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Beihefte Der Francia Bd. 60 2005 Beihefte der Francia Bd. 60 2005 Copyright Das Digitalisat wird Ihnen von perspectivia.net, der Online-Publi- kationsplattform der Stiftung Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland (DGIA), zur Verfügung gestellt. Bitte beachten Sie, dass das Digitalisat urheberrechtlich geschützt ist. Erlaubt ist aber das Lesen, das Ausdrucken des Textes, das Herunterladen, das Speichern der Daten auf einem eigenen Datenträger soweit die vorgenannten Handlungen ausschließlich zu privaten und nicht- kommerziellen Zwecken erfolgen. Eine darüber hinausgehende unerlaubte Verwendung, Reproduktion oder Weitergabe einzelner Inhalte oder Bilder können sowohl zivil- als auch strafrechtlich ver- folgt werden. T. C.W. BLANNING The Grand Tour and the réception o f neo-classicis m in Great Britain in the eighteenth Century At first sight , the relationship betwee n the Grand Tour an d neo-classicism i n Grea t Britain seems unproblematic. In the course of the eighteenth Century, both the archi- tectural and the natural landscape were transformed in a manner which clearly reflected the influence of classical models. In what follows, I hâve adopted the définition o f neo- classicism offered b y Charles Rosen in his analysis »The classical style«, itself worthy of classic status, namely: »I hâve used >neoclassicism < in a narrow sensé of a return to the assumed simplicity of Nature through the imitation of the ancients«1, not least be- cause it accords so well with the Earl o f Shaftesbury's deman d fo r a n art which was »chaste, sever [sic], just & accurate«2.) It can be stated with some confidence that there are more structures and spaces in Great Britain displaying a measure of classical influ- ence than anywhere else in Europe. This is only due in part to its relative immunity to the havoc wrought o n the continent b y maraudin g armie s an d iconoclasti c régimes . The primary caus e o f the ubiquity o f houses such as Kedleston was the ubiquity o f those who commissioned them. Viscount Scarsdale, like almost every great landown- er, had been on the Grand Tour and had acquired a taste for classical aesthetics and clas- sical artefacts. It was for Lord Scarsdale that James Stuart of Athenian Antiquities'fam e designed the tripod stands based on the tripod at the top o f the Choragic Monumen t of Lysicrates 3. For the English aristocrats (and I employ this convenient if misleading term to em- brace both peers of the realm and great landowners), the Drang nach Süden was of long standing. As Edwar d Chane y ha s recorded , th e firs t Englis h travelle r t o leav e a n account of a journey to the continent which was something approaching a Grand Tour - as opposed to a pilgrimage - wa s Sir Thomas Hoby, who visited Italy in 1549 4. But it was in the eighteenth Century that the trickle of English visitors became a flood an d then a torrent. In 1768 Baretti estimated that during the previous seventeen years, some 10 000 English people had travelled to Italy5. By 1770 one anonymous observer could 1 Charle s ROSEN , The classical style. Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, revised édition, London 1976 , p. 17 2 note 1. 2 Lawrenc e KLEIN, Shaftesbury an d the culture of politeness. Moral discourse and cultural politics in ear- ly eighteenth Century England, Cambridge 1994 , p. 190. 3 Robi n MIDDLETON, David WATKIN, Neo-classical and nineteenth Century architecture, New York 1980, p.90. 4 Edwar d CHANEY, The Grand Tour and the évolution of the travel book, in: Andrew WILTON, Ilaria BIG- NAMINI (ed.), Grand Tour. The Iure of Italy in the eighteenth Century, London 1996 , p. 95. 5 Willia m Edward MEAD , The Grand Tour in the eighteenth Century, Boston, New York 1914 , p. 104. 542 T. C. W. Blanning write: »where one Englishman travelled in the reign of the first two Georges, ten now go on a Grand Tour. Indeed, to such a pitch is the spirit of travelling corne in the king- dom that there is scarce a citizen of large fortune but takes a flying view of France, Italy, and Germany«, while Edward Gibbon opined fifteen years later that there were 40 000 English travelling on the continent (although this must hâve been a guess and was al- most certainly an over-estimate)6. Italy and its classical world was the preferred desti - nation. Obliged of necessity to travel through France and usually also Switzerland, and occasionally prepared to make a détour to the courts of Germany and Vienna, the great majority o f English grand tourists had Italy in their sights. As Dr Samuel Johnson ob- served: Sir, a man who bas not been in Italy is always conscious of