8/30/04

•Attendance (sign-in sheet) •Class website: http://www.u.arizona.edu/~ohalad/Phonetics/ •Continue Vocal Tract •Begin

It wÃz mEni ` mEni « jI¨ «goU / In« kINdm` baI D« si Dæt « meIdn` DE¨ lIvd hum ju meI noU / baI D« neIm «v æn«bEl li æn DIs meIdn` Si lIvd wIT noU ÃD¨` •t / Dæn tu lÃv n` bi lÃvd baI mi English Oral Stops (1)

/p/ voiceless

§ played, appear, spite, leapt, ripped

/b/ voiced bilabial stop

§ breeze, stubborn, club, abrade, dubbed

Minimal Contrasts

pet~bet punt~bunt prim~brim rip~rib rope~robe staple~stable English Oral Stops (2)

/t/ voiceless

§ taste, attack, tempest, walked, stick

/d/ voiced alveolar stop

§ pedestal, address, edict, mailed, dunce

Minimal Contrasts

talk~dock taffy~daffy troll~droll trot~trod trait~trade post~posed English Oral Stops (3)

/k/ voiceless

§ cotton, wreck, queue, squirts, clique

// voiced velar stop

§ gold, rugged, lager, aggressive, ghost

Minimal Contrasts

crow~grow cut~gut kill~gill pluck~plug broke~brogue back~bag Take 1 How Voiceless Is Voiceless?

Compare the two sets of sounds:

???? Voiceless /p/ pea ~ /f/ fee /t/ tea ~ /s/ see /k/ key ~ /h/ he

Are there differences in voicing? Aspiration

The period of between the release of a stop and the onset of the , a.k.a. “that puff of air” is referred to as aspiration.

Indicated by a superscripted “h” placed after the . pea [pHi] tea [tHi] key [kHi] Take 2 How Voiceless Is Voiceless?

Compare the two sets of sounds: voiceless aspirated voiceless /p/ pea ~ /p/ seep /t/ tea ~ /t/ eat /k/ key ~ /k/ eke

Are there differences in voicing? How Voiced Is Voiced?

Does English really have fully voiced stops?

1 2 3 /p/ rope /b/ robe bore /t/ post /d/ posed dope /k/ broke /g/ brogue garb English Oral Stops Revisited 1 2 3 (voiceless) (partially-voiced) Aspirated Unaspirated

[pH] pea ~ [b] bee ~ [ ] speed [] tea ~ [d] Dee ~ [ ] steed [kH] key ~ [g] gee ~ [ ] skied Are the stops in the last column more like those in the first or second column? Stops and

Compare:

cap ~ cab cat ~ cad gack ~ gag

What sounds different about the in these words? Stop Length

Try these: •Take a cat now. •Take a cad now.

Why do they sound equal in length if vowels are longer before voiced consonants (cat vs. cad)? Unreleased Stops inept The lab blew up. fight tough The dead man. speak calmly The dog barked.

English stops are unreleased (unexploded) before other (nasal or oral) stops. § Indicated by a [|] after the consonant. Dental Stops breadth sit there good thing red thumb

English stops are dentalized before dental consonants.

§ Indicated by a [ 5] under the consonant.

The sound that occurs when the vocal folds are held tightly together is called a glottal stop.

Compare: yes vs. no [ÃhÃ] [?Ã?Ã]

For some speakers: kitten, butter, pretty

Try: a li’ cu’ o’ tea [« lI?l kÃ?« ti] Nasal Plosion

When a voiced stop and a homorganic* nasal are adjacent in the same word, there is a build up of air pressure behind the stop closure which is released through the nose when the nasal is released.

Try: ridden, sadden, deaden

* homorganic: when tw