii Vitman big bluestem 4 F19206 F19252

Andropogon hallii Hack. sand bluestem 5 F19232

Aristida oligantha Michx. old-field threeawn 0 F19207 F19258

Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T. Blake Caucasian bluestem * MF8488 F19407, F19612 Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng var. songarica (Rupr. ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey. ) Turkestan bluestem * F19170 X Celarier & J.R. Harlan Bothriochloa laguroides (DC.) Herter subsp. silver bluestem 1 F19481 F3754 torreyana (Steud.) Allred & Gould Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. var. side-oats grama 5 MF8519, F19201 F19253 curtipendula Bouteloua gracilis (Willdl. ex Kunth) Lag. ex blue grama 5 F19200 F19261 Griffiths Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. var. hirsuta hairy grama 6 MF8482, F19202 F19322

Bromus inermis Leyss. smooth brome * F19903 F18686

Bromus japonicus Thunb. Japanese brome * F18937 F18961

Bromus pubescens Muhl. ex Willd. Canadian brome 4 F3779, F18636 F18806 Bromus secalinus L. rye brome * X X

Bromus tectorum L. downy brome * X X

Buchloë dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. buffalo grass 3 F19241 F19257 Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Hack. ex Scribh. prairie sand-reed 7 F19439, F19936 X & Southw. var. longifolia Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.0 Fernald field sandbur 0 F19136 F19259

Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) H.O. Yates broad-leaf wood-oat 4 F19034 F19028

Chloris verticillata Nutt. whorled windmill grass 0 F18973 F19249

Chloris virgata Sw. showy windmill grass 0 F20000 X

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. common bermuda grass * MF8490 F19330

Dactylis glomerata L. orchard grass * F18627 F18812 Diarrhena obovata (Gleason) D.M. American beakgrain 6 F19177 FM19104 Brandenburg Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. villosum (A. Gray) Gould & C.A. pointed dichanthelium 3 F3789 Clark Dichanthelium linearifolium (Scribn. ex Nash) slim-leaf dichanthelium 7 F18891 Gould Dichanthelium oligosanthes (Schult.) Gould var. Scribner's dichanthelium 4 F18718 F3752, F18656 scribnerianum Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler southern crab grass * MF8491, F19137 F19343

Digitaria cognata (Schult) Pilg. subsp. cognata fall witch grass 3 F19044, F19223 F3750

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 70 FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl. smooth crab grass * X

Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. hairy crab grass * X X

Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. common barnyard grass * X Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauv.) Fernald var. rough barnyard grass 0 F19483, F19505 MF8469 microstachya Wiegand Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Indian goose grass * F19138 F19333

Elymus canadensis L. var. canadensis Canadian wild-rye 5 F18907 F18954, MF8468

Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. villosus hairy wild-rye 5 F19186 F19607

Elymus virginicus L. var. virginicus Virginia wild-rye 3 F18908 F19015, MF8467

Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vignolo ex Janch. stink grass * F19218, F19958 F19340

Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) Britton et al. teal love grass 3 F19541 X

Eragrostis minor Host little love grass * F18974 Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees var. MF8489, F19135, Carolina love grass 0 F19341 pectinacea F19540 Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. purple love grass 3 F19204 F19251, F19576

Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) A.W. Wood sand love grass 4 F19225 F20016

Eriochloa contracta Hitchc. prairie cup grass 0 F19486 F19601

Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) E.B. Alexeev noddig fescue 4 F18635 F18805

Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. fowl manna grass 5 X F19916

Hesperostipa spartea (Trin.) Barkworth porcupine grass 8 F18710 F3747, F18671

Hordeum jubatum L. subsp. jubatum fox-tail barley 1 X F19911

Hordeum pusillum Nutt. little barley 0 F18620 X F18714, F18897, Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. prairie June grass 6 F3751, F18655 MF8518

Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. rice cut grass 4 MF8496, F19151 FM19130

Leersia virginica Willd. white grass 3 F19175 X Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth subsp. fascicularis bearded sprangletop 0 F19538 F19342 (Lam.) N. Snow Leptochloa panicea (Retz.) Ohwi subsp. red sprangletop 0 F19539 X mucronata (Michx.) R. Nowak Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh. tall rye grass * X X

Lolium perenne L. perennial rye grass * X

Lolium pratense (Huds.) Darbysh. meadow rye grass * F18725 F18685 Muhlenbergia bushii R.W. Pohl Bush's muhly 4 X X

Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Torr.) Rydb. plains muhly 5 MF8483, F19197 F19325, F19427

Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fernald wire-stem muhly 3 F19426

Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Mexican wire-stem muhly 4 F19454

Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) Britton et al. marsh muhly 4 F19437, F19506 F19577

Muhlenbergia schreberi J.F. Gmel. nimblewill 0 F19172

Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl. ex Willd.) Trin. rock muhly 5 F19174 F19312

Muhlenbergia sylvatica (Torr.) Torr. forest muhly 6 F19173 F19311

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 71 FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name Panicum capillare L. var. capillare common witch grass 0 F19233 F19406

Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. fall panicum 0 F19999 F19331, F19405

Panicum virgatum L. switch grass 4 F19199 FM19089

Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Love western wheat grass 2 F18944 F18958 Paspalum pubiflorum Rupr. ex E. Fourn. var. hairy-seed paspalum 4 F19165 F19296 glabrum Vasey ex Scribn. Paspalum setaceum Michx. var. stramineum thin paspalum 2 F19041 (Nash) D.J. Banks Phleum pratense L. subsp. pratense common timothy * X

Poa annua L. annual blue grass * F18617 Poa bulbosa L. bulbous blue grass * X

Poa compressa L. Canadian blue grass * F19912

Poa pratensis L. Kentucky blue grass * F18721 F18684

Poa sylvestris A. Gray wooland blue grass 4 F18634 F18809

Saccharum ravennae (L.) L. Ravenna grass * F19508

Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. tumble grass 3 F19489 F19013 Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash subsp. little bluestem 5 F19198 F19324 scoparium Sclerochloa dura (L.) P. Beauv. hard grass * X

Setaria faberi R.A.W. Herrm. Chinese bristle grass * F19242 X

Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. foxtail bristle grass * F18946 Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguelen knot-root bristle grass 3 X

Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. yellow bristle grass * F19485 F19433, F19995 F18971, F19260, Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. green bristle grass * F18945, F19457 F19586, F19996

Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash yellow Indian grass 5 F19231 F19432

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp. bicolor grain sorghum * F19345

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Johnson grass * MF8506, F19488 F19344

Spartina pectinata Link prairie cord grass 4 X F19275

Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. prairie wedgescale 4 X F18792, F19007

Sporobolus clandestinus (Biehler) Hitchc. southeastern dropeed 6 F19440 Sporobolus compositus (Poir.) Merr. var. tall dropseed 3 F19494 F19394 compositus Sporobolus compositus (Poir.) Merr. var. meadow dropseed 3 F19328 drummondii (Trin.) Kartesz & Gandhi F19181, F19507, Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray sand dropseed 0 F19246 F19962

Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray prairie dropseed 8 F19327, F19574

Sporobolus neglectus Nash puff-sheath dropseed 1 F19998 F20015 Sporobolus ozarkanus Fernald Ozark dropseed 1 X

Sporobolus pyramidatus (Lam.) Hitchc. whorled dropseed 4 F19240, F19550 F19602 Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr. ex A. Gray) A.W. F19393, F19575, poverty dropseed 0 F19462 Wood F19614

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 72 FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. var. flavus purpletop 1 F19189 F19250 Triplasis purpurea (Walter) Chapm. var. purple sand grass 7 F19224, F19504 F20014 purpurea Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. var. dactyloides eastern gramma grass 3 F18893 F3797, F18967 Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. var. glauca six-weeks annual-fescue 1 F3761, F18726 F18679 (Nutt.) Fernald POLEMONIACEAE

Phlox divaricata L. blue phlox 3 X

POLYGALACEAE

Polygala verticillata L. whorled milkwort 3 F19901 F3738, F19920 POLYGONACEAE

Polygonum amphibium L. var. emersum Michx. swamp smartweed 2 X F19985

Polygonum arenastrum Boreau sand knotweed * F19149 X

Polygonum bicorne Raf. pink smartweed 1 F19535 MF8470, F19969

Polygonum convolvulus L. dull-seed cornbind * X F18994 F19520, F19534, MF8471, F19397, Polygonum lapathifolium L. pale smartweed 2 F19536 F19413 Polygonum pensylvanicum L. Pennsylvania smartweed 2 X

Polygonum persicaria L. lady's-thumb smartweed * X F19423

Polygonum punctatum Elliott dotted smartweed 3 X F18985, F19278

Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. bushy knotweed 2 F19516 X

Polygonum scandens L. hedge cornbind 0 X F19410

Polygonum virginianum L. jumpseed 2 F19187 F19300

Rumex altissimus A.W. Wood pale dock 0 F18754 F18969, F19339

Rumex crispus L. curly dock * X F18968 Rumex maritimus L. golden dock 4 X

Rumex patientia L. patience dock * X

Rumex stenophyllus Ledeb. narrow-leaf dock * X

PONTEDERIACEAE

Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laub. water-hyacinth * X

Heteranthera limosa (Sw.) Willd. blue mud-plantain 5 F19966 Heteranthera rotundifolia (Kunth) Griseb. round-leaf mud-plantain 5 X

