OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 55 NO. 1 WINTER 2005 PUBLISHED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio PUBLICATIONS Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: A.S.O. OFFICERS Ohio Types, by Robert N. Converse $40.00 add $4.50 P-H President John Mocic, Box 170 RD#1, Dilles Bottom, OH 43947 0hio Stone Tools' bV Robert N- Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H (740) 676-1077 0hl° Slate TvPes' bv Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H ... ,. ' ,_ „ ., _ . . „ The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$25.00 add $2.50 P-H Vice DPresident Rocky Falleti , mnrM5904 South Ave., Youngstown, OH 44512, (330) 788-1598. BACK ISSUES OF OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST Immediate Past President Brian G. Folz, 14 West College Ave., ]%£ ^{qqq967 ouVof 5*J|

Westerville, OH 43081, (614) 800-6706. 1951 "hru ^nsPHM^^'^ZZZ^ZTZZMmM Executive Secretary George Colvin, 220 Darbymoor Drive, 2000 thru ?nn?

Road, Mt. Vernon, OH 43050 (614) 397-4717. for prices and availability. Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, ASO CHAPTERS OH 43064, (614) 873-5471. Aboriginal Explorers Club President: Mark Cline, 1127 Esther Rd., Wellsville, OH 43968 (330) 532-1157 TRUSTEES Beau Fleuve Chapter .... , ,, „ ct _„_...... _ . _ . _u Pres/denf: Richard Sojka, 11253 Broadway, Alden, NY 14004 (716) 681 -2229 Michael Van Steen, 5303 Wildman Road, Cedarville, OH „.,,,. i„L„t ^h<%nl' 45314 (937^ 766 5411 Jacket Chapter TV?, 1 °°„ ' President: Chris , 6055 St. Rt. 589, Fletcher, OH 45326 (937) 368-2611 Carl Harruff, PO Box 91, Sparta, OH 43350 (419) 352-4804. Chippewa Valley Chapter Chris Rummell, 478 Burns Drive North, Westerville, OH 43082 President: Eric Deel, 585 Diagonal Rd., Akron, OH 44320 (330) 762-4108 (614) 895-0714. Cuyahoga Valley Chapter Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Dr., Greenville, OH 45331 President: Norman Park, 4495 W. High St., Mantua, OH 44255 (330)274-2171 (937) 548-0325. Dividing Ridges Chapter Walt Sperry, 1006 South Main St., Mt. Vernon, OH 43050 (740) President: John Mocic, Box 170, Dilles Bottom, OH 43947 (740) 676-1077 392-9774. Flint Ridge Chapter Randall Hackworth, 1963 Moulton-Ft Amanda Rd., President: Richard Moats, 14898 St. Rt. 13, Thornville, OH 43076 (740) 659-9618 Wapakoneta, OH (419) 657-6657. Fort Salem Chapter Frank Otto, 2200 East Powell Rd., Lewis Center, OH 43435 President: Dennis Link, 1037 Ritchey Rd., Felicity, OH 45120 (513) 876-4140 (614) 846-9006. Fulton Creek Archaeology Tony DeRegnaucourt, 106 North Street, Arcanum, OH 45304 President Mike Coyle, 173 Beatty Ave., Richwood, OH 43344 (937) 642-0858 (937) 692-8669 Johnny Appleseed Chapter President: Bob Bright, 1939 St. Rt. 302 Ashland, OH 42222 (n.a.) REGIONAL COLLABORATORS *in9Bea^r °hfPter „ ,„,„_, President: Chuck King, 44 Shenango Rd„ New Castle, PA 16105 (724) 654-2868 isnak, 1642 Friar Road, Stow, OH 44242 Kokosing Chapter . Long, Box 627, Jackson, OH 45640 President: Fred Groseclose, 30 Longitudinal Dr., Mt. Vernon, OH 43050 (740) 397-6253 Kelley, P.O. Box 1, Seaman, OH 45679 Lake County Chapter .. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH President: Doug Divish, 35900 Chardon Rd., Willoughby, OH 44094 (440) 942-0563 Mad River Chapter skadden, 8375 Heilman Dr., New Carlisle, OH 45344 President: Chuck Oliver, 2717 Stoney Creek St., Springfield, OH 45504 (937) 390-0889 lolzapfel, 415 Memorial Dr., Greenville, OH 45331 Mahoning Valley Chapter aRe, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 President: Rocky Falleti, 5904 South Ave., Youngstown, OH 44512 (330) 788-1598 3rt Morris, Dept. of Geology, Wittenberg University, Maumee Valley Chapter •Id, OH 45501 President: Charles Carroll, 7771 St. Rt. 15, Defiance, OH 43512 (419) 658-4415 gelman, 245 Fairview Rd., Turboville, PA 17772 Miamiville Arch. 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President: George DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH 44889 (440) 839-2512 Seccauim Archaeological Chapter MEMBERSHIP AND DUES President: Brenda Galinas, 601 West Warren St., Bucyrus, OH 44820 (n.a.) lues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first Six Rivers Chapter ry as follows: Regular membership $20.00; husband and wife (one President: Frank Otto, 2200 East Powell, Lewis Center, OH 43035 (614) 846-9006 publication) $21.00; Individual Life Membership $400. Husband Standing Stone Chapter Life Membership $600 Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, President: Joel Embry, 7503 Col-Lancaster Rd., NW, Carroll, OH 43112 (614) 833-1175 d quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The Suqar Creek Chanter ogical Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. pres/(fenf. steyen ^ 3Q14 C|grk m ^ ^^ QH ^ ^ ^^ Their Fires Are Cold Chapter President: Kevin Boos, 5710 Old Railroad, Sandusky, OH 44870 (419) 627-6254 Wolf Creek Chapter President: Richard Henry, 685 Miller Rd., Waterford, OH 45786 (740) 984-2199 BUSINESS MANAGER Don Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH 43130 Business Phone 1-800-736-7815 Home Phone 740-653-9477 ASO WEBSITE - www.ohioarch.org TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE President's Page 3 Front Cover Information 3 Ladies and Gentlemen of the ASO, CRM - Boon or Boondoggle by Robert N. Converse ... 4 It is now time to start thinking about our summer activities, as they are The Plain City Bypass Project: An Example of CRM in Action by Robert N. Converse 6 only a few months away. Any chapter wishing to host a summer ASO An Unusual Hopewell by Robert N. Converse ... 9 Chapter event needs to look ahead into submitting a show date, place, Late Palaeo Indian Projectile Points at Sandy Springs and time and send this information not only to the Editor for publication by Stephen Kelley 10 but to contact your new Vice President, Rocky Falleti, so that he can let A Paleoamerican Lithic in Darke County your chapter know which months and weekends are available. This will by Elaine Holzapfel 13 avoid having two chapter events being scheduled at the same time. Don't A Large Kentucky Fluted Point by Stephen Kelley .... 16 wait until the last minute; show scheduling is on a first come first serve Additional Information On The Walhonding Valley Hart Site by Wayne Mortine 17 basis. Furthermore, I recommend to all ASO members that they support An Interesting Shovel-Shaped Pendant these summer events. by Robert W. Morris 19 There are displays out there that have never been shown at the Types and Varieties of Archaeologically Relevant state level. The membership is always coming up with new and different Ohio by John D. Holland 20 finds and displays at these summer events. You will not be disappointed A Newly Discovered Glacial Kame site in Northern and will enjoy the company of fellow members. Ohio by John C. Rummel 23 The Roles Of Prehistoric Pipes And Ft I wish to thank all the men and women that endured the harsh weather Ancient/Whittlesey Vase-Shaped Pipes-Tools Of Ritual and dangerous highway conditions to make our January show such a And Pleasure by D.R. Gehlbach 25 great success. I hope everyone made it home safely. Early Indian Portrayals by Robert N. Converse 27 Congratulations to all the winners of the field finals contest, along with Heavy Duty Points by Doug Hooks 28 all the table display winners, your efforts are appreciated by everyone. One Of The Oak Shade Cache Blades I look forward to seeing everyone at future meetings. God bless and by Doug Hooks 28 The Late, Late : Stone Moulds From The take care. Mid-Eighteenth To The Early Nineteenth Centuries by George H. Carroll 29 An Interesting Find by Perry Fletcher 37 Respectfully yours, The Shuey Mound, Clark County, Ohio John M. Mocic, President by Robert W. Morris 38 Archaeological Society of Ohio Dovetails From The Tom McAdams Collection by Tom McAdams 42 Recently Obtained Accelerator Mass Spectrometer Radiocarbon Dates From The Lower Scioto Drainage by Jonathan E. Bowen 43 A Statistical Analysis Of Possibly Intentionally Broken Square and Bifacial Scrapers by Michael A. Fath 45 Two Birdstones by Bartt Elliott 48 A Georgia Tektite Worked Into A Clovis Type Point by Hal Povenmire & Charles L. Cathers 48 Letter To The Editor 48 Book Review 49 Kokosing Chapter 2004 Annual Field Find Contest Winners 49 Bar Amulets - Two From Wood County, Ohio by David J. Snyder 50 Front Cover: Ohio Hopewell arti­ A Franklin County Fluted Point by Ed Russell 50 facts from the Editor's collection A Tuscarawas County Bell Pestle by Carl A. Smith 51 Uni-Notched Scrapers by Michael A. Fath 51 The Roberts Dovetail by Jim Stephan 51 Back Cover Information 51

Key to Cover Plate excavated by Warren Moorehead at the 1. Copper - from within the Circleville Hopewell Farm 1891. Earthworks. 10. Hopewell Flint Ridge core - Licking Co. 2. Chlorite cone - Ross Co. 11. Hopewell point - Flint Ridge flint - 3. Chlorite cone - Tuscon, Ross Co. Overton, Wayne Co. 4. Chlorite cone - Clinton Co. 12. Pair copper ear spools - Campbell - Ross Co. 5. Hopewell spear - Flint Ridge flint - 2 Island, Butler Co. 17. Pair Hopewell bladelets - Blue Flint mi. S. of Middleburg, Logan Co. 13. Dentiform pendant - blue-yellow slate - Ridge flint - Licking Co. 6. Hopewell spear - Flint Ridge jewel flint Seip Farm, Ross Co. 18. Hopewell point - blue Flint Ridge flint - - Madison Co. 14. Pentagonal pendant - banded slate - Fairfield Co. 7. Chlorite cone - Greenbush, Brown Co. Stoutsville, Ohio. 19. Freshwater pearl beads - Ross Co. 8. Bust birdstone - granitic gneiss - 2 mi. 15. Conch shell container - Campbell 20. Hopewell rectangular gorget - banded No. of Chillicothe, Ross Co. Island, Butler Co. slate - Licking Co. 9. Human figurine - yellow serpentine - 16. Pair stone ear spools - yellow quartzite

3 CRM - BOON OR BOONDOGGLE by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio

Cultural Resource Management, motivated by the love of the science and it But not a single one of these lofty known in archaeological circles as CRM was research archaeology in its purest goals was realized. Had a similar was instituted some 30 years ago to sense. It is unfortunate that we will never amount of tax money been pumped implement the federal Archaeological see their equal again. into any other science with similar Resources Protection Act, commonly After enactment of the ARPA law results, there would certainly have known as the ARPA law. This law was archaeologists soon realized that there been government investigations, enacted to protect archaeological sites was government funding - tax dollars (see footnote) threatened by destruction from road and a lot of them - for archaeological building, pipeline construction, flooding, When it came to money, many archae­ work mandated by law. They quickly housing developments and other urban ological ethics and professional stan­ saw legally required archaeology as a expansion. If it was not feasible or in the dards were brushed aside, overlooked or potential bonanza - getting paid a large public interest to save these sites, the ignored. The most egregious and unethi­ amount of money for work previously law required an archaeological investi­ cal was the cardinal sin of all archaeolo­ done for little pay. With this in view, CRM gation to salvage the prehistoric materi­ gy - the excavation of an archaeological companies were formed to conduct con­ al they contained for the benefit of pos­ site with no site report - and no CRM tract archaeology. Newly formed state terity. The law also required the collec­ reports were published. Preservation preservation offices were staffed, sup­ tions to be curated and made available offices, often staffed by friends and col­ posedly with experts, to award CRM for study. But most importantly, the law leagues of the CRM companies, took the contracts, oversee the work, and pay for also required a published report on the unique view that, although the publica­ the contracts. From a modest beginning site for the public record. These reports tion of a report on all CRM projects was with a few small CRM companies - not only had to record the work done but required, the writing and filing of it was some of them formed by archaeologists were required to investigate and detail sufficient. Thus, reports containing pos­ with positions in institutional depart­ the possible impact on other archaeo­ sibly priceless information were con­ ments - the profession eventually logical and historic sites near or around signed to some dark storage area, never became crowded with hundreds of com­ the project area. read, and the insidious phrase "report on panies and thousands of employees. file" appeared in the archaeological liter­ Pursuant to the implementation of this Countless projects were undertaken, ature. No summaries, abstracts, or new law, state preservation offices were site collections acquired, and reports descriptions of these reports were pub­ created to oversee contract archaeology - written. In the time since enactment of lished by preservations offices nor were to award contracts, to make sure that the law, multi-millions of tax dollars have the costs of the projects. In fact, preser­ excavators had the proper credentials, been paid to CRM companies over the vation offices took the position - and that the work was done properly and entire United States. The cost of a single undoubtedly illegal - that these reports up to professional standards. This new project which in pre-ARPA days would and their costs were privileged, and tax­ law, and its generous funding, was intend­ have been done for a few hundred dol­ payers could only see them on a "need ed to protect our archaeological resources lars - was now costing hundreds of to know" basis - the "need" decided by and bring the importance of archaeology thousands. For example, the CRM cost preservation office employees. In other into a new era of public awareness. of excavating the Cotega Mound in West words, public projects funded by tax dol­ Virginia - an average sized Adena lars were secret. By such a policy, Up to the time of the enactment of the mound - was nearly one and three quar­ preservation offices placed themselves law, nearly every paying position in ter million dollars. in the same category as the Central archaeology was with a university, muse­ Intelligence Agency, the Federal Bureau um or government agency. Excavation From this transfusion of massive of Investigation, and the National projects by museums and universities amounts of government tax money, and Security Council. But there is an aston­ were primarily funded by grants of a few legally mandated private money into ishing difference between these govern­ hundred, or perhaps thousands of dollars archaeology, and the thousands upon ment agencies and the Ohio Historic from charitable foundations or private thousands of CRM projects, it seemed Preservation Office. benefactors. These were research excava­ logical to conclude that the ARPA law - tions and almost always conducted as as it was intended - would have opened Even though every dime of their summer field schools for a few dozen stu­ a new dawn for archaeology and pro­ budget comes from tax money and dents and volunteers. Special government pelled it into one of the most popular and they dole out millions of tax dollars, sponsored programs, such as the depres­ publicly appreciated of all sciences. the Ohio Historic Preservation Office sion era TVA projects, were usually sal­ There would be new and vital information claims that it is a private nonprofit vage operations which provided jobs for produced from these threatened sites - organization! archaeologists - but few were getting cultures would be redefined - and there overpaid for their work. Some extremely would be a plethora of radio-carbon And like the Ohio Historical Society important excavations, done as well as dates published. Unique artifact assem­ (also a private non-profit organization) any of those produced by professionals, blages would help define the spread of and in whose building the Ohio preserva­ were conducted by dedicated, self trained prehistoric cultures and groups - similar tion office is located, their staffs are amateurs at their own expense. It is inter­ cultural characteristics would reveal legally public employees. But if the aver­ esting to note that, for the most part, the unrealized relationships between widely age taxpayer makes the mistake of ask­ reports written on the above kinds of proj­ separated groups - and perhaps that one ing either of these organizations ques­ ects are classics and remain today as single but revealing piece of , arti­ tions about how the tax money given to some of the best ever written. fact, or carbon date might provide them is spent, about their responsibilities research archaeologists with the missing and duties as a government entities, their Obviously these were not high-paying part of an archaeological puzzle. state mandated co-operation with the endeavors. Most pre-ARPA projects were ASO, access to their collections, or for

4 copies of CRM reports, they are quick to distribution, sometimes even for among the dozens of attendees who tell you that they are private organiza­ confidential record. As a conse­ have spent a career in CRM work, any­ tions and have no responsibility to any­ quence, much vital new evidence is one who has written an important one but themselves. effectively lost to the wider archae­ archaeological report (indeed if they have written and published one at all) or Is CRM work being done professional­ ological community, or available ever made even a minimal contribution ly, according to the law, and in a cost only to a narrow coterie of local effective manner? Are the reports lucid, field workers. Few of these reports to the discipline. concise, well-written, and is the evidence are available to a wider audience, With regard to this editorial, please properly interpreted? No one knows. The let alone the scholarly community read the article on the CRM Plain City ones I and others have seen are puffed as a whole - who are simply often Bypass project in this issue and make up with trivia, plagiarized passages, and unaware of them." "Unpublished your own judgment. patent inaccuracies (Murphy 1989). data is unverified in the scientific eye." (Fagin 1991) Footnote: Ironically, the ARPA law has, These reports are not made available and for all intents and purposes, ended few people know that they even exist. No Other problems with CRM were pointed research archaeology. Today, there is one in the archaeological community, out in the North American Archaeologist only a handful of research archaeologists except the Preservation Office and the many years ago - in Ohio or any other state, and those excavators, ever see them, and perhaps "Archaeology as a discipline who do research do it on a shoestring for good reason. Those who are privileged appears to be undergoing what we with volunteer labor, borrowed equip­ to read these secret reports tell us that believe to an unfortunate tendency ment and small donations - the big they are rife with plagiarism and boiler­ money goes for CRM archaeology. plate, original sources are not cited, or, if to split along "contract" and "non- cited, are not pertinent. Most of them are contract or traditional and" "aca­ demic" lines." (Portnoy and Mayer- as thick as a telephone book but are References poorly written and are bulked up with Oakes1981). 1991 Fagan, Brian H. minutiae to make them appear important Even the SAA, the Society for American Ancient North America (Murphy 1989). In many instances, the Archaeology, the national professional Thames and Hudson, New York collections of artifacts derived from organization, will have a forum on "gray lit­ these expensive projects not only can't erature" at their annual meeting in March - 1989 Murphy, James be seen, they can't even be found. The "Gray literature is unpublished, preservation offices who are supposed Prufers Pearls: Plagiarism in Ohio has limited circulation, is rarely Archaeology to oversee this work apparently turn a catalogued in libraries, and, there­ blind eye to poorly done reports or proj­ Ohio Archaeologist Vol 39, No. 4, fore, is often difficult to find Columbus ects which are unnecessary or too costly Archaeologists produce thousands and never censure poorly done work. In of gray literature reports each year, 1981 Portnoy, Alice W. and William J. many instances, it is up to the archaeol­ while at the same time hundreds of ogist who is getting paid to decide Mayer-Oakes Effect of Public older reports are lost." (SAA Agency Orientations and Practices whether more work and more money Preliminary Program 2005). should be spent on a project. on Archaeology: A View From the Thus the ARPA law has not realized Trenches, North American Archae­ Some research archaeologists refuse anything near its intended purpose and ologist Vol. 2, No. 2,1980-81 even to cite CRM reports since they aren't could be considered a total failure. In considered true archaeology. According to fact, if CRM is to be judged by the few 2005 SAA 2005 Annual Meeting Program Dr. Brian Fagin, one of North Americas reports I have seen, the entire system most prominent archaeologists - borders on an enormous waste of unac­ counted for public money. Despite the "Much of North American hundreds of archaeologists employed in archaeology is now carried out Ohio alone, and the millions of dollars under the general guise of what is poured into its execution, it would be commonly called "Cultural difficult for even its supporters to put Resource Management (CRM) ". forward an Ohio CRM report which CRM has resulted, however, in the could be considered a real contribution creation of an enormous "grey liter­ to the literature. One can attend a pro­ ature" "commonly mimeographed fessional symposium and never see or desktop-published limited for