an inferiority, from his not having seen what it is expected a man should see. The grand object of travelling is to see the shores ofthe Mediterrane an1'. Indeed, it was his own opinion that ail our religion, ail our arts, almost ail that sets us above savages, bas corne from the shores of the Mediterraneans. Joh n Northall agreed: Italy, thus enriched by nature and adorned by art, is therefore justly esteemed the most agreeable and most usefulpart of Europe to a lover of antiquity, and thepolite arts and sciences; nor is it stränge that it should be much frequented by foreigners of taste in this learned and refined âge. H e himself had gone because he considered a tour o f Italy the finishingpart of apolite éducation*. Alas, the behaviour o f some English grand tourists suggested that they were badly in need of classical polish. In an imaginary dialogue with John Locke, Richard Hurd . made the Earl of Shaftesbury observ e that it was highly désirable that young English gentlemen should be encouraged to look beyond their own foggy air, and dirty acres. In his view, they were gauche and uncouth in social intercourse, retaining far too much of their Saxon or Norman antécédents , and taking an interest only in hunting, horse racing, eating, drinking and low wenching. Th e two English universities could not sup- ply the necessary polish, for their religion is Intolérance^ and their Morals, Servility, s o a continenta l tou r was essential10. Fo r mos t youn g Englishmen , thei r continenta l sojourn was indeed a Substitute for a university éducation, so it was small wonder that their transition to adulthood was marked by rites of passage which had more to do with hedonism than with classica l learning. A disgusted Lad y Hertford complaine d fro m Florence in the middle of the Century: most of our travelling youth neither improve themselves, nor credit their country 11. Th e eas y availability of alcoholi c an d sexual diversion proved too much o f a temptation for many , especially i f - as in the case of William Beckford - their tastes were irregulär. James Boswell wrote to none other than Jean-Jacques Rousseau in 1765: 6 Christophe r HIBBERT, The Grand Tour, London 1969 , p. 24-25. 7 Ibid . p. 10. 8 Cesare d e SETA , Grand tour : the Iure of Italy in the eighteenth Century , in: WILTON, BIGNAMIN I (se e note 4) p. 13. 9 John NORTHALL, Travels through Italy. Containing new and curious observations on that country, Lon- don 1766 , unpaginated préface . 10 Richard HURD, Dialogues on the uses of f oreign travel; considered as part of an English gentleman's éd- ucation: between Lord Shaftesbury an d Mr Locke, London 1764 , p. 39-45. 11 Quoted i n William BECKFORD, The Grand Tour o f William Beckford, ed . by Elizabeth MAVOR , Har- mondsworth 1986 , p. 10. The Grand Tour and the réception o f neo-classicis m 543 / must admit that in the midst ofmy Roman studies I indulged in sensual relax- ations. I sallied forth of an evening like an imperious lion, and I had a Unie French painter, ayoungacademician, alwaysvain, always alert, alwaysgay, who served as my jackal. I remembered the rakish deeds of Horace and other amorous Roman poets, and I thought that one might wellallow one's self a little indulgence in a city where there areprostitutes licensed by the Cardinal Vicar ... / was, however, brought to a hait by an unpleasant occurrence which ail libertines hâve to reckon with. When we walked in your room, disputing about the commerce of the sexes, y ou said to me with a smile, »Watch out for Italian girls -for several reasons.« I discovered at Rome that your advice was very sound12. The English travellers also acquired the réputation o f rushing from one tourist site to another, very much in the manner of the stereotypical American tourist of the present- day - >if it's Tuesday, it must be Rome<. Thomas Cogan complained o f them: Should their road lead through Paradise itself or should they hâve taken a long and tedious journey expressly to see the garden ofEden, it is a question whether our impetuous gen- tlemen would not tip the post-boy half a crown extraordinary to mend hispace, as they were driving through it u. Mor e abrasive still was the verdict of Dupaty: In a hundred there are not two that seek to instruct themselves. To cover leagues on land or on wa- ter; to take punch and tea at inns; to speak ill of ail the other nations, and to boast with- out ceasing of their own; that is what the crowd ofthe English call travelling. Thepost- book is the only one in which they instruct themselves, althoug h it should be borne in mind that this sour verdict derived from a Frenchman14.
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