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Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939
Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939 William M. Coleman, IV Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Columbia University 2014 © 2013 William M. Coleman, IV All rights reserved Abstract Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939 William M. Coleman, IV This dissertation analyzes the process of state building by Qing imperial representatives and Republican state officials in Batang, a predominantly ethnic Tibetan region located in southwestern Sichuan Province. Utilizing Chinese provincial and national level archival materials and Tibetan language works, as well as French and American missionary records and publications, it explores how Chinese state expansion evolved in response to local power and has three primary arguments. First, by the mid-nineteenth century, Batang had developed an identifiable structure of local governance in which native chieftains, monastic leaders, and imperial officials shared power and successfully fostered peace in the region for over a century. Second, the arrival of French missionaries in Batang precipitated a gradual expansion of imperial authority in the region, culminating in radical Qing military intervention that permanently altered local understandings of power. While short-lived, centrally-mandated reforms initiated soon thereafter further integrated Batang into the Qing Empire, thereby -
Monitoring and Evaluation of Grassland Desertification in Litang County Using Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images
Proceedings of 14th Youth Conference on Communication Monitoring and Evaluation of Grassland Desertification in Litang County Using Multi-temporal Remote Sensing Images DAN Shang-ming1, 2，XU Hui-xi3，DAN Bo4，HE Fei5，SHI Cheng-cang6， REN Guo-ye6 1.Key Laboratory of Atmosphere Sounding, China Meteorological Administration，Chengdu 610225, P.R.China; 2.Sichuan Province Agrimeteorological Center, Chengdu 610072, P.R.China; 3. Institute of Engineering Surveying, Sichuan College of Architectural Technology, Deyang 618000, P.R.China; 4.Sichuan Provincial Meteorological Observatory, Chengdu 610072, P.R.China; 5.Chengdu University of Information Technology，Chengdu 610225, P.R.China. 6.Institute of Remote Sensing Application，Sichuan Academy Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066,P.R.China; [email protected] , [email protected] Using four Landsat TM & ETM+ images which obtained in 1989, 1994, 2000 and 2005, the nor- Abstract: malized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was calculated on the basis of the geometry correction, radio- metric calibration and atmosphere correction, and the assimilation of the NDVI images was made by estab- lishing the least squares equation of linear regression, and extracted the vegetation coverage from the NDVI and converted it into the desertification index (DI) based on the binary model, the classifiable research was made on the desertification of grassland about 103 km2 near the Litang county. The result demonstrates that: st (1) Desertification in Litang County has been deteriorating in the past 16 years (1989-2005). The 1 stage nd (1989-1994) saw decreased desertification area, the 2 stage (1994-2000) observed radical deterioration, and rd the 3 stage (2000-2005) witnessed slack in this regard. -
Research on Influencing Factors of Air Quality in Index Industrial Cities Based on Mountain Topography
Li-yun ZENG, et. al. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 11, Issue 5, (Series-V) May 2021, pp. 05-18 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Research on Influencing Factors of Air Quality in Index Industrial Cities Based on Mountain Topography Li-yun ZENG*1,2, Yi-qi YUAN1, Jia-man XU1 1Civil and Architectural Engineering Institute, Panzhihua University, Panzhihua,China 2.Rattanakosin International College of Creative Entrepreneurship, Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin, Bangkok 10700,Thailand2 ABSTRACT: The main reasons for Panzhihua’s local pollution are the large amount of coal burned, steelmaking, and scattered non-point sources. At the same time, meteorological factors and topographical characteristics also play a significant role in air quality. This paper analyses and evaluates the air quality in Panzhihua City based on the Air Quality Index (AQI). Through the use of Train Collectors Tool to capture the air quality monitoring data in recent years, and use the visualization software to analyze the data. It is concluded that climatic factors, industrial layout, mountain topography characteristics and industrial land layout are the main causes of air pollution in mountainous cities, and air pollution control measures are proposed for the air quality in Panzhihua City. KEYWORDS: topographic features; meteorological features; industrial distribution; air quality index ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- Date of Submission: 12-05-2021 Date of Acceptance: 25-05-2021 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- I. INTRODUCTION standards. The top 10 are Muli County, Xiaojin Mountain terrain has many regional County and Xiangcheng County (tied), Litang particularities and complexities in cities. Many County and Ganzi County (tied), Danba County. -
