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Water and Roman Urbanism Mnemosyne Supplements History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity Edited by Susan E. Alcock, Brown University Thomas Harrison, Liverpool Willem M. Jongman, Groningen VOLUME 355 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/mns Water and Roman Urbanism Towns, Waterscapes, Land Transformation and Experience in Roman Britain By Adam Rogers LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Cover illustration: The head and shoulders of a river god, or possibly Neptune, in oolitic limestone from an unprovenanced location in Cirencester (photograph used with permission of the Corinium Museum, Cirencester). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rogers, Adam, 1981- Water and Roman urbanism : towns, waterscapes, land transformation and experience in Roman Britain / by Adam Rogers. pages cm. – (Mnemosyne supplements : history and archaeology of classical antiquity, ISSN 0169-8958 ; volume 355) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-24787-1 (hardback : acid-free paper) – ISBN 978-90-04-24975-2 (e-book) 1. Great Britain–Civilization–Roman inuences. 2. Great Britain–Antiquities, Roman. 3. Cities and towns, Ancient–Great Britain. 4. City and town life–Great Britain–History–To 1500. 5. City planning–Great Britain–History–To 1500. 6. Water use–Great Britain–History–To 1500. 7. Water–Social aspects–Great Britain–History–To 1500. 8. Water and architecture–Great Britain–History–To 1500. 9. Landscape changes–Great Britain–History–To 1500. 10. Great Britain–Geography