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Rural Development Report Creating Opportunities for Rural Youth Creating opportunities 2019 Rural for rural Development youth Report Overview Creating opportunities 2019 Rural for rural Development youth Report Overview Copyright © International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons IGO 3.0 Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives (CC-IGO BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/legalcode) and may be reproduced with attribution to IFAD and for any non-commercial purposes. No derivative work is allowed. Note that the link provided above includes additional terms and conditions of the license. The use of the IFAD’s name for any purpose other than for attribution, and the use of IFAD’s logo shall be subject to a separate written license agreement between IFAD and the user and is not authorized as part of this CC-IGO license. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IFAD, its Governing Bodies, or its Member States. 3 Table of contents Acronyms �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4 Acknowledgements ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4 Foreword ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 Overview ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10 Why young people are important for rural development ��������������������������������������������������������������� 10 Three foundations for rural youth development: productivity, connectivity and agency ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������12 Overlapping settings at the national, local and household levels ���������������������������������������������� 15 Constraints hindering the transition from dependence to independence ������������������������������ 24 The unprecedented rate and nature of change today ������������������������������������������������������������������������ 27 Thinking differently about investing in rural youth ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 30 Embedding rural youth policy and investments in broader rural development strategies ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 33 References ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 36 Endnotes ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 39 Figures FIGURE A The number of young people is growing FIGURE I What rural youth do depends, but only in part, rapidly in sub-Saharan Africa and in countries with low on what the other members of their households do �������������23 levels of structural transformation ����������������������������������������������� 11 FIGURE J Rural youth own less land either solely or FIGURE B Foundations of rural youth development ����������������13 jointly than adults ������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 FIGURE C Structural and rural transformation processes FIGURE K Structural transformation reduces the at the national level set the basic parameters for rural gender gap in education, but rural transformation youth opportunities ��������������������������������������������������������������������������16 alone does not �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������27 FIGURE D The commercialization potential and FIGURE L Mobile money provides youth in the least agricultural potential of a particular rural area condition transformed countries with access to finance �����������������������29 the opportunities that the national setting provides FIGURE M Countries with the highest proportions of for rural youth �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������18 young people also depend heavily on agriculture and FIGURE E Two out of three rural youth in developing have the least capacity for coping with climate change ����� 30 countries live in rural opportunity spaces with high FIGURE N Balancing investments that promote agricultural potential ������������������������������������������������������������������������19 widespread rural opportunity and those that focus FIGURE F The least transformed countries have the specifically on youth opportunity �������������������������������������������������32 largest share of their rural youth population in areas FIGURE O Large rural youth populations are found in with high agricultural potential. The most transformed countries with weak policy and institutional capacity ���������� 34 countries face the biggest challenge in terms of youth in isolated, low-potential areas ����������������������������������������20 Maps FIGURE G Household transformation categories ���������������������21 MAP A A disproportionate share of rural youth today are FIGURE H Households engage with the economy in Asia, but Africa’s share is projected to rise rapidly������������ 11 based on the opportunities that their rural opportunity MAP B Youth in developing countries have little access space offers ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22 to formal financial institutions ������������������������������������������������������26 4 2019 Rural Development Report Creating opportunities for rural youth Acronyms APR Asia and the Pacific DHS Demographic and Health Surveys EVI Enhanced Vegetation Index LAC Latin America and the Caribbean MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NEN Near East, North Africa, Europe and Central Asia RT rural transformation SSA sub-Saharan Africa ST structural transformation Acknowledgements The Rural Development Report 2019 benefited from the dedicated work, expertise and the contributions of people both within and outside the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The Report was prepared under the guidance of IFAD’s Senior Management. Paul Winters, Associate Vice-President (AVP) of the Strategy and Knowledge Department (SKD), provided oversight and leadership throughout the development process. The Report benefited from the technical leadership of the lead external advisor David Tschirley, Professor in the Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics at Michigan State University and of the internal co-leads Aslihan Arslan, Senior Economist in the Research and Impact Assessment Division, and Constanza Di Nucci, Senior Technical Advisor to the AVP of SKD. Eva-Maria Egger played a critical role in the writing and Anne Körner in the development process of the report. Kate Albers and Margherita Squarcina provided research assistance. This report draws on the research and analysis of several background papers prepared by Kibrom Abay, Jenny Aker, Jens Andersson, Channing Arndt, Woinishet Asnake, Elisabetta Aurino, Hailemariam Ayalew, Ghassan Baliki, Rui Benfica, Roehlano Briones, Karen Brooks, Tilman Brueck, Jordan Chamberlin, Cristina Cirillo, Alan de Brauw, Miguel Del Castillo, Michael Dolislager, Cheryl Doss, Shahnila Dunston, Neil Ferguson, Louise Fox, Arianna Gasparri, Maia Guiskin, Faaiqa Hartley, Jessica Heckert, Stephen Hunt, Thomas Jayne, Nader Kabbani, Suneetha Kadiyala, Saweda Liverpool-Tasie, Athur Mabiso, Mariellen Malloy Jewers, Ashira Menashe-Oren, Bart Minten, Jorge Morel, Laura Muñoz, Milu Muyanga, Emily Myers, Audrey Pereira, Paola Pereznieto, Lauren Phillips, Ricky Robertson, Wolfgang Stojetz, Manuel Orozco, James Sumberg, Agnes Quisumbing, Thomas Reardon, C.S. Srinivasan, Guy Stecklov, Jennifer Stevenson, Carolina Trivelli, David Tschirley, Ben White, Keith Wiebe, Pablo Yanes, F. Kwame Yeboah and Giacomo Zanello. The report also benefited from the work of Fabian Löw who processed all georeferenced data and from the research of our World Bank colleagues Valentina Costa, Sydney Gourlay, Talip Kilic, Philip Randolph Wollburg and Alberto Zezza. Acknowledgements 5 Many colleagues and experts inside and outside of IFAD provided helpful comments, participated in consultative workshops and made other valuable contributions. The team would like to thank the following: Jonathan Agwe, Rahul Antao, Tom Mwangi Anyonge, Javier Baez, Giulia Barbanente, Ndaya Beltchika, Francesca Romana Borgia, Fabrizio Bresciani, Denisa Butnaru, Alessandra Casano, Federica Cerulli, Thomas Chalmers, Karima Cherif, Shirley Chinien, Stefano Consiglio, Antonella Cordone, Luc Cristiaensen, Ivonald Da Cruz, Pedro de Vasconcelos, Maria Victoria Fazio, Ilaria Carlotta Firmian, Federica Emma, Juliane Friedrich, Beatrice Gerli, Massimo Giovanola, Michael Hamp, Sheryl Hendriks, Stein Holden, Edward Heinemann, Patrick Herlant, Steven Jonckheere, Roberto Longo, Bruno Losch, Mia Madsen, Bernadette Mukonyora, Mauro Martini, Harold Liversage, Elisa Mandelli, Torben Nilsson, Joyce Njoro, Rikke Grand Olivera, Richard John Pelrine, Mattia
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