PORTULACACEAE

Portulaca grandiflora Hook. mose-rose purslane * X

Portulaca oleracea L. common purslane * F19515, F19524 POTAMOGETONACEAE

Potamogeton foliosus Raf. subsp. foliosus leafy pondweed 5 X

Potamogeton nodosus Poir. long-leaf pondweed 4 X F18988

Potamogeton pusillus L. subsp. pusillus baby pondweed 5 F18989 PRIMULACEAE

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 73 FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name Anagallis arvensis L. scarlet pimpernel * F19873, F19919

Androsace occidentalis Pursh western rock-jasmine 0 X F18644

Lysimachia ciliata L. fringed loosestrife 6 FM19116 PTERIDACEAE

Pellaea glabella Mett. ex Kuhn subsp. glabella smooth cliffbrake 8 F3768, F18724 RANUNCULACEAE

Anemone canadensis L. Canadian anemone 6 X X

Anemone virginiana L. var. virginiana tall anemone 4 F19048 X Clematis pitcheri Torr. & A. Gray var. pitcheri Pitcher's clematis 4 X X Delphinium carolinianum Walter subsp. plains larkspur 6 F3803 F19867 virescens (Nutt.) R.E. Brooks Enemion biternatum Raf. false rue-anemone 3 X

Myosurus minimus L. tiny mousetail 0 X

Ranunculus abortivus L. early wood buttercup 1 F18618

Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. diffusus With. white water crowfoot 7 F18756 Ranunculus hispidus Michx. bristly buttercup 6 X

Ranunculus sceleratus L. var. sceleratus cursed crowfoot 0 F18755 X

Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Ave-Lall. purple meadow-rue 4 F18774 X RHAMNACEAE

Ceanothus americanus L. American ceanothus 9 X

Ceanothus herbaceus Raf. inland ceanothus 8 F18723 F18654 ROSACEAE

Agrimonia pubescens Wallt. downy agrimony 5 F19188 Crataegus mollis (Torr. & A. Gray) Scheele downy hawthorn 4 X

Geum canadense Jacq. white avens 1 F18909 F18986

Potentilla arguta Pursh tall cinquefoil 6 F18899 F19020 Potentilla recta L. sulfur cinquefoil * X

Prunus americana Marshall American plum 3 X F19890

Prunus angustifolia Marshall Chickasaw plum 3 F18900 F19029

Prunus mahaleb L. mahaleb cherry * FM19088

Prunus mexicana S. Watson big-tree plum 3 X FM19096 Prunus virginiana L. choke cherry 2 X X

Pyrus communis L. common pear * FM19087

Rosa arkansana Porter ex Porter & J.M. Coult. Arkansas rose 4 X F18681, MF8474 Rosa blanda Aiton smooth rose 6 X

Rosa multiflora Thunb. leafy rose * F18750

Rubus aboriginum Rydb. one-flower dewberry 5 MF8472

Rubus bushii L.H. Bailey Bush's highbush blackberry 2 F18904 F18668

Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees Himalayan blackberry * F19898

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 74 FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name Rubus hancinianus L.H. Bailey Hancin's dewberry 4 MF8511

Rubus laudatus A. Berger praiseworthy blackberry 4 F18769

Rubus mollior L.H. Bailey soft blackberry 4 MF8473

Rubus occidentalis L. black raspberry 2 F18727, MF8512 F18799 RUBIACEAE

Cephalanthus occidentalis L. common buttonbush 4 F19548 F20020

Galium aparine L. catch-weed bedstraw 0 F18637, F18940 F18801

Galium circaezans Michx. forest bedstraw 3 X F3799

Galium pedemontanum (Bellardi) All. foothill bedstraw * F18613 F19056

Galium triflorum Michx. sweet-scent bedstraw 6 MF8507 F19928 F3784, F18914, Stenaria nigricans (Lam.) Terrell var. nigricans narrow-leaf bluet 5 X F19490 RUTACEAE

Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. common prickly-ash 3 X F19892 SALICACEAE Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall subsp. plains cottonwood 0 F18938 F19000 monilifera (Aiton) Eckenw. Populus ×canadensis Moench Carolina poplar * X

Populus nigra L. black poplar * FM19110 F19003, F19587, Salix amygdaloides Andersson peach-leaf willow 3 X F19981

Salix exigua Nutt. subsp. exigua sandbar willow 1 F18678 Salix exigua Nutt. subsp. interior (Rowlee) F18987, F19519, sandbar willow 1 Cronquist F19554 Salix nigra Marshall black willow 2 F19053, F19553 X SANTALACEAE Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. subsp. pallida umbellate bastard toad-flax 6 F18703 F18675 (A. DC.) Piehl SAPINDACEAE Sapindus saponaria L. var. drummondii (Hook. & Arn.) southern soapberry 3 X L.D. Benson SCROPHULARIACEAE F19314, F19979, Agalinis aspera (Douglas ex Benth.) Britton rough agalinis 7 F19987

Bacopa rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst. round-leaf water-hyssop 4 F19965

Buchnera americana L. American bluehearts 9 MF8513

Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange lesser dwarf-snapdragon * F18923 Dasistoma macrophylla (Nutt.) Raf. big-leaf mullein-foxglove 4 X F18915, F19513, Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. paleseed 0 F3819 F19526 Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. anagallidea false-pimpernel 4 F19529 X (Michx.) Cooperr. Mimulus ringens L. Alleghany monkey-flower 5 F20019

Penstemon cobaea Nutt. var. cobaea cobaea beardtongue 5 F3787, F18696 F18677

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 75 FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims smooth beardtongue 4 F19923

Penstemon grandiflorus Nutt. shell-leaf beardtongue 6 F3788 X

Penstemon tubaeflorus Nutt. tube beardtongue 3 F3757, F18885 X

Scrophularia marilandica L. Maryland figwort 5 F19452

Tomanthera densiflora (Benth.) Pennell fine-leaf hairy-foxglove 8 F19491 F19313, F19988

Verbascum blattaria L. moth mullein * X F19882

Verbascum thapsus L. flannel mullein * MF8504 F19295 Veronica americana (Raf.) Schwein. ex Benth. American speedwell 7 X

Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. blue water speedwell * F18758

Veronica arvensis L. corn speedwell * F18625 F18783

Veronica polita Fr. wayside speedwell * F18624 F18813 SMILACACEAE

Smilax tamnoides L. bristly greenbrier 2 F19479 F18640 SOLANACEAE

Datura stramonium L. jimsonweed * X X

Lycium barbarum L. common matrimony-vine * F19908 F18965, F19027, Physalis heterophylla Nees clammy ground-cherry 4 F19951 FM19092 F18903, F19228, Physalis longifolia Nutt. var. longifolia long-leaf ground-cherry 2 F18966 F19950

Physalis pumila Nutt. prairie ground-cherry 4 F19900, F19952 F18959

Physalis virginiana Mill. Virginia ground-cherry 6 F18894 F18648, F19896

Solanum carolinense L. Carolina horse-nettle 1 F18910, F19238 F18960

Solanum interius Rydb. plains black nightshade 2 F19477 Solanum ptychanthum Dunal black nightshade 1 X

Solanum rostratum Dunal buffalo-bur nightshade 0 F19237 F19994 SPARGANIACEAE

Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. giant bur-reed 5 F18982 STAPHYLEACEAE

Staphylea trifolia L. American bladdernut 6 X

TAMARICACEAE

Tamarix parviflora DC. small-flower tamarisk * X

Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. salt-cedar * F19549, F20002 X TILIACEAE

Tilia americana L. var. americana American basswood 6 F18741 F18795 TYPHACEAE

Typha angustifolia L. narrow-leaf cat-tail 0 X F18983 Typha domingensis Pers. southern cat-tail 1 X

Typha latifolia L. broad-leaf cat-tail 1 X FM19128

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 76 FAMILY Common Name CoC Geary Riley Scientific Name ULMACEAE

Celtis occidentalis L. common hackberry 1 F18728, F19049 F19889

Ulmus americana L. American elm 2 F18732 X

Ulmus pumila L. Siberian elm * F19156 F18798

Ulmus rubra Muhl. slippery elm 3 F18731 X URTICACEAE

Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. small-spike false-nettle 3 MF8493 F19398

Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd. Canadian wood-nettle 4 F19451

Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania pellitory 0 F18739, F18941 X

Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray dwarf clearweed 2 F19185 F19301

Urtica dioica L. subsp. gracilis (Aiton) Selander American stinging nettle 1 X F19302 VERBENACEAE

Phryma leptostachya L. American lopseed 5 F3778, F19033 FM19115

Phyla cuneifolia (Torr.) Greene wedge-leaf fogfruit 3 F19236

Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene northern fogfruit 1 F19546 FM19117

Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. prostrate vervain 0 F18975 X

Verbena hastata L. blue vervain 4 F20001 F19424

Verbena ×moechina Moldenke pasture vervain * FM19101

Verbena simplex Lehm. narrow-leaf vervain 2 F3729, FM19099

Verbena stricta Vent. hoary vervain 1 F18913, MF8520 F3792, FM19100

Verbena urticifolia L. nettle-leaf vervain 2 MF8505 F19308 VIOLACEAE

Hybanthus verticillatus (Ortega) Baill. nodding green-violet 6 F3816, F18699 F19866

Viola bicolor Pursh Johnny-jump-up 0 F18619 F18785

Viola pedatifida G. Don var. pedatifida prairie violet 5 X F19894 Viola sororia Willd. downy blue violet 2 X

VITACEAE

Ampelopsis cordata Michx. heart-leaf raccoon-grape 2 F19498 F19002, FM19112 Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Engelm. ex Millardet gray-bark grape 5 F18997 var. cinerea Vitis riparia Michx. riverbank grape 2 F18930 F18670, F18996 ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

Tribulus terrestris L. goat's-head * F19146 F19444

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 77 Appendix B. Natural/Near-natural vegetation types on FRMR adapted from Faber-Langendoen (2001) and Lauver et al. (1999). Roman numerals designate vegetation classes. Numbers designate alliances.

