1 www.onlineeducation.bharatsevaksamaj.net www.bssskillmission.in “Theatre”. In Section 1 of this course you will cover these topics: Theatre: Performance And Art Theatre: Cultural Expression, Business, And The Role Of Audience How To Read A Play How To See A Play Topic : Theatre: Performance And Art Topic Objective: At the end of this topic student would be able to: Discuss Origins Learn about Nature of Physical Theatre Describe Performance art Definition/Overview: Performance: Performance happens when someone watches someone else do something. Performances range from very informal (a street fight) to very formal (a kind of art). Art: Art is made by an artist; it is therefore "artificial." Arts differ from one another because of their principlesWWW.BSSVE.IN of organization, their idea of audiences, and their mode of presentation. Theatre: Theatre is a performing art and so similar to but not identical to life, sports, other arts, film, and television. Theatre is a system, not a thing. No quick, simple definition of theatre is possible. Physical theatre is a general term used to describe any mode of performance that pursues storytelling through primarily physical means. www.bsscommunitycollege.in www.bssnewgeneration.in www.bsslifeskillscollege.in 2 www.onlineeducation.bharatsevaksamaj.net www.bssskillmission.in Key Points: 1. Origins Modern physical theatre has grown from a variety of origins. Mime and theatrical clowning schools such as L'cole Internationale de Thtre Jacques Lecoq in Paris have had a big influence on many modern expressions of physical theatre, and practitioners such as Steven Berkoff and John Wright received their initial training at such institutions. Contemporary Dance has also had a strong influence on what we regard as physical theatre, partly because most physical theatre requires actors to have a level of physical control and flexibility rarely found in those who do not have some sort of movement background. Modern physical theatre also has strong roots in more ancient traditions such as Commedia dell'arte and some suggest links to the ancient Greek theatre, particularly the theatre of Aristophanes. Another tradition started with the French master Etienne Decroux (father of corporeal mime). Etienne Decroux's aim was to create a theatre based on the physicality of the actor allowing the creation of a more metaphorical theatre. This tradition has now grown and corporeal mime is taught in many major theatrical schools. Daniel Stein, a teacher out of the lineage of Etienne Decroux, has this to say about physical theatre: "I think physicalWWW.BSSVE.IN theatre is much more visceral and audiences are affected much more viscerally than intellectually. The foundation of theater is a live, human experience, which is different from any other form of art that I know of. Live theatre, where real human beings are standing in front of real human beings, is about the fact that we have all set aside this hour; the sharing goes in both directions. The fact that it is a very physical, visceral form makes it a very different experience from almost anything else that we partake of in our lives. I dont think we could do it the same way if we were doing literary- based theatre." There are several quite distinct traditions of performance which all describe themselves using the term "physical theatre", which has led to a lot of confusion as to what the definition of physical theatre actually is. www.bsscommunitycollege.in www.bssnewgeneration.in www.bsslifeskillscollege.in 3 www.onlineeducation.bharatsevaksamaj.net www.bssskillmission.in 2. Nature of Physical Theatre The term "physical theatre" has been applied to performances consisting mainly of: Mime Contemporary dance Theatrical Clowning and other physical comedy Some forms of puppetry, especially large scale Theatrical Acrobatics While performances based around all of the above could equally claim to be "physical theatre", it is often difficult to draw a distinct boundary between what is and what is not physical theatre, and distinctions are often made quite arbitrarily by critics and performing companies. Physical Theatre may utilize pre-existing text, but the primary focus is on the physical work of the actors, expressed through the use of their bodies. It is a highly visual form of theatre. The action in physical theatre may have a psychological base, or point to an emotional centre, or have a clear storyline, and it can grow out of codified forms, improvisational work, or invented gestural language among other means of creation. However, the means of expression are always primarily physical rather than textual. Some analysts believe that physical theatre was influenced by Bertolt Brecht and his attempt to reduceWWW.BSSVE.IN theatre to its "epic form." 3. Performance art Performance art is art in which the actions of an individual or a group at a particular place and in a particular time constitute the work. It can happen anywhere, at any time, or for any length of time. Performance art can be any situation that involves four basic elements: time, space, the