Sichuan's Tibetan Corner, Outside of Time
C M Y K Sxxx,2012-12-30,TR,004,Bs-4C,E1 4 TR THE NEW YORK TIMES, SUNDAY, DECEMBER 30, 2012 JOURNEYS Sichuan’s Tibetan Corner, Outside of Time By KIT GILLET IGH on the Tibetan plateau, a few dozen red-robed monks of the Lhagang Monastery sat facing one H another, rocking back and forth as they chanted with faces turned upward, to the heavens. In the flickering candlelight of the monastery’s dim main chamber, they then built small pyramids of incense to place throughout the building, adorned with golden Buddhas, and at the center of Tagong. Outside, under the harsh noon sun, the monks mingled with the mainly Buddhist and ethnically Tibetan resi- dents of the frontierlike town, popula- tion 8,000, which despite its makeup is in Sichuan Province, China. “We are all Tibetan,” said Ba Ding, a local shopkeeper. “We do get a few Han Chinese tourists passing through, and we are friendly enough with them,” he added unconvincingly. I had been in Tagong just an hour, af- ter arriving in a small, dusty van that had bounced along rutted roads for the three-hour journey from the nearby city of Kangding, its engine whining as we ascended and descended steep moun- tain passes. After checking into one of the colorful guesthouses across the central square from the monastery, I had simply fol- lowed the brightly dressed monks into the main hall to witness one of their sev- eral daily worship sessions. Tagong, whose altitude of about 12,000 feet makes it one of the highest towns in the world, offers an unfettered window onto the Tibetan people and culture. -
Trials of a Tibetan Monk: the Case of Tenzin Delek
Human Rights Watch February 2004, Vol. 16, No. 1 (C) Trials of a Tibetan Monk: The Case of Tenzin Delek Map 1: Provinces and Autonomous Regions of the People’s Republic of China..............................1 Map2: Sichuan Province and Surrounding Areas....................................................................................2 Map 3: Southeastern Section of Kardze/Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture............................3 I. Summary ....................................................................................................................................................5 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................................7 A Note on Methodology.........................................................................................................................8 II. Introduction...........................................................................................................................................10 Tenzin Delek ..........................................................................................................................................12 Lobsang Dondrup..................................................................................................................................14 Bombs......................................................................................................................................................15 III. Arrests...................................................................................................................................................17 -
Cordyceps Medicinal Fungus: Harvest and Use in Tibet
HerbalGram 83 • August – October 2009 83 • August HerbalGram Kew’s 250th Anniversary • Reviving Graeco-Arabic Medicine • St. John’s Wort and Birth Control The Journal of the American Botanical Council Number 83 | August – October 2009 Kew’s 250th Anniversary • Reviving Graeco-Arabic Medicine • Lemongrass for Oral Thrush • Hibiscus for Blood Pressure • St. John’s Wort and BirthWort Control • St. John’s Blood Pressure • HibiscusThrush for Oral for 250th Anniversary Medicine • Reviving Graeco-Arabic • Lemongrass Kew’s US/CAN $6.95 Cordyceps Medicinal Fungus: www.herbalgram.org Harvest and Use in Tibet www.herbalgram.org www.herbalgram.org 2009 HerbalGram 83 | 1 STILL HERBAL AFTER ALL THESE YEARS Celebrating 30 Years of Supporting America’s Health The year 2009 marks Herb Pharm’s 30th anniversary as a leading producer and distributor of therapeutic herbal extracts. During this time we have continually emphasized the importance of using the best quality certified organically cultivated and sustainably-wildcrafted herbs to produce our herbal healthcare products. This is why we created the “Pharm Farm” – our certified organic herb farm, and the “Plant Plant” – our modern, FDA-audited production facility. It is here that we integrate the centuries-old, time-proven knowledge and wisdom of traditional herbal medicine with the herbal sciences and technology of the 21st Century. Equally important, Herb Pharm has taken a leadership role in social and environmental responsibility through projects like our use of the Blue Sky renewable energy program, our farm’s streams and Supporting America’s Health creeks conservation program, and the Botanical Sanctuary program Since 1979 whereby we research and develop practical methods for the conser- vation and organic cultivation of endangered wild medicinal herbs. -