I. Forest Communities: 61–100% tree canopy cover; usually 3 distinct canopy layers (overstory trees, understory shrubs, herbaceous layer); trees >5 m tall.

1. Fraxinus pennsylvanica-Ulmus spp.-Celtis occidentalis Forest Common Names: Green ash-Elm Species-Northern hackberry Forest; Green ash- Elm-Hackberry Forest ELCode: CEGL002014 Description: This riparian forest community has an open to closed tree canopy dominated by Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Celtis occidentalis, and Ulmus americana. Other tree species that may be present include Acer saccharinum, Juglans nigra, Populus deltoides, and Tilia americana. Ulmus rubra may be part of the subcanopy. The shrub layer in the western part of the range includes Cornus drummondii, Ribes missouriense, Symphoricarpos occidentalis, and Zanthoxylum americanum, as well as woody vines, such as Parthenocissus vitacea, Smilax tamnoides, Toxicodendron radicans, and Vitis riparia. The herbaceous layer in the western part of the range includes Elymus virginicus, Festuca subverticillata, Galium aparine, Geum canadense, and Laportea canadensis. Stands occur along the upper floodplain terraces of rivers and streams, and in upland river bottoms. Soils are moderately well-drained to poorly drained. Occurrence on FRMR: Widespread on the installation but best represented on the west side along the primary tributaries of Milford Lake, and on the south side along the floodplains of the Republican and Kansas rivers. Patch Size: Large-patch Global Rank: G3G5 Nomenclature: Most of this community type was mapped in the “Woodland-Bottomland” and “Woodland-Lowland” cover categories in the 1985 vegetation surveys.

2. Populus deltoides-Platanus occidentalis Forest Common Name: Eastern cottonwood-Sycamore Forest ELCode: CEGL002095 Description: This riparian forest community has an open to closed tree canopy dominated by deciduous trees. Dominant species are Populus deltoides and Platanus occidentalis, with Acer negundo, Celtis occidentalis, and Salix nigra common associates. The shrub layer may be poorly developed to well developed, depending on flood frequency and duration. Stands occur in level to undulating floodplains of major rivers and large streams. Soils are deep, silty to clayey or less frequently sandy alluvium, and poorly drained to well drained. Occurrence on FRMR: Widespread on the installation but best represented on the west side along the primary tributaries of Milford Lake, and on the south side along the floodplains of the Republican and Kansas rivers. Patch Size: Large-patch Global Rank: G3G5 Nomenclature: Most of the community type was included in the “Woodland-Bottomland” and “Woodland-Lowland” cover categories in the 1985 vegetation surveys.

3. Populus deltoides-Salix nigra Forest Common Name: Eastern cottonwood-Black willow Forest

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 78 ELCode: CEGL002095 Description: This riparian forest community has a closed or nearly closed tree canopy dominated by deciduous trees. Populus deltoides and Salix nigra are the dominant trees. Acer negundo, Acer saccharinum, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Platanus occidentalis, and Ulmus americana are common associates, but tree diversity is limited due to the dynamics of flooding, scouring, and sediment deposition. The subcanopy usually is dominated by Salix nigra. The shrub layer may be conspicuously absent, and herbaceous growth may be lush but often is patchy, again due to flooding. Characteristic species of this layer are Aster spp., Bidens spp., Carex spp., and Leersia oryzoides. Stands occur on floodplains of rivers and streams in sites that frequently are flooded and where drainage is poor. Establishment and maintenance of the community is tied closely to flooding events. Soils usually are poorly developed and are moderately well-drained to poorly drained. Occurrence on FRMR: Widespread on FRMR but best represented on the west side along primary tributaries to Milford Lake and on the south side along floodplains of the Republican and Kansas Rivers. Patch Size: Small-patch Global Rank: G3G5 Nomenclature: Most of the community type was included in the “Woodland-Bottomland” and “Woodland-Lowland” cover categories in the 1985 vegetation surveys.

II. Woodland Communities: 26–60% canopy cover; trees <5 m tall.

4. Quercus muehlenbergii-Quercus macrocarpa/Andropogon gerardii Ravine Woodland Common Names: Chinquapin oak-Bur oak/Big bluestem Ravine Woodland; Chinquapin oak-Bur oak Ravine Woodland ELCode: CEGL002145 Description: This open-canopy, upland community is dominated by Quercus muehlenbergii in the driest stands, with Quercus macrocarpa as a subdominant. Quercus macrocarpa becomes more important in sites where conditions are more mesic until, eventually, the community grades into a forest with relatively little Quercus muehlenbergii. Ulmus spp. and Cercis canadensis can be abundant. Ulmus spp. once may have been an important element of this community, but Dutch Elm disease kills most trees before 40-years of age. Shrub cover varies inversely with tree canopy cover, achieving 50–60% in some of the drier stands (Abrams 1986, 1988). Common shrubs are Cornus drummondii and Symphoricarpos orbiculatus. Celtis occidentalis and Ulmus spp. often are in the shrub layer, especially on sites that have not been burned recently. Herbaceous dominants include Schizachyrium scoparium and Panicum virgatum. Stands occur on moderate to steep south-facing and west-facing slopes of ravines and river valleys. The surface is not saturated or flooded by groundwater at any time during the year, and drought is relatively common. Soils are deep, moderately well-drained to well-drained silts and loams. The parent material is loess, glacial till, cherty shales, or limestones. Drought and fire were common natural disturbances in this community type. Occurrence on FRMR: Widespread on the installation, but best represented along the upper slopes of the Republican and Kansas River drainages, and in the Wildcat Creek drainage. Patch Size: Small-patch Global Rank: G2 Nomenclature: Most of the community type was included in the “Woodland-Upland” and “Woodland-Brushy” cover categories in the 1985 vegetation surveys.

III. Herbaceous Communities: graminoids and/or forbs with >25% canopy cover; woody

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 79 cover <25%.

5. Andropogon gerardii-Sorghastrum nutans-Schizachyrium scoparium Flint Hills Herbaceous Vegetation Common Names: Big bluestem-Yellow indiangrass-Little bluestem Flint Hills Herbaceous Vegetation; Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie ELCode: CEGL002201 Description: This community is dominated by a dense cover of tall grasses with a moderate to high richness of forbs. Dominant grasses are Andropogon gerardii, Sorghastrum nutans, and Schizachyrium scoparium. Bouteloua curtipendula, Panicum virgatum, and Sporobolus compositus are common but less abundant. Typical forbs include Aster ericoides, Helianthus grosseserratus, Lespedeza capitata, Psoralidium tenuiflorum, Solidago spp., and Viola pedatifida. Shrubs, such as Amorpha canescens, and trees usually are infrequent but can be common near watercourses or where fires have been suppressed. Stands occur primarily on uplands and slopes but may occur infrequently in well-drained sites on floodplains. Soils are shallow to deep, somewhat poorly drained to somewhat excessively drained silts, loams, and clays. The parent material is calcareous clayey shale, limestone, cherty limestone, or interbedded limestone and clayey shale. Occurrence on FRMR: Widespread on uplands and slopes. This is the dominant natural community type on the installation. Patch Size: Matrix Global Rank: G4? Nomenclature: All of this community type was included in the “Grassland-Native” cover category in the 1985 vegetation surveys.

6. Andropogon hallii-Calamovilfa longifolia Herbaceous Vegetation Common Name: Sand bluestem-Prairie sandreed Herbaceous Vegetation; Sand bluestem-Prairie sandreed Sand Prairie ELCode: CEGL001467 Description: This community is dominated by moderately to widely spaced mid- to tall grasses. The dominant species are Andropogon hallii and Calamovilfa longifolia. Other characteristic graminoids include Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua hirsuta, Cenchrus longispinus, Cyperus lupulinus, C. schweinitzii, Eragrostis trichodes, Koeleria macrantha, Paspalum setaceum, and Schizachyrium scoparium. Characteristic forbs are Asclepias amplexicaulis, Chamaesyce glyptosperma, Chenopodium pratericola, Cycloloma atriplicifolium, Euphorbia hexagona, Helianthus pauciflorus, Liatris punctata, Lithospermum incisum, Oenothera laciniata, Physalis heterophylla, P. pumila, Plantago patagonica, and Strophostyles leiosperma. Representative shrubs and vines are Cornus drummondii, Prunus angustifolia, Rhus aromatica, and Toxicodendron radicans (Freeman unpublished data). Stands usually occur on level to undulating sands in valleys of rivers or large streams. Occasionally, the community occurs on uplands immediately adjacent to river valleys. Slopes are gentle to moderate. Soils are sand, loamy-sand, or sandy-loam, and usually are erodible to highly erodible, sometimes with blowouts. Occurrence on FRMR: This community is restricted to the floodplain of the Republican and Kansas rivers, usually immediately adjacent to the rivers. The best remnants occur south and southeast of Camp Forsyth in Training Areas 18 and 19. Most of this community type probably was destroyed long ago as the installation developed along the floodplain of the rivers. Occurrences on FRMR are too small to be included in the Kansas Natural Heritage Inventory databases. Patch Size: Matrix Global Rank: G4/G5

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 80 Nomenclature: This community type was included in the “Grassland-Native” cover category in the 1985 vegetation surveys.