5 THE PLAIN CITY BYPASS PROJECT: AN EXAMPLE OF CRM IN ACTION by Robert N. Converse Plain City, Ohio, is located at the eastern example of CRM archaeology - lack of Coshocton County is debatable - even if that juncture of the Union-Madison County line research of the literature, the omission of is the case it has nothing to do with Union about 20 miles from downtown Columbus. even cursory historic research, poor or inac­ County. Plain City is bisected by US Route 42 which curate interpretation, unfamiliarity with Ohio STATEMENT is, unfortunately, a shortcut around Columbus cultures and materials, outright fabrications, Late Paleoindian sites - presumably meaning between US 23 and Interstate 71 to the north and just plain slipshod work. Piano - consist of isolated finds. at Delaware and Interstate I-70 west of The following are only a few of the inaccu­ THE FACTS Columbus to the south. More than 2,000 racies and misstatements in the report: Perhaps these "experienced archaeologists" semi-trucks pass through Plain City every STATEMENT have never heard of the Stringtown Site, the day. Two sharp turns in the city cannot be The literature review identified no archaeolog­ Sawmill Site, the McConnell Site or any other negotiated without these large trucks going ical sites within a 2-mile radius of the project Piano sites in Ohio. left of center more than twenty or thirty feet and no previously identified historical sites in STATEMENT and curbs and sidewalks have been run over. the Plain City vicinity. No previously identified Middle Archaic sites are poorly represented Downtown parking places were eliminated by archaeological or historical resources will be among the currently recorded sites of Central the Ohio Department of Transportation to impacted. Ohio. facilitate the movement of these trucks and THE FACTS THE FACTS business in downtown Plain City was all but The Stutzman Site is less than three-quarters eliminated. This heavy and dangerous traffic There are so many Middle Archaic sites in of a mile from the project and is mentioned by passes through four school zones. Because central Ohio published in the Ohio Archaeolo­ Prufer in his Palaeo-lndians of Ohio. Not of the trucks it is dangerous for school chil­ gist that this statement is ludicrous. They researched dren and pedestrians to pass through the quote "Godar" and "Raddatz" points - what­ The base of a fluted point from the Rickard center of the town. School children venturing ever they are - from this period illustrated in a Farm is illustrated in Prufer's Ohio Fluted through the town square on their way home book published in Indiana and which heavily Point Survey. Not researched take their lives in their hands in crossing the used my Ohio Flint Types information. The heart of the corridor is the site of North streets in any direction. One business loca­ STATEMENT Liberty, a large city surveyed and platted by tion in the center of town has had its sidewalk During the Late Archaic..pestles, , Lucas Sullivant in 1798. Not researched so run over by truck traffic and is so reduced , and gorgets with Joshua Ewing, first white settler in Union in width that it is dangerous to step out of the chipped points exhibiting markedly less County is buried within the project area. A front door. Plain City streets are continually craftsmanship... Matanzas, Merom, and large boulder weighing several thousand broken up with dangerous potholes and noise Late Archaic Stemmed points are associated pounds with a bronze plaque to commemo­ pollution is unending day and night. with Late Archaic in Central Ohio. rate Ewing is located less than a quarter of a THE FACTS For these reasons Plain City has since the mile from the study area and in plain sight. Again relying on an Indiana book instead of end of WW II petitioned the Ohio Department Not researched. Ohio literature. Some of the points associated of Transportation (ODOT) for a bypass around The project area is the site of North Liberty with the Archaic and the above mentioned the town - with no success. ODOT, who actu­ church, the remains of which are abundant artifacts are among the finest in the world. ally encourages the 2,000 semis to pass and the attendant cemetery still in existence Matanzas and Merom points are not Ohio through our town, finally acquiesced to a par­ and in plain sight within a few feet of the types. Stone tools are a phenomenon of the tial bypass (although no funds have to this project area. Not researched. Middle Archaic period not the Late Archaic. date been provided). Because of the growth Several sites are in the corridor proper and The Late Archaic in Ohio is exemplified by the of the town since the bypass was petitioned, one of the largest - and perhaps most impor­ Glacial Kame, Red Ocher and Ashtabula cul­ it will do little to alleviate traffic problems in tant prehistoric sites in Union County - is tures - none of which had bannerstones, the west end of the city and ironically within a few feet of the project. Not axes or pestles. encourage more truck traffic. researched. STATEMENT A bypass route was proposed through the STATEMENT Hopewell mounds exhibit a "domed" appear­ Rickard farm north and west of Plain City. The investigators comment on their "experi­ ance. Hopewell occupations finely Before the bypass could be scheduled, how­ ence" and that "little data is available from manufactured pottery with thin-walls, and ever, a cultural resource investigation was near by sites." Snyders points. required and a CRM company was awarded THE FACTS THE FACTS the contract by the Ohio Historic Preserva­ All the above is published in the literature What "domed" means is unknown. Hopewell tion Office. which they obviously did not research. pottery is almost all grit tempered and thick. According to the final report furnished to STATEMENT Decorated Hopewell pottery is rare and those Plain City by the engineering firm Burgess Big Darby wends its way from the east and pots found in mounds are often thought to and Niple, the CRM work was done by Andy then to the southwest. have been imported. There are no Snyders Campbell, Doug Cox, Shane Lee, Chris THE FACTS points in Ohio. Dierson, Santi Sopraseuth, Gretchen Big Darby wends its way from the west and STATEMENT Cadegan, Dave Morris, Alan Kucharski, Anna then to the southeast. The Cole Complex represents a major mani­ Manion, Yokohana Samboy, Debbie Marsh, STATEMENT festation in Central Ohio. Mitch Strain, Gina Langen and Jeanette Mon- Fluted points are found where there are few THE FACTS toney. Although it is difficult to determine from other artifacts present. There are over 400 The entire so-called Cole Complex has been the report who led this investigation, Chris fluted point sites in Coshocton County. defined by the study of a few potsherds. Dierson is listed as having "researched" the THE FACTS Whatever "Cole" is - if a culture can be literature at the Ohio Historical Society and That fluted points are usually found where defined from potsherds - it certainly is not a the Ohio Preservation Office. there are no other artifacts is patently prepos­ major part of Ohio . No sites of this The Plain City Bypass report is a shining terous. Whether there are 400 sites in "culture" have been published.

6 STATEMENT investigation. It is also astonishing that they Epilogue Plain City was named Pleasant Valley in 1923. claim to have searched the records in the Ohio Department of Transportation archaeol­ THE FACTS Ohio Historical Society and the Ohio Preser­ ogist Stanley Baker - who knew of the error- Plain City was named Pleasant Valley before vation Office - where my name is well-known filled and inadequate report - later conducted the Civil War. (usually not with praise but nevertheless extensive investigations at the Rickard Farm, STATEMENT known) - and that it never came up. In fact, interviewed local collectors - including me - The name Plain City was thought to reflect these "experienced" archaeologists asked no and wrote a comprehensive and detailed the growing influence of the Amish in the knowledgeable local residents, collectors, or report on the project area. Included in his community. anyone else from whom they could have report are pictures of numerous historic and THE FACTS easily learned of several local collections and prehistoric artifacts, pottery, a plat of North Liberty, a history of the Ewing family and all The Amish came to Plain City in 1892 and that the Rickard Farm is one of the most the other information pertinent to the project. had nothing to do with the town name. important historic and prehistoric sites in A comparison of Stan Baker's report and that STATEMENT Union County. Their report listed eighteen of the original investigators would lead the The writers quote Donna Dunmire in their bib­ flakes of flint. reader to believe that they are not discussing liography. Summary the same site. As a lifelong resident of Plain THE FACTS One might ask the value of CRM investiga­ City who has collected from the Rickard Farm Donna Dunmire who lives three houses from tions if the Plain City Bypass report is typical for fifty years and who has an intense interest me and who is a distant cousin told me that of the procedure. The answer is that these in both its history and prehistory, I want to no one interviewed or talked to her. Indeed, it reports have no value or benefit to either the personally thank Stan Baker for his thorough is astonishing that since I live less than five clients or archaeology. However, we do know work at the site. Should those original "inves­ hundred feet from the site and that nearly the dollar value - Mayor Howard Murphy told tigators" ever look at Stan's report, they may everyone in Plain City knows of my interest in me that the people of Plain City paid $35,000 perhaps understand how archaeology - true archaeology, that my name wouldn't have hard-earned tax dollars for it! archaeology - should be conducted. surfaced sometime during this several year

Portion of USGS 7.5 Plain City Topographic Quadrangle J-Ar;.

STUDY AREA 20 J?*? * Figure 1 (Converse) CRM map of Plain City Bypass UN 20? project. Dark area is portion where CRM investigators i found no prehistoric or historic sites in or adjacent to 33 UN 210, the bypass route. They reported 18 flakes of flint in an area which has produced hundreds of artifacts. '; w PROPOSED 33-UH2?2( 1214 AUGNMENT 33 UN 213 4 -W-,

/ • ; 1-33 UN 21f

o v-1 Union County ; ~:ii% \>:5 •»-~*- ^ 'C*r *'/ Madison County |

/ -BQtoi U-:-: B'.'il

SI.*** Plain City., S*^r?7X

Proposed Bypass Route jj Artifacts have been found over the entire study area

Figure 3 (Converse) Map taken from Stan Baker's ODOT Figure 2 (Converse) 1797 plat of North Liberty through which report. North Liberty was never founded but Joshua Ewing, the proposed bypass njns. The CRM report doesn't mention first settler in Union County is buried somewhere in the this historic feature. North Liberty area.

7 Figure 4 (Converse) Bronze plaque dedicated to Joshua Ewing, first settler in Union County. This monument is within a few hundred feet of the project area but the ,» "investigators" didn 1 find it. In the background are Big Darby Creek and the Rickard Farm. Joshua Ewing is '"*?*<•• buried somewhere in the project area and his grave may be destroyed by the new road.

Figure 5 (Converse) Only a few of the artifacts collected from the proposed bypass route. CRM investigators found eleven flakes in this same area. Top row includes a winged banner perform, % groove , grooved hammer, and broken gorget. Base of fluted point is in white square - below it are silver-plated button, musket ball, shell button and English gunflint. All these were found in the center of the study area. CRM archaeologists failed to ask anyone in Plain City whether there were sites in the study area. AN UNUSUAL HOPEWELL SPEAR by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

This six inch Hopewell spear point was found by inveterate field hunter Carl Harruff west of Chesterville in Morrow County, Ohio. Aside from the fact that a large Hopewell spear could have been undiscovered in a cultivated field without being broken by farm implements is highly unusual, there are obvious aspects of this piece which set it apart from the usual run of prehistoric flint work. Flint Ridge flint is well-known for con­ taining inclusions, streaks and pockets of pure . Although these inclu­ sions often appear to have been daunting to the prehistoric flint knap- pers, most of the time they had no apparent problem in chipping through, over or around such seeming difficul­ ties. There are numerous examples of Flint Ridge flintwork which show where these inclusions have been successfully overcome. The Harruff spear, however, displays what could be termed the defeat of an otherwise accomplished Hopewell flint craftsman. Hopewell and points often have three things in common - they are made of Flint Ridge flint - they have flat blades which exhibit large percussion scars - and the edges are usually chamfered with steep edge flakes. When viewed from the side they are often, as thick at the tip as at the end. The Harruff spear has all these characteristics - with one excep­ tion. It is one instance where the knapper was defeated by a quartz inclusion. The Harruff spear has a thumb-sized quartz inclusion which could not be removed. It is obvious from its battered appearance that several attempts were made to dislodge it. However, in the end, it was left where it was and is proof that not all problems with flint inclusions could be overcome - even by expert flint knappers.

Fig. 1 (Converse) Hopewell spear made of Flint Ridge flint. Thick quartz inclusion could not be removed. LATE PALAEO INDIAN PROJECTILE POINTS AT SANDY SPRINGS by Stephen Kelley P.O. Box #1 Seaman, Ohio 45679

This is a follow-up to an article entitled the makers of these points that References "Sandy Springs Palaeo Indian District" exploited by those who manufactured the published in Volume 54, Number 2 of the fluted points found here. The two most Converse, R.N. Ohio Archaeologist. Whereas that report common reflected in the assemblage 1994 Ohio Flint Types, The Archaeolog­ focused on fluted points, this paper deals featured in this paper are Carter and ical Society of Ohio, Columbus, with late Palaeo Indian projectile points Brassfield, both of which are local in origin. Ohio recovered from that location. Other flints represented in the late Palaeo In that earlier article, it was noted that Indian projectile points include Upper Cunningham, R.M. the Sandy Springs Palaeo Indian District is Mercer, Flint Ridge, Sonora, Delaware, 1973 Palaeo Hunters Along the Ohio located in the southeastern most corner of Boyle, Kanawha and Indiana Homstone. River, Archaeology of Eastern Adams County, Ohio, adjacent to the Ohio The most common of the late Palaeo North America, 1: 118-126 River. Over the past several decades, a Indian projectile points recovered at Sandy Eastern States Archaeological remarkable number of Palaeo Indian pro­ Springs/Irish Bottoms are Unfluted Fluted Federation, Attleboro, Massachu­ jectile points and tools have been found Points (Fig. 1) and Lanceolate Points (Figs. setts across the approximately 1,800 acres of 2, 3). The base of a Parallel-flaked Lanceo­ bottomlands. More than one hundred late has also been found here (Fig. 4) as Justice, N.D. fluted points have been documented from well as Stemmed Lanceolates (Fig. 5). 1990 Stone Age Spear and Arrow this locale, many of which were discovered Beaver Lake (Fig. 6) and Quad (Fig. 7) point Points of the Midcontinental and on the extraordinary sand ridges that styles are represented as well as Hi-Lo Eastern United States, Indiana streak across the river bottoms. (Fig. 8). A diversity of Dalton-like points University Press, Indianapolis, A 175 acre parcel of land incorporating a have also been recovered (Figs. 9, 10). A Indiana portion of one of the sand ridges was minor form, described by Dr. Richard placed on the National Register of Historic Michael Gramly as "definitely Palaeo" (per­ Places in 1974 by Bert C. Drennen III of the sonal communication, 1999) but untyped is Ohio Historical Society. It is recognized as also represented (Fig. 11). the first Palaeo Indian site in Ohio to be In addition to projectile points, a wide placed on the National Register. variety of Palaeo Indian unifacial tools have In addition to fluted points, the Sandy been found on the Sandy Springs/Irish Springs/Irish Bottoms area is well repre­ Bottoms area. They will be featured in a sented by a variety of late Palaeo Indian future article. projectile points. Raw material utilized by

Figure 1 (Kelley) Unfluted Fluted Points. L - R: Top Row, Gray Upper Mercer Flint, Brassfield Flint, Brassfield Flint: Bottom Row, Carter Cave Flint, Upper Mercer Flint, Boyle Flint, Flint Ridge Flint.

10 Figure 2 (Kelley) Lanceolate Points. L - R: Top Row, Indiana Homstone with heavy grinding on the base and sides, Gray Upper Mercer Flint, Brassfield Flint: Bottom Row, Gray Upper Mercer Flint, Carter Cave Flint, Carter Cave Flint. The first specimen on each row exhibits a on its base.

Figure 3 (Kelley) Lanceolate Points. L - R: Upper Mercer Flint, Carter Cave Flint, Brassfield Flint, Carter Cave Flint. The two specimens on the left show evi­ dence of heavy resharpening whereas the remaining two points each exhibit distinct spokeshaves.

Figure 4 (Kelley) Parallel-flaked Lanceolate manu­ factured from Carter Cave Flint.

Figure 6 (Kelley) Beaver Lake Points. L - R: Top Row, Boyle Flint. Upper Mercer Flint, Indiana Homstone; Bottom Row, Delaware Chert, Carter Cave Flint, Boyle Flint.

Figure 5 (Kelley) Stemmed Lanceolate Points. Basal fragments, Top to Bottom: Delaware Chert, Delaware Chert, Flint Ridge Flint; The near­ ly complete specimen on the right is made of Kanawha Flint.

11 Figure 7 (Kelley) Quad Points. L - R: Top Row, Brassfield Flint, Upper Mercer Flint, Carter Cave Flint with obvious resharpening on its left side, Sonora Flint; Bottom, Flint Ridge Flint.

Figure 8 (Kelley) Hi-Lo Points. L - R: Brassfield Flint exhibiting grind­ Figure 9 (Kelley) Various Dalton-like Points. L - R: Carter Cave Flint, Delaware ing on its base and sides, Indiana Homstone showing heat damage. Chert, Boyle Flint Carter Cave Flint.

Figure 10 (Kelley) Dalton-like Points. L - R: Upper Mercer Flint, Boyle Flint. Figure 11 (Kelley) Untyped Palaeo Points. L - R: Brassfield Flint, Carter Cave Flint.

12 A PALEOAMERICAN LITHIC INDUSTRY IN DARKE COUNTY by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, OH 45331

This report presents the results of an and flakes had successfully been blade. The "ears" are heavily ground and analysis of flint artifacts recovered removed from this core, it was nearing polished, and one lateral edge is greatly between 2001 and 2004 by Mike Batten the end of its usefulness and was prob­ smoothed. Although these modifications in Darke County. The assemblage of tools ably discarded; hence its presence in the may represent steps in point manufacture, from the site indicates a classic example archaeological record today. they are more likely evidence of re-use of of Clovis core and blade . (The function of cores was the produc­ the broken . The Batten site is located near New tion of blades or long, roughly parallelsided Madison in southwestern Harrison Town­ flakes that have very sharp cutting edges. ENDSCRAPER ship in the drainage of the East Fork of The resultant unmodified flint flakes can The endscraper recovered by Batten is a the Whitewater River. The physical con­ perform a range of tasks. For example, classic example of the Paleo type, with a tours of the site resulted from the retreat O'Dell [ 1980:43 ] butchered an entire deer steep 90' edge angle, trianguloid shape, of the Wisconsin glacier about 15,000 with three flakes, and Donnan and Mosely and lateral spurs (Figure 4). The dorsal sur­ years ago. At the time of Paleo occupa­ [1968] excavated a refuse pit in which face is marked by cortex and ridges which tion, probably about 12,000 years ago, flakes were associated with fish scales and must have strengthened the tool. Abra­ most of the trees would have been fish bones.) sions and irregular flake removals on the conifers and hardwoods, and the bogs scraping edge suggest that this artifact present today would have been clear, FLUTED POINTS worked a hard substance, such as bone or cold ponds. The bogs, which still remain Batten recovered bases of two Clovis antler. The dorsal surface of one lateral permanently wet, lie among a number of edge had been shaped by pressure flaking Fluted points from the site, both of which 3 hills and ridges. had apparently broken in manufacture. The into a A inch long straight edge which Most of the lithic material in the base of the first example (Figure 2) meas­ appears to have been used on an assemblage consists of Four-Mile-Creek ures % inch wide and a mere fe inch thick. unyielding substance. chert, which occurs in a narrow tabular Banding runs diagonally in this artifact. lens only three to four inches thick near Because it is so thin, it is possible that the FU\KE TOOLS Fairhaven in Preble County. Because artisan attempted to use a flake removed The flake tools made of Four-Mile- there are no known flint outcrops from a core as the raw material. Creek chert are probably associated with nearby, Four-Mile-Creek chert must have This point base, although fluted, is only the Paleo assemblage. Like the other been transported to the site, a distance slightly ground. Visible with 10x magnifica­ points and tools, they lack heat treat­ of around thirty miles. Although the tion is a 'A inch-long area retouched with ment, are of small size, and most of the quality of the chert varies, it is largely of tiny pressure fine flakes on one lateral endscrapers, have steep edge angles. "earthy" texture, "banded with parallel margin, denoting that the artifact was uti­ Flake tools from the Batten site are sim­ stripes" and "mottled with translucent lized after it was broken. One of the edges ilar to early tool types described by inclusions" (DeRegnaucourt and Geor- at the break is smooth and appears worn, Gramly (1990), Sanders (1990), Mac- giady 1998). The Batten people may but this is actually a kind of fracture, the Donald (1985), and others. Many of the have been unaware of other flint result of end shock (such as a fluting strike) flakes are irregularly parallel-sided, an sources, so many of the flakes were which produces right-angle fractures with indication that they had been removed used to exhaustion. rounded breaks. from prepared cores instead of from The raw material of the second fluted blanks or preforms. THE CORE point base (Figure 3) is macroscopically A small inclusion of translucent, vit­ The core from the Batten site (Figure 1) identical to the chert in the core and may reous flint within an otherwise "earthy" measures 3'/? inches across the top, or have been fashioned from a blade split flake was often selected for retouching striking platform, and is 3 inches high. from that core. This artifact is wider and (Figure 8). Although pressure-flaked The largest blade scar measures 3 inches thicker than the other fluted point base. edges occurred on both dorsal and ven­ long by ft inches wide. Additional flake- The base measures 13/-e inches wide and tral faces of flakes, edge modification 5 removal scars range from 2'/2 inches to /-6 inch thick. Unlike the previous artifact appeared more frequently on dorsal sur­ less than ft inch long. The core is uni­ in which banding ran diagonally, banding faces. directional, in that all flakes were struck in this one extends lengthwise or parallel Also collected were twenty-three small from the same direction, the wide or top with the length of the point. Because flake tools that exhibit pressure retouch or part of the core. The raw material is the banding in Four-Mile-Creek chert lies hor­ edgewear. Post-depositional edgewear highest quality or most cryptocrystal line izontally in the outcrop seam, artifacts can occur on artifacts because of tram­ Four-Mile-Creek chert that could be that would measure longer than three or pling by animals, the weight of farm obtained and exhibits typical banding. four inches had to be fashioned from machinery, by freezing and thawing, and, Cores, even though bulky and heavy to lengthwise preforms. A basal nipple is as many of us have discovered, even by transport, provided a way for Paleo flanked by three fluting flakes on one face handling. Such recent damage was min­ people to maximize the usefulness of raw and two on the reverse. Smoothing on imal and obvious on these patinated material, an important factor when they the broken edge is again the result of end tools, however, and it appeared on only migrated into unknown territory. The core shock and fracture. The artifact appar­ two flakes. and blade technique was only moderately ently broke as a result of fluting failure Six of the flakes had been fashioned successful with Four-Mile-Creek chert due to impurities in the flint; a "vug" or into delicate endscrapers (Figures 5,6). because the ubiquitous inclusions of iron, cluster of quartz crystals lies in the center These were identified as endscrapers quartz crystals, and fossils made it diffi­ of the break. only if they were beveled on the distal cult to produce the long blades typical of Under 10x magnification, extensive edge at the opposite end of a percussion the Paleo toolkit. Although some blades polish appears on various surfaces of the bulb. Sizes ranged from 1 % inches to '5/ie

13 inch in length. The scraping surfaces Crushing of parallel edges was occa­ REFERENCES CITED were not as abraded as those on the sionally seen on flakes; such wear pos­ Converse, Robert N. large endscraper, and these tools could sibly indicates use as a wedge to split 2004 The Archaeology of Ohio. Archaeo­ have been used for processing plants or bone or wood or to notch antler. The logical Society of Ohio, Columbus. hides of small animals. or graver on one flake (Figure 9) Most of the endscrapers also had addi­ had been created by snapping the flake. DeRegnaucourt, Tony, and Jeff Georgiady, tional sharpened edges, such as straight The assemblage includes two unifacial 1998 Prehistoric Chert Types of the Mid­ edges (Figure 7) and pressure-flaked blades made of chert other than Four west. Upper Miami Valley Research notches or spokeshaves (Figure 6), indi­ Mile Creek. One is of Indiana homstone Museum, Arcanum, Ohio. cating that even formal tools served a or Wyandotte chert (Figure 10) and the Donnan, Christopher B., and M. Edward variety of functions. The smallest end­ other is of Coshocton or Upper Mercer Moseley had been made on a flake that flint (Figure 11). 1968 The Utilization of Flakes for Cleaning was burned to a dark gray-black (not the Fish. American Antiquity 33(4):502- color caused by heat treatment). It had SUMMARY 3. apparently been retrieved from the ashes Paleoamericans at the Batten site, and made into an endscraper; the like those at the Mielke site (Converse Gramly, R. M. beveled scraping edge of the black flake 2004), probably thought it prudent to 1990 Guide to the Palaeo-lndian Artifacts revealed a bright pink interior. carry chert with them when they trav­ of North America Persimmon More than one working edge often eled into previously unexplored areas. Press, Buffalo appeared on a single flake (Figures 5,6). Even though Four-Mile-Creek chert was Twenty-one straight edges were counted, fairly coarse-grained, they carried MacDonald, G. F. most of which resulted from pressure chunks of it 30 miles to this hilly and 1985 Debert, A Paleo-lndian Site in Cen­ flaking. The straight edges ranged from 'A ponded area. There they chipped fluted ,5 tral Nova Scotia. Persimmon Press, inch to /ie inch wide, with an average of points and small flake tools. They Buffalo 9/i6 inch. (These edges would have been almost certainly ate fish from the ponds the right size for shaving and thinning of and processed hides of small animals O'Dell, G. H. withes for use in textiles or nets.) and birds using tiny endscrapers. Their 1980 Butchering with Stone Tools: Some Notches or concavities were also fre­ thick, spurred endscrapers may have Experimental Results. Lithic Tech­ quent on flake tools. These notches may processed bone, antler, or even nology 9:39-48. have been used as spokeshaves, but it is mastodon ivory, into decorative items or also possible that they were chipped in tools. Paleoamericans at the Batten site Sanders, Thomas Nolan order to produce spurs or beaks. Per­ possibly chipped straight edges onto 1990 Adams: The Manufacturing of flakes in order to process fibers such as haps both. Eleven notches occurred on Flaked Stone Tools at a Paleoindian leaves of cattails and the inner bark of the twenty-three tools. Notches were Site in Western Kentucky. Per­ trees into textiles for clothing, fish nets, shorter than straight edges. The longest simmon Press, Buffalo. notch measured '/? inch with the shortest or mats. only % inch. Average length of notches 5 Many similar assemblages could pos­ was /i6 inch. sibly be revealed by a thorough examina­ Thirteen spurs or beaks were present tion of site material. and these had usually been shaped by pressure flaking. Spurs were frequently located at terminations of small dorsal ridges, which probably thickened and strengthened the projections.