Reasons for the Formation of Language Differences in Minyag Ganzi (Sichuan, China)
Methods in Dialectology XVI – 2017 Principal reasons for the formation of language differences in Minyag Ganzi (Sichuan, China) Fnu Dawazhuoma Minzu University of China Minyag designates a specific geographical region including Kangding Municipality, Xinlong County, Daofu County, and a part of townships of Yajiang County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan province, China. In the historical Tibetan geography, it corresponds to one of six plateau in mdo khams called “Minyag Rabgang”. The main area includes the center of Kangding, more than 200 kilometers place east of Daofu, the southeast of Yajiang, the north of Jiulong, west of Danba, where almost all Tibetans are called ‘Minyagwa’. The area functions as the culture exchange center of Han China and Tibet until now. A main traffic road between Tibet and Han China goes through this area, which has developed a multicultural society there. At present, there are more than six languages spoken in this area: Khams Tibetan, Amdo Tibetan, Daofu (Stau), Zhaba (nDrapa), Daohua, Minyag, rGyalrong, etc., all of which belong to the Sino-Tibeto-Burman macrofamily; meanwhile, we can also find divergent varieties and local dialects in this region. Minyag people mainly live along Luqu River and at the east side of mid-Yalong River in Ganzi Prefecture. In spite of multi-cultural foundation and geographical environment, this region still maintains strong vitality of each language community. Hence, the Minyag language itself is a key to reveal ethnic and cultural origin of Minyag. Here we can find significance of clarifying dialect differences and distribution by drawing linguistic maps in this region. Additionally, it is also crucial to study the cultural, historical development of Minyag and linguistic changes. -
The Lichen Genus Hypogymnia in Southwest China Article
Mycosphere 5 (1): 27–76 (2014) ISSN 2077 7019 www.mycosphere.org Article Mycosphere Copyright © 2014 Online Edition Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/5/1/2 The lichen genus Hypogymnia in southwest China McCune B1 and Wang LS2 1 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2902 U.S.A. 2 Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Heilongtan, Kunming 650204, China McCune B, Wang LS 2014 – The lichen genus Hypogymnia in southwest China. Mycosphere 5(1), 27–76, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/5/1/2 Abstract A total of 36 species of Hypogymnia are known from southwestern China. This region is a center of biodiversity for the genus. Hypogymnia capitata, H. nitida, H. saxicola, H. pendula, and H. tenuispora are newly described species from Yunnan and Sichuan. Olivetoric acid is new as a major lichen substance in Hypogymnia, occurring only in H. capitata. A key and illustrations are given for the species known from this region, along with five species from adjoining regions that might be confused or have historically been misidentified in this region. Key words – Lecanorales – lichenized ascomycetes – Parmeliaceae – Shaanxi – Sichuan – Tibet – Yunnan – Xizang. Introduction The first major collections of Hypogymnia from southwestern China were by Handel- Mazzetti, from which Zahlbruckner (1930) reported six species now placed in Hypogymnia, and Harry Smith (1921-1934, published piecewise by other authors; Herner 1988). Since the last checklist of lichens in China (Wei 1991), which reported 16 species of Hypogymnia from the southwestern provinces, numerous species of Hypogymnia from southwestern China have been described or revised (Chen 1994, Wei & Bi 1998, McCune & Obermayer 2001, McCune et al. -
Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level
Table of Codes for Each Court of Each Level Corresponding Type Chinese Court Region Court Name Administrative Name Code Code Area Supreme People’s Court 最高人民法院 最高法 Higher People's Court of 北京市高级人民 Beijing 京 110000 1 Beijing Municipality 法院 Municipality No. 1 Intermediate People's 北京市第一中级 京 01 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Shijingshan Shijingshan District People’s 北京市石景山区 京 0107 110107 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Haidian District of Haidian District People’s 北京市海淀区人 京 0108 110108 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Mentougou Mentougou District People’s 北京市门头沟区 京 0109 110109 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Municipality Changping Changping District People’s 北京市昌平区人 京 0114 110114 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Yanqing County People’s 延庆县人民法院 京 0229 110229 Yanqing County 1 Court No. 2 Intermediate People's 北京市第二中级 京 02 2 Court of Beijing Municipality 人民法院 Dongcheng Dongcheng District People’s 北京市东城区人 京 0101 110101 District of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Xicheng District Xicheng District People’s 北京市西城区人 京 0102 110102 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Fengtai District of Fengtai District People’s 北京市丰台区人 京 0106 110106 Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality 1 Fangshan District Fangshan District People’s 北京市房山区人 京 0111 110111 of Beijing 1 Court of Beijing Municipality 民法院 Municipality Daxing District of Daxing District People’s 北京市大兴区人 京 0115 -