IV. Sparse Vegetation Communities: vegetation scattered or nearly absent; total vegetation cover <10%.

7. Limestone Butte Sparse Vegetation Common Names: Limestone Butte Sparse Vegetation; Great Plains Limestone Butte ELCode: CEGL002296 Description: This community is dominated by drought-tolerant herbaceous species. Representative species include Agalinis aspera, Allium canadense, Chamaesyce missurica, Coryphantha missouriensis, Dalea aurea, Hedeoma hispida, Hybanthus verticillatus, Lomatium foeniculaceum, Oenothera macrocarpa, Pellaea glabella, Stenostiphon linifolius, Tomanthera densiflora, Tragia ramosa, and Yucca glauca (Freeman unpublished data). Stands usually occur on the upper slopes of steep valleys along rivers and streams. Occurrence on FRMR: This community is widely distributed on the installation, primarily along bluffs of the Republican and Kansas Rivers, and along Wildcat Creek and its tributaries in association with outcrops of the Ft. Riley Limestone. The best examples occur along Backstop Ridge (Training Area 21), Sherman Heights (Training Area 17), east of Campbell Hill (Training Area 7), and in training areas immediately south of Wildcat Creek on the northeast side of the installation (particularly Training Areas 31, 32, 33, 91, and 92). Occurrences on FRMR are too small to be included in the Kansas Natural Heritage Inventory databases. They are included within surrounding community types, usually Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie. Patch Size: Small-patch Global Rank: G? Nomenclature: This community type was not recognized as a distinct type in the 1985 vegetation surveys but was included in several other types, including “Grassland-Native” and “Woodland-Upland”.

8. Riverine Sand Flats-Bars Sparse Vegetation Common Names: Riverine Sand Flats-Bars Sparse Vegetation ELCode: CEGL002049 Description: This riverine community supports sparse vegetation and is highly ephemeral due to constantly changing conditions. Representative graminoids are Cyperus esculentus, C. odoratus, C. squarrosus, C. strigosus, Echinochloa muricata, Eragrostis pectinacea, E. hypnoides, Leptochloa fusca, L. panicea, and Triplasis purpurea. Characteristic herbaceous species are Amaranthus tuberculatus, Ammannia coccinea, A. robusta, Aster subulatus, Cycloloma atriplicifolium, Leucospora multifida, Lindernia dubia, Polygonum bicorne, P. lapathifolium, Portulaca oleracea, Strophostyles helvula, and S. leiosperma. (Freeman unpublished data). Stands usually occur along sand bars and islands that form as waters recede. Soils usually are undeveloped due to the ephemeral nature of the community and may be poorly drained to excessively drained, depending on the depth to the water table. Occurrence on FRMR: This community is restricted to the floodplains of the Republican and Kansas Rivers. Examples typically can be found along the length of these rivers as they pass through FRMR. However, the precise locations of occurrences may vary from one year to the next. The Kansas Natural Heritage Inventory has insufficient data about this community type to include examples at FRMR in its databases. They are mapped, however. Patch Size: Linear Global Rank: G?

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 81 Nomenclature: This community type was not recognized as a distinct type in the 1985 vegetation surveys.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 82 Appendix C. Plants documented in Natural/Near-natural vegetation communities on FRMR. Column numbers correspond to community names in Appendix B: 1 = Green ash-Elm-Hackberry Forest; 2 = Eastern cottonwood-Sycamore Forest; 3 = Eastern cottonwood-Black willow Forest; 4 = Chinquapin oak-Bur oak Ravine Woodland; 5 = Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie; 6 = Sand bluestem- Prairie sandreed Sand Prairie; 7 = Limestone Butte Sparse Vegetation; and 8 = Riverine Sand Flats- Bars Sparse Vegetation. Only those species documented on FRMR (in bold) are assigned to a community type. Not all species on FRMR were documented in one of the eight Natural/Near- natural vegetation types.

FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

ACANTHACEAE

Justicia americana (L.) Vahl

Ruellia humilis Nutt. X X

Ruellia strepens L. X X

ACERACEAE

Acer negundo L. var. violaceum (Kirchn.) Jaeger X X

Acer saccharinum L.

AGAVACEAE

Yucca filamentosa L.

Yucca glauca Nutt. X

ALISMATACEAE

Alisma subcordatum Raf.

Alisma triviale Pursh

Echinodorus berteroi (Spreng.) Fassett

Sagittaria brevirostra Mack. & Bush

Sagittaria cuneata E. Sheld.

Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Sagittaria montevidensis Cham. & Schltdl.

subsp. calycina (Engelm) Bogin AMARANTHACEAE

Amaranthus albus L. X

Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson

Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson

Amaranthus retroflexus L.

Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J.D. Sauer X

Froelichia gracilis (Hook.) Moq.

ANACARDIACEAE Rhus aromatica Aiton var. serotina (Greene) X X Rehder Rhus glabra L. X X X X

Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze subsp. X X X X

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 83 FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 negundo (Greene) Gillis

APIACEAE

Ammoselinum popei Torr. & A. Gray Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville var. incisa (Torr.)

Cronquist Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz X

Chaerophyllum tainturieri Hook. var. tainturieri X

Conium maculatum L. X

Daucus carota L. X

Eryngium leavenworthii Torr. & A. Gray

Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. X Lomatium foeniculaceum (Nutt.) J.M. Coult. & Rose var. daucifolium (Torr. & A. Gray) X X Cronquist Polytaenia nuttallii DC. X

Sanicula canadensis L. var. canadensis X X

Sanicula odorata (Raf.) Pryer & Phillippe X X Spermolepis inermis (Nutt. ex DC.) Mathias & X X Constance Torilis arvensis (Huds.) Link

Zizia aurea (L.) W.D.J. Koch

APOCYNACEAE

Apocynum cannabinum L. X X X

ARACEAE

Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott

ASCLEPIACACEAE

Asclepias amplexicaulis Sm. X X

Asclepias incarnata L. subsp. incarnata X

Asclepias speciosa Torr. X X

Asclepias stenophylla A. Gray X

Asclepias sullivantii Engelm. ex A. Gray X

Asclepias syriaca L. X

Asclepias tuberosa L. subsp. interior Woodson X

Asclepias verticillata L. X

Asclepias viridiflora Raf. X

Asclepias viridis Walter X

ASTERACEAE Achillea millefolium L. subsp. lanulosa (Nutt.) X Piper Ageratina altissima (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. X X X var. altissima Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. X

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 84 FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Ambrosia psilostachya DC. X X X

Ambrosia trifida L. X X

Amphiachyris dracunculoides (DC.) Nutt. X

Antennaria neglecta Greene X

Arnoglossum plantagineum Raf. X

Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. subsp. ludoviciana X

Aster drummondii Lindl. subsp. drummondii X X

Aster ericoides L. subsps ericoides var. ericoides X Aster lanceolatus Willd. subsp. lanceolatus var. X lanceolatus Aster oblongifolius Nutt. X X

Aster oolentangiensis Riddell var. oolentangiensis

Aster pilosus Willd. var. pilosus X

Aster sericeus Vent. X X

Aster subulatus Michx. var. ligulatus Shinners X

Bidens bipinnatus L. X X

Bidens cernuus L. X

Bidens frondosus L. X

Bidens vulgatus Greene Brickellia eupatorioides (L.) Shinners var. X corymbulosa (Torr. & A. Gray) Shinners Carduus nutans L. subsp. leiophyllus (Petrovic) X Stoj. & Stefani Cirsium altissimum (L.) Spreng. X X

Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng.

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist X

Conyza ramosissima Cronquist Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet var. X harveyana (A. Gray) Sherff Cyclachaena xanthifolia (Nutt.) Fresen.

Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) Hitchc. X X

Echinacea angustifolia DC. var. angustifolia X

Echinacea atrorubens Nutt.

Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. X

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. X Engelmannia peristenia (Nutt. ex Raf.) Goodman &

C.A. Lawson Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC.

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.

Erigeron philadelphicus L.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 85 FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. X

Eupatorium altissimum L. X

Grindelia lanceolata Nutt. X Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal var. X squarrosa Helianthus annuus L. X

Helianthus grosseserratus M. Martens X X

Helianthus hirsutus Raf. X X

Helianthus maximilianii Schrad. X

Helianthus mollis Lam X

Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt. var. pauciflorus X

Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. X

Helianthus salicifolius A. Dietr.

Helianthus tuberosus L. X X X X Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet var. scabra X X X (Dunal) Fernald Heterotheca canescens (DC.) Shinners Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & Rusby X subsp. latifolia Heterotheca stenophylla (A. Gray) Shinners var. X angustifolia (Rydb.) Semple Hieracium longipilum Torr. Hymenopappus scabiosaeus L'Her. var. X corymbosus (Torr. & A. Gray) B.L. Turner Iva annua L.

Krigia cespitosa (Raf.) K.L. Chambers

Lactuca canadensis L. X X

Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. X

Lactuca ludoviciana (Nutt.) Riddell

Lactuca saligna L. X

Lactuca serriola L. X

Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.