performer's body and a relationship between performer and audience. It is opposed to paintingor sculpture, for example, where an object constitutes the work. Of course the lines are often blurred. For instance, the work of Survival Research Laboratoriesis considered by most to be "performance art", yet the performers are actually machines. www.bsscommunitycollege.in www.bssnewgeneration.in www.bsslifeskillscollege.in 4 www.onlineeducation.bharatsevaksamaj.net www.bssskillmission.in Although performance art could be said to include relatively mainstream activities such as theater,dance,music, and circus-related things like fire breathing, juggling, and gymnastics, these are normally instead known as the performing arts. Performance art is a term usually reserved to refer to a kind of usually avant-garde or conceptual art which grew out of the visual arts. Performance art, as the term is usually understood, began to be identified in the 1960s with the work of artists such as Yves Klein, Vito Acconci,Hermann Nitsch, Chris Burden, Carolee Schneemann, Yoko Ono,Joseph Beuys,Wolf Vostelland Allan Kaprow, who coined the term happenings. But performance art was certainly anticipated, if not explicitly formulated, by Japan's Gutai group of the 1950s, especially in such works as Atsuko Tanaka's "Electric Dress" (1956). In 1970 the British-based pair, Gilbert and George, created the first of their "living sculpture" performances when they painted themselves gold and sang "Underneath The Arches" for extended periods. Alongside pioneering work in video art by Jud Yalkutand others, some performance artists began combining video with other media to create experimental works like those of Chicago'sSandra Binion, who elevated mundane activities like ironing clothes, scrubbing steps, dining and doing laundry into living art. Binion has performed all over the world and is highly regarded as an artist in Europe. Western cultural theorists often trace performance art activity back to the beginning of the 20th century. Dada for example, provided a significant progenitor with the unconventionalWWW.BSSVE.IN performances of poetry, often at the Cabaret Voltaire, by the likes of Richard Huelsenbeck and Tristan Tzara. However, there are accounts of Renaissanceartists putting on public performances that could be said to be early ancestors to modern performance art. Some performance artists point to other traditions, ranging from tribal ritualto sporting events. Performance art activity is not confined to European art traditions; many notable practitioners can be found in the United States,Asia, and Latin America. In performance art, usually one or more people perform in front of an audience. In contrast to the traditional performing arts, performance art is unconventional. Performance artists often challenge the audience to think in new and unconventional ways about theater and performing, break conventions of traditional performing arts, and break www.bsscommunitycollege.in www.bssnewgeneration.in www.bsslifeskillscollege.in 5 www.onlineeducation.bharatsevaksamaj.net www.bssskillmission.in down conventional ideas about "what art is," similar to thepostmodernart movement. Thus, even though in most cases the performance is in front of an audience, in some cases, the audience becomes the performers. The performance may be scripted, unscripted, or improvisational. It may incorporate music, dance, song, or complete silence. The audience may buy tickets for the performance, the performance may be free, or the performer may pay the audience to watch the performance. Roselee Goldberg states in Performance Art: From Futurism to the Present: Performance has been a way of appealing directly to large public, as well as shocking audiences into reassessing their own notions of art and its relation to culture. Conversely, public interest in the medium, especially in the 1980s, stems from an apparent desire of that public to gain access to the art world, to be a spectator of its ritual and its distinct community, and to be surprised by the unexpected, always unorthodox presentations that the artists devise. The work may be presented solo or with a group, with lighting, music or visuals made by the performance artist him or herself, or in collaboration, and performed in places ranging from an art gallery or museum to an alternative space, a theatre, caf, bar or street corner. Unlike theatre, the performer is the artist, seldom a character like an actor, and the content rarely follows a traditional plot or narrative. The performance might be a series of intimate gestures or large-scale visual theatre, lasting from a few minutes to many hours; it might be performed only once or repeated several times, with or without a prepared script, spontaneously improvised, or rehearsed over many months.WWW.BSSVE.IN Performance art genres include body art,fluxus,happening,action poetry, and intermedia. Some artists, e.g. the Viennese Actionists and neo-Dadaists, prefer to use the terms live art, "action art", interventionor "manoeuvre" to describe their activities.