Figure 1 Core made of Four-Mile-Creek chert from the Batten site meas­ ures three inches high.

14 Figure 3 Heavily ground lateral mar­ Figure 2 Broken base of thin fluted point. Pressure- gins and "ears" suggest that this bro­ flaked indentation A inch long on edge of obverse ken fluted point base was utilized after side indicates that the base was used as a tool after the artifact broke. it broke.

Figure 4 Thick endscraper with 90' edge angle and graver spurs. Figure 5 A portion of the distal end of this flake has been chipped into a small, steep-edged endscraper. The scrap­ ing surface was made on an inclusion of vitreous flint with­ in the otherwise earthy-textured material. Flaked into one lateral edge of the dorsal surface is a straight edge V* inch long. Opposite edge has A inch pressure-flaked edge.

Figure 6 Steep-edged end­ scraper (80°), also displays a notch which creates a blunt spur. The spur is strengthened Figure 7 Snapped or Ken flake which has a by a dorsal ridge. straight edge % inch long. Spurs appear at each

Figure 8 Pressure flaking on both edges near tip on dorsal side creates a spur using the most vitreous part of the flake. Flaked straight edge A inch long on dorsal lateral edge. Most edges of this flake have irregular removals, Figure 9 Four graver spurs or burins indicating the entire flake was used for cutting created by snapping. or slicing.

Figure 11 Complete flake made of Coshocton flint. Left lateral dorsal edge shows polish and appears heavily worn. Opposite Figure 10 Distal end of broken unifacial blade made edge has irregular pressure flak­ of Indiana homstone. All edges of the dorsal surface ing, possibly to dull the edge so exhibit pressure flaking. Break is obviously recent as the flake could be hand-held. rind around broken edge shows color-change pati- nation.

15 A LARGE KENTUCKY FLUTED POINT by Stephen Kelley P.O. Box #1 Seaman, Ohio 45679

5 Steve Maynard of Slipup, Kentucky found large size, measuring /i6 of an inch at its References the large fluted point shown here in the widest point on the median ridge. The flute Converse, R.N. spring of 2004 (Figs. 1, 2). Made of high on the obverse side measures 2%s inches 1994 Ohio Flint Types, The Archaeolog­ quality Upper Mercer Flint, its color is whereas the flute on the reverse side meas­ ical Society of Ohio, Columbus, bluish-black with gray mottling. Despite the ures VA inches. Ohio fact it has lost its tip and both basal ears, Mr. Maynard found this large point on a this outstanding specimen measures 6 high ridge in Mason County, Kentucky. He / inches in length and is 25ie inches at its states that he has found no other Palaeo widest point, it is remarkably thin for its Indian material on this site.

Figure 1 (Kelley) Obverse side of the Maynard Fluted Point. Figure 2 (Kelley) Reverse side of the Maynard Fluted Point

16 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE WALHONDING VALLEY HART SITE by Wayne Mortine Newcomerstown, Ohio

In the summer 1973 issue of the Ohio ance and dimensions to a similar one found by tine and Randies 1978). These included a plat­ Archaeologist, I reported on an open air, multi- Don Dragoo in the third or final stage of the form pipe, copper inlayed bear canines, imita­ component workshop site located on the old stratified Adena Cresap Mound in Marshall tion bear canines made from split mammalian C. M. Hart farm along the Walhonding River in County, West Virginia (Dragoo 1973). Dragoo long bones, bladelets of Flint Ridge flint, and a Jefferson Township, Coshocton County, Ohio describes the Cresap hemisphere as being tetrapodal ceramic vessel. In 1931, during an (Mortine 1973). This present article deals with white in color and made of "'calcium car­ earlier excavation at the mound, two copper some recently acquired artifacts from the site. bonate." The dimensions were 3.8 cm in diam­ earspools were found. The Martin Mound con­ The Hart site was located on a terrace eter and 2.0 cm in height. The hemisphere tained eleven burials and was built over the remnant or rise in the bottoms of the Wal­ found at the Hart site measures 3.2 cm in site of a sub-rectangular Hopewell charnel honding River at the east edge of Warsaw, at diameter and 2.5 cm in height, and appears to house. Although no artifacts of Indiana Hom­ an elevation of 796 feet (Figure 1). It is situ­ be made of the same material. stone were found in the Martin Mound, it is ated along Beaver Run, a constantly flowing In addition to the gorget and hemisphere, probably safe to say that the Hopewell compo­ tributary of the Walhonding. Beaver Run the Adena component at the Hart site is repre­ nent at the Hart Site and the nearby Martin flows south past the site and joins the sented by four fragmentary Adena projectile Mound are somehow related. present course of the Walhonding about 440 points (Figure 5). Two of these, including an Concluding Observation yards beyond the site. I was able to surface ovate-base type, are early Adena, and two and Acknowledgment hunt the Hart site in the late 1960s and early appear to be late Adena Robbins points. 1970s and was able to accumulate 65 com­ These latter points are made of milky-blue Flint The newly acquired collection of artifacts plete projectile points or diagnostic basal Ridge chalcedony (Converse 1994). from the Hart Site, found more than 60 to 70 years ago, has provided additional information fragments. The 1973 report was based on The pristine condition of the gorget and on the occupants of this interesting site. I this material. The advent of a community hemisphere might suggest the presence of a would particularly like to thank Mrs. Wilmer park, expansion of commercial property, and plowed-over mound on the Hart site. However, Hart for preserving her husband's collection. new housing ended surface hunting on what I have seen no evidence of such a feature, nor was once a large workshop site. was it ever mentioned by the "old timers" in References In the earlier article it was stated that two the area. There is ample evidence of Adena burial mounds in the Walhonding Valley, how­ Allen, A. J. sizable collections of "" had been 1981a Adena Pottery in the Walhonding found in the 1930s and 1940s at the site by Mr. ever. Salvage excavations at three burial Valley, Part 1. Ohio Archaeologist Hart's two sons. The ultimate fate of these col­ mounds along the river confirm this statement 31(3):10A15. lections was unknown when I wrote the article (Mortine and Randies 1978,1981), and exam­ in 1973. In 1985, shortly after the death of ples of just about all of the diagnostic Adena 1981b Adena Pottery in the Walhonding Wilmer Hart, one of the two Hart sons, I was chipped and artifact traits, as Valley, Part II Ohio Archaeologist informed that a shoebox containing some well as ceramic types including Montgomery broken arrowheads had survived and was in Incised, have been surface collected or exca­ 31(4):4-7. his estate. At a later date Wilmer's widow, vated at various habitation sites up and down knowing of my interest in archaeology, the valley (see for example Allen 1981 a, 1981 b; Converse, Robert N. donated the shoebox and its contents to me. Mortine and Randies 1978). 1994 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeological Although I had no great expectations as to Society of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. what would be found in the box, I had consid­ Hopewell Occupation erable interest in examining even broken mate­ In the newly acquired assortment of arti­ Dragoo, Don W. rial from the site. facts from the Hart site are three Hopewell 1963 Mounds for the Dead: An Analysis of points (Figure 5). One is made of Flint Ridge the . Annals of Carnegie Included in the shoebox were 22 identifiable chalcedony and the other two of Indiana Museum 37, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. projectile point fragments, 29 bifacial preforms Homstone from southern Indiana. Hopewell (Figure 2), two drills (Figure 3), and two ground points (and bladelets) of Indiana Homstone Mortine, Wayne A. stone Adena artifacts, including an expanded- are rare in the Muskingum Valley but they do 1973 The Hart Site. Ohio Archaeologist center gorget and a hemisphere (Figure 4). The occur. Others have been reported from 23(3):14-15. Adena and Hopewell components at the site Hopewell sites along the Muskingum River are the most interesting and will be the focus near Dresden, along Raccoon Creek west of Mortine, Wayne A. and Douglas Randies of this article. The Archaic points, which com­ Newark, and even at a workshop site near prised 59 percent of the points in the shoebox, 1978 The Martin Mound: an Extension of the Flint Ridge (Jeff Carskadden personal com­ Hopewell Interaction Sphere into the and 60 percent of the points found by me on munication). the site, are combined and are listed in the Walhonding Valley of Eastern Ohio. table in Figure 7. Some of these points can be Although the Walhonding Valley seems an Occasional Papers in Muskingum Valley seen in Figures 3 and 6. Tfie only comment I odd place to find artifacts of Indiana Horn- Archaeology 10. The Muskingum Valley will offer on the Archaic points is that all of the stone, since at first glance the area would Archaeological Survey, Zanesville. flint used in their manufacture was from nearby probably be considered on the periphery of the Upper Mercer flint quarries. Hopewell core area, there is ample evidence of 1981 Excavation of Two Adena Mounds in a small Hopewell population in the valley which Coshocton County, Ohio. Occasional Adena Occupation participated, to a degree at least, in the Papers in Muskingum Valley Archae­ The expanded-center gorget (or atlatl Hopewell Interaction Sphere. During the 1975- ology 12. The Muskingum Valley weight) is made of slate and is undrilled. This 1976 excavations at the Martin Mound, Archaeological Survey, Zanesville. artifact may be early Adena. The limestone located in the river bottoms just one and a half hemisphere, however, is presumably late miles downstream from the Hart site, a number Adena. The hemisphere conforms in appear­ of classic Hopewell artifacts were found (Mor­

17 Figure 2 (Mortine) Bifacial preforms from the Hart Site.

Figure 1 (Mortine) Map of the Walhonding Valley east of Warsaw showing the locations of the Hart Site and Martin Mound.

Figure 3 (Mortine) Top row, late Archaic points. Bottom row, two drills or perforators and two Late Prehistoric triangular points. All from the Hart Site.

0 2 3 4 tt I CM mi•ur1 n1 m ! 0 1

Figure 4 (Mortine) Undrilled Adena expanded-center gorget and hemisphere, both from the Hart Site.

Figure 6 (Mortine) Early Archaic point fragments from the Hart Site.

Archaic Points from the Hart Site (Combined collections of Wilmer Hart and Wayne Mortine)

Point Types Number Percent Big Sandy 3 6 Raddatz 5 10 Kirk Corner Notched 6 12 Kirk Stemmed 1 2 MacCorkle (large) 2 4 Figure 5 (Mortine) Early Adena, late Adena, and Hopewell points from the Hart Site. The two darker Hopewell points St. Albans 1 2 in the bottom row are made of Indiana homstone. Brewerton Side Notched 22 44 Brewerton Corner Notched 3 6 Table Rock (Bottleneck) 1 2 Late Archaic Thick Stemmed 5 10 Terminal Archaic (Wade/Delhi) 1 2 Totals 50 100 Figure 7 (Mortine) Tally of Archaic points from the Hart Site. 18 AN INTERESTING SHOVEL-SHAPED PENDANT by Robert W. Morris Department of Geology Wittenberg University Springfield, Ohio 45501 Catalogued in the collections of the Clark Another interesting feature is the curious these are notched or tally marked. A County Historical Society is this unique symbol which has been engraved into the shovel-shaped pendant from the Fair- shovel-shaped pendant which possesses central area of the wider portion (Figure 1). chance site near Moundsville, West Virginia some curious features. The overall length This symbol has been rather deeply incised is illustrated by Converse (2003) and is of the pendant is 3fc inches. The narrower into the slate and consists of a 3A inch ver­ somewhat similar to this pendant. Both portion (half) is 2 inches in length and VA tical groove, pointed at the lower end and have the same general shape, especially inches wide at the expanded, rounded end. terminated by a short horizontal groove the expanded rounded end of the narrower whereas the squarish wider portion is 1 % about V* inch in length at the upper end. A portion and the square shape of the wider inches long and VA inches wide. The pen­ 'A inch long horizontal groove cuts at right portion. The Fairchance pendant has tally dant is made of polished banded gray slate angles across the vertical groove near the marks along the basal edge of the square and unfortunately (as is obvious) one pointed end. The meaning or significance portion, whereas this pendant has distinct corner of the wider end has been broken of this symbol is not known, nor is its his­ notches instead. It is unfortunate that not off. A single hole, centrally located, is about tory. It may be of prehistoric vintage as part more is known about this interesting pen­ '/> inch in diameter and appears to have of the original pendant or it may have been dant. The author thanks Virginia L. Wey- been drilled from both sides. One inter­ cut into the pendant by someone at a gandt, Senior Curator of the Clark County esting aspect of this pendant is the pres­ much later time. In addition to being par­ Historical Society, for permission to study ence of small notches located along the tially broken, another unfortunate aspect of this artifact. edge (periphery) in three different areas. In this pendant is that no records of where, the midsection, where the narrow portion when or who found it have been found. It is References joins the wider portion, two notches occur probably from Ohio, but what county or Converse, Robert N. on one edge and one notch on the oppo­ location, as well as any additional informa­ 1978 Ohio Slate Types. A Special Publi­ site edge. In addition, along the basal edge tion is not known at this time. cation of the Archaeological Society of the wider portion, four notches are vis­ Converse (1978) describes shovel- of Ohio. ible and likely a similar number of notches shaped pendants as being extremely rare 2003 The Archaeology of Ohio. The continued along the edge of the portion and belong to the Late Hopewell period. Archaeological Society of Ohio. which has been broken off and lost. He mentions that a significant number of

Figure 1 (Morris) Shovel-shaped pendant (obverse side). Note Figure 2 (Moms) Shovel-shaped pendant (reverse side). symbol incised into the center of the lower portion.

19 TYPES AND VARIETIES OF ARCHAEOLOGICALLY RELEVANT OHIO CHERT by John D. Holland Buffalo Museum of Science

Introduction DISTRIBUTION: Athens, Morgan, Gallia, Lawrence, Kagelmacher 1999; Lindemann 2002; Stout and Schoen­ Types and Varieties of Archaeologically Relevant Meigs, Muskingum, Perry, and Vinton Counties. laub 1945; Vickery 1983. STRATIGRAPHY: Pennsylvanian System, Conemaugh Ohio Chert is a survey of the lithic materials utilized by NAME: Eversole. Group; Brush Creek Limestone Formation. the prehistoric people of Ohio for chipped - SYNONYM: Columbus. COLOR: Light gray and dark gray, greenish to black. making. The study is intended to summarize basic TYPE: Chert. COMMENTS: Named for Brush Creek in Cranberry identifying characteristics, distribution, and strati- Township, Butler County, PA. DISTRIBUTION: Delaware and Franklin Counties. graphic nomenclature, as well as to provide a com­ REFERENCE: Carlson 1991; DeRegnaucourt and Geor­ STRATIGRAPHY: Devonian System, Columbus Forma­ pendium of references to the vast literature of Ohio giady 1998; Hull 1990; llhe 1989; Kagelmacher 1999; tion, Eversole Member. . An exception to Ohio chert is the Gull River Stout and Schoenlaub 1945; Tankersley 1989; Vickery COLOR: Light to dark gray. and Onondaga types which were glacially transported 1983. COMMENTS: Eversole, a Columbus chert variety, is from outcrops in Ontario, Canada, occurring in sur­ thinly deposited. face exposures readily available in glacial deposits NAME: Cambridge. REFERENCE: Kagelmacher 1999; Stout and Schoenlaub across northern portions of the state. Other non- SYNONYM: None available. 1945. TYPE: Chert. indigenous lithic materials known strictly from archae­ NAME: Fishpot. DISTRIBUTION: Columbiana, Gallia, Guernsey, Jefferson, ological contexts are not included this study. One of SYNONYM: None available. Lawrence, and Muskingum Counties. the more fascinating aspects of lithic studies are the TYPE: Chert. STRATIGRAPHY: Pennsylvanian System, Conemaugh synonyms, also-known-as appellations which are DISTRIBUTION: Jefferson County. Formation, Cambridge Member. STRATIGRAPHY: Pennsylvanian System, Monongahela applied recklessly in some instances and can lead to COLOR: Dark gray. Group, Fishpot Formation. confusion especially when the same names are used COMMENTS: Cambridge chert is named for exposures COLOR: Medium to dark gray and brownish. for totally unrelated types. Data such as names, near Cambridge, Guernsey County. COMMENTS: Glossy texture with frequent iron oxidation sources, geology, colors, and references are not to be REFERENCE: Hull 1990; Kagelmacher 1999; Rice et al. staining. construed as limited by this report. 1994; Stout and Schoenlaub 1945. REFERENCE: Carlson 1991; Hull 1990; Kagelmacher Lithic Types NAME: Cedarville-Guelph. 1999; Murphy 1976; Rice et al. 1994; Stout and Schoen­ NAME: Bisher. SYNONYM: Logan County, Logan County Chert, Logan laub 1945. County Flint, . TYPE: Chert. NAME: Flint Ridge. TYPE: Chert. DISTRIBUTION: Adams, Clark, and Highland Counties. SYNONYM: Flint Ridge Vanport, Nethers, Raccoon DISTRIBUTION: Greene, Hardin, Logan, Marion, Seneca, STRATIGRAPHY: Silurian System, Niagaran Series, Creek, Ribbon Flint, Vanport. and Wyandot Counties. Bisher Formation, Lilley and West Union Members. TYPE: Chert. STRATIGRAPHY: Silurian System, Niagara Group, COLOR: White, various shades of gray, yellow, and DISTRIBUTION: Gallia, Jackson, Lawrence, Licking, Cedarville- Guelph Formations. brown. Muskingum, and Vinton Counties. COLOR: Various shades of white, gray, and blue. COMMENTS: Formation named for Bisher's Dam, south­ STRATIGRAPHY: Pennsylvanian System, Allegheny For­ COMMENTS: The Cedarville-Guelph formations are com­ east of Hillsboro, Highland County. mation, Vanport Member. bined because of delineation difficulties. REFERENCE: Brose et al. 1979; Carlson 1991; Converse COLOR: Multicolors. REFERENCE: Britt 1994; Brose et al. 1979; Converse 1972; DeRegnaucourt and Georgiady 1998; Hettinger COMMENTS: Not to be confused with Breathitt chert 1976; DeRegnaucourt and Georgiady 1998; Harter 1975; 2001; Hull 1990; Kagelmacher 1999; Rogers 1936; Stout from Flint Ridge, KY. and Schoenlaub 1945; Vickery 1983. Holzapfel 1995; Kagelmacher 1999; Stout 1941; Stout and Schoenlaub 1945 ; Vickery 1983. REFERENCE: Carlson 1991; DaRe 1995; DeRegnaucourt NAME: Boggs. and Georgiady 1998; Holzapfel 1995; Kagelmacher 1999; SYNONYM: Blunt Run. NAME: Columbus. Kingsley 1988; Stout and Schoenlaub 1945; Tankersley TYPE: Chert. SYNONYM: Eversole. 1989; Vickery 1983. TYPE: Chert. DISTRIBUTION: Coshocton, Licking, Muskingum, Perry, NAME: Greenfield. DISTRIBUTION: Crawford, Defiance, Delaware, Erie, Scioto, and Tuscarawas Counties. SYNONYM: None available. Franklin, Henry, Lucas, Marion, Paulding, Pickaway, STRATIGRAPHY: Pennsylvanian System, Pottsville TYPE: Chert. Putnam, Sandusky, Seneca, Union, Wood, and Wyandot Group, Boggs Formation. DISTRIBUTION: Highland and Ross Counties. Counties. COLOR: White, gray, bluish black, and black with black STRATIGRAPHY: Silurian System, Saline Group, Green­ STRATIGRAPHY: Devonian System, Detroit River Group, the most prominent. field Formation. Columbus Formation. COMMENTS: The Boggs unit was named in 1884 for iron COLOR: Light to dark gray. COLOR: White to light gray. deposits on the Boggs farm in Scioto County. COMMENTS: Chert has a gritty surface with microfossil COMMENTS: The Columbus formation extends south REFERENCE: Carlson 1991; Hull 1990; Kagelmacher and quartz inclusions. The Cayugan Group is suggested from Kelley's Island to Columbus. 1999; Rice et al. 1994; Stout and Schoenlaub 1945; to appear in West Virginia and also in Ohio as the Green­ REFERENCE: Carlson 1991; Dow 1962; Hull 1990; Vickery 1983. field Formation. Kagelmacher 1999; Lamborn 1954; Lindemann 2002; REFERENCE: Carlson 1991; Hull 1990; Kagelmacher NAME: Brassfield. Stout 1941; Stout and Schoenlaub 1945; Vickery 1983. SYNONYM: Belfast. 1999; Rogers 1936; Stout 1943; Stout and Schoenlaub TYPE: Chert. NAME: Delaware. 1945; Woodward 1941. SYNONYM: Bloomville, Hayden Run, Honey Creek, DISTRIBUTION: Adams, Clark, Clinton, Greene, High­ NAME: Gull River. Marble Cliff, Ten Mile Creek, Traverse. land, Miami, Montgomery, and Preble Counties. SYNONYM: Huronian, Yellow Onondaga. TYPE: Chert. STRATIGRAPHY: Silurian System, Alexandrian Series, TYPE: Chert. DISTRIBUTION: Defiance, Delaware, Erie, Franklin, Cataract Group, Brassfield Formation. DISTRIBUTION: Eastern part of the state. Lucas, Marion, Paulding, Pickaway, Sandusky, Seneca, COLOR: White, gray, brown. STRATIGRAPHY: Ordovician System, Gull River For­ Wood Counties. COMMENTS: Brassfield chert occurs in outcrops and mation. STRATIGRAPHY: Devonian System, Erian Series, Mus- stream beds. COLOR: Tan, brown, black. catauck Group, Delaware Formation. REFERENCE: Brose et al. 1979; Carlson 1991; Converse COMMENTS: Gull River chert was glacially deposited in COLOR: Brownish black to black. 1972; Harter 1975; Hull 1990; Kagelmacher 1999; Rogers eastern Ohio from sources in Ontario, Canada. Thermally COMMENTS: Delaware is an eguivalent of Traverse and 1936; Stout and Schoenlaub 1945; Tankersley 1989; alters to various shades of red by heating, frequently is known as Dundee in Ontario, Canada. vickery 1983. causing misidentification as jasper. REFERENCE: Britt 1994; Carlson 1991; Converse 1972; NAME: Brush Creek. REFERENCE: Ely and von Bitter 1989; Fox 1979; Holland DeRegnaucourt and Georgiady 1998; DaRe 1995; Dow SYNONYM: Crooksville, Hughes River. 1999. 1962; Harter 1975; Holzapfel 1995; Hull 1990; llhe 1989; TYPE: Chert.