Liatris aspera Michx. X

Liatris mucronata DC. X X

Liatris punctata Hook. X X

Nothocalais cuspidata (Pursh) Greene

Packera plattensis (Nutt.) W.A. Weber & A. Löve X

Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. X

Prenanthes aspera Michx. X

Prionopsis ciliata (Nutt.) Nutt. X Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hillard & X B.L. Burtt

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 86 FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walter) DC.

Pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (Nutt.) Nutt. X

Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Wooton & Standl. X

Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart X

Rudbeckia hirta L. var. pulcherrima Farw. X Silphium integrifolium Michx. var. laeve Torr. & X X A. Gray Silphium laciniatum L. X Solidago canadensis L. var. scabra (Muhl. ex X X X Willd.) Torr. & A. Gray Solidago gigantea Aiton X X X

Solidago missouriensis Nutt. X Solidago nemoralis Aiton subsp. decemflora X (DC.) Brammall Solidago petiolaris Aiton var. petiolaris X X

Solidago rigida L. var. humilis X Solidago speciosa Nutt. var. rigidiuscula Torr. & X X A. Gray Sonchus asper (L.) Hill

Taraxacum laevigatum (Willd.) DC.

Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. Thelesperma megapotamicum (Spreng.) Kuntze X X var. megapotamicum Tragopogon dubius Scop.

Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton ex Kearney X X Vernonia baldwinii Torr. subsp. interior (Small) X W.Z. Faust Xanthium strumarium L.

BETULACEAE

Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch

BIGNONIACEAE

Campsis radicans (L.) Seem.

Catalpa bignonioides Walter

Catalpa speciosa Warder

BORAGINACEAE

Cynoglossum officinale L.

Hackelia virginiana (L.) I.M. Johnst. X

Lappula squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort.

Lithospermum arvense L.

Lithospermum incisum Lehm. X X

Myosotis verna Nutt. X Onosmodium bejariense A. DC. var. occidentale X X (Mack.) B.L. Turner

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 87 FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

BRASSICACEAE

Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande X X

Arabis canadensis L. X

Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch

Camelina microcarpa Andrz. ex DC. X

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.

Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.

Chorispora tenella (Pall.) DC.

Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl

Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC.

Draba brachycarpa Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray

Draba cuneifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray

Draba reptans (Lam.) Fernald X

Erysimum repandum L.

Hesperis matronalis L.

Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br.

Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. X

Lepidium oblongum Small

Lepidium virginicum L.

Microthlaspi perfoliatum (L.) F.K. Mey. Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser subsp. fernaldiana

(Butters & Abbe) Jonsell Rorippa sessiliflora (Nutt.) Hitchc.

Rorippa sinuata (Nutt.) Hitch.

Sisymbrium altissimum L.

Thlaspi arvense L.

CACTACEAE Coryphantha missouriensis (Sweet) Britton & X Rose var. missouriensis Opuntia macrorhiza Engelm. var. macrorhiza X X

CAMPANULACEAE

Campanula americana L. X X X

Lobelia cardinalis L.

Lobelia siphilitica L.

Triodanis leptocarpa (Nutt.) Nieuwl. X

Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. X

CANNABACEAE

Cannabis sativa L. X X

Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 88 FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Humulus lupulus L. var. pubescens E. Small

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Lonicera japonica Thunb.

Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maxim. X X

Lonicera sempervirens L.

Lonicera tatarica L.

Sambucus canadensis L. X X X

Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench X X X X

Triosteum perfoliatum L. X X

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Arenaria serpyllifolia L. X

Cerastium brachypodum (Engelm. ex A. Gray) B.L. Rob.

Dianthus armeria L. X

Holosteum umbellatum L.

Saponaria officinalis L.

Silene antirrhina L. X

Silene stellata (L.) W.T. Aiton X X

Stellaria pallida (Dumort.) Crep. X

CELASTRACEAE

Celastrus scandens L. X X X

Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. X

CERATOPHYLLACEAE

Ceratophyllum demersum L.

CHENOPODIACEAE

Chenopodium album L. X

Chenopodium ambrosioides L. var. ambrosioides Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. var. zschackii X (Murray) Murray ex Asch. Chenopodium pallescens Standl. X

Chenopodium pratericola Rydb. X X

Chenopodium simplex (Torr.) Raf. X X X

Chenopodium standleyanum Aellen X X X

Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) J.M. Coult. X X

Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. X X

Monolepis nuttalliana (Schult.) Greene

CLUSIACEAE

Hypericum perforatum L. X

Hypericum punctatum Lam. X

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 89 FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

COMMELINACEAE

Commelina erecta L. var. erecta X

Tradescantia bracteata Small X X

Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. X

CONVOLVULACEAE

Calystegia macounii (Greene) Brummitt Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. subsp. angulata

Brummitt Convolvulus arvensis L. X

Evolvulus nuttallianus Schult. X X

Ipomoea hederacea Jacq.

Ipomoea lacunosa L. X

Ipomoea leptophylla Torr. X

Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth

CORNACEAE Cornus amomum Mill. subsp. obliqua (Raf.) J.S. X X Wilson Cornus drummondii C.A. Mey. X X X X

Cornus drummondii C.A. Mey. X X

CRASSULACEAE

Penthorum sedoides L.

CUCURBITACEAE Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. lanatus Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth

Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & A. Gray

Sicyos angulatus L. X

CUPRESSACEAE Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray bis)

Parlatore Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana X X X

CUSCUTACEAE

Cuscuta glomerata Choisy X

Cuscuta pentagona Engelm.

CYPERACEAE

Bolboschoenus fluviatilis (Torr.) Sojak

Carex aggregata Mack. X

Carex albicans Willd. ex Spreng. var. albicans X

Carex austrina Mack. X X X X

Carex bicknellii Britton X

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 90 FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Carex blanda Dewey X X X

Carex brachyglossa Mack.

Carex brevior (Dewey) Mack. ex Lunell X X

Carex bushii Mack. X

Carex davisii Schwein. & Torr. X

Carex emoryi Dewey

Carex frankii Kunth

Carex gravida L.H. Bailey X X X

Carex grisea Wahlenb. X X

Carex hystericina Muhl. ex Willd. Carex inops L.H. Bailey subsp. heliophila X (Mack.) Crins Carex laeviconica Dewey

Carex leavenworthii Dewey X X X

Carex meadii Dewey X

Carex molesta Mack. ex Bright

Carex normalis Mack.

Carex oligocarpa Sckuhr ex Willd. X

Carex pellita Muhl. ex Willd.

Carex vulpinoidea Michx.

Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. X X

Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. X

Cyperus esculentus L. X Cyperus lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks subsp. X lupulinus Cyperus ×mesochorus Geise X

Cyperus odoratus L. X X

Cyperus schweinitzii Torr. X

Cyperus squarrosus L.

Cyperus strigosus L. X Eleocharis compressa Sull. var. acutisquamata X (Buckley) S.G. Sm. Eleocharis engelmannii Steud.

Eleocharis erythropoda Steud.

Eleocharis macrostachya Britton X

Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult.

Lipocarpha aristulata (Coville) G.C. Tucker Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C. Gmel.)

Palla Scirpus atrovirens Willd.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 91 FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Scirpus pallidus (Britton) Fernald

Scirpus pendulus Muhl. X

DRYOPTERIDACEAE

Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. subsp. obtusa

ELATINACEAE

Bergia texana (Hook.) Seub. & Walp.

EQUISETACEAE

Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun X

EUPHORBIACEAE

Acalypha ostryifolia Riddell X X

Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. X

Acalypha virginica L. X X

Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small X X

Chamaesyce humistrata (Engelm.) Small

Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small

Chamaesyce missurica (Raf.) Shinners X X X

Chamaesyce nutans (Lag.) Small

Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small

Chamaesyce serpens (Kunth) Small X

Chamaesyce stictospora (Engelm) Small X X

Croton capitatus Michx. var. capitatus X Croton glandulosus L. var. septentrionalis Mull. X Arg. Croton monanthogynus Michx. X X Croton texensis (Klotzsch) Mull. Arg. var. X texensis Euphorbia corollata L. X

Euphorbia cyathophora Murray X X

Euphorbia davidii Subils X X

Euphorbia hexagona Nutt. ex Spreng. X X

Euphorbia marginata Pursh X

Euphorbia spathulata Lam. X

Tragia ramosa Torr. X X

FABACEAE

Amorpha canescens Pursh X

Amorpha fruticosa L. X X

Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald X

Astragalus canadensis L. var. canadensis X

Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. var. crassicarpus X

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 92 FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Astragalus lotiflorus Hook. X

Astragalus plattensis Nutt. X Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. var. minor (Lehm.) X Fernald Baptisia bracteata Muhl. ex Elliott var. X leucophaea (Nutt.) Kartesz & Gandhi Cercis canadensis L. X X Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene var. X X X X fasciculata Crotalaria sagittalis L. X

Dalea aurea Nutt. ex Pursh X X

Dalea candida Michx. var. candida X

Dalea enneandra Nutt. X X

Dalea leporina (Aiton) Bullock X

Dalea multiflora (Nutt.) Shinners X

Dalea purpurea Vent. var. purpurea X Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacMill. ex X Robinson & Fernald Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. X

Desmodium canescens (L.) DC. X X Desmodium cuspidatum (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC. X X ex Loud. Desmodium glutinosum (Muhl. ex Willd.) A.W. X X Wood Desmodium illinoense A. Gray X

Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC.

