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1 Introduction ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF COMMUNITY-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT Twenty Six Years of Pakistan’s Rural Support Programmes A Third Party Evaluation by HTSPE Limited for the Department for International Development (UK) Z U Ahmed C. Euler S G Khattak J.F. Morton & M. Tariq August 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS FORWARD BY RSPN Acknowledgements Abbreviations EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CHAPTER Page 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 THE IMPACT OF COMMUNITY DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT AT SCALE ................................. 2 1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE RURAL SUPPORT PROGRAMME MOVEMENT .......................... 3 1.3 THE RSP APPROACH .............................................................................................................. 4 2. A RURAL SUPPORT PROGRAMME SYNTHESIS .................................................................. 8 2.1 AKRSP: A MODEL OF COMMUNITY DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT ........................................... 8 2.2 THE RSPS IN 2008 .................................................................................................................. 14 2.3 RSP PROGRAMME EVALUATIONS ...................................................................................... 17 2.3.1 NRSP Interim Evaluation 1998 ................................................................................. 17 2.3.2 SRSC Evaluations 1996 and 1998 ........................................................................... 18 2.3.3 TRDP Mid Term Evaluation 2006 ............................................................................. 19 2.3.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 20 2.4 INSTITUTIONAL IMPACTS AND SOCIAL MOBILISATION MODELS ................................. 20 2.4.1 CO Activity and Dormancy ....................................................................................... 21 2.4.2 Institutional Maturity Studies ................................................................................... 22 2.4.3 A Field Perspective ................................................................................................... 23 2.4.4 2nd Generation Social Institutions ........................................................................... 24 2.4.5 The Village Activist ................................................................................................... 25 2.4.6 The Social Mobilisation Team .................................................................................. 26 2.5 POVERTY TARGETING .......................................................................................................... 26 2.6 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ............................................................................................. 27 2.7 MICRO FINANCE .................................................................................................................... 29 2.7.1 Savings ...................................................................................................................... 30 2.7.2 Credit .......................................................................................................................... 31 2.7.3 Insurance ................................................................................................................... 33 2.7.4 Subsidy and Sustainability ...................................................................................... 33 2.7.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 34 2.8 SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES .................................................................................................... 34 2.8.1 Skills Development ................................................................................................... 34 2.8.2 Natural Resource Development ............................................................................... 35 2.8.3 Social Services: Education ...................................................................................... 35 2.8.4 Social Services: Health ............................................................................................ 36 2.8.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 37 3. GENDER IN THE RURAL SUPPORT PROGRAMMES ......................................................... 38 3.1 AKRSP’S LEAD ON GENDER ............................................................................................... 38 3.2 OTHER RSPS .......................................................................................................................... 39 3.3 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................... 40 4. THE RURAL SUPPORT PROGRAMMES NETWORK .......................................................... 42 4.1 SOCIAL MOBILISATION ........................................................................................................ 43 4.1.1 2nd Generation Social Mobilisation.......................................................................... 43 4.1.2 Community Investment Funds ................................................................................ 44 4.1.3 The Jamal Chapri CIF Pilot ...................................................................................... 45 4.2 POLICY RESEARCH AND ADVOCACY (PR&A) .................................................................. 46 4.3 SOCIAL SECTORS ................................................................................................................. 47 4.4 GENDER .................................................................................................................................. 48 4.5 SPECIAL PROJECTS WING .................................................................................................. 48 4.6 OTHER RSPN SERVICES ...................................................................................................... 49 4.7 INSTITUTIONAL ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................ 49 4.7.1 The Relationship with Member RSPs ...................................................................... 50 4.7.2 Human Resources and Capacities .......................................................................... 51 4.7.3 Corporate Strategy and Business Plan .................................................................. 52 4.8 THE INSTITUTE OF RURAL MANAGEMENT (IRM) ............................................................. 52 5. EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MOBILISATION ................................................... 54 5.1 IMPACT ASSESSMENT.......................................................................................................... 54 5.2 ASSESSING OUTCOMES ...................................................................................................... 55 5.3 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN THE RSPS ...................................................................... 56 6. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................... 57 6.1 A TENTATIVE ASSESSMENT OF RSP IMPACT .................................................................. 57 6.1.1 Impact ......................................................................................................................... 57 6.1.2 Relevance .................................................................................................................. 58 6.1.3 Efficiency ................................................................................................................... 58 6.1.4 Institutional Impact ................................................................................................... 58 6.1.5 Sustainability ............................................................................................................. 59 6.2 THE ROLE OF THE RURAL SUPPORT PROGRAMMES NETWORK ................................. 59 6.3 ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MOBILISATION ..................................................... 60 TABLES TABLE 2-1 RSP COVERAGE AND OUTREACH (MARCH 2008) ............................................... 15 TABLE 2-2 CUMULATIVE RSP ACHIEVEMENT (MARCH 2008) ............................................... 15 TABLE 2-3 RURAL SUPPORT PROGRAMME BENCHMARKS ................................................. 16 TABLE 2-4 TRDP PROPORTION OF ‘FUNCTIONING’ COS ...................................................... 21 TABLE 2-5 NRSP COMMUNITY ORGANISATION GRADING – JULY 2008 ............................. 21 TABLE 2-6 TOP 5 MICRO CREDIT PROVIDERS IN PAKISTAN AND BANGLADESH ............ 29 TABLE 4-1 PLANNED EXPANSION OF SOCIAL MOBILIZATION IN PAKISTAN .................... 43 BOXES 1. The Social Activist 5 2. The RSP Assumption 7 3. An Uncertain Savings Strategy 29 4. Microfinance in Pakistan 31 5. A Conflicted Consensus on Credit 32 6. Agricultural Linkages 34 7. Community Health Centres 36 8. RSPN Objectives 51 BIBLIOGRAPHY Foreword Despite six decades of development experience and structural change, about 65 per cent of the population of Pakistan depends on some 25 per cent of the country’s GDP produced in rural areas. Between 1998-99 rural poverty has been persistently higher than urban poverty. It need not be overemphasised that the dream of
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