20 NAME: Hamden. COLOR: Black. DISTRIBUTION: Defiance, Henry, Lucas, and Wood SYNONYM: None available. COMMENTS: Marble Cliff is a black, highly fossiliferous Counties. TYPE: Chert. variety of Delaware chert exposed on the east side of the STRATIGRAPHY: Devonian System, Traverse Formation. DISTRIBUTION: Hocking and Vinton Counties. Scioto River. COLOR: Dark gray. STRATIGRAPHY: Pennsylvanian System, Hamden REFERENCE: Stout and Schoenlaub 1945. COMMENTS: Traverse is an equivalent of Delaware. Member. REFERENCE: DeRegnaucourt and Georgiady 1998; NAME: Maxville. Stout and Schoenlaub 1945;Tankersley 1989. COLOR: Ught blue and light gray. SYNONYM: Maxville/Harrison. COMMENTS: Hamden chert may be regarded as gan- TYPE: Chert. NAME: Upper Mercer. ister, a highly refractory sedimentary rock used for fur­ DISTRIBUTION: Coshocton County. SYNONYM: Coshocton, Coshocton Black, Coshocton nace linings. Named for Hamden Furnace, Clinton STRATIGRAPHY: Mississippian System, Maxville Forma­ Blue-Black, Coshocton Gray, Coshocton Tan, Mercer, Township, Vinton County. tion. Nellie, Nellie Black, Nellie Blue, Nellie Flint, Nellie Gray. REFERENCE: Holland 1999; Kagelmacher 1999; Rice et COLOR: The same as Harrison chert. Ohio Blue, Warsaw. al. 1994; Stout and Schoenlaub 1945. COMMENTS: Maxville silicified sediments are remnants TYPE: Chert. NAME: Harrison. of overlying Harrison Formation chert. DISTRIBUTION: Coshocton, Hocking. Holmes, Jackson, SYNONYM: Harrison/Maxville. REFERENCE: Collins 1979; Hull 1990; Momingstar 1922; Mahoning, Muskingum, Perry, Portage, Stark, Sciota. TYPE: Chert. Stout and Schoenlaub. 1945. Stark, Summit, Trumbull, Tuscarawas. Vinton, and Wayne Counties. DISTRIBUTION: Coshocton. Scioto, and Vinton Coun­ NAME: Obryan. STRATIGRAPHY: Pennsylvanian System, Pottsville ties. SYNONYM: None available. Group, Upper Mercer Formation. STRATIGRAPHY: Pennsylvanian System, Harrison/ TYPE: Chert. Maxville Formations. COLOR: Blue, black, gray. DISTRIBUTION: Vinton County. COLOR: Variable, mixed shades of gray. COMMENTS: Arguably the most widely used chert pre- STRATIGRAPHY: Pennsylvanian System, Allegheny For­ COMMENTS: The Harrison and Maxwell Formations historically in Ohio. Named for Mercer County, Pennsyl­ mation, Obryan Member. contact at the jointure of their respective systems. vania. COLOR: Dark blue and gray. REFERENCE: Lambom 1954; Kagelmacher 1999; Morn- REFERENCE Carskadden, 1971; Carskadden and COMMENTS: Obryan was formerly miscorrelated with ingstar 1922; Rice et al. 1994; Stout and Schoenlaub Murphy 1974: Hull 1990; Kagelmacher 1999: Kingsley and named Vanport. 1945. 1988: Morton and Carskadden 1972; Prufer 1961; Prufer REFERENCE: Kagelmacher 1999; Rice et al. 1994; Stout and Baby 1963; Rice et al. 1994; Stout and Schoenlaub and Schoenlaub 1945. NAME: Laurel. 1945; vickery 1983. SYNONYM: Four Mile Creek, Raisch-Smith, Salamonie. NAME: Onondaga. NAME: Vanport. TYPE: Chert. SYNONYM: None available. SYNONYM: Flint Ridge, Nethers, Plum Run. Raccoon DISTRIBUTION: Preble County. TYPE: Chert. STRATIGRAPHY: Silurian System, Niagaran Series, Creek, Ribbon Flint. DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Ohio. Cataract Group. Salamonie, Laurel Formation. TYPE: Chert. STRATIGRAPHY: Devonian System, Onondaga Forma­ COLOR: Milky white, blue, and light blue-gray. DISTRIBUTION: Columbiana, Coshocton, Hocking, tion. COMMENTS: Exposures in Ohio represent the eastern Holmes, Jackson, Lawrence, Licking, Mahoning, Musk­ COLOR: Gray, gray mottled, black. termination of the Laurel Formation of Indiana. ingum, Perry. Scioto, Stark, Tuscarawas, Vinton, and COMMENTS: Glacially transported from New York and REFERENCE: DeRegnaucourt and Georgiady 1998; Hol­ Wayne Counties. Ontario bedrock sources. land 1999; Holzapfel 1994; Hull 1990; Kagelmacher STRATIGRAPHY: Pennsylvanian System, Pottsville REFERENCE: Dow 1962: Eley and von Bitter 1989; 1999; Rexroad 1986. Group, Vanport Formation. Harter 1975: Holland 1999: Kagelmacher 1999. Prufer COLOR: Multicolors. NAME: Lilley. 1961; Pruferand Baby 1963. COMMENTS: Flint Ridge Vanport chert is the state stone SYNONYM: Bisher. NAME: Plum Run. of Ohio. TYPE: Chert SYNONYM: Vanport. REFERENCE: Carlson 1991: Hull 1990; Ihle 1989: Kagel­ DISTRIBUTION: Adams County. TYPE: Chert. macher 1999; Kingsley 1988; Prufer 1961; Prufer and STRATIGRAPHY: Silurian System, Niagaran Series, DISTRIBUTION: Mahoning and Stark Counties. Baby 1963; Rice et al. 1994: Stout and Schoenlaub 1945; Bisher Formation, Lilley and West Union Members. STRATIGRAPHY: Pennsylvanian System, Vanport Forma­ Vickery 1983. COLOR: White. tion COMMENTS: The names Lilley and West Union have NAME: West Union. COLOR: Light to dark gray, pinks and blue mottled. been used in combination with Bisher. SYNONYM: Bisher. COMMENTS: Plum Run is an equivalent of the Vanport REFERENCE: Carlson 1991; DeRegnaucourt and Geor­ TYPE: Chert Formation. giady 1998; Stout and Schoenlaub 1945. DISTRIBUTION: Adams County. REFERENCE: Carlson 1991; Converse 1972; Harter STRATIGRAPHY: Silurian System, Niagaran Series, NAME: Lower Mercer. 1975; Kingsley 1988; Prufer and Baby 1963; Vickery Bisher Formation, West Union and Lilley Members. SYNONYM: None available. 1983. COLOR: White. TYPE: Chert NAME: Prout. COMMENTS: The names Lilley and West Union are fre­ DISTRIBUTION: Coshocton and Vinton Counties. SYNONYM: Perkins, Pipe Creek. Plum Brook. NASA quently used in combination with Bisher. STRATIGRAPHY: Pennsylvanian System, Pottsville TYPE: Chert. REFERENCE: Carlson 1991; DeRegnaucourt and Geor­ Group, Lower Mercer Formation. DISTRIBUTION: Erie and Seneca Counties. giady 1998; Stout and Schoenlaub 1945. COLOR: Dark gray. STRATIGRAPHY: Devonian System, Prout Formation. NAME: Zaleski. COMMENTS: The Lower Mercer limestone formation is COLOR: Blue, cream, tan, light to dark gray. SYNONYM: Black Flint. named for Mercer County, PA COMMENTS: Prout chert is exposed on National Aero­ TYPE: Chert. REFERENCE: Hull 1990; Kagelmacher 1999; Momingstar nautics and Space Agency property. DISTRIBUTION: Jackson and Vinton Counties. 1922; Rice et al. 1994; Stout and Schoenlaub 1945. REFERENCE: DeRegnaucourt and Georgiady 1998; Hull STRATIGRAPHY: Pennsylvanian System. Zaleski Forma­ NAME: Mahoning. 1990: Kagelmacher 1999; Vickery 1983. tion. SYNONYM: Upper Mercer, Sky Hill. NAME: Putnam Hill. COLOR: Black. TYPE: Chert SYNONYM: None available. COMMENTS: Black Zaleski chert can be confused with DISTRIBUTION: Vinton County. TYPE: Chert. black Upper Mercer and Vanport types. STRATIGRAPHY: Pennsylvania System, Pottsville Group, DISTRIBUTION: Coshocton, Holmes, Licking, Musk­ REFERENCE: Carlson 1991; Converse 1972; DeRegnau­ Upper Mercer Formation. ingum, Perry, Stark, Tuscarawas, Wayne Counties. court and Georgiady 1998; Harter 1975; Hull 1990; Ihle COLOR: Dark gray to black and blue. STRATIGRAPHY: Pennsylvanian System, Allegheny For­ 1989: Kagelmacher 1999; Rice et al. 1994; Stout and COMMENTS: Mahoning is reported to be equivalent to mation, Putnam Hill Formation. Schoenlaub 1945; vickery 1983. Upper Mercer in Lawrence County, PA COLOR: Black. REFERENCES REFERENCE: Rice et al. 1994: Stout and Schoenlaub COMMENTS: No exposure of Putnam Hill chert has been Bowen, Jonathon E. 1945. located by the author. 1995 Terminal Pleistocene Fluted Points from an REFERENCE: Carskadden 1969; Hull 1990; Lamborn NAME: Marble Cliff. 18,000 Square Kilometer Portion of North-Central 1951; Rice et al. 1994; Stout and Schoenlaub 1945. SYNONYM: Delaware. and West-Central Ohio: 9,000 B.C., Sandusky TYPE: Chert. NAME: Traverse. Valley Chapter, Archaeological Society of Ohio. DISTRIBUTION: Franklin County. SYNONYM: Delaware. Ten Mile Creek. STRATIGRAPHY: Devonian System. Delaware Formation. TYPE: Chert

21 Britt, Claude, Jr. nary Report (Part I). Ohio Archaeologist, Volume Morton, James and Jeff Carskadden. 1994 A Re-examination of Lithic Raw Material from the 25, Number 4. pp. 7-10. 1972 Aboriginal Quarrying Activities in the Muskingum Knief Site in Logan County Collected by Watkins Herbstritt, James T. County Area. Ohio Archaeologist, Volume 20, more than 25 Years Ago. Ohio Archaeologist, 1981 Aboriginal Lithic Sources of Southwestern Penn­ Number 2, pp. 15-24. Volume 44, Number 2, pp. 17. sylvania. Extract of Final Report, Prehistoric Murphy, James L. Brose, David S., D .Bier, Jr., J. Astramecki, F. Chapman, Archaeological Survey in Pennsylvania Region II, 1976 The Aboriginal Use of Fresh-Water Monongahela R. Ford, R. Mensforth, D. Morse, P. Storch Southwestern Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Histor­ Chert in Ohio and West Virginia. Ohio Archaeolo­ 1979 Prehistoric Occupation of the Killen Electric Gen­ ical Commission. Harrisburg. gist, Volume 26, Number 2:23-26. erating Station near Wrightsville, Adams County, Hittinger, R.D. Murphy, James T. and John E. Blank Ohio. United States Department of the Interior 2001 Subsurface Correlations and Sequence Strati- 1970 The Plum Run Flint Quarries. Ohio Archaeologist, Interagency Archaeological Services. Contract graphic Interpretations of Lower Silurian Strata in Volume 20, Number 2, pp. 198-199, 217. Number 5880-7-0070. pp. 2-15,247-275. the Appalachian Basin of Northeast Ohio, South­ Oliver, William A., Jr. Carlson, Ernie H. west New York, and Northwest Pennsylvania. 1966 Bois Blanc and Onondaga Formations in Western 1991 Minerals of Ohio. Division of Geological Survey, Pamphlet to accompany Geologic Investigations New York and Adjacent Ontario. In Geology of State of Ohio, Bulletin 69. Series I-2742. United States Geological Survey. Western New York Guide Book, edited by E.J. Carskadden, Jeff pp. 1-19. Buehler, New York State Geological Association 1969 A Petrographic Study of Flint from Aboriginal Holland, John D. 38th Annual Meeting, pp. 10-18. Quarrying Sites in Southeastern Ohio. Unpub­ 1999 Closet Cherts of Ohio. Paper presented at the Prufer, Olaf H. lished paper. Eastern States Archaeological Federation Confer­ 1961 Survey of Ohio Fluted Points. Number 4. Cleve­ 1971 Upper Mercer Flint Quarries in Muskingum ence, Kings Island, Ohio. land Museum of Natural History. County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist, Volume 24, Holzapfel, Elaine Prufer, Olaf H. and Raymond S. Baby Number 4, pp. 315-317. 1994 On the Trail of Four-Mile Creek Chert. Ohio 1963 Palaeo-lndians of Ohio. The Ohio Historical Carskadden, Jeff and Gerald Donaldson Archaeologist, Volume 45, Number 2:12-13. Society, Columbus, Ohio. Fourth Printing 1975. 1973 Brush Creek Flint Quarrying in Perry and Morgan 1994 The Caps Sun Site: A Preliminary Report. Ohio Reppert, Robert S. Counties, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist, Volume 23, Archaeologist, Volume 45, Number 4:4-7. 1978 Kanawha Black Flint: Its Occurrences and Extent Number 1, pp. 20-21. Hull, Dennis N. in West Virginia. Open File Report 18, West Vir­ Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton 1990 Generalized Column of Bedrock Units in Ohio. ginia Geological Economic Survey, Morgantown, 1974 A Piano Site, Otsego, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist, Division of Geological Survey. State of Ohio. West Virginia. Volume 24, Number 4, pp. 6-9. Ihle, Roger Rexroad, Carl B. Collins, Horce R. 1989 The Master Quarry Reference Collection. Unpub­ 1986 Laurel Member. In Compendium of Paleozoic 1979 The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian (Carbonif­ lished manuscript on file at the Department of Rock-Unit Startigraphy in Indiana - A Revision. erous) Systems in the United States. Ohio Geo­ Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh. Edited by Robert H. Shaver, Indiana Geological logical Survey Professional Paper 110E, United Kagelmacher, Michael L. Survey, Bulletin 59. Bloomington, Indiana. States Government Printing Office, Washington, 1999 Ohio Cherts of Archaeological Interest: A Macro­ Rice, Charles. L., John K. Hiett and Elizabeth D. DC. scopic and Petrographic Examination and Com­ Koozman Converse, Robert N. parison. Masters thesis. Kent State University. 1994 The Glossary of Pennsylvania Stratigraphic 1972 Flints Used by Ohio's Prehistoric Indians. Ohio 2001 Ohio Cherts of Archaeological Interest: A Macro­ Names, Central Appalachian Basin. Geological Archaeologist, Volume 22, Number 2, pp. 36-39. scopic and Petrographic Examination and Com­ Society of America, Special Paper 294,115-155. 1976 A Montgomery County Archaic Site. Ohio Archae­ parison. CD-Rom. Rice, Charles L, Robert M. Kosanski, and Henry W. ologist, Volume 2, Number 3, pp. 4-8. Kilgour, William J. Thomas 1994 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeological Society of 1966 Middle Silurian Clinton Relationships of Western 1994 Revision of Nomenclature and Correlation of Ohio. New York and Ontario. In Geology of Western Some Middle Pennsylvanian Units in the North­ 2003 The Archeology of Oh/'o.The Archaeological New York Guide Book, edited by E.J. Buehler, western Part of the Appalachian Basin, Kentucky, Society of Ohio. New York State Geological Association 38th Ohio, and West Virginia. In Elements of Pennsyl­ DaRe, Brian Annual Meeting, pp. 10-18. vanian Stratigraphy, Central Appalachian Basin. 1995 Scenes from the Henderson Site (33BL212). Ohio Kingsley, Ronald F. Editor C. ,L Rice, Geological Society of America, Archaeologist, Volume 45, Number 4, pp. 21-23. 1988 A Regional Study of Six Archaic Sites in the Special Paper 294. pp. 7-26. DeRegnaucort, Tony and Jeffrey A. Georgiady Mahoning Valley of Northeastern Ohio. North Rogers, James K. 1998 Prehistoric Chert Types of the Midwest. Occa­ American Archaeologist. Volume 9, Number 4, pp. 1936 Geology of Highland County. Geological Survey sional Monographs Series of the Upper Miami 285-299. of Ohio, Fourth Series, Bulletin 38. Columbus. Valley Archaeological Research Museum, Number LaBerge, Gene L Stout, R.A. 7, Arcanum, Ohio. 1994 Geology of the Lake Superior Region. Geoscience 1941 Dolomites and Limestones of Western Ohio. Ohio Dow, John W. Press, Inc. Phoenix, Arizona. Geological Survey, Bulletin 43, 1962 Lower and Middle Limestones in Northeastern Lamborn, Raymond E. Stout, Wilbur and R.A. Schoenlaub Ohio and Adjacent Areas. Report of Investigations 1951 Limestones of Eastern Ohio. Division of Geolog­ 1945 The Occurrence of Flint in Ohio. Division of Geo­ No. 42, Division of Geological Survey, Columbus, ical Survey, Fourth Series, Bulletin 49. logical Survey, Fourth Series, Bulletin 46. Ohio. Lamborn, Raymond E. Columbus. Eley, Betty E. and Peter von Bitter 1954 Geology of Coshocton County. Department of Tankersley, Kenneth B. 1989 Cherts of Southern Ontario. Royal Ontario Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey, 1989 A Close Look at the Big Picture: Early Paleoindian Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Bulletin 53. Columbus, Ohio. Lithic Resource Procurement in the Midwestern Epstein, Jack B., W. D. Sevon, and J. Douglas Glaeser Lantz, Stanley W. United States. Eastern Paleoindian Lithic 1992 Geology and Mineral Resources of the Lehighton 1984 Distribution of Paleo-lndian Projectile Points and Resource Use, edited by Christopher J. Ellis and and Palmerton Quadrangles, Carbon and Tools from Western Pennsylvania: Implication for Jonathon C. Lothrop. Westview Press. Northampton Counties. Pennsylvania Geological Regional Differences. Archaeology of Eastern Vickery, Kent D. Survey. Fourth Series. North America. Volume 12, pp. 210-221. 1983 The Flint Sources. In Recent Excavations at the Fox, William A. Leverett, Frank Edwin Harness Mound, Liberty Works, Ross 1979 Southern Ontario Chert Sources. Paper presented 1957 Glacial Deposits Outside the Wisconsin Terminal County, Ohio. Edited by Naomi Greber. Midconti- at the 11th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Moraine in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Geological nent Journal of Anthropology. Special Paper Archaeological Association in Quebec. Survey, Fourth Series, Bulletin G 7. Number 5, pp. 73-85. Frank, Glen W. Lindeman, Richard H. Woodward, Herbert P. 1969 Ohio Intercollegiate Field Trip Guides 1950-51 to 2002 Dacryoconarid Bioevents of the Onondaga For­ 1941 Silurian System of West Virginia. West Virginia 1969-70. Department of Geology, Kent State Uni­ mation and the Marcellus Subgroup, Cherry Geological Survey, Volume XIV. pp. 256-257. versity, Kent, Ohio. Valley, New York. New England Intercollegiate Zenger, Donald H. George, Richard L Geological Conference, 94th Annual Meeting, 1965 Stratigraphy of the Lockport Formation in New 1999 Two Artifact Caches from the Blawnox Site, New York State Geological Association 74th York State. Bulletin No. 404, New York State 26AL19. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, Volume 69, Annual Meeting. Lake George, New York. Museum and Science Service. Albany. Number 2, pp.1-14. Momingstar, Helen Harter, R. L. 1922 Pottsville Fauna of Ohio. Geological Survey of 1975 Hafted Shaft Scrapers of Ohio; A Second Prelimi­ Ohio. Fourth Series, Bulletin 25.

