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Tesis Doctoral Fernando Barreiro-Lostres Evolución de los sistemas kársticos lacustres de la Serranía de Cuenca durante el Holoceno tardío: Modelos de depósito e implicaciones climáticas y ambientales Late Holocene evolution of the Serranía de Cuenca karstic lake systems: Depositional models and climatic and environmental implications Fernando Barreiro-Lostres Tesis Doctoral PhD Thesis Zaragoza, Mayo de 2016 Director Blas Lorenzo Valero Garcés Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología La presente Tesis Doctoral se presenta en la modalidad de compendio de publicaciones científicas y a este respecto incluye los siguientes trabajos: This PhD Thesis is presented in the modality of published scientific articles and includes the following referenced papers: Research article 1 Barreiro-Lostres, F., Moreno, A., Giralt, S., Valero-Garcés, B.L., 2013. Evolución sedimentaria del lago kárstico de La Parra (Cuenca) durante los últimos 1600 años: paleohidrología, clima e impacto humano. Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 39, 179–193. DOI: 10.18172/cig.2005 Research article 2 Barreiro-Lostres, F., Moreno, A., Giralt, S., Caballero, M., Valero-Garces, B., 2014. Climate, palaeohydrology and land use change in the Central Iberian Range over the last 1.6 kyr: The La Parra Lake record. The Holocene 24, 1177 – 1192. DOI: 10.1177/0959683614540960 Research article 3 Barreiro-Lostres, F., Brown, E., Moreno, A., Morellón, M., Abbott, M., Hillman, A., Giralt, S., Valero-Garcés, B., 2015. Sediment delivery and lake dynamics in a Mediterranean mountain watershed: Human-climate interactions during the last millennium (El Tobar Lake record, Iberian Range, Spain). Science of The Total Environment 533, 506–519. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.123 Research article 4 Barreiro-Lostres, F., Moreno, A., González-Sampériz, P., Giralt, S., Nadal- Romero, E., Valero-Garces, B., 2016. Erosion in Mediterranean mountain landscapes during the last millennium: a quantitative approach based on lake sediment sequences (Iberian Range, Spain). CATENA. DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2016.05.024 El Doctor BLAS LORENZO VALERO GARCÉS, Profesor de Investigación del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas en el Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología CERTIFICA: Que Don Fernando Barreiro Lostres ha realizado bajo su dirección el trabajo que, para optar al grado de Doctor en Geología, presenta con el título: “Evolución de los sistemas kársticos lacustres de la Serranía de Cuenca durante el Holoceno tardío: Modelos de depósito e implicaciones climáticas y ambientales” Que el trabajo se ajusta a los objetivos establecidos en el Proyecto de Tesis Doctoral aprobado por el departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y ratificado por la Escuela de Doctorado el 03/11/2014. Por consiguiente, autoriza la presentación de la misma en el formato “compendio de publicaciones”, de acuerdo con la normativa vigente. Y para que así conste, firmo la presente Certificación en Zaragoza el 23 de mayo de 2015 para los efectos que sean oportunos. Fdo.: Blas Lorenzo Valero Garcés Agradecimientos - Acknowledgements Esta Tesis Doctoral ha nacido gracias al conjunto de personas que me han acompañado durante estos años, llenos de experiencias y vivencias intensas. Dado que todo este trabajo ha ocupado una parte importante de mi vida, antes de comenzar la nueva etapa que se abre delante de mí, quisiera dedicar unas líneas para recordar y agradecer a todos los que me han acompañado a lo largo de este viaje. El punto de partida tuvo lugar en el Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, guiado por mi director de tesis: Blas Valero Garcés, que me dio la oportunidad de atravesar el Aqueronte hacia la Ciencia y calmar a Cerbero sin requerir ninguna rama de oro a cambio. Siempre animando y velando porque pudiera desarrollarme al máximo enrolándome en multitud de trabajos de campo, proyectos, congresos, estancias. Nadie imagina lo que he aprendido a su lado. Por todo esto, le estaré profundamente agradecido. Así mismo, también quiero agradecer a Carlos Sancho por sus consejos como tutor en la Universidad. Las dificultades que surgen en el camino de tamaña empresa científica, como es la elaboración de una tesis, sólo es posible superarlas gracias a las habilidades y el inestimable apoyo de mis compañeros de equipo de Paleo-IPE: Aída Adsuar, Josu Aranbarri, Miguel Bartolomé, Beatriz Bueno, Pablo Corella, Matías Frugone, Eduardo García, Graciela Gil, Penélope González, María Leunda, Raquel López, Mario Morellón, Belén Oliva, Ana Pérez, Carlos Pérez, Mayte Rico, Elena Royo, Miguel Sevilla. Una mención especial se merece la gran ayuda y buena disposición que siempre ha mostrado el Servicio de Política Forestal y Espacios Naturales de la Dirección Provincial de