Desmodium perplexum B.G. Schub. X X

Gleditsia triacanthos L. X X X

Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh X

Gymnocladus dioica (L.) K. Koch X

Kummerowia stipulacea (Maxim.) Makino X

Lespedeza capitata Michx. X X

Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don X X X

Lotus corniculatus L. X Lotus unifoliolatus (Hook.) Benth. var. X unifoliolatus Medicago lupulina L. X X

Medicago minima (L.) Bartal. X

Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa X

Melilotus alba Medik. X

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. X Mimosa quadrivalvis L. var. nuttallii (DC.) L.S. X Beard ex Barneby Oxytropis lambertii Pursh X

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 93 FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Pediomelum argophyllum (Pursh) J.W. Grimes X X

Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh) Rydb. X

Psoralidium lanceolatum (Pursh) Rydb.

Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydb. X

Robinia pseudoacacia L. X

Securigera varia (L.) Lassen X

Senna marilandica (L.) Link X

Strophostyles helvula (L.) Elliott X X

Strophostyles leiosperma (Torr. & A. Gray) Piper X X

Tephrosia virginiana (L.) Pers.

Trifolium pratense L. X

Trifolium repens L. Vicia americana Muhl. ex Willd. var. minor X Hook. Vicia villosa Roth

FAGACEAE

Quercus macrocarpa Michx. X X

Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. X X

Quercus rubra L.

FUMARIACEAE

Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh.

GENTIANACEAE

Gentiana puberulenta J.S. Pringle X

GERANIACEAE

Geranium carolinianum L. X X

Geranium pusillum L.

GROSSULARIACEAE

Ribes missouriense Nutt. X X X

HIPPOCASTANACEAE

Aesculus glabra Willd. var. arguta (Buckley) B.L. Rob.

HYDROCHARITACEAE Najas guadalupensis (Spreng.) Magnus subsp. guadalupensis HYDROPHYLLACEAE

Ellisia nyctelea (L.) L. X

IRIDACEAE

Iris germanica L.

Sisyrinchium campestre E.P. Bicknell X

JUGLANDACEAE

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 94 FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch X

Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch

Juglans nigra L. X

JUNCACEAE

Juncus interior Wiegand X

Juncus torreyi Coville X

LAMIACEAE

Agastache nepetoides (L.) Kuntze X X

Hedeoma hispida Pursh X X

Lamium amplexicaule L.

Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex W.P.C. Barton

Marrubium vulgare L.

Mentha arvensis L.

Monarda fistulosa L. var. fistulosa X

Nepeta cataria L.

Prunella vulgaris L.

Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrad. X Salvia azurea Michx. ex Lam. var. grandiflora X Benth. Salvia reflexa Hornem. X

Scutellaria lateriflora L. var. lateriflora

Scutellaria parvula Michx. var. australis Fassett X

Teucrium canadense L. var. canadense X X X X

Trichostema brachiatum L. X

LEMNACEAE

Lemna aequinoctialis Welw.

Lemna minor L.

Lemna obscura (Austin) Daubs

Lemna perpusilla Torr.

Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid.

LILIACEAE

Allium canadense L. var. fraseri Ownbey X Allium canadense L. var. lavendulare (Bates) X X Ownbey & Aase Allium sativum L.

Allium stellatum Ker Gawl. X X

Allium vineale L. X

Asparagus officinalis L. X

Erythronium mesochoreum Knerr

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 95 FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L.

Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link X

Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britton

Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott Toxicoscordion nuttallii (A. Gray ex S. Watson) X Rydb. LINACEAE

Linum pratense (Norton) Small X

Linum sulcatum Riddell X

LOASACEAE

Mentzelia oligosperma Nutt. ex Sims X X

LYTHRACEAE

Ammannia coccinea Rottb. X

Ammannia robusta Heer & Regel X

Lythrum alatum Pursh var. alatum X

Lythrum californicum Torr. & A. Gray

MALVACEAE

Abutilon theophrasti Medik. X

Callirhoë alcaeoides (Michx.) A. Gray X Callirhoë involucrata (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray X X var. involucrata Hibiscus trionum L.

Malva neglecta Wallr.

Malvastrum hispidum (Pursh) Hochr. X

Sida spinosa L.

MENISPERMACEAE

Menispermum canadense L. X X

MOLLUGINACEAE

Mollugo verticillata L. X X

MORACEAE

Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K. Schneid.

Morus alba L. X X

Morus rubra L. X

NYCTAGINACEAE

Mirabilis albida (Walter) Heimerl X

Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) MacMill. X

Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacMill. X X X

OLEACEAE

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall X X

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 96 FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

ONAGRACEAE

Calylophus serrulatus (Nutt.) P.H. Raven X

Epilobium ×wisconsinense Ugent

Gaura coccinea Pursh

Gaura longiflora Spach X

Gaura parviflora Douglas X Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) P.H. Raven subsp. glabrescens (Kuntze) P.H. Raven Oenothera laciniata Hill X

Oenothera macrocarpa Nutt. subsp. macrocarpa X X

Oenothera speciosa Nutt. X

Oenothera villosa Thunb. subsp. villosa X

Stenosiphon linifolius (Nutt.) Heynh. X X

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE

Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. X

Ophioglossum engelmannii Prantl

ORCHIDACEAE

Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich. X

Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & A. Gray

OXALIDACEAE

Oxalis dillenii Jacq. X

Oxalis violacea L. X

PAPAVERACEAE

Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G.B. Ownbey X X

PHYTOLACCACEAE

Phytolacca americana L. var. americana X X

PINACEAE

Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C.

Lawson var. scopulorum Engelm. PLANTAGINACEAE

Plantago aristata Michx. X

Plantago lanceolata L.

Plantago patagonica Jacq. var. patagonica X X

Plantago rhodosperma Decne. X

Plantago rugelii Decne.

Plantago virginica L. X

PLATANACEAE

Platanus occidentalis L. X X X X

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 97 FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

POACEAE

Aegilops cylindrica Host

Agrostis hyemalis (Walter) Britton et al. X

Agrostis stolonifera L.

Alopecurus carolinianus Walter X

Andropogon gerardii Vitman X X

Andropogon hallii Hack. X

Aristida oligantha Michx. X

Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T. Blake X Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng var. songarica (Rupr. ex Fisch. & C.A. Mey. ) X Celarier & J.R. Harlan Bothriochloa laguroides (DC.) Herter subsp. X torreyana (Steud.) Allred & Gould Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. var. X curtipendula Bouteloua gracilis (Willdl. ex Kunth) Lag. ex X X Griffiths Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. var. hirsuta X X

Bromus inermis Leyss. X X X X

Bromus japonicus Thunb. X

Bromus pubescens Muhl. ex Willd. X

Bromus secalinus L.

Bromus tectorum L.

Buchloë dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. X X Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Hack. ex Scribh. X & Southw. var. longifolia Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.0 Fernald X

Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) H.O. Yates X X

Chloris verticillata Nutt. X X

Chloris virgata Sw. X

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Dactylis glomerata L. X Diarrhena obovata (Gleason) D.M. X X Brandenburg Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. X Clark var. villosum (A. Gray) Gould & C.A. Clark Dichanthelium linearifolium (Scribn. ex Nash) X Gould Dichanthelium oligosanthes (Schult.) Gould var. X scribnerianum Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler

Digitaria cognata (Schult) Pilg. subsp. cognata X X

Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl.

Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 98 FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauv.) Fernald var. microstachya Wiegand Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.

Elymus canadensis L. var. canadensis X

Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. villosus X X

Elymus virginicus L. var. virginicus X

Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vignolo ex Janch. X

Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) Britton et al.

Eragrostis minor Host Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees var. X pectinacea Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. X X

Eragrostis trichodes (Nutt.) A.W. Wood X X

Eriochloa contracta Hitchc. X

Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) E.B. Alexeev X

Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. X

Hesperostipa spartea (Trin.) Barkworth X

Hordeum jubatum L. subsp. jubatum X

Hordeum pusillum Nutt. X

Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) Schult. X

Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw.

Leersia virginica Willd. X Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth subsp. fascicularis X (Lam.) N. Snow Leptochloa panicea (Retz.) Ohwi subsp. X mucronata (Michx.) R. Nowak Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.

Lolium perenne L.

Lolium pratense (Huds.) Darbysh. X

Muhlenbergia bushii R.W. Pohl

Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Torr.) Rydb. X X

Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fernald X

Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. X

Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) Britton et al. X X X

Muhlenbergia schreberi J.F. Gmel. X

Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl. ex Willd.) Trin. X

Muhlenbergia sylvatica (Torr.) Torr. X

Panicum capillare L. var. capillare X X

Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 99 FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Panicum virgatum L. X X

Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Love X Paspalum pubiflorum Rupr. ex E. Fourn. var. glabrum Vasey ex Scribn. Paspalum setaceum Michx. var. stramineum X (Nash) D.J. Banks Phleum pratense L. subsp. pratense

Poa annua L.

Poa bulbosa L.

Poa compressa L. X

Poa pratensis L. X

Poa sylvestris A. Gray X

Saccharum ravennae (L.) L. X

Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. X Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash subsp. X X scoparium Sclerochloa dura (L.) P. Beauv.

Setaria faberi R.A.W. Herrm.

Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. X

Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguelen X

Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. X X

Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. X

Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash X X X

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp. bicolor

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. X

Spartina pectinata Link X

Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. X

Sporobolus clandestinus (Biehler) Hitchc. X Sporobolus compositus (Poir.) Merr. var. X X compositus Sporobolus compositus (Poir.) Merr. var. drummondii (Trin.) Kartesz & Gandhi Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray X X X

Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray X

Sporobolus neglectus Nash X X

Sporobolus ozarkanus Fernald

Sporobolus pyramidatus (Lam.) Hitchc. X X Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr. ex A. Gray) A.W. X Wood Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. var. flavus X X X Triplasis purpurea (Walter) Chapm. var. X X X purpurea Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. var. dactyloides X

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 100 FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. var. glauca X X (Nutt.) Fernald POLEMONIACEAE

Phlox divaricata L.

POLYGALACEAE

Polygala verticillata L. X

POLYGONACEAE

Polygonum amphibium L. var. emersum Michx.

Polygonum arenastrum Boreau

Polygonum bicorne Raf. X

Polygonum convolvulus L. X X X

Polygonum lapathifolium L. X

Polygonum pensylvanicum L.

Polygonum persicaria L.

Polygonum punctatum Elliott X

Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. X X

Polygonum scandens L. X X

Polygonum virginianum L. X X

Rumex altissimus A.W. Wood X

Rumex crispus L. X

Rumex maritimus L.

Rumex patientia L.

Rumex stenophyllus Ledeb.

PONTEDERIACEAE

Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laub.

Heteranthera limosa (Sw.) Willd.

Heteranthera rotundifolia (Kunth) Griseb.

PORTULACACEAE

Portulaca grandiflora Hook.

Portulaca oleracea L. X X

POTAMOGETONACEAE

Potamogeton foliosus Raf. subsp. foliosus

Potamogeton nodosus Poir.

Potamogeton pusillus L. subsp. pusillus

PRIMULACEAE

Anagallis arvensis L. X

Androsace occidentalis Pursh X

Lysimachia ciliata L. X

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 101 FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

PTERIDACEAE

Pellaea glabella Mett. ex Kuhn subsp. glabella X

RANUNCULACEAE

Anemone canadensis L.

Anemone virginiana L. var. virginiana X

Clematis pitcheri Torr. & A. Gray var. pitcheri Delphinium carolinianum Walter subsp. X virescens (Nutt.) R.E. Brooks Enemion biternatum Raf.

Myosurus minimus L.

Ranunculus abortivus L. X

Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. diffusus With.

Ranunculus hispidus Michx.

Ranunculus sceleratus L. var. sceleratus X

Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Ave-Lall. X

RHAMNACEAE

Ceanothus americanus L.

Ceanothus herbaceus Raf. X

ROSACEAE

Agrimonia pubescens Wallt. X

Crataegus mollis (Torr. & A. Gray) Scheele

Geum canadense Jacq. X X

Potentilla arguta Pursh X

Potentilla recta L.

Prunus americana Marshall X X

Prunus angustifolia Marshall X X

Prunus mahaleb L.

Prunus mexicana S. Watson

Prunus virginiana L.

Pyrus communis L.

Rosa arkansana Porter ex Porter & J.M. Coult. X

Rosa blanda Aiton

Rosa multiflora Thunb.

Rubus aboriginum Rydb. X

Rubus bushii L.H. Bailey X

Rubus discolor Weihe & Nees X

Rubus hancinianus L.H. Bailey X

Rubus laudatus A. Berger X

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 102 FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Rubus mollior L.H. Bailey X

Rubus occidentalis L. X

RUBIACEAE

Cephalanthus occidentalis L.

Galium aparine L. X

Galium circaezans Michx. X X

Galium pedemontanum (Bellardi) All.

Galium triflorum Michx. X

Stenaria nigricans (Lam.) Terrell var. nigricans X X

RUTACEAE

Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. X X X

SALICACEAE Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall subsp. X X X X X monilifera (Aiton) Eckenw. Populus ×canadensis Moench

Populus nigra L.

Salix amygdaloides Andersson X X

Salix exigua Nutt. subsp. exigua X X X Salix exigua Nutt. subsp. interior (Rowlee) X X X Cronquist Salix nigra Marshall X X X X X

SANTALACEAE Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. subsp. pallida X (A. DC.) Piehl SAPINDACEAE Sapindus saponaria L. var. drummondii (Hook. & Arn.)

L.D. Benson SCROPHULARIACEAE

Agalinis aspera (Douglas ex Benth.) Britton X X

Bacopa rotundifolia (Michx.) Wettst.

Buchnera americana L. X

Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange

Dasistoma macrophylla (Nutt.) Raf.

Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. X X X Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. anagallidea X (Michx.) Cooperr. Mimulus ringens L.

Penstemon cobaea Nutt. var. cobaea X

Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims X

Penstemon grandiflorus Nutt. X

Penstemon tubaeflorus Nutt. X

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 103 FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Scrophularia marilandica L. X

Tomanthera densiflora (Benth.) Pennell X X

Verbascum blattaria L. X

Verbascum thapsus L. X X

Veronica americana (Raf.) Schwein. ex Benth.

Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.

Veronica arvensis L. X

Veronica polita Fr. X

SMILACACEAE

Smilax tamnoides L. X X

SOLANACEAE

Datura stramonium L.

Lycium barbarum L.

Physalis heterophylla Nees X X

Physalis longifolia Nutt. var. longifolia X X

Physalis pumila Nutt. X X

Physalis virginiana Mill. X

Solanum carolinense L. X X

Solanum interius Rydb.

Solanum ptychanthum Dunal

Solanum rostratum Dunal X

SPARGANIACEAE

Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm.

STAPHYLEACEAE

Staphylea trifolia L.

TAMARICACEAE

Tamarix parviflora DC.

Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. X

TILIACEAE

Tilia americana L. var. americana X

TYPHACEAE

Typha angustifolia L.

Typha domingensis Pers.

Typha latifolia L.

ULMACEAE

Celtis occidentalis L. X X X

Ulmus americana L. X X

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 104 FAMILY Vegetation Comunity Type Scientific Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Ulmus pumila L. X X X

Ulmus rubra Muhl. X

URTICACEAE

Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw.

Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd. X

Parietaria pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. X X

Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray X X

Urtica dioica L. subsp. gracilis (Aiton) Selander X X

VERBENACEAE

Phryma leptostachya L. X

Phyla cuneifolia (Torr.) Greene X

Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene X

Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. X

Verbena hastata L. X

Verbena ×moechina Moldenke X

Verbena simplex Lehm. X

Verbena stricta Vent. X

Verbena urticifolia L. X X

VIOLACEAE

Hybanthus verticillatus (Ortega) Baill. X X

Viola bicolor Pursh X

Viola pedatifida G. Don var. pedatifida X

Viola sororia Willd.

VITACEAE

Ampelopsis cordata Michx. X X X Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Engelm. ex Millardet X X var. cinerea Vitis riparia Michx. X X X

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

Tribulus terrestris L. X

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 105 Appendix D. Semi-natural/Altered vegetation types on FRMR based on field data gathered during the 2002/2003 field seasons.

I. Ruderal Vegetation: vegetation highly altered by human activities, not identifiable to a natural type based on existing composition or structure.

9. Schizachyrium scoparium-Sorgastrum nutans-Bromus inermis-Solidago spp. Herbaceous Vegetation Common Name: Cropland-Abandoned Description: This ruderal community is highly variable on the installation, with local physiognomy and species composition depending on length of time since abandonment, ongoing disturbance, and management practices. Most examples are dominated by herbaceous species, but shrubs or trees often are present, and in some cases they dominate. Occurrence on FRMR: Widespread on the installation but concentrated on level uplands, especially in the central part. Because of the amount of natural succession that has occurred in some areas, Cropland-Abandoned was at times exceedingly difficult to identify in the field. Aerial photos were useful in helping to identify some tracts. Nomenclature: Most of this community type was mapped in the “Cropland-Abandoned” cover category in the 1985 vegetation surveys.

10. Bromus inermis/Bromus japonicus-Lolium arundinaceum Herbaceous Vegetation Common Name: Brome Field Description: This ruderal community includes areas intentionally planted to non-native, perennial, cool-season grasses, which are or were cut annually for hay. Bromus japonicus, a non-native annual, frequently is a co-dominant invader. Abandoned brome fields are difficult to identify in most training areas, but extant examples exist in the south part of FRMR. An excellent example of this community type occurs on the level floodplain immediately south of Backstop Ridge. It is hayed annually. Occurrence on FRMR: Sporadic on the installation. Many areas identified as this types in 1985 (as Grassland-Tame) have undergone considerable natural succession and now are classified as other ruderal, invasive, or managed types. Occurrences in the developed parts of FRMR were not mapped. Nomenclature: Most of this community type was mapped in the “Grassland-Tame” cover category in the 1985 vegetation surveys. See also vegetation type 13.

11. Setaria spp.-Polygonum spp.-Chamaesyce spp. Herbaceous Vegetation Common Name: Ruderal-Mixed Description: This ruderal community captures a wide variety of vegetation conditions represented on the installation. Most examples are characterized by some type of severe, periodic or one-time disturbance, which has resulted in damage to or destruction of native vegetation or seral vegetation. Topsoil disturbance is a characteristic condition, but herbicide use also can create similar conditions. Species composition of the Ruderal-Mixed community is difficult to characterize. Non- native, ruderal herbs and graminoids are common, but native herbs and graminoids also are regular associates. Many associates exhibit a prostrate or spreading habit and are able to survive repeated compaction, such as results from vehicles. Occurrence on FRMR: Widespread on FRMR but often highly localized. Nomenclature: Most of this community type was mapped in the “Disturbed-Compacted”

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 106 and “Disturbed-Construction” cover types in the 1985 vegetation surveys.