22 A NEWLY DISCOVERED GLACIAL KAME SITE IN NORTHERN OHIO by John C. Rummel

On April 19, 2004, an excavating com­ represents at least 2-3 individuals. The References pany in Monroeville was removing sand skull (Figure 1) is from an adult, and the from a Huron County farm to be used as tibia and vertebrae are possibly from a Converse, Robert N. the base of a new warehouse for Venture younger individual. At least 4 shell sandal- n.d. The Glacial Kame Indians. A special Packaging, Inc., in Monroeville's Industrial sole gorgets were found, including two publication of the Archaeological Park. During the removal, a skull, tibia, and (Figure 2) that are 8-9 inches long. The Society of Ohio. vertebrae were discovered by the excava­ sand was not removed from them, so it is tors, who promptly called the local police. unknown if they were engraved. Based on Fowler, Heather The Huron County Sheriff, Richard Suther­ three fragments of other gorgets (Figure 3), 2004a "Job Site Yields Skull, Artifacts," land, a number of deputies, firefighters it is likely they did exhibit engraving. The The Morning Journal, April 21, 2004. from the Huron River Joint Fire Depart­ designs consist of angled lines and punc- 2004b "Curator Wants to Dig at Work Site," ment, and County Coroner, Jeffrey Har- tates. A remotely similar style of engraving The Morning Journal, April 22, 2004. wood. arrived at the site and cordoned off is found on some shell gorgets excavated 2004c "Culture Clash," The Morning the area as the investigation took place. from the Zimmerman Kame in Hardin Journal, May 10, 2004 (Fowler, 2004 a,b) County, Ohio. (Converse, n.d.: 88) The As the examination continued into the other artifacts found were conch shell Mills, Lisa A. night, several artifacts were uncovered that beads, an eagle talon, and a flint point, 2-3 2003 Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of the were unlike any previously seen by the inches long, and fashioned from what may Ohio Hopewell of the Hopewell investigators, and it was determined the be Pipe Creek chert. Mound Group. Ph.D dissertation, burials and associated objects were North Virtually all of the known Glacial Kame The Ohio State University. American Indian in origin. The items were sites have been accidental discoveries, turned over to a paleontologist in Toledo, and this site is no exception. The only dif­ Sutherland, Richard and the excavation company proceeded ference is most of the previously discov­ 2004 Personal Communication, Novem­ with the removal of sand from the site, with ered sites have been destroyed due to ber 29, 2004. the area of the discovery being isolated gravel mining and construction; this site with yellow crime scene tape. Dr. Brian is still in a relatively undisturbed state. Redmond, of the Cleveland Museum of With only one other reported Glacial Natural History, was also contacted, and Kame site being located in Huron County he identified the burials as belonging to the (Converse, n.d.: 135), perhaps the Glacial Kame Culture based on the burial landowner would consider allowing a proximity and the associated artifacts, professional excavation to be conducted which included shell sandal-sole gorgets, at the site in order to provide possible shell beads, an eagle talon and a flint point. answers to this enigmatic culture. It was during this time that people identi­ fying themselves as being affiliated with native organizations began contacting the coroner and landowner demanding the return of the skeletal material and artifacts for reburial. They even went so far as to want deed restrictions placed on the prop­ erty. (Fowler, 2004 c) This group of individ­ uals, who have no identifiable lineage to the Glacial Kame Culture, convinced the landowner and all involved to turn over the skeletal material and associated artifacts to them for a private reburial. According to Sheriff Sutherland (personal communica­ tion), it is unknown, to this day, where the bones and artifacts have been deposited. If the items were not reinterred at the site, then the so-called Indians committed an act far worse than the individuals who treated this as a crime scene and kept people off the site. Perhaps, in light of recent findings and decisions on the Ken- newick Man, and mitochondrial DNA find­ ings on the Ohio Hopewell (Mills, 2003), many Indian groups are concerned with truths being discovered about prehistoric cultures in North America. Through the generosity of Huron County Sheriff, Richard Sutherland, we at least have a photographic record of a previously unrecorded, and potentially very important, Glacial Kame site. The skeletal material Figure 1 Skull from Glacial Kame site.

23 Figure 2 Shell Sandal-Sole Gorgets from Glacial Kame Site.

Figure 3 Associated Artifacts from the Glacial Kame Site.

24 THE ROLES OF PREHISTORIC PIPES AND FT. ANCIENT/WHITTLESEY VASE-SHAPED PIPES-TOOLS OF RITUAL AND PLEASURE

by D. R. Gehlbach Pipe smoking was developed as an artisans created plain and animal effigy This belief system was also carried over important ritual-based activity over many platform pipes to be used exclusively in into the historic Indian period. Some His­ centuries prior to the migration of the late special ceremonies honoring a chosen toric tribes used their consecrated pipes prehistoric people into Ohio. few individuals. Caches of these pipes as "totems." The spirits emanating from Beginning in the mid to late Archaic have been found at Mound City and the the pipe smoke were thought to be free to period, (circa 250OBC), prehistoric people Tremper mound. Their association with move between the different mystical probably had knowledge of wild tobacco crematoriums confirms their exclusive worlds such as from the underworld, and/or tobacco replacement products and ritual deployment as special offerings at through the earthly landscape and into the their growth cycles. These early Ohioans the behest of a religious leader. celestial world above. With this capability came to believe the tobaccos had medic­ Most of these pipes were probably the early Ft. Ancient effigy pipes could inal or other properties that could be acti­ never intended to be personal smoking have provided a path for spiritual emis­ vated through pipe smoking. This devices and were used only symbolically saries to spread the wishes and pleadings knowledge was likely only privy to certain to perhaps protect deceased individuals of the people. Whereas the mission of individuals who had obtained it through and appease kindred spirits in the Hopewell pipes probably had to be ritually relationships, lineage, or instruction. The Hopewell universe. In light of their limited reinforced at periodic regional cere­ limited number of pipes at this time infers distribution and the vast area of Hopewell monies, the purposes of Ft. Ancient pipes that only a few designated individuals influence it can be postulated that only could be reinforced on an ongoing basis were privileged to use the tubular shaped designated artisans produced the rela­ based on the delicate mix of local tradi­ pipes of the period, a prerogative that may tively small number of Hopewell pipes. tions, cooperation, competition and kin­ have extended beyond life. These ritual Almost none of the pipes were deposited ship mores. At least in the early Ft. leaders or medicine men were also the at their scattered domestic sites lending Ancient era, leaders who controlled effigy likely Archaic artisans who made the pipes further credence to their exclusive cere­ pipe usage probably maintained much of which conformed in scale, crafting tech­ monial deployment. the ongoing processes of the natural and nique and style. The wafting smoke pro­ supernatural orders. Following Hopewell, the Intrusive duced through smoking rites became the Mound people borrowed some of their Later on the Ft. Ancient people devel­ potion to create and maintain crucial obli­ predecessor's . They pro­ oped a preference for using pipes for per­ gations among individuals, families, or duced a small number of primarily flat sonal pleasure. At the same time the need clans. The smoking event might have facil­ based monitor pipes many with an ele­ of the services of spiritual or ritual leaders, itated the transmission of secret knowl­ vated ridge on top of the platform especially to insure adequate sustenance, edge and established a system of great between the bowl and mouthpiece. Their began to wane. Localized farming activi­ power and influence. pipes were also crafted to be funerary ties resulted in more widespread cultiva­ By the Early , Adena accompaniments although some show tion and use of tobacco products. This in artisans had modified tubular pipe forms considerable wear and repair from exten­ turn stimulated increased pipe manufac­ to include blocked end, constricted, and sive use as smoking instruments prior to turing and the need for more pipe flared mouthpiece examples, and later on their final placement with burials in the crafters. These lifestyle changes probably modified tubular shapes where a right top sections of existing Hopewell and didn't end the belief that certain powers angle extension served as a mouthpiece. Adena mounds. could be generated through pipe smoking The latter invention reduced the chances At about 1000AD in the Ohio valley the nor the need to implore special forces in of the user's direct contact with burning remnants of the very late Woodland the universe from time to time to satisfy smoking materials. Several Adena tubular people and intruders representing Late wishes. But at this time much of the ritual specimens were produced in effigy form, Prehistoric Period Ft. Ancient people initi­ was likely practiced on individual need including shoveler duck and dwarf human ated a new behavioral model for pipe basis, and a second purpose for pipe examples. It is proposed that Adena smoking. Although they were still being smoking began which was free from con­ shamans or religious leaders used their influenced by earlier class/status related straints or restrictions. This was not only pipes the same way as their Late Archaic rituals, especially those maintained by to produce personal satisfaction but also predecessors; that is as devices to estab­ Mississippian people to the west and to achieve intoxication by inhaling a mix­ lish power and authority while communi­ south, the Ft. Ancients' were beginning to ture of wild tobacco and sometimes cating with forces who controlled or practice more cultural independence with ground inner tree bark and dried leaves. maintained natural cycles such as fertility their self sufficient farmsteads. Their pipe The desire to achieve a state of ecstasy and general well being. The duck effigy designs and functions gradually changed may have been the progenitor for the ful­ pipes may have been facilitators in this with their increased freedom and more fillment of individual dreams and wishes. process serving as spiritual bird totems. leisure time. Initially Ft. Ancient pipe As a result pipe smoking became a major The full body human dwarf effigy in the usage was probably restricted by social leisure time activity in many semi-seden­ form of a tubular pipe was found in Ross class and alluded to sources of privilege tary Ft. Ancient communities. The Feurt County in 1901. It probably served as a and power. Some of these early Ft. site occupants in Scioto County, Ohio, for burial totem to demonstrate reverence for Ancient pipes, inspired by Mississippian example, produced upwards of 500 pipes a specially endowed individual. models, portrayed deities, some with both within a brief time frame. animal and human features. The dual Because of the important role of Late in the Ft. Ancient Period pipe styl- combination representations may have Hopewell pipes during the Middle Wood­ ization became more simplified and been intended to promote a form of land period craftsmen probably spent an designs were produced with an emphasis shared tranquility in the earthly world and inordinate amount of time perfecting their on practicality. Easily obtained disposable at the same time recognize that represen­ smoking instruments in the process cre­ pipe stems were added to reduce produc­ tations of supernatural beings could be ating elaborate and distinctive artforms. It tion time. Pipes, some artistically deco­ used as tools to influence spiritual forces. is apparent that only a few highly skilled rated, were crafted in simple elbow, lens,

25 rectangular and vase-shaped forms. raneous Whittlesey pipes. They are vaseform pipes from northern Ohio also Some human, bird, reptile, amphibian or among the last pipes made in the prehis­ have the expanded rim feature. other effigy examples were still being toric era and in fact a number were still All of the pictured pipes were likely indi­ made, but most were crude representa­ being crafted after European contact. vidually owned and used. Their role, as tions. The bird effigy examples are often Most of the pictured examples can be indicated, was mostly secular with per­ so generalized in form that they defy classified in a sub-group of vase-shaped sonal pleasure and some form of intoxica­ species identification. Most of the late Ft. pipes having exaggerated lip extensions tion being the two pipe smoking motives. Ancient pipes whether effigy or non effigy or rims on top of the bowl. Each required show evidence of repetitive smoking. a disposable stem to be smoked, prob­ Reference While some were included as burial furni­ ably a hollow reed, or bone, inserted in a Penney, David W. ture many others were routinely discarded side opening into the bowl cavity. Vase- 2004 The Archaeology of Aesthetics, in with trash when damaged or apparently shaped pipes having the exaggerated lip Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand, no longer needed. A selected few of the feature seemed to be the preferred motif American Indian Art of the Ancient larger effigy examples may have been in at very late Ft. Ancient sites (circa 1500AD Art of Midwest And South, pp. 43- use as alter pipes and reserved for special to 1650AD). Most of these late sites are 55. occasions or communal events. located in southern Ohio along major Featured in this article are examples of waterways including the Scioto and Ohio vase-shaped Ft. Ancient and contempo­ Rivers. A smaller percentage of Whittlesey

Figure 1 (Gehlbach) (in the foreground) a grouping ofvasiform pipes.

Figure 3 (Gehlbach) Pipestone vase- shaped pipes with the extended lip fea­ ture; left, South Park Site, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, right, Greenup County, Kentucky. Figure 2 (Gehlbach) Pipestone vase-shaped pipes with the extended lip feature; left, Stark County, Ohio near Myers Lake, right, Feurt Site, Scioto County, Ohio.

Figure 4 (Gehlbach) Limestone Figure 5 (Gehlbach) vase-shaped pipe with extend­ Siltstone vase-shaped ed lip feature, Norwalk, Huron pipe with extended lip County, Ohio feature, northern Ohio. Figure 6 (Gehlbach) Side views of figures 5 and 6.

26 EARLY INDIAN PORTRAYALS by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

A few years ago I came into possession seem to have been done by a European trays some of the customs, dress, of an old French book or manuscript artist - probably with the help of sketches weapons and accoutrements of Indians which featured pictures of Indians of the and notes made by early explorers who at a time when they were in first contact early historic period. Although undated, it had actually seen these people. with Europeans, appears that the book was published There are ten separate pictures in the sometime in the first half of the 1700s. series and one is presented here. It is The illustrations are all hand-colored and valuable from the standpoint that it por-

Figure 1 (Converse) Hand colored plate of an chief. Note the European clothing, the medal, the pipe-tomahawk and the ball-headed club. In the background may be part of a fortified village.

27 HEAVY DUTY POINTS by Doug Hooks 1414WoodvilleRd. Mansfield, Ohio

Shown in Figure 1 are Heavy Duty acteristic - often there is a long v-shaped Coshocton or Zaleski flint but Flint Ridge points from my collection. These finely flake removed on one or both sides of the and Indiana Homstone is sometimes seen chipped points originate in the Middle base. The blade is finely chipped with a in the type, although almost any kind of Archaic period and are very distinctive in thick lenticular shape. A great many flint or even chert can occasionally be appearance. A short heavy stem is char- Heavy Duties are made of the finest seen.

Figure 1 (Hooks) Four Heavy Duty points from Ohio. Left to right, Fairfield Co., Ross Co., Franklin Co., and Ohio.

ONE OF THE OAK SHADE CACHE BLADES by Doug Hooks 1414 WoodvilleRd. Mansfield, Ohio

In the accompanying photo is one of the well-known Oak Shade Adena cache blades. The Oak Shade cache has an interesting history. Found in the late 1800s just south of the Michigan border near the crossroad hamlet of Oak Shade in northern Fulton County, it contained over 350 blades and passed through several collections. All are made of Flint Ridge flint of striking colors.

figure 1 (Hooks) Oak Shade cache blade.

28 THE LATE, LATE STONE AGE; STONE MOULDS FROM THE MID-EIGHTEENTH TO THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURIES by George H. Carroll Urbana, Ohio

My experience with stone moulds has sufficiently similar to suggest the existence of range of stone material use that includes been part of an interest in frontier firearms a cottage or cabin industry. All of the typical soapstone (talc and steatite), catlinite, lime­ accessories of the mid-Eighteenth and early bullet mould forms were similarly shaped and stone, dense slate, granite and even quartz. Nineteenth Centuries. Within this period Ken­ smoothly dressed. No more stone bulk was Some moulds of relatively soft stone were tucky rifles and Indian Trade Fusils achieved utilized than required. Loss, breakage, wear sheathed in wooden housings to prolong relatively standardized designs. The same and the constant reboring of firearm barrels their utility. I now consider as questionable time frame witnessed the introduction of created a steady need for new bullet moulds. any notion that time, effort and expertise stone mould usage. These moulds not only At some periods and locales the requirement employed in creating stone moulds was served the newly evolved firearms, but also may have been successfully met with com­ always less than for those of iron or brass. supplied buttons and articles of adornment mercially prepared stone moulds. Since commercial mass production of iron to Indian and pioneer populations most inter­ For more than forty years I've combed and brass moulds was underway both here ested in the advanced weaponry.' historical primary sources for pioneer com­ and in Europe, it has been a surprise to find Most stone moulds were designed to cast mentary on material culture practices; no this much evidence of continued stone bullets and shot. Less often produced were source contacted has mentioned stone mould usage. Apparently in at least some button moulds. Still more rare were cross, moulds. Secondary source treatment has cases an actual preference for them was broach and animal patterns. Bullet mould proven remarkably sparse. The voluminous being expressed. cavities were formed by employing "cherries" current day antique firearms literature barely Figures 1 and 2 represent the most often or round steel bits of desired caliber. These acknowledges their use. Parkersen (1974) encountered varieties of single, two or three would normally have been used for pro­ produced a 33-page pamphlet devoted to cavity stone moulds. They usually measure cessing metal moulds. Soft stone moulds are early bullet moulds. It includes three stone from one or two inches in length. Both exam­ 2 occasionally seen that exhibit evidence of examples in four different illustrations. ples shown are for 45 cal. rifle balls. Figure 1 having been hand channeled although these Newman and Kravic (1975) offered a four is a very unusual two cavity mould in that it tend to be later alterations of original steel bit page pictorial essay on Revolutionary War was processed out of dense white quartz. cavities. Animal patterns and other unique period bullet moulds which feature five This is one of two such mould sets from 2 forms had to be inlet free handedly. Because stone examples. Miami Co., Ohio. Figure 2 is a limestone lead formed the overwhelming majority of Writers dealing specifically with Indian mould which has been encased in a wooden stone mould production, all buttons and practices are likewise quite dismissive. housing. Pins and pinholes for accurate other adornment could be instantly available Beauchamp (1903) briefly noticed a mould he alignment are visible. This set was found in for reprocessing into ammunition (by ham­ characterized as, "a flat piece of stone in Lancaster. Pennsylvania, the very heart of mering if necessary). which three circles have been neatly cast, iron forging and brass founding for Kentucky I can only conjecture as to why a steady if each with several deeper depressions, to rifle production. One half of this set has been modest number of Indian and Euramerican form bosses on the ring." This is probably a cracked and repaired with a lead or pewter customers opted for stone moulds. Prove­ button or broach mould. In this dated but still binder. The original intent may have been for nance data accompanying these moulds important work, the author illustrates unrec­ all small moulds to have been wood often place them as deriving from historical ognizable fragments of metal objects, only to encased. There is usually no visible means to sites of Indian occupation - hence the some­ pass over this mould by simply noting it to be otherwise align and close them. what overworked title for this article. My initial for, "casting lead or pewter ornaments," but The more elaborate wood encasing seen in assumption was that Indians were nearly "not represented here.'" Late in the century this set of scissor moulds is noteworthy for always the typical users of such "make-do" Hamilton (1995) follows this approach when several reasons (Fig. 3). Here there is no need items, occasioned by their frequent remote­ she offers an otherwise admirable discussion of separate loose pins; one fixed pin at the ness from centers of Euramerican gun- of Indian trade silversmithing by not ever end of the handle assures proper closure smithing and other manufacturing pursuits. mentioning stone casting. At the same time while another forms the hinge pivot. An even Further inquiry reveals that many excellent she illustrates a cast silver beaver from her more significant feature is the presence of a specimens derive from Euramerican sources. own collection which may well be a stone 5 conical 31 cal. projectile mould (Fig. 4). This The main locales for stone mould usage mould product. variety of bullet was not in general use until appear to be the Ohio Valley and eastward to These exceedingly limited treatments are the mid-Nineteenth Century. There has been the mid-Atlantic colonies or states. the typical efforts encountered to place stone some question raised that perhaps the con­ Of several questionable preconceptions moulds in any historical context. Otherwise ical cavity might have been added after these with which I began this study, the most diffi­ all other notice is restricted to the reportage moulds were originally produced. Even if this cult to dislodge has been that stone casting of an individual archaeological recovery, or a could be proven, the fact remains that some­ was an inherently less effective and jury- single example included in a publication on body still wished for whatever convenience a rigged operation. This notion persisted period firearms. These late, late stone age stone mould was considered to provide. This notwithstanding the era was one of flint­ relics are thus largely to be interpreted with example was one of two acquired from an locks! It was, of course, not backward of our no more data than the moulds themselves, estate sale on the near ancestors to look for opportunities to exploit occasionally accompanied by some few of Portsmouth. Others of this type have been usable resources. Though the Industrial Rev­ their products. As such, no more is really observed accompanying southern rifles of olution was popularizing mass production of known about them than any prehistoric stone Appalachian origin, and dating to the mid- metallic moulds, iron and brass remained tool assemblage. Nineteenth Century. expensive. When suitable geologic forma­ Another predisposition on my part was to A relatively numerous variety of stone gang tions were encountered, our predecessors consider that all stone moulds were pro­ moulds could be described as the block or soon began to examine them for commer­ duced from soft formations. These could pre­ loaf form. Figure 5 is a limestone set of cially viable pursuits. sumably be easily worked, briefly used and moulds that represents this group. They are The majority of stone bullet moulds are discarded. To my surprise examples show a square shaped or in this instance slightly