An Adventure in Tibet 18 April to May 2 , 2015
TIBETAN VILLAGE PROJECT AUSTRALIA INC. ABN: 98 504 209 907 PO BOX 417 BLACK ROCK VICTORIA, 3193 AUSTRALIA www.tvpaustralia.org.au An Adventure in Tibet 18 th April to May 2 nd , 2015. This itinerary is correct at the time of publishing, however, there are some situations that may change and we cannot guarantee that the itinerary as set out below. What we do promise, is an adventure that you will not forget. We do have a “Plan B” in case we cannot get to Lhasa, however, we work on the premise that we will get our permits for Lhasa. You will be meeting some lovely people, you will be made welcome in people’s homes and you will be travelling to remote places where few westerners have seen before. Saturday 18 th , April Arrive in Chengdu . You will be met by Don, the group leader, and transferred to the Traffic Inn which is our accommodation in Chengdu. Sunday 19 th , April After breakfast, we will visit the world famous Giant Panda Breeding Centre in Chengdu. The pandas are most active in the morning so you will have plenty of photo opportunities!! In the afternoon you may like to rest at the hotel or do a couple of hours of supply shopping. The hostel at the back of the Traffic Hotel has a small internet café if you wish to catch up 1 on some emails. We will have our trip orientation and welcome dinner tonight at a well-known Tibetan restaurant. Monday 20 th , April Today we fly from Chengdu to Kangding (flight is approximately 2 hrs duration) and then drive to Tagong . -
On the Road in Shangri-La
DRIVING IN CHINA On the road in Shangri-La AUTHOR PETER SCHINDLER AND A RELUCTANT, AGEING HIRE CAR HE NAMES ‘NOT IN YOUR DREAMS’ VENTURE INTO UNCHARTED TERRITORY; THE TIMELESS, MAGICAL CHINESE PROVINCES OF SICHUAN AND YUNNAN, HOME OF THE FABLED SHANGRI-LA > often look north and have long been wondering what might be the summer and discovered that they, too, loved driving. So we hastily possible. Hong Kong has been my home for many years. Despite it no agreed to set off on a 2,000-plus-mile (3,220km) drive in Sichuan and longer justifying the name ‘The Pearl of the Orient’, it is a place I Yunnan, two of China’s provinces that border Tibet and are the home love – a vibrant city full of can-do people who have managed to of the fabled Shangri-La. Ipreserve three-quarters of their mountainous territory as country parks The entire journey was magical, so let me relive just one of the nine that are lush blue and green. But there is one way in which Hong Kong days. We had it all worked out. We would spend that morning not and I are completely incompatible: it is one of the world’s worst places driving, but hiking, from Kangding (a city 200 miles (322km) west of for anyone who loves driving on an open road. Hong Kong’s roads are Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan) up to a pasture from which we would short or congested or both. enjoy a clear view of Sichuan’s highest mountain, the Gonggashan. -
03 Warner Offprint
03 Warner_Inner Asia 13/2 30/01/2012 09:49 Page 239 A Miscarriage of History: Wencheng Gongzhu and Sino- Tibetan Historiography CAMerOn DAviD WArner Aarhus University, Denmark [email protected] AbSTrACT in this article, i examine how Wencheng Gonghzu, the Chinese consort to the first Tibetan emperor Songtsen Gampo, served as a contentious rhetorical site for Tibetan and Chinese historiographers for over 1,000 years. i argue present exile Tibetan and Chinese propaganda on such topics as Tibetan political, cultural, and hereditary independence from China is at least analogous and possibly influ - enced by historiographic traditions found in texts such as the Tang Annals and post- imperial Tibetan buddhist works like the Vase- shaped Pillar Testament . However, as Central Tibetan and Chinese historians used Wencheng to index the complex relationship between Tibet and China, eastern Tibetan historians pre - served lesser- known, potentially subversive narratives of Wencheng’s travels, especially regarding her possible love- affair with the Tibetan minister Gar Tongtsen and their illegitimate child. After briefly reviewing Central Tibetan and Chinese metanarratives, i focus on eastern Tibetan narratives, including the apparently lost Secret Autobiography of Wencheng Gongzhu , which i argue point to the former political autonomy and cultural hybridity of areas of eastern Tibet, especially Minyak and Powo. My investigation into Wencheng narratives from eastern Tibet demonstrates that her journey from China to Tibet should not be thought of as a mere liminal period of her life, but rather central to debates among Tibetans and Chinese regarding the politics of national unity ( minzu tuanjie ) and constructions of pan- Tibetan identity.