II. Invasive Vegetation: prevailing vegetation stratum dominated by species alien to ecoregion and dominance of this species not likely to give way to native species without active restoration efforts.

12. Lespedeza cuneata Herbaceous Vegetation Common Name: Sericea lespededeza Herbaceous Vegetation Description: This ruderal community was not mapped per se on FRMR, but the name may be applied to sites where Lespedeza cuneata infestations have become sufficiently dense to warrant special attention. The necessity of identifying occurrences of Lespedeza cuneata Herbaceous Vegetation on the vegetation map was moderated by two factors. First, infestations were identified as a separate part of this study. Howerver, before occurrences of the vegetation type can be delimited, thresholds must be set for determining when Lespedeza cuneata has achieved dominance. Canopy cover may be the most direct measure of this. Second, DES probably will continue to pursue aggressive control of Lespedeza cuneata. Eradication efforts likely will cause sudden and dramatic changes in populations of Lespedeza cuneata, potentially rendering this component of any vegetation map obsolete. Occurrence on FRMR: Lespedeza cuneata was documented in nearly all of the training areas; however, infestations are most severe in formerly cultivated areas. The species has been far less successful invading healthy, native, tallgrass prairies. Estimated mean canopy cover in a majority of five training areas has reached 11–20%; much higher levels of cover, while not uncommon, are exceedingly limited in area. Nomenclature: This community type was not recognized in the 1985 vegetation surveys. Discussions with DES staff suggest Lespedeza cuneata was planted on FRMR around 1986 or 1987 to provide wildlife cover and to reduce soil erosion in formerly cultivated areas.

13. Bromus inermis-Bromus japonicus Herbaceous Vegetation Common Name: Smooth brome/Japanese brome Herbaceous Vegetation Description: This ruderal community was not mapped on FRMR, mostly because occurrences are highly localized. While physiogonmically similar to the Bromus inermis/Bromus japonicus-Lolium arundinaceum Herbaceous Vegetation type, the Bromus inermis-Bromus japonicus Herbaceous Vegetation type was not planted intentionally for hay production; it occurs spontaneously in sites with repeated disturbance and appropriate microhabitat conditions. Occurrence on FRMR: Sporadic on the installation and usually highly localized. Nomenclature: This community type was not mapped per se in the 1985 vegetation survey, but some occurrences may have been included in the “Grassland-Tame” cover category. See also vegetation type 10.

III. Modified/Managed Vegetation: vegetation moderately to highly altered by human activities, identifiable to a natural type based on composition or structure, alteration may be physiognomic or compositional but is beyond range of variation allowed for corresponding natural type.

14. Schizachyrium scoparium-Aristida oligantha-Sporobolus cryptandrus Herbaceous Vegetation Common Name: Yellow indiangrass-Little bluestem-Oldfield threeawn-Sand dropseed

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 107 Herbaceous Vegetation, Overgrazed Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie Description: This modified/managed vegetation type represents a disclimax example of the Andropogon gerardii-Sorghastrum nutans-Schizachyrium scoparium Flint Hills Herbaceous Vegetation type. Basically, it is overgrazed Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie. Examples were not mapped, but we discovered numerous areas that appear to have a past history of prolonged and intense grazing by livestock. Suspected examples usually support degraded populations of Andropogon gerardii, Sorghastrum nutans, and other species characteristic of Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie; all suspected examples were mapped as Flint Hills Tallgrass Prairie. Sustained grazing appears to have shifted species composition in favor of more grazing-tolerant and drought-adapted species like Schizachyrium scoparium, Aristida oligantha, and Sporobolus cryptandrus. Characteristic forbs are Ambrosia psilostachya, Croton spp., Brickellia eupatorioides, Physalis spp., Verbena stricta, and Vernonia baldwinii. Juniperus virginiana is a frequent where fire has been suppressed, invasive tree; other woody species also may be present. Most occurrences are on rocky uplands on gentle to moderate slopes. Occurrence on FRMR: Probably widespread on uplands and slopes, especially in the south, east, and northwest parts of FRMR. Natural succession since abandonment of farms and ranches has made it difficult to identify most examples of this community type. Nomenclature: This community type was not recognized in the 1985 vegetation surveys.

15. Cornus drummondii-Rhus glabra-Ulmus spp.-Gleditsia triacanthos Shrubland Common Names: Rough-leaf dogwood-Smooth sumac-Elm-Honey-locust Shrubland, Woodland-Brushy Description: This modified/managed vegetation type captures sites with widely varying physiognomy and floristic composition. We found it exceedingly difficult to determine what kind of disturbance occurred at many sites supporting this community type, and the type undoubtedly encompasses areas representing varied management and disturbance histories. The Woodland- Brushy type generally is dominated by a moderate to dense cover of shrubs, frequently intermixed with a variety of immature trees. Characteristic woody species generally are Cornus drummondii, Rhus glabra, Ulmus americana, Ulmus pumila, and Gleditsia triacanthos. Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Juniperus virginiana, Maclura pomifera, Populus deltoides are other woody species routinely associated with the type. Symphoricarpos orbiculatus is the most common understory shrub. The herbaceous understory is highly variable from site to site. At some sites, it suggests that extreme disturbance of the topsoil occurred. In other places, fire suppression has permitted establishment of the type on formerly cultivated ground or native prairie. Occurrence on FRMR: Encountered throught the installation. The type is a catetory of convenience, and occurrences may have dramatically different histories. Nomenclature: Most of this community type was mapped as “Woodland-Brushy” in the 1985 vegetation surveys.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 108 Appendix E. Planted/Cultivated vegetation types of FRMR based on field data gathered during the 2002/2003 field seasons.

16. Fire Break Description: Fire breaks are maintained around the perimeter of most of FRMR to help contain wildfires, should they occur. These may consist of bare ground or may be planted with row crops. Regardless of condition, they usually support a mixture of non-native, ruderal species during the growing season. Occurrence on FRMR: Maintained around the perimeter of most of the installation. Nomenclature: This community type was mapped in the “Cropland-Firebreak” or “Grassland-Firebreak” cover categories in the 1985 vegetation surveys.

17. Food Plot Description: Food plots are planted with a variety of row crops to provide food for wildlife. These may consist of bare ground or may be vegetated with milo, soybeans, or other crop species. Regardless of condition, most support a mixture of non-native, ruderal species during the growing season. Occurrence on FRMR: Maintained throughout the installation. Nomenclature: This community type was mapped in the “Food Plots” cover category in the 1985 vegetation surveys.

18. Cultivated Field Description: Cultivated fields are planted with row crops. Most seem to be located around the periphery of the installation, where they also may be functioning as fire breaks. This vegetation type may not be distinct from Fire Break, but it has been carried forward from the 1985 vegetation surveys. Cultivated fields consist of bare ground or may be vegetated with row crops. Most support a mixture of non-native, ruderal species during the growing season. Occurrence on FRMR: Maintained around the perimeter of most of the installation. Nomenclature: This community type was mapped in the “Cropland-Cultivated” cover category in the 1985 vegetation surveys.

19. Tree Plantation Description: A few tree plantations are maintained in training units in the south part of FRMR. The largest ones are in Training Areas 2, 18, and 19. All support deciduous tree species. Depending on age, understories may be fairly open, dominated by a mixture of non-native, ruderal species, or dominated by a mixture of native and non-native species during the growing season. Occurrence on FRMR: Maintained mostly in training areas in the south part of the installation. Nomenclature: This community type was mapped in the “Miscellaneous” cover category in the 1985 vegetation surveys.

20. Hedgerow/Windbreak Description: Hedgerows/Windbreaks usually are linear tree plantings, mostly with a single species of deciduous tree, which originally provided shelter and shade around farmsteads and along old roads and farm lanes. Some hedgerows also probably served as living fences. Maclura pomifera is the species encountered most frequently, but others species used include Juniperus virginiana, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Ulmus spp. Many hedgerows and windbreaks have been damaged due to training

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 109 exercises, and many had deteriorated due to senescence and death of trees. Most support an varied understory of native and non-native shrubs, herbs, and graminoids. Occurrence on FRMR: Found throughout the installation, mostly in association with old farmsteads and roads. Nomenclature: This community type was mapped in the “Farmstead-Abandoned” and “Woodland-Hedge” cover categories in the 1985 vegetation surveys.

21. Lawn Description: Lawns are areas usually planted to cool-season grasses (mostly species of Poa or Lolium) or rarely warm-season grasses (Cynodon dactylon) and maintained by periodic and frequent mowing. They also may support a mixture of non-native and native graminoids and herbs. Occurrence on FRMR: Found largely in the developed parts of the installation, especially in the south, in the vicinity of training complexes around the Impact Areas, and around buildings in the northwest part of the MPRC. Mowed roadsides also could be included in this category. Nomenclature: This community type was not mapped in the 1985 vegetation surveys, and few areas were mapped during this study, largely because we did not map the vegetation of the developed parts of FRMR.

VEGETATION OF THE FT. RILEY MILITARY RESERVATION PAGE 110