29 domed, and always have a pour spout cut treal trade silver product of ca. 1790. It was Both of the steatite moulds are of the into one end (Fig 6). A noteworthy considera­ completely covered with hand incised work single sided variety; they rely upon the sur­ tion regarding these moulds is that enough after casting (Fig.10-B). Unfortunately no face tension of moulton metal to contain and examples have survived to suggest that a provenance accompanies this piece. A large thicken the casting without need for an modest commercial enterprise may have 3.65 oz. coin like silver ingot from Logan Co., opposing half. Such moulds are functional existed to manufacture and distribute them. Ohio, is shown in Fig. 10-C. It bears no when casting flat objects such as buttons. Stone sources typically vary from soft talc inscription of any kind. Figure 10-E is a two Figure 14 is of sandstone, and was found and steatite to limestone. Blank halves could inch cast lead cross not carefully finished as near Newark in Licking Co., Ohio. It features have been processed into several pairs, and in 10-B, but nevertheless perforated for sus­ a single incised design approximately % in. later cut to individual customer dictates. All pension. It was found in the Wapatomica Site deep. Another shallow button mould was cut have various assortments of calibers for balls area of Logan Co., Ohio. The two small lead into a glacially tumbled granite pebble. No and slot, and all are drilled at the corners for castings of 10-F and 10-G are a 1 in. cross other preparation appears to have been nec­ wooden alignment pins. The outer surfaces and a 1 in. fragment of a turtle. Both are from essary beyond inletting the cavity. It was of these moulds frequently have "hex" signs McKee's Town in Logan Co., Ohio. found along Sugar Creek in Holmes Co., inscribed into them by employing a compass. Though such evidence is suggestive, other Ohio (Fig. 15). Both of these moulds are quite These could have been produced in a cabin moulding techniques could also have been in shallow, while the steatite button mould was or cottage industry, and then have been dis­ use. Stone moulding of brass and especially cut deep enough to contain the full thickness tributed by peddlers. silver consumes much more metal than of the buttons. All three of these bullet mould varieties - would cutting or stamping from flat stock; To demonstrate the shallow single sided the single, two and three cavity, the scissor this factor alone may have retarded such process, fellow collector Sam Hamilton moulds, and the block or loaf forms are stone casting in any volume. At McKee's dressed and inscribed a copy mould out of remarkably similar within their types. Notwith­ Town several lumps of dense, fire hardened limestone. He then poured the German silver standing they are all basic geometric prod­ sand were retrieved which may indicate the button forms illustrated with it (Fig. 16). By ucts, I feel there may well have been sand casting of brass. At the previously preparing wire button eye loops, assembly points where at least the stone Site in Miami Co., Ohio, several unprocessed he was able to deftly set them in place before blanks were processed in substantial num­ brass castings have been recovered. These the castings could cool. Having been initially bers beyond immediate needs. Would that forms are for a firearm wrist inlay in the style quite puzzled about how such shallow we could find a primary reference source, or of a Brown Bess musket (Fig. 10-D). Dis­ moulds might function, I now wonder that that a processing site would be recognized covery took place where Thomas Bimey's transported many miles by an itinerate and excavated. It would be a significant help gunsmith shop is suspected to have been. craftsperson (Fig. 13). Its dimensions are 8 in. if sets of blanks would somewhere come to Were these rough castings that Birney carried by 2 in. and 1 in. thick, and was recently light; these may have been found and with him from Virginia east of the mountains, reported as found outside of Delaware, Ohio. assumed to be whetstones. or did he produce them on site?6 Both of the steatite moulds are of the Dating stone moulds to precise time Good (1972) reports - and discusses - a single sided variety; they rely upon the sur­ frames is difficult beyond circa estimates. catlinite mould featuring patterns for a single face tension of moulton metal to contain and Fortunately there are two examples that are bar cross and a broach or large button.7 The thicken the casting without need for an not only dated, but derive from eastern loca­ Guebert Site was continuously occupied by opposing half. Such moulds are functional tions. New Jersey produced this soft stone the Kaskaskia Tribe between 1719 and 1774 when casting flat objects such as buttons. mould with typical cavities for both balls and in Randolf Co., Illinois. Fortunately, this Figure 14 is of sandstone, and was found shot (Fig. 7). It was acquired in the 1960s important habitation site is the subject of near Newark in Licking Co., Ohio. It features from the mantle of an essentially undisturbed Good's thorough archaeological report. Sev­ a single incised design approximately Vie in. late colonial home. Family tradition placed it eral lead castings of cross forms were exca­ deep. Another shallow button mould was cut as having always been kept there. The 1747 vated which were produced from similar into a glacially tumbled granite pebble. No date and tulip decoration point to Euramer­ moulds (none from the mould referenced), other preparation appears to have been nec­ ican ownership, although Indian trade silver and Good considers these castings to have essary beyond inletting the cavity. It was often used the engraved tulip motif. Another been made on site. No silver castings from found along Sugar Creek in Holmes Co., well developed mould is dated 1781, and such moulds were discovered at this impor­ Ohio (Fig. 15). Both of these moulds are quite came from an estate sale near Valley Forge tant and well-investigated locale. shallow, while the steatite button mould was (Figs. 8 and 9). The thin slab shaping and It becomes a conjecture as to whether the cut deep enough to contain the full thickness pewter aligning pins attest the careful work­ Indians or their resident traders were casting of the buttons. manship evident in this dense slate gang brass or silver. An important steatite mould To demonstrate the shallow single sided mould. I've yet to examine any stone moulds recently discovered in Ohio exhibits cavities process, fellow collector Sam Hamilton with datable provenance claims that place for 2 broaches, a double bar cross, a turtle dressed and inscribed a copy mould out of them earlier than the mid-Eighteenth Century. and a beaver. It is 1 in. thick with outside limestone. He then poured the German 1 The great majority of stone castings were dimensions of 8 in. by 4 /2 in. On the reverse silver button forms illustrated with it (Fig of lead. As a matter of course this would side the name "McKee" is crudely inscribed 16). By previously preparing wire button include all of the bullets and shot. Some cir­ (Figs. 11 and 12). This significant name raises eye loops, he was able to deftly set them in cumstantial evidence with Indian associa­ the possibility that at least one of the famous place before the castings could cool. tions does exist to suggest brass and silver trader McKees, Thomas or his better known Having been initially quite puzzled about casting of buttons, crucifixes and other orna­ son Alexander, were casting their own mer­ how such shallow moulds might function, I mentation. This could be a likelihood when chandise. It is this mould which could have now wonder that Beauchamp discusses a the effort was being directed toward imitating produced a silver beaver similar to that series of round lead medals under the title, Euramerican trade items of considerable shown by Hamilton (03-01, p. 44). A some­ "Lead Metals or Ornaments" (pp. 27-29). value. The site of McKee's Town in Logan what comparable steatite mould has cavities Observable motifs on the larger variety (1A Co., Ohio, has produced brass overflow pud- for 7 buttons on each side. This example has in to 21/? in.) were apparently religious in dlings from moulding activity. Also found was a carry hole at one end which shows much nature, while the smaller ones with numer­ part of a brass powder keg hoop with the wear as if transported many miles by an itin­ ation symbols probably relate to the fur British "broad arrow" mark; it was being cut erate craftsperson (Fig. 13). Its dimensions trade. The author was clearly puzzled up for the melting pot (Fig.10-A). A cast brass are 8 in. by 2 in. and 1 in. thick, and was about these and their Indian connections. 3 1 cross, 2 /4 in. long and /8 in. thick, resembles recently reported as found outside of He suggests that, "All of these may have in all dimensions (except thickness) a Mon­ Delaware, Ohio. been articles thrown away by the whites

30 after using, but picked up and treasured by French prohibition) and production was Parkerson, C. the Indians." repugnant to all European colonial powers 1974 A Brief History of Bullet Moulds Whether there is a relationship to be who wished to continue their own mercan­ Nashville, TN: Pioneer Press Pub­ inferred between any of the New York Medals tilist trade venues at colonial expense. Sad to lishing Co., pp. 1,2,7,8. and those of the turtle mould, or the say that the historical record of commercial Despite its title, Parkerson's text is unmarked silver disc, must remain open to exchange, so important for understanding devoted to the evolution of firearms. question. Some of Beauchamp's larger Indian and colonist relationships, is too often If the reader follows the picture cap­ medals were cast in two pieces and had pro­ overshadowed by recounting the violence tions, a brief overview is produced of vision for suspension. Many of his specimens which was indeed to overwhelm Pickawillany early bullet mould types. were found on earlier sites than the ca. 1750 in 1752. Newman, G., Kravic, F beginning date posited for the moulds of this In preparing this article I've received signif­ 1975 Collector's Illustrated Encyclopedia of article. The Beauchamp dates are closer to icant assistance beyond that already the American Revolution, Texarkana, those of Hamilton which begin with ca. 1680. acknowledged. OAS members Jon TX: Rebel Publishing Co. p. 191. Quimby's (1966) "Late Historic Period for the Anspaugh, Stanley Baker, Jim Lightner, Larry Western Great Lakes," wherein silver and Poston and Greg Shipley all allowed me to Beauchamp, W. lesser metal imitations replace the trade pri­ study and have photographed pieces from 1903 Metallic Ornaments of the New York macy of glass beads is more comparable 8 their collections. The Mad River and Blue Indians, East Berlin, PA: Buffalo Enter­ with its beginning date of ca. 1760. Jacket Chapters graciously endured the slide prises (facsimile reprint), p. 14. The final mould being shown is as unique presentations. Numismatic authority Will as the turtle mould. Its of dense black slate Nipper furnished me with photography of his Hamilton, M. and has cavities for 3 buttons and 3 button McKee mould. Division secretary Tammy 1995 S/7ver in the Fur Trade, 1680-1820, eyes (Fig. 19). This is one side of a double Hunt continues to assist me with her clerical Chelmsford, MA: Martha Hamilton mould set. It was designed to fit into a 45 services even into my retirement. Publishing, p. 44. degree angled opposite half; to assure align­ Suffice it to say I'd be happy to see other ment small depression cavities are visible on examples of stone moulds that readers may Strohfeldt, T both ends to engage lobes of the opposing possess or to which they might direct me. 1983 What is known of Birney is detailed in, half (not known to have been recovered). Especially helpful would be any primary Thomas Birney: Frontiersman in the Remarkably the button face inletting is not source mention of stone mould usage. Capital, The Colonial Williamsburg flat. They are instead cut directly into the Finally, if anyone wishes to "bring me up to Interpreter, Mar. 1983, Vol. 4, No. 2, stone so that both halves must join slim 180 speed" on any of my interpretive efforts, pp. 1-3. degree cavities. I have no idea how these you'll be welcome. Given the paucity of evi­ button mould halves could have been inter­ dence beyond the surviving stone moulds Good, M. nally and symmetrically cut, let alone how the themselves, much of what I currently think 1972 Guebert Site: An Eighteenth Century two halves were engineered to be aligned. must be subject to additional data and better Historic Kaskaskia Indian Village in This singular piece is from Miami Co., Ohio. insight. Randolf County, Illinois, Tulsa: Central Visible on one end is the round identification States Archaeological Societies, Inc., label denoting the old Keifer Collection of References p. 91. Piqua, Ohio. Alvord, A. To be compared with the unique slate 1917 The Mississippi Valley in British Poli­ Quimby, G. mould are a pair of brass mid-Eighteenth tics, Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1966 Indian Culture and European Trade Century button moulds (Fig. 20). They are Vol. 1,p.223 Goods, Madison: University of Wis­ designed to cast two flat buttons of differing In the wake of the French and Indian consin Press, pp. 140-159. diameters (fc in. and S in.), and two semi-bul­ war (1755-63) the British Board of bous A in. forms which were perhaps to be Trade considered restricting Indian braised together into a single button. One of traders from selling "rum, swan shot, the four sprouts each service one cavity by and rifled barreled guns,..." first passing the moulton metal through a button eye mould. This process allowed the eyes to be cast integrally with the button faces. It is the eye forms of a similar brass mould which I suggest provided the model of inspiration for crafting the ingenious stone copy shown as Fig. 19. The designer/tool maker who crafted the slate mould actually managed to align one button face cavity with its eye; the other two eyes and button faces were left to be cast separately. This individual was a late, late Figure J stone age craftsman who helped create and prolong stone casting well into the heart of the Industrial Revolution. Surely the men and women who were producing and/or using the slate mould and the unusual quartz moulds in what became Miami County met with Thomas Birney and many other trader/ craftsmen at Pickawillany. The founding of this important trading town in 1747 brought together not only an exchange of merchan­ dise, but also an exchange of ideas. Such independent movement (against specific

31 Ill

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

32 Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

33 Figure 10 Figure 8 Figure 9

Figure 11

34 Figure 12

Figure 14

Figure 13

Figure 15

35 Figure 76

Figure 77

Figure 18

36 Figure 19

• <•: I :

Figure 20

AN INTERESTING FIND by Perry Fletcher 13835 King Rd. Bowling Green, Ohio 43402

This head from a popeyed birdstone ship, Wood County, Ohio. It is made of projections measure 'A inch across. was found last year in Middleton Town- banded slate and the toad-stool-like eye

Figure 7 (Fletcher) Two views of popeyed birdstone head.

37 THE SHUEY MOUND, CLARK COUNTY, OHIO by Robert W. Morris Department of Geology Wittenberg University Springfield, Ohio 45501

Introduction One of the most interesting features found mound center. An assortment of items were The focus of this article is the description, within the Shuey Mound was a fireplace or unearthed in the northeastern area as shown excavation, and contents of the Shuey Mound, altar located below the center of the mound in Figure 2. After excavation was completed in located in Moorefield Township, Clark County, (Figure 1). It consisted of a 6 to 8 inch thick that area, a new 5 foot trench was dug into Ohio. The bulk of the information presented layer of red clay (earth) which was generally the northwestern quarter (Figure 2) which here comes from a report entitled Explorations basin-shaped and which thinned out to zero resulted in no discoveries. Test holes were of the Shuey Mound, written in 1939 by Arthur at its periphery. The size of this fireplace was then dug in other portions of the northwestern R. Altick, then Secretary-Curator of the Clark 12 feet across (east-west) and at least 8 feet quarter which also yielded no results, thus no County Historical Society, Springfield, Ohio. (north-south), although the southern portion further efforts were expended in that area. The mound was situated on a ridge in a pas­ was never completely excavated. The bottom Prior to any excavation into the southern half 1 ture on the farm of Mr. Edwin L. Shuey. It was of this basin-shaped feature was 8 inches of the mound, 30 test holes ranging from 2 /2 an oval-shaped earthen structure which meas­ above the mound floor, while the edges of the to 3 feet deep were dug into the pebbly, ured 54 feet in an east-west direction, 48 feet in feature were elevated to about 18 inches brown clay below the base level of the mound a north-south direction, and stood 4% feet high. above the mound floor. The floor (base) of the in all areas which had been exposed to date. In 1936 or thereabouts, Mr. Shuey and a mound was a stiff brown clay intermixed with Nothing was found in the sub-base soil in any friend, Louis Bookwalter, dug into the mound pebbly gravel. The contents of the fireplace of the holes. to see if any artifacts were present. They were found to be mainly charred wood frag­ Careful troweling then began southward eventually dug a hole about 14 feet in diam­ ments, charcoal, and burned animal bones along the large central fireplace from the eter and 1 '/2 feet deep located slightly south­ which had been carbonized to a black color. A center of the large east-west trench and west of the mound center. After finding some layer of fine quartz sand (B) in Figure 1 which extended slightly east and west of the fire­ flint arrowheads, charcoal, and carbonized ranged from 2 to 4 inches in thickness overlay place into the southern part of the mound animal bones, they stopped digging so as not the top of the fireplace in the shape of a (Figure 2). Numerous fragments of charred to further disturb the mound such that a dome. Altick (1939) referred to this fireplace bone were found in the red clay stratum of the detailed scientific excavation could be made as "the Great Central Fireplace or Altar" and fireplace. Most were so fragmented it was not in the future. considered it to be one of the most significant possible for Altick and his colleagues to tell if features of the Shuey Mound. The location of they were animal or human bones. It was in In 1938, Mr. Shuey generously gave permis­ the central fireplace, trenches, and items sion to the Clark County Historical Society to this area that two cremated burials were encountered during excavation are illustrated unearthed. After discovery of the burials, no explore the mound. As field director for the in Figure 2. project, Arthur Altick organized a team of field further excavation of the southern half of the assistants which included Howard Clippinger Another interesting feature encountered mound took place and previously excavated and Woodrow Henthome, as well as Frank during excavation of the east-west trench was areas were filled in. Burdett and Edwin Shuey to serve as consult­ the presence of a hard, compacted layer of ants. In early August 1938, Clippinger and light gray clay, first noticed about 4 feet from Mound Burials Henthorne did the preliminary surveying and the eastern edge of the fireplace. The same During excavation into the center of the staking prior to the actual digging which type of feature also appeared about 4 feet southern portion of the mound, Altick and his began on August 22, 1938. Because the west of the western edge of the fireplace. crew discovered the first of two partially cre­ mound was located in a pasture containing a These two areas (strips) of compacted clay mated burials in the fireplace. Burial No. 1 large herd of Jersey cattle, Edwin Shuey were each about 3 feet wide and at about the was located 6 feet south of the mound center kindly erected a barb-wire fence around the same level within the mound. After completion and 1 k feet above the base level (Figure 2). It mound to prevent inquisitive cattle from tram­ of the east-west trench, a 5 foot wide trench consisted of upper and lower jaw-bones pling the excavation. Fourteen days were was excavated from the center into the embedded in red clay. The jaw-bones lay spent excavating the mound between August northern half of the mound. This trench upright with the chin pointing to the north­ 22 and September 26,1938. exposed the northern periphery of the central west. Two teeth were found nearby. The top of fireplace and its dimensions and also the the skull was gone and the majority of the Mound Exploration compacted clay layer north of the fireplace. bones were burned and in a very brittle, car­ The mound excavation began with a 5 foot Later further digging into the northeastern bonized condition. The rest of the cremated wide trench begun on the eastern edge of quarter of the mound also revealed this com­ skeletal remains lay near and to the northwest the mound and oriented due west nearly pacted layer. Altick (1939) and Clippinger of the jaw-bones and although some of the through the mound center. It was dug from interpreted this clay layer, which seems to bones remained unburned or partially burned, the base of the mound in a series of 3 to 6 encircle much of the fireplace, to have been most were so brittle and powdery they crum­ steps, each being about one foot high, grad­ compacted by the activities of the mound bled to the touch. ually excavating westward through the builders.... "as they danced around the cere­ Two feet east of Burial No. 1, a second par­ mound. The mound composition and internal monial flames of the fireplace." Figure 2 illus­ tially cremated burial, designated as Burial features can be seen in the east-west cross- trates the known location of this compacted No. 2, was discovered (Figure 2). The skull section, through the mound center (Figure 1), layer (stippled area), although its southern was laying on its side and facing the north­ drawn by Altick (1938). The bulk of the portion and the southern edge of the fireplace west. The top part of trie skull was car­ mound consisted of hard, compacted gray are not shown because that portion of the bonized, while the lower portion was not. soil, no doubt compacted to some degree by mound was never excavated. However, because the lower portion of the the grazing activity of the cattle over the skull was so delicate, no attempt was made to years. When completed, the east-west After completing the trench through the remove it from the reddish clay in which it was trench was 54 feet long and throughout the northern half of the mound, along which sev­ embedded. The rest of Burial No. 2 had either sandy gray soil of the trench were scattered eral items were discovered, digging began been consumed by fire or what remained was small pieces of charcoal. into the northeastern quarter beginning at the extremely deteriorated. Altick reports that