Agricultura, Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Rural de Cuenca, estando especialmente agradecido a Nicolás Hernández y Javier Cañada, determinante para llevar a cabo este trabajo. También el guardián de las lagunas Simón Guadalajara, amablemente y en pro de la Ciencia, nos aguardaba para darnos acceso a las aguas. Durante mi periplo investigador he tenido la maravillosa oportunidad de conocer investigadores de otros lares, cercanos y lejanos, que de una forma u otra también me han ayudado y me han enseñado, contribuyendo a mi trabajo: Mark Abbott, Erik Brown, Margarita Caballero, Carlota Escutia, Jaime Frigola, Armand Hernández, Pilar Mata, Ana Navas, Alberto Sáez, Nigel Wattrus; y muy especialmente a Santiago Giralt, que casi puede considerarse un codirector. También quiero recordar a compañeros inolvidables de otras instituciones: Mª Laura Carrevedo, Sandra Garcés, Aubrey Hillman, Margarita Jambrina, Julià López, Olga Margalef, Mª Jesús Rubio, Ariadna Salabarnada, Guiomar Sánchez, Rosa Sánchez, Pol Tarrats, Jilian Votava… ¡sin olvidarme del hiperactivo contingente IPEño! También quiero recordar la importante labor que ejerce el personal de administración, servicios y laboratorios del IPE, que me ha permitido ir de dado en dado y tiro porque me toca. Y sobre todo, es imperativo destacar el importante esfuerzo que han realizado las personas más cercanas a mí para aguantarme y mantenerme en mi sano juicio a través de las sucesivas etapas cuerdo-cerebrales que supone una tesis. A estas alturas mis padres y mi hermana deben ser expertos en indicadores multi-emocionales. Además, Cusco siempre ejerció su labor desestresante con cariño. Por último, quiero resaltar que cada línea de esta tesis esconde la interpretación de un lugar, una vivencia, una sensación, un olor, un color de agua, una estación, un sol, una lluvia, una gota de sudor, una expectativa, una persona, un pensamiento, una emoción diferente. Disfrútenla. A Fernando, María y Sara Resumen Esta Tesis Doctoral se centra en el estudio de la variabilidad paleolimnológica, paleohidrológica y paleoambiental, durante los últimos 2000 años en la rama occidental de la Cordillera Ibérica, a través del análisis multidisciplinar del relleno sedimentario de tres lagunas kársticas obtenido mediante sondeos largos en ambientes litorales y distales. Concretamente, se trata de dos lagunas pertenecientes al complejo lacustre de Cañada del Hoyo (Cuenca), El Tejo y La Parra; y 100 km más al norte, de la Laguna del Tobar, próxima a la localidad de Beteta. Los resultados de esta Tesis proporcionan tres nuevos registros multi- indicador con una cronología robusta que muestran la variabilidad hidrológica y medioambiental de las cuencas lacustres durante los dos últimos milenios, contribuyendo a completar el mapa paleoambiental entre el norte y sur de la Península Ibérica. Además del estudio de visu y microscópico, sedimentológico y de ambientes de depósito, se han realizado análisis geofísicos (susceptibilidad magnética, densidad de Rayos Gamma), mineralógicos (difracción de Rayos X), semicuantitativos y cuantitativos de geoquímica elemental (Fluorescencia de Rayos X, Espectrometría de Masas con Plasma Acoplado Inductivamente, análisis elemental) y biológicos (diatomeas) para reconstruir variables hidrológicas y ambientales tales como fluctuaciones en el nivel de las lagunas y algunas propiedades limnológicas mediante el análisis de facies, tasas de sedimentación y erosión, productividad orgánica, así como el impacto de las actividades humanas a lo largo de la Historia. Los modelos cronológicos de las secuencias están basados en dataciones de 14C y también en radiometría de 210Pb/137Cs, permitiendo tener una mayor resolución durante el periodo reciente. Esto ha dado lugar a las cronologías lacustres más robustas de la zona. Los lagos kársticos de la Península Ibérica suelen ser pequeños, con secuencias sedimentarias caracterizadas por una elevada variabilidad de facies, generalmente clásticas y carbonatadas con cambios laterales y verticales abruptos. Los casos aquí estudiados permiten ilustrar la variabilidad hidrológica y limnológica en una región dominada por litología calcárea, aunque con distintos tamaños de sus cuencas de recepción y una variabilidad del impacto humano a través de los cambios en el uso del suelo. Los casos estudiados incluyen desde cuencas hidrológicamente desconectadas de las aguas superficiales (El Tejo), con conexión intermitente (La Parra), hasta cuencas permanentemente conectadas con el medio fluvial (El Tobar), lo Que condiciona de forma importante la disponibilidad de sedimentos capaces de llegar a las lagunas y por tanto, su tasa de sedimentación. AunQue las tres lagunas tienen un origen kárstico, actualmente se encuentran en un estado ya maduro y los procesos kársticos ya no son muy activos. Por ello, al tratarse de dolinas inundadas, su morfología es de tipo embudo, de
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