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English Consonants

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English Consonants 8/30/04 •Attendance (sign-in sheet) •Class website: http://www.u.arizona.edu/~ohalad/Phonetics/ •Continue Vocal Tract •Begin Consonants It wÃz mEni n` mEni « jI¨ «goU / In« kINdm` baI D« si DQt « meIdn` DE¨ lIvd hum ju meI noU / baI D« neIm «v Qn«bEl li Qn DIs meIdn` Si lIvd wIT noU ÃD¨` Tt / DQn tu lÃv n` bi lÃvd baI mi English Oral Stops (1) /p/ voiceless bilabial stop § played, appear, spite, leapt, ripped /b/ voiced bilabial stop § breeze, stubborn, club, abrade, dubbed Minimal Contrasts pet~bet punt~bunt prim~brim rip~rib rope~robe staple~stable English Oral Stops (2) /t/ voiceless alveolar stop § taste, attack, tempest, walked, stick /d/ voiced alveolar stop § pedestal, address, edict, mailed, dunce Minimal Contrasts talk~dock taffy~daffy troll~droll trot~trod trait~trade post~posed English Oral Stops (3) /k/ voiceless velar stop § cotton, wreck, queue, squirts, clique /g/ voiced velar stop § gold, rugged, lager, aggressive, ghost Minimal Contrasts crow~grow cut~gut kill~gill pluck~plug broke~brogue back~bag Take 1 How Voiceless Is Voiceless? Compare the two sets of sounds: ???? Voiceless /p/ pea ~ /f/ fee /t/ tea ~ /s/ see /k/ key ~ /h/ he Are there differences in voicing? Aspiration The period of voicelessness between the release of a stop and the onset of the vowel, a.k.a. “that puff of air” is referred to as aspiration. Indicated by a superscripted “h” placed after the consonant. pea [pHi] tea [tHi] key [kHi] Take 2 How Voiceless Is Voiceless? Compare the two sets of sounds: voiceless aspirated voiceless /p/ pea ~ /p/ seep /t/ tea ~ /t/ eat /k/ key ~ /k/ eke Are there differences in voicing? How Voiced Is Voiced? Does English really have fully voiced stops? 1 2 3 /p/ rope /b/ robe bore /t/ post /d/ posed dope /k/ broke /g/ brogue garb English Oral Stops Revisited 1 2 3 (voiceless) (partially-voiced) Aspirated Unaspirated [pH] pea ~ [b] bee ~ [ ] speed [tH] tea ~ [d] Dee ~ [ ] steed [kH] key ~ [g] gee ~ [ ] skied Are the stops in the last column more like those in the first or second column? Stops and Vowel Length Compare: cap ~ cab cat ~ cad gack ~ gag What sounds different about the vowels in these words? Stop Length Try these: •Take a cat now. •Take a cad now. Why do they sound equal in length if vowels are longer before voiced consonants (cat vs. cad)? Unreleased Stops inept The lab blew up. fight tough The dead man. speak calmly The dog barked. English stops are unreleased (unexploded) before other (nasal or oral) stops. § Indicated by a [|] after the consonant. Dental Stops breadth sit there good thing red thumb English stops are dentalized before dental consonants. § Indicated by a [ 5] under the consonant. Glottal Stop The sound that occurs when the vocal folds are held tightly together is called a glottal stop. Compare: yes vs. no [ÃhÃ] [?Ã?Ã] For some speakers: kitten, butter, pretty Try: a li’l cu’ o’ tea [« lI?l kÃ?« ti] Nasal Plosion When a voiced stop and a homorganic* nasal are adjacent in the same word, there is a build up of air pressure behind the stop closure which is released through the nose when the nasal is released. Try: ridden, sadden, deaden * homorganic: when two sounds have the same place of articulation. Lateral Plosion When a voiced stop and a homorganic lateral are adjacent in the same word, there is a build up of air pressure behind the stop closure which is released along the sides of the tongue when the lateral is released. Try: riddle, dreidel Flap Variant of /t/ and /d/ that occurs in English words when the first syllable is stressed and the second one is not. Try: ditty, letter, adamant, pedestal § The symbol used for a flap is [R]. English Fricatives (1) /f/ voiceless labiodental fricative § faint, affect, phone, tough, sphere, freeze /v/ voiced labiodental fricative § view, leave, evolve, nerve, value, quiver Minimal Contrasts fat~vat face~vase foal~vole leaf~leave surf~serve proof~prove English Fricatives (2) /s/ voiceless alveolar fricative § salt, race, assert, lease, scythe, loss, cellar /z/ voiced alveolar fricative § zest, praise, sneeze, razor, scissors, miser Minimal Contrasts sip~zip seal~zeal sink~zinc race~raise cease~seize dose~doze English Fricatives (3) /T/ voiceless dental fricative § thaw, with, threat, thistle, depth /D/ voiced dental fricative § these, weather, scythe, that, bathe Minimal Contrasts thigh~thy teeth~teethe loath~loathe sooth~soothe English Fricatives (4) /S/ voiceless palato-alveolar fricative § show, plush, nation, tissue, fashion /Z/ voiced palato-alveolar fricative § measure, rouge, lesion, fissure, genre Minimal Contrasts leash~liege fishin’ ~fission Fricatives and Vowel Length Compare: strife ~ strive teeth ~ teethe rice ~ rise leash ~ liege 8Vowels before voiced fricatives are longer. But, really: 8 Vowels before all voiced consonants are longer. Fricative Length Try these: •Take a dose now. •Take a doze now. 8 Syllable-final voiceless fricatives are slightly longer than voiced ones after the same vowel. But, really: 8 All syllable-final voiceless consonants are slightly longer than voiced ones after the same vowel. Voicing in Final Fricatives Voicing in final voiced fricatives is maintained only if the following sound is voiced. àClose it. Otherwise, final fricatives are not fully voiced. à Close two doors. Obstruents An obstruent is a sound in which there is a significant obstruction of the airstream. § Stops and fricatives are both obstruents. This term allows us to group stops and fricatives together to acknowledge the similar ways in which these sounds behave in languages. Fricatives and the Lips Compare: fin ~ shin ~ sin ~ thin some lip movement none veal ~ genre ~ zeal ~ that –/S/, /Z/, /s/, and /z/ involve some lip movement. English Affricates /tS/ voiceless palato-alveolar affricate § cheese, pitch, teacher, suture, torch /dZ/ voiced palato-alveolar affricate § junk, fudge, pigeon, adjust, clergy Minimal Contrasts chest~jest cheer~jeer chalk~jock batch~badge catch~cadge What is an Affricate? A sequence of a stop followed by a homorganic fricative is called an affricate. Sometimes affricates form as a result of suffixation: § /ts/ as in boats ~ /tT/ as in eighth These are called “false” affricates because they occur only as a result of morphology. True affricates occur monomorphemically anywhere in a word. English Nasals /m/ voiced bilabial nasal § malt, hammer, comb, jam, plumber /n/ voiced alveolar nasal § north, plan, hand, channel, annex /N/ voiced velar nasal § bang, sink, shingle, ringer, long Minimal Contrast some~son~sung Syllabic Nasals Word-final nasals are syllabic (they act like a vowel) when they follow an obstruent : § prism /p¨Izm`/ prison/p¨Izn`/ § bottom /b•Rm`/ button/bÃ?n`/ ¹Nasals following approximants are not syllabic: § film /fIlm/ kiln /kIln/ Dentalized Nasals Like alveolar stops, the alveolar nasal /n/ becomes dental before dental consonants. plinth [plIn5T] tenth [tEn5T] win this [wIn5 DIs] can think [kQn5 TINk] English Approximants (1) /w/ voiced labio-velar central approximant § _one, wet, whale, aware, whistle /j/ voiced palatal central approximant § yet, f_ew, Yale, p_ure, yearn, yeast ð /w/ and /j/ = glides or semi-vowels Not in words like: flower, destroy, eye, new English Approximants (2) /¨/ voiced alveolar central approximant § roast, barn, prey, porridge, quarter /l/ voiced alveolar lateral approximant § leaf, alloy, file, wealth, pallid, peel ð /l/ and /¨/ = liquids Minimal Contrasts rope~lope file~fire Voiceless Approximants When following a syllable-initial voiceless stop, approximants become voiceless: twin [tw8In] Antwerp [Qntw¥«¨p] crab [k¨¥Qb] accrue [«k¨¥u] play [pl¥eI] applaud [«pl¥aUd] pew [pj¥u] acute [«kj¥ut] Syllabic Liquids Word-final liquids are syllabic when they follow another consonant. handle [hQndl`] hammer [hQmr`] riddle [rIRl`] butter [bÃRr`] Velarization of /l/ Compare: leap [lip] peel [pilò] clap [kl¥Qp] milk [mIlòk] feeling [filIN] feel [filò] § When /l/ occurs after a vowel or before a consonant at the end of a word, it is velarized. Dentalized /l/ /l/ is dentalized before dental consonants: filth [fIl5T] health [hEl5T] deal this [dil5 DIs] Bill thinks [bIl5 TINks].
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