38 fragments of what appeared to be carbonized lying in a horizontal position with the tine (tip) center a large piece of decayed wood, labeled bark (or perhaps leather) were found over the pointing to the southwest. A second bison horn wood pocket (Figure 2) was found. It meas­ skull and other parts of the skeleton. These (Figures 3 and 4) was discovered immediately ured 13 inches in length, 3 inches in width and may have originally been placed there as a below the central fireplace laying horizontal with about lis inches thick. A deposit of car­ covering over the body. the tine pointing to the southeast (Figure 2). It bonized, cracked, hickory nuts embedded in In summary, the two human measures nearly 6 inches in length and has a white wood ash measuring about 2 feet in were performed in the southern part of the basal diameter of 2 inches. The surface of this diameter and 2 inches thick was unearthed in large central fireplace. Evidence seems to horn is somewhat eroded and pitted. If these the northeast quarter about 7 feet west of the indicate that wood had been piled below and horns are truly from an American bison (buffalo), mound center (Figure 2). The largest deposit above the bodies prior to burning because it suggests that these animals were not only of charred wood (charcoal) in the mound was fragments of charred wood were found both living in this region at the time this mound was found 5 feet southeast of the mound center above and below the skeletal remains. Due to being constructed, but also may have been uti­ and 18 inches above the mound base (Figure the unnatural positions of the remnants of the lized as a food resource by these people. 2). It measured 2 feet long, 6 inches wide, and skeletons and the chaotic arrangement of the During excavation, a total of 9 potsherds 2 inches thick. Because numerous small remaining bones, Altick (1939) interpreted that were recovered from several different parts of pieces of charcoal were commonly found the bodies probably dropped or settled into a the mound. Five were found in the central scattered throughout much of the earth com­ disorganized heap as the funeral burned. area, one in the northern trench, and 3 in the prising the mound, Altick believed they and A large deposit of charred wood (charcoal) northeastern quadrant (Figure 2). Eight of perhaps even the potsherds were present in was found slightly east of Burial No. 2 which these potsherds are illustrated (Figure 5) and or on the surrounding surface soil which was measured 2 feet in length, 6 inches in width, all except one range from 1 to 2 inches scraped up and used to construct the mound. and about 2 inches in thickness. It may have across. The largest measured 4 inches across, Additional Artifacts been involved in the cremations. Sixteen frag­ to inch in thickness, and has a carbonized stained area on the inside. All the potsherds Existing records regarding some Shuey arti­ ments of unburned human skull were facts are somewhat uncertain. Several inter­ unearthed 2 feet from this charcoal deposit are rather similar in being reddish tan to red­ dish brown in color and having a clay body esting artifacts were found in the area and 2 feet above the base level of the mound. adjacent to the mound and others perhaps A carbonized outline of a jawbone in a mass tempered with a coarse, granulated grit domi­ nated by quartz and dark FeMg silicate min­ within the mound itself. A two inch bifacial of burned clay and charcoal was found south­ scraper of Delaware chert (Figure 7) and the east of the mound center. The small size of erals. The purpose of adding temper to the clay is to inhibit shrinkage and cracking of the anterior end (bit) of a broken celt (not figured) the jaw and teeth suggested to Altick it might were found on a knoll southwest of the have been that of a child, but it was so poorly clay pot as it dries before and during the firing process, as well as adding some degree of mound. A blade of translucent Flint preserved that identification was impossible. toughness and shock resistance to the pottery Ridge chalcedony with a graver-like tip at one Artifact Contents of the Shuey Mound (Jennings, 1989). The interior and exterior sur­ end, measuring 2A inches in length, as well as The floor plan of the mound drawn by Altick faces on most potsherds are mainly smooth, two broken projectile points and the end of a (Figure 2) not only illustrates the main features although a few have somewhat eroded sur­ small uniface bladelet (Figure 7) are also of the mound interior (i.e. central fireplace, faces. Only one potsherd (not figured) has attributed to the Shuey Mound site. compacted layer. . .) and the positions of the exterior decoration consisting of two incised Three excellent points or knives believed to excavated trenches, but also the locations of vertical fines about Yi inch in width, spaced A have been found in the vicinity of the Shuey artifacts and other materials found within the inch apart. Mound are illustrated in Figure 8. One is a mound. Several of the most interesting items large un-notched blade or knife of tan-brown recovered were illustrated by Altick as fine Other items found within the mound include Delaware chert measuring 4 inches long and drawings (Figure 3) and are photographed in four small clay objects from either in or near 1% inches wide. The tip is slightly reworked the central fireplace (Figure 6). Two are four- the same positions (Figure 4). The best stone 3 and the base slightly ground. Another is a large tool found was recorded by Altick as a stone sided rectangular forms, 1 A to 1'/> inches in Adena-like stemmed point or knife made of length and one inch wide. One is a tiny clay celt (Figures 3 and 4). It was found in the 3 gray Flint Ridge flint. It measures nearly 4 north-south trench 4 feet from the northern pot, 1/2 inches in diameter and A inch deep. inches in length and the blade edges show the edge of the mound and 4 inches above the Another is a clay disc about one inch in diam­ effects of use and wear. The third is a nearly base level. It is actually a stone having a eter and y« inch thick. All are made of the 3'/2 inch Meadowood-type point of tan nearly flat basal surface and a convex upper same clay which comprises the central fire­ Delaware chert (Figure 8). It has 2 notches surface. The adze measures 5 inches in length place. Also illustrated (Figure 6) are four cylin­ near the base, however the base is not and 2Vs inches in maximum width. The surface drical earthen objects which Altick (1939) ground. Altick (1939) does not mention these is finely peck-marked with a smoothly ground interpreted to be casts of root molds. These three points in his report of the Shuey Mound are irregular, semi-rough surface forms which bit which is somewhat nicked from prehistoric 3/ excavation, thus they probably did not come use. The lithic composition of the adze is a range from 4 to 1 inch in diameter and are up from the mound unless they were collected at greenish-gray, finely textured metaquartzite. to 3': inches in length. Altick believed these an earlier time, possibly during Edwin Shuey's Two lithic items found in the northeastern por­ objects formed where roots of trees or bushes preliminary excavation. Since Altick, Edwin tion of the mound are a pink flint knife and a had formed molds within the earth of the Shuey and other members of the excavation thumbnail scraper (Figures 3 and 4). The leaf- mound. When the organic, woody material of team are now deceased, it is not possible to shaped, pink chert (flint) knife is 2'/: inches the root had decayed and left behind an verify the derivation of these points. They long, 1 inch wide and has a rounded (stem) empty cylindrical cavity, then earthen material either came from the general area of the Shuey base at one end. It most likely was made from could infill the cavity (mold) and harden to Mound or may have come from the mound heat-treated chert. The small thumbnail form these root casts. A number of these root itself. scraper, roughly pentagonal in shape, was casts were evidently found within the mound. made from a flake of Delaware chert and Additional contents of the mound were var­ Summary measures % of an inch across. ious pieces of charred wood, charred animal In 1939, Altick interpreted the Shuey Mound bones, and fragments of unburned wood. For to be a small mound constructed by a poorly Two of the most interesting objects found example, three feet west of the mound center, defined offshoot from the richer Hopewell cul­ within the mound are the horns of what Altick 46 small fragments of charred animal bones ture, centered in the more extreme southern believed to be a young American bison (buffalo). along with a skull fragment were found in the portions of the state. He mentions that... "the The first horn discovered measured 5% inches fireplace (Figure 2). Nearby a 6 by 2'A inch builders of the Shuey Mound" might be classi­ long with the diameter of the base being 1 Y» piece of charred wood was discovered. Two fied as . . . "poor cousins of their more pros­ inches. It was found at the base level of the E- feet north and slightly east of the mound perous relatives." Part of his reasoning is W trench, 10 feet east of the mound center,

39 probably due to the lack of classic objects Adena burial" and that . . . "total torical Society, for permission to study the arti­ which are frequently found in Hopewell occurred in clay-lined basins." He also men­ facts and reports related to the Shuey Mound. mounds. However, I am not certain what spe­ tions that sometimes the dead were laid out in These materials are catalogued and filed in the cific information led Altick to consider the large, log-lined pits or.. ."simply in a clay-lined collections of the Clark County Historical Shuey Mound to be Hopewell. It seems to me basin with only some charred or calcined Society, Heritage Center, Springfield, Ohio. The one can make a strong case that the Shuey human bones remaining to attest a crematory author also thanks Kasey Eichensehr, Archivist Mound may have been constructed by people site." The basin-shaped, clay-lined central fire­ at the CCHS, for locating and making available of the Adena culture. Several lines of reasoning place found within the center of the Shuey pertinent materials from the collections and can be used to support this interpretation: Mound which contained burned and charred Archives. The author also thanks the Shuey (1) The Shuey Mound lacks any distinctive human bones representing at least two cre­ family for contributing information regarding the Hopewell artifacts, such as cores, projectile mated burials seems to fit Jennings description present status of the Shuey Mound. points and bladelets, as well as any of the quite well. References exotic materials (i.e. copper, obsidian, mus- In conclusion, based on the above informa­ Altick, Arthur R. covite mica, and marine molluscan shell tion, it seems likely that the Shuey Mound may material) which are often associated with have been a small Adena burial mound. What is 1939 Explorations of the Shuey Mound. Hopewell mounds. the status of the mound today? According to Escalade, August: 30-39 (a magazine (2) Two artifacts found within the mound, the the Shuey family, whatever was visible of the published by the Springfield Writers pink chert knife and the stone celt (adze), mound after Altick's 1939 excavation and Club). resemble and may well be Adena tools. The refilling of the trenched areas, has been largely Converse, Robert N. pink knife has a rounded stem base which is obliterated by farming practices over the past 1973 Ohio Stone Tools (Revised). Special typical of many Adena flint pieces, thus may be 65 years. Today the former mound area is Publication of the Archaeological a small Adena knife. The stone celt is very sim­ reportedly a flat hay field. It appears that the Society of Ohio. ilar in shape and form to the larger Adena celt Shuey Mound has suffered the same fate as illustrated by Converse (1973, p. 32), but has a dozens of former mounds across Ohio which Hothem, Lar flat underside typical of an adze. Converse have been plowed into oblivion over the years. 1989 Indian Axes and Related Stone Arti­ mentions that celts of this type often have an Finally, from an archaeological standpoint, we facts. Collector Books, Paducah, Ken­ "adze-like treatment." The Adena adzes illus­ are indebted to Edwin Shuey who allowed the tucky. trated by Converse (1973) have narrower mound to be studied and to Arthur Altick and Jennings, Jesse D. tapered polls than this adze, which is less his colleagues from the Clark County Historical 1989 Prehistory of North America, 3rd Edi­ tapered and more ovate. Hothem (1989) illus­ Society who carefully excavated the mound in tion, Mayfield Publishing Company, trates several Adena adzes similar to this one, 1938 and recorded its details and contents. Mountain View, California. especially one from Hancock County, Ohio and Without their efforts there would be no record of another from near Portland, Indiana. the Shuey Mound and its history known today. (3) The Shuey Mound contained two cre­ mated burials in a basin-like, central fireplace Acknowledgements made of clay. Jennings (1989) states that . . . The author sincerely thanks Virginia L. Wey- "cremation was the most common form of gandt, Senior Curator of the Clark County His­

SCALE 1/8" - 1 Foot.

Tigl. fwH/re iA'Dco flStiSS '•»<,, FIELD EXPLORATIONS BY - THE CLARK COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, 1938 STRATIFICATION - CROSS-SECTION - SHUEY MOUND, MO0REFIELD TOWNSHIP, CLARK COUNTY, OHIO.

FIELD DIRECTOR - Arthur R. Altick. ASSISTANTS - Howard G. Clippinger, •POlSliAR&S \ & Woodrow Henthorne. CONSULTANTS - F. G. Burdett & Edwin L. Shuey. tUi/Ke PQTSH4RQ \ Scale Drawing - Cross-section of Passage - North Wall - Mound Center S'SOK Ho/fA/ % HORIZONTAL 1/4 inch - 2 Feat. VERTICAL 1/4 inch - 1 Foot. •f*UH7CH>P ~Wi FmcnenTS Met pfpos/r or

(A) T/ff/VC/f '"'•••T*'', CM£MAT££>6»m4l. ojjr^i C/imAT£l> ei">lfL

(A) LIGHT GRAY TOP SOIL. (B) DOME-SHAPED STRATUM OF SAND OVER FIRE-PLACE. (C) RED EATH OF FIRE-PLACE, CHARRED BONES AND CHARCOAL. (D) SANDY GRAY LOAM. (E) SUB-BASE OF MOUND, STIFF, PEBBLY, BROWN CLAY. Figure 1 (Morris) East-west cross-section through the Shuey Mound illustrating the internal stratification and composition. Drawn by Arthur Altick in 1938. »y 1 1 «» ll'l"*" '

Figure 2 (Morris) Map view of the Shuey Mound showing the location of the main internal features, trenches, and items unearthed during excava­ tion. Drawn by Arthur Altick in 1938.

40 Flint Scraoer IS. 1-1.) Stone Celt. (S. 1-1.) AAnwB £ urn.*- Itlt Figure 3 (Morris) Pen and ink drawings of important artifacts found with­ in the Shuey Mound, drawn by Arthur Altick in 1938. Figure 4 (Morris) Photograph of the identical artifacts illustrated by Altick in Figure 3. Pink flint knife and bison horn (top row); thumbnail scraper and stone adze/celt (bottom row). The adze is 5 inches in length.

Figure 5 (Morris) Eight potsherds found within the Shuey Mound. Note the Figure 6 (Morris) Four small clay objects found within the Shuey Mound coarse grit temper visible on the interior surface of the large potsherd (top row); four earthen casts of root molds from the mound interior (bot- which measures 4 inches across. torn row).

Figure 7 (Morris) Flint artifacts from the Shuey Mound site. Uniface scraper Figure 8 (Morris) Adena stemmed point of Flint Ridge flint (left); large 4 (knife) with graverspur made of translucent Flint Ridge flint (extreme left); inch blade of Delaware chert (center); Meadowood-like point of bifacial scraper of Delaware chert (extreme right). Delaware chert (right). All from the vicinity of the Shuey Mound site.

41 DOVETAILS FROM THE TOM McADAMS COLLECTION by Tom McAdams Columbus Grove, Ohio

Shown are six Dovetails from my collec- Darke Co., Allen Co. - Bottom - Hardin tion. Left to right from top - Delaware Co., Co., Putnam Co., Franklin Co.

42 RECENTLY OBTAINED ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETER RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE LOWER SCIOTO DRAINAGE by Jonathan E. Bowen

Since the year 2000, a total of 17 radiocar­ River terrace south of Chillicothe. It was isotope ratio suggests that this 10th century bon dates have been obtained through the apparently excavated at least a century ago, person ate little if any corn. courtesy of four members of the Mound City by persons unknown. However, the very Hamess-3 - This flexed skeleton of an chapter of the Archaeological Society of Ohio. fragmentary remains of two males were older adult male was buried upstream from Chapter members Gary Argabright, Jack Eley, subsequently plowed out of its remnant. the Harness-24 individual. It was accompa­ Robert L. Harness, Jr., the late Alva McGraw, This assay suggests that Adena-style cra­ nied by a tool kit that included a side-notched and Gerald Parker each provided one or more nial deformation was being practiced in the triangular knife, beaver-incisor chisel, celts, of the samples. Alva McGraw made it possi­ area by about 500 B.C. and sandstone abraders. I think that it may be ble for the assays to be performed. Because Harness-10 Mound - This mound was also a bow-and-arrow making kit. The stable car­ each of the available samples was very small located on a Scioto River terrace on Harness bon isotope ratio suggests that this person, in size, the radiocarbon dates had to be run Farms. Excavated in the early 1960's, it con­ who apparently died around A.D. 1000, did using the accelerator mass spectrometer tained evidence that cremations had taken not consume a significant amount of corn. method, which actually counts the individual place at the site. An Adena Stemmed point, The assays from the Harness-24 and the atoms. Only one of the samples consisted of as well as the redeposited cremations of three Hamess-3 individuals support Simon's (2000) charcoal, the remainder were bits of bone, individuals were recovered. The charcoal, hypothesis that intensive corn cultivation from which the collagen was extracted for which dates to about 300 B.C., was associat­ came relatively late to areas in which native analysis. All of the samples were recovered ed with one of the cremations. cultigens were already important, such as the from loci in Ross County, Ohio, with the Caldwell Mound (Anonymous 1950) - This Ross County area. exception of the one from the Feurt village site mound was situated on a high terrace of the Gartner (Mills 1904) - This date supports a in Scioto County. Scioto River at the mouth of Salt Creek, near very late 13th century placement for this mid­ It is now known that the amount of carbon- Richmondale in southern Ross County. dle Baum phase Fort Ancient village site, 14 in the environment has not been constant Excavations by members of the Ross County located along the Scioto River north of through time. Because of that, it is necessary Historical Society in 1946 uncovered a log Chillicothe. It was excavated by Gerald Parker to calibrate radiocarbon dates when convert­ tomb. The extended skeleton of a young adult in the 1980's from a pit feature containing ing them into calendar years (Stuiver and buried in that tomb was wearing a copper and both grit-tempered and shell-tempered pot­ Reimer 1993). Also, some of the fluctuations mica head dress. The mound also contained tery. The date is only slightly earlier than two of carbon-14 through time make it virtually a large Ross Barbed point of western Illinois- 14th century dates which were subsequently impossible to date samples from some peri­ eastern Iowa Burlington-like chert. Collagen obtained by Hart ef al (2002). ods with much precision. Unfortunately, two from the body with the head dress dated to Baum (Mills 1906) - This assay is consistent of these periods include middle to late the first millennium A.D. with a 14th century occupation for this middle Hopewell times (A.D. 250-400) and much of Harness A (Coughlin and Seeman 1997) - to late Baum phase Fort Ancient village site in the early to middle Fort Ancient period (A.D. This sample came from a flexed, non-mound, the Paint Creek Valley near Bourneville. Jack 1290-1410). adult burial near the eastern edge of the Eley and I excavated the sample in the late The calibrated results of these radiocarbon Harness A late Hopewell settlement. The site 1980's from a remnant in the area dates are presented at the 1-sigma confi­ is on a Scioto River terrace on Harness Farms. south of the mound that also contained a grit- dence level. What this means is that, if the The date is consistent with late Hopewell. tempered guillouche rinsherd. same sample were again assayed by the Bourneville Mound (McBeth 1960, Porter Caldwell (Prufer 1967) - This assay is con­ same laboratory, there is a two-thirds chance and McBeth 1960) - The Hopewellian sistent with a 14th century occupation of this that the result would once again fall into that Bourneville Mound, located in the Paint Creek Feurt phase Fort Ancient village site at the range. The stable carbon isotope (13C/12C) Valley near Bourneville, was severely dam­ confluence of Salt Creek with the Scioto River, ratios are useful to enhance the precision of aged during the widening of US Route 50. near Richmondale in southern Ross County. radiocarbon dates. Also, the values of these Both samples are from the same burial exca­ In 1959 Alva McGraw excavated the sample samples show that none of the humans vated by Alva McGraw from the small rem­ from a pit feature that also contained both grit whose bones provided collagen for dating nant of the mound. The assays are consistent and shell tempered ceramics. were eating any significant amount of corn. with Ruhl's (1992) hypothesis that Type 6-9 Feurt (Mills 1917) -This result is consistent Station Prairie (Prufer 1967) - This assay copper earspools were produced fairly late in with a 14th century occupation of this Feurt suggests that this Late Archaic settlement Hopewell times. phase Fort Ancient Village site, located along which yielded flexed burials, faunal remains, Harness-28 (Seeman and Dancey 2000) - the Scioto River north of Portsmouth, in and chippage, but no diagnostic artifacts, The Harness-28 early Late Woodland settle­ Scioto County. Excavated by Stan Copeland was occupied about the middle of the 2nd ment is situated on a high terrace overlooking in the 1930's, and subsequently given to Alva millennium B.C. It is located behind Alva the Scioto River on Harness Farms, south of McGraw, no specific association is available McGraw's residence in the bottomland near Chillicothe. The assay is consistent with the for this sample. the confluence of Paint Creek with the Scioto hypothesis that this occupation occurred Morrsion (Prufer and Andors 1967) - The River at the eastern edge of Chillicothe. around the end of the 7th century A.D. This results of these assays suggest that this "The Mound" (Prufer 1967) - This assay sample is from a pit feature at the down­ northemmmost of the Madisonville phase suggests that the flexed burials without non- stream edge of the site. The feature contained Fort Ancient village sites along the Scioto perishable that were placed in the bones of mostly deer, with as well as chip- River was occupied during the first half of the large, mound-like erosional remnant page and typical early Late Woodland pottery. the 16th century. This site is located at the behind Alva McGraw's residence, overlooking It was excavated by members of the Mound mouth of Salt Creek, near Richmondale. Station Prairie, were placed there early in the City chapter in the late 1980's. These samples, excavated by Alva McGraw, first millennium B.C. Hamess-24 - This flexed skeleton of an may not be from the Morrison site proper, Harness C Mound - This mound was adult is from the bottomland of the Scioto but they are from the same Madisonville located on Harness Farms, on a Scioto River on Harness Farms. The stable carbon phase settlement complex.

43 Bibliography 1906 Explorations of the Baum Prehis­ Hopewell Sites. Midcontinental Anonymous toric Village Site. Ohio Archaeolog­ Journal of Archaeology 17(1): 46-79. 1950 Hopewell Culture Mound Explo­ ical and Historical Society ration by Ross County Historical Publications 15: 45-136. Seeman. Mark R, and William S. Dancey Society: 1946. Ohio Indian Relic 1917 The Feurt Mounds and Village Site. 2000 The Late Woodland Period in Collectors Society Bulletin 23: 7-9. Ohio State Archaeological and His­ Southern Ohio: Basic Issues and torical Quarterly 26: 305-449. Prospects. In: Lafe Woodland Soci­ Coughlin, Sean, and Mark F. Seeman eties: Tradition and Transformation Across the Midcontinent, ed. by T.E. 1997 Hopewell Settlements at the Liberty Porter, Tom, and Donald McBeth Emerson, D.L McElrath, and A.C. Earthworks, Ross County, Ohio. In: 1960 An Additional Note on the Fortier. pp. 583-611. University of Ohio Hopewell Community Organi­ Bourneville Mound. Ohio Archaeol- zation, ed. by W.S. Dancey and P.J. Nebraska Press, Lincoln. ogist 10(4): 112-115. Pacheco. pp. 231-250. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio. Prufer, Olaf H. Simon, Mary L. 1967 The Scioto Valley Archaeological 2000 Regional Variations in Plant Use Hart, John P., David L. Asch, C. Margaret Survey. In: Studies in Ohio Archae­ Strategies in the Midwest During the Scarry, and Gary W. Crawford ology, ed. by O.H. Prufer and D.H. Late Woodland. In: Late Woodland 2002 The Age of the Common Bean McKenzie, pp. 267-328. The Press Societies: Tradition and Transforma­ (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the Northern of Western Reserve University, tion Across the Midcontinent, ed. by Eastern Woodlands of North Cleveland, Ohio. T.E. Emerson, D.L. McElrath, and America. Antiquity 76: 377-385. A.C. Fortier. pp. 37-75. University of Prufer, Olaf H., and Ellen Andors Nebraska Press, Lincoln. McBeth, Donald 1967 The Morrison Village Site (33Ro-3): 1960 Bourneville Mound, Ross County, A Terminal Prehistoric Site in Ross Stuiver, Minze, and Paula J. Reimer Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 10(1): 12- County, Ohio. In: Studies in Ohio 1993 Extended 14C Data Base and 14. Archaeology, ed. by O.H. Prufer and Revised Calib 3.0 14C Age Calibra­ D.H. McKenzie. pp. 187-229. The tion Program. Radiocarbon 35: 215- Mills, William C. Press of Western Reserve Univer­ 230. 1904 Explorations of the Gartner Mound sity, Cleveland, Ohio. and Village Site. Ohio Archaeolog­ ical and Historical Society Publica­ Ruhl, Katharine C. tions 13:129-189. 1992 Copper Earspools from Ohio

Locality Material Lab Number 13C/12C 14C Age Calibration Station deer Beta-168287 -22.4 3230+/-50 1530-1440 BC Prairie The Mound human female Beta-168572 -20.3 2760+/-40 930-840 BC Harness C human male Beta-155998 -20.7 2520+/-40 790-500 BC Mound Harness-10 wood charcoal Beta-157552 -23.6 2250+/-50 385-210 BC Mound Caldwell human Beta-151922 -20.4 1950+/-40 AD 20-90 Mound Harness A human Beta-161367 -20.6 1720+/-40 AD250-390 Bourneville human Beta-155997 -20.8 1730+/-40 AD 250-380 Mound Bourneville human Beta-164113 -20.8 1770+/-40 AD 230-330 Mound Harness-28 deer Beta-176182 -22.0 1260+/-40 AD 690-790 Harness-24 human Beta-175149 -20.9 1030+/-40 AD 880-1010 Harness-3 human male Beta-146653 -21.6 1020+/-40 AD 990-1030 Gartner deer Beta-187514 -21.7 710+/-40 AD 1270-1300 Baum deer Beta-168702 -22.7 630+/-40 AD 1300-1400 Caldwell deer Beta-147052 -20.8 620+/-40 AD 1300-1400 Feurt deer Beta-168703 -21.5 620+/- 40 AD 1300-1400 Morrison deer Beta-168573 -21.6 310+/-40 AD 1470-1660 Morrison deer Beta-187662 -22.4 280+/-40 AD 1530-1560 Table 1. Recently Obtained Radiocarbon Dates from the Lower Scioto Drainage.

44 A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF POSSIBLY INTENTIONALLY BROKEN SQUARE KNIVES AND BIFACIAL SCRAPERS by Michael A. Fath 16113 Rapids Rd., Burton, Ohio

Introduction: Table 2 summarizes individual data for the square knives Figure 9 illustrates the relationship between chord In his book "The Archaeology of Ohio" (Converse, including the averages and standard deviations of these length and resulting segment lengths for these circular or 2003), Bob Converse again reminds us of the scarcity of measurements. A coefficient of variation is calculated oval shaped scrapers. A correlation coefficient of 0.632 square knives at sites containing Palaeo material. Nev­ for each artifact dimension by dividing the standard devi­ was calculated, and while significant, it is not as robust ertheless, one previously reported Knox County, Ohio ation by the average. This is a good measurement of the as the correlation seen with the square knives. Therefore, site (Fath, 2004). has so far yielded 28 square knives, all variability of a series of data, and it clearly shows the it cannot be stated with the same degree of certainty damaged. Because of their frequency here, the original close relationship between width and length for the eight that the locations of the breaks are intentional. intent of this article was only to report on the unusual selected square knives. Table 3 presents similar data for As was the case with square knives, the relationship abundance of these artifacts at a single site. the bifacial scrapers. between scraper thickness and other measurements was However, closer examination of 26 of these knives Each graph displays data for the measurements being conclusively not significant with an R; value of 0.1336 (figure 1) seems to show that eight of them appear to compared and a statistically calculated "correlation (figure 10). Finally, we again see in figure 11 that choice of be intentionally broken. These are shown below the coefficient, R! value is reported. This value varies from flint material is not correlated to the size of the scraper ruler in the figure. Note: the two artifacts not reported zero (no correlation) to 1.0 (perfect correlation). A "best fit with R2 = 0.0201; however Upper Mercer flint is again the here are on public display and currently unavailable for line" which is derived from the statistical data is also preferred material (figure 12). This is consistent with the analysis. The clean breaks on the eight knives exhibit shown. Finally, regression analysis were also performed findings for the square knives. characteristics similar to those described for early to determine the likelihood that a statistically significant Summary archaic unfractured fractured base projectile points, i.e. relationship exists for each correlation. The following Twenty eight Palaeo square knives have been recov­ "the base is thin and well ground" (Converse, 1994). summarizes these analysis. ered from a single site in Knox County. Ohio. The large Furthermore, they seem to be broken in a manner such All 26 Square Knives: quantity of these scarce tools suggests that a relatively that their length is directly proportional to their width. Figure 3 shows that a poor relationship exists large Palaeo population could have occupied this site. The remaining 18 knives exhibit jagged breaks as to be between a square knife's thickness and its width with Eight of the square knives exhibit unusually consistent expected from farm implement damage. an R! correlation coefficient of only 0.2316. This breakage patterns, not expected from random farm Rather than to merely speculate about this appears to be counterintuitive to conventional implement breakage. Statistical analysis were performed width/length relationship, it was decided to analyze wisdom, since it would be logical to expect that to test the hypothesis that this breakage pattern is not the dimensions of the artifacts statistically. The pur­ smaller square knives would generally be thinner. This accidental. Based on these mathematical results, and pose of this analysis, then, is to mathematically deter­ was not generally the case here. the nature of the breaks themselves, it appears that mine if the likelihood that the broken length vs. width Furthermore, the relationship between the size of a these eight uniformly shaped square knives were inten­ relationship is accidental or not. A second statistical square knife, as measured by its width and the flint mate­ tionally broken. analysis was conducted to ascertain if any significant rial from which it is made is surprisingly poor (figure 4). Upper Mercer and Nellie flints were the most common relationships exist between the thickness of each Basically, it is a scatter diagram with an R; value of only materials used to manufacture these artifacts. However, a artifact and its other dimensions. 0.0407. This suggests that prehistoric people either had poor correlation exists between square knife size and flint The final statistical analysis performed was an no preference of material as a function of artifact size. material used. Apparently no one material or another was attempt to determine if material selection, or flint type, is However, figure 5 shows that Nellie and Upper Mercer preferred based on artifact size. significantly related to artifact size. Flint type for each flints were the preferred square knife materials at this site A group of 15 bifacial scrapers also exhibit unusually artifact was established from photographs and descnp- regardless of their size. consistent breakage patterns. Statistical analysis of tions provided by Converse (Converse. 2003). The var­ Selected 8 Square Knives: measurements taken on these scrapers show that the ious flints were randomly assigned a number, and this These similar looking 8 square knives exhibit an pattern is not as consistent as the case with the square numerical code was compared statistically to artifact unusual and consistent breakage pattern reminiscent of knives. However, the pattern is still statistically significant. dimensions. The thought was that maybe certain flint intentionally broken bases seen on some early archaic Again, Upper Mercer flint was preferred for the group but types might be preferred over others depending upon unfractured fractured base projectile points. Figure 6 there is no relationship between material selection and the size of the artifact. clearly shows the excellent correlation between these arti­ artifact size. : A second, unrelated group of artifacts also exhibit facts' width and their length. The R value of 0.8889 indi­ These statistical techniques unequivalently measure unusual breakage patterns (figure 2). These 15 nearly cir­ cates a greater than 99% chance that this is fVOT a the degree of relationship of one variable to another, but cular or oval bifacial scrapers are broken in such a wav random or accidental occurrence. Of course, it is not pos­ they do not guarantee cause and effect. Therefore, one that the chord (C) appears to be directly proportional to sible to determine if the breakage occurred during the cannot state for certain that the artifacts were intention­ the remaining segment (S). Palaeo period or if the artifacts were repaired and used at ally broken according to some kind of prehistoric criteria, a later time. What does seem to be clear is that the breaks but. statistically, it sure looks that way. are intentional, and not due to farm implement damage. Put another way. if the breaks are due to farming, the References Sited plows must have been equipped with calipers! Converse, Robert N. 2003 The Archaeology of Ohio, The Archaeological In contrast to this excellent correlation, the width to Society of Ohio, thickness correlation coefficient of these 8 artifacts is only Columbus. Ohio. 0.428 (figure 7). Although this is statistically significant at a Fath, Michael A. e lower confidence level, it is not sufficient to predict one As seen with the case with the square knives, the 2003 More Palaeo-American Evidence in Knox breaks on these scrapers are also similar to those value from the other. Finally, the relationship between flint County, Ohio, Ohio Archaeologist Vol. 53, No. 1, exhibited by unfractured fractured base projectile material selected and artifact size (width) is nonexistent at pp.36. points. A second series of statistical analysis were a correlation coefficient of 0.0208-basically a shotgun pat­ Converse. Robert N. conducted to determine the significance of: tern (figure 8). 1994 Ohio Flint Types, The Archaeological Society of (1) The chord length to segment length relationship Bifacial Scrappers: Ohio. Columbus. Ohio. pp. 54. (2) Scraper thickness to segment length A group of 15 bifacial scrapers also display unusually (3) Flint material selection to segment length consistent breakage patterns. Statistical analysis of the Ibid, pp. 168-209. Results and Conclusions: dimensional measurements and the flint types for these Results of these analysis are summarized in the artifacts were conducted to determine if any significant accompanying tables and graphs. Table 1 assigns a code patterns can be ascertained. number for each flint type to facilitate statistical analysis. 45 Figure 2 (Fath) Bifacial scrapers.

Figure 3 AM Square Knives Analysis-Width vs. Thickness

IO I 10 Figure 1 (Fath) Square knives originals. * 100

Table 1 Flint Type*

Flnt Ridge Flnt Ridge Chalcedony Flint Ridge Mothers Upper Mercer/Coshocton B Coehoeftyi Gray Figure 4 AH Square Knives Analysis-Width vs. Flint Material

Logan Chert Indiana Horrtstone

R*» 0.0407 • • • 1 • « ( —-r*r* "^ Broken Square Knife WWh ThickneN FentType Broken length Ratio !• • • Analysis

6 32 0 96

Table 3

3.S1 0.91 Bifacial Scraper J**™*. Chord Artifact Flint Ratio 256 OM 4 24 099 Dimensions and Length length TMcfcneM Type Chord/ 35fl 0.60 Flint Type Analysis cm. cm. cm. Code Segment 3.30 1 24 4 67 0 tt«i 183 305 064 167 ^90 064 206 368 107 7t 1.79 2.76 0.76 1.17 2.20 3.76 0H4 164 3 63 o rj<> 236 4.04 1-22 2 1.71 4 24 1.3S 241 3 96 ojg 4 164 4 29 0(19 2S9 4.27 0.79 1.65 081 3.71 2.72 4?4 0.09 3 1.56 3.73 0 9ft 2 79 4 14 1 19 7 148 4.S2 140 3.07 4.27 1.63 3 139 3.10 5 13 155 1.66 ire Knives 312 4 70 124 ISO Average 4.1S 1.03 315 4.00 1.04 3 1 30 Standard Deviation MB 0» 3.26 4 37 0 79 4 1 33 20 4V %Coeff OfVanatnn 27 6% 3 33 4.10 1.50 6 126 3.56 4.70 0.94 7 1.31 Square Knives Average 099 4.02 1.16 Average 2.78 4.17 MB 1.S3 Standard Deviatkm UM 032 Standard Deviation 0.61 0.46 0 JO 0.17 %Coefl Of Variation 9 3% 33 M .«* % Coefficient of Variation 1H4% HJW 27 9% 11.2%

46 Figure 5 Square Knife Flint Type Distribution Figure 9 Scraper Analysis-Segment Length vs. Chord Length

R2 * 0.6321 I I I I .

'/ ' '// /

600 050 100 IN 100 2 30 let At Flint Type Segment Length-cm

Figure 10 Scraper Analysis-Segment Length vs.Thickness Figure 6 Selected Square Knives Analysis-Broken Length vs. Width • • •» X 0.1336 • no

• r^ '20 • * i • • • * 1 • • ) an • :eo

:4C '

0.00 CSC 2.00 1*9 &00 M0 400 450 101 ooc 0.00 080 1JX 1.80 100 2.80 J 00 3 SO 4 ( Width-cm. Segment Length-cm.

Figure 7 Select Square Knives Analysis-Width vs. Thickness Figure 11 Scraper Analysis-Segment Length vs. Flint Type

R2-0.0201

1 ___--;— "* i

000 030 • X ISO 200 ISO 100 1SG 400 460 SOS Width-cm. DC 0 30 100 196 UO UO MO MO 400 Segment Length-cm.

Figure 8 Select Square Knives Analysis-Width vs. Flint Type Figure 12 Bifacial Scraper Flint Type Distribution

• •

R2-0.0206

> t- •

Upper Men» DeliwwIeI Flint Ridge Flint Ridge :x 660 106 is IK 230 300 MB 460 4R) S00 Netnem Chelcedony WWth-cm. Flint Type

47 TWO BIRDSTONES by Bartt Elliott West Mansfield, Ohio

In 1987 I found the salvaged birdstone in front of the tail. This was done to make shown in Figure 1. It is made of banded a new attachment hole. A portion of the slate and was salvaged as evidenced by back has been hollowed out to accom­ the engraving on the tail. Engraving or modate this repair. This style of birdstone tally-marking was often done on salvaged has been called a "chunky" type, having a pieces of slate. wider and more massive body than the The second birdstone shown in Figure more often seen bar type birdstones. 2 was found on May 22, 1988. As can be Both birdstones are from Union seen in the photo, there is a drill hole just County, Ohio.

Figure 1 (Elliott) Salvaged birdstone. Engraving can be Figure 2 (Elliott) "Chunky" style birdstone. Repair seen on tail portion. hole is just in front of tail.

A GEORGIA TEKTITE WORKED INTO A CLOVIS TYPE ARROW POINT by Hal Povenmire, Florida Institute of Technology, 215 Osage Drive, Indian Harbour Beach, FL 32937 and Charles L. Cathers, 704 Prairie Street, Greenfield, Illinois 62044 The area of the Georgia tektite strewn long flute, 35mm on one side. The other field is approximately 8000 square miles side has a possible thinning flake which is covering as least 18 counties in east cen­ off center. It is in excellent condition but tral Georgia. These fall along the Eocene- shows normal weathering. The surface Oligicene boundary. Only about 2000 shows a slightly hazy patina. Georgia tektites are known and only The Clovis and Midland cultures were about 8 of these have shown any sign of present in Georgia from approximately being worked by Paleo cultures. 9000 -11,700 years ago. In February 2004, the first author was In the future, this specimen may be alerted to a unique Clovis type arrow analyzed by electron microprobe to deter­ point. It was originally found by Marie mine the exact composition. Johnston of Eastman, GA. The exact find site is not known but is thought to be near References Bulloch County approximately 50 miles 2003 Povenmire, Hall - A Cosmic from the Atlantic Coast. Enigma Blue Note Publishing This specimen is small and delicate. It Cocoa Beach, Fla has the characteristic drab-olive green color with no inclusions and only one tiny 2002 Central States Journal bubble. It has the dimensions of 39 x 22 x Vol. 49, April 2002 4mm. The weight is 3.570 gms. It has a Figure 1 (Povenmire and Cathers) Georgia tektite made into a fluted point.

LETTER TO THE EDITOR

Dear Bob, archaeology in general. Problems and appreciated. Keep up the good I read with disappointment your happen and we had a small one. The work. apologies in the editorial of vol. 54 #3 of important thing is you corrected the Regards, the Ohio Archaeologist. You have problem. Please don't beat yourself up Fred J. Morganthaler absolutely no reason to apologize. You over this. You are a great person who 4200 Night Hawk Road have and continue to make a tremen­ makes an unselfish contribution to this Billings, MT 59106 dous contribution to this Society and to great organization. You are respected

48 BOOK REVIEW

Research Program, Studies in Archae­ obviously is proud of their archaeological ology No. 3, 624 pp, 19 tables, 158 fig­ heritage, and both Farnsworth and ITARP MOUND EXI'LORATIO? ures, 92 photos, index. Urbana: University should be commended for providing the of Illinois. Paperback $60.00 ISBN: general public with published reports from IW Inwlate *>«...« t*r 1-930487-11-8. their files and explorations. Perhaps, fac­ This is the latest volume in the ITARP tions in certain Ohio Archaeological Orga­ Studies in Archaeology series, and it nizations should take an example from examines the Hopewell mound explo­ their neighbors to the West. My only argu­ rations in the Illinois River Valley from ment is, for its size and cost, this book 1878-1928. In Part One, a detailed history should have been hardbound. of the explorations is provided and is This book should hold a prominent accompanied with period images of the position in any library interested in sites, artifacts and explorers. While many archaeology, and I highly recommend a of the names may be unfamiliar, over 50 visit to the ITARP website, pages are dedicated to Illinois Hopewell www.anthro.uiuc.edu/itarp/, to view sites excavated by Warren K. Moorehead, some of the other fantastic reports on former Curator of Archaeology for the Ohio Illinois Valley Archaeology. The next State Archaeological and Historical book scheduled in the series is Gregory Society. In Part Two, Farnsworth has Perino's Excavations at Certain assembled and reprinted 17 reports of Hopewell and Late Woodland Sites in explorations, a number of which were, West-Central Illinois: 1951-1974. It is heretofore, unpublished manuscripts. Until scheduled for release in Spring, 2005. £ar/y Hopewell Mound Explorations: now, virtually all of these reports were -John C. Rummel The First Fifty Years in the Illinois River unavailable or in out of print publications. Valley. Edited by Kenneth B. Farnsworth. This colossal volume on Hopewell Illinois Transportation Archaeological Archaeology is a testament to a state that

KOKOSING CHAPTER 2004 ANNUAL FIELD FIND CONTEST WINNERS

Tom Debolt (Left), Jim Wyant (Center) and Paula Harruff (Right) were the category winners of the annual "Field Finds" contest for 2004 sponsored by the Kokosing Chapter of the ASO for Knox & surrounding counties in Ohio. Monthly contests were held by the Chapter from January through November with the monthly winners competing for the annual prize for each catagory. Jim also won third place with the partially fluted point which is also in his frame.

The hardstone plummet (right) was found in a chisel plowed field, partially exposed, in May, 2004 by Paula Harruff near Fredericktown, Knox County, Ohio. It measures 3% inches long by VA inches in diameter. The Flint Ridge Chalcedony Adena point (center) was found in a plowed field, almost fully exposed, in May, 2004 by Jim Wyant in the Morgan Township, Knox County, Ohio. It meas­ ures almost 4 inches long by 2 inches wide. The banded slate piece (left) was found in July, 2004 in Morgan Township, Knox County, Ohio by Tom Debolt. It measures 2'A inches long, VA inches wide by A inch thick. Areas between the on the ends and sides are lighter as if it was attached to another object. One end shows a sig­ nificant amount of impact damage and is darker in color.

49 BAR AMULETS - TWO FROM WOOD COUNTY, OHIO by David J. Snyder 3841 Pymatuning Lake Road Andover, Ohio 44003

The bar amulet seems to be a deriva­ to be concentrated in the geographical inches) in length. Figure 2 was recovered in tive of the enigmatic bar-type birdstone of region of northwest Ohio, southern Washington Township and measures 78 the Glacial Kame culture (contemporary of Michigan, and northeast Indiana. They mm (about 3% inches) long. This is the the late Archaic). Both forms are usually could be a possible simplified version of somewhat scarcer form with the expanded fashioned from banded slate and drilled the earlier bar-type birdstone (body only center hump. Both examples are made with conical intersecting holes (roughly minus the head and tail). One other devia­ from banded slate and have the typical "L" shaped) at each end and have a flat­ tion from the birdstone is the unusual bar conjoining conical holes at each end. tened bottom. form with a swelling or "hump" near the While not as "glamorous" or as much in Bar amulets must have had a similar, if center. This variation is not as common, the literature as the birdstone, bar not the same, function as the birdstone. however, as the majority have a "saddle" amulets are certainly as interesting and Theories about probable use abound, but shaped outline (Converse, 1978). just as problematic. none can be certain. The bar amulet The two bar amulets pictured were both appears to be a product of the Early surface finds in the Portage and Maumee References cited: Woodland time frame immediately fol­ River drainage system of central Wood Converse, Robert N. lowing the late Archaic/Glacial Kame County, Ohio prior to 1978. This area is 1978 Ohio Slate Types, Special publica­ (Converse, 1978). within the boundaries of the former Great tion of The Archaeological Society Birdstone and bar amulets are obvi­ Black Swamp. The bar shown in Figure 1 of Ohio, Columbus ously rare artifact types generally discov­ was found in Webster Township. It meas­ ered as isolated surface finds. They seem ures approximately 76 mm (about 31/a

Figure 1 (Snyder) Side views of bar amulets, top Webster Twp., Wood Co. and bottom Washington Twp., Wood Co. Figure 2 (Snyder) Bottom views of two bar amulets.

A FRANKLIN COUNTY FLUTED POINT by Ed Russell 5065 Carroll Eastern Rd Carroll, Ohio 43112 I found this fluted point in 1970 while surface hunting along Big Walnut Creek in southern Franklin County, Ohio. The point is made of black Coshocton or Upper Mercer flint and is slightly over two inches long. The base is heavily ground - as are most fluted points - and this one appears to have been a larger point which has been resharpened. Much of the area where it was found has now been developed. Figure 1 (Russell) Franklin County fluted point - obverse and reverse.

50 A TUSCARAWAS COUNTY BELL PESTLE by Carl A. Smith Amsterdam, Ohio

This bell pestle in the Kenny Spahr col­ lection was found in Sugarcreek Town­ ship, Tuscarawas County. Kenny's grandfather, John Spahr, found the arti­ fact on his farm in the early 1900s. The pestle, made of quartzite, measures 4H «U C inches tall and 3H inches wide at the base and has a dimple on the basal surface. •

m

UNI-NOTCHED SCRAPERS by Michael A. Fath 16113 Rapids Rd. Burton, Ohio

Several hundred typical scrapers of all kinds have been recov­ ered from one site in Knox County, Ohio. Three of these, made from Coshocton black flint, exhibit an unusual "uni-notch" feature, something I have not seen previously reported. These carefully made notches average 0.33 cm wide and 0.30 cm deep. The bifa­ cial scrapers are uniformly 0.58 cm thick. Photographs of these artifacts have been examined by members of the Ohio Historical Society archeology staff and by other profes­ sional archaeologists. All, except Dr. R.M. (Mike) Gramly, report that they had not seen anything similar to these. Mike graciously researched these artifacts and suggests that they could have been of late Palaeo or early archaic origin. He further reports that they are similar to novel notched scraper forms found in Florida and reported in Barbara Purdy's Florida's Prehistoric Stone Technology. In any event, we can only speculate on what purpose they might have served to prehistoric people.

Figure 1 (Fath) Notched Scrapers.

THE ROBERTS DOVETAIL by Jim Stephan Bradford, Ohio

This large dovetail spear was found in by Jack Roberts of Memphis, Tennessee. It It measures 8 inches in length and is made Warren County, Kentucky near Bowling remained in his collection for over 40 years of Indiana Homstone. Dovetails of this size Green in the early 1900's and was collected until his collection was recently dispersed. and intact are extremely rare.

Back Cover- Figure 1 (Stephan) Kentucky Dovetail shown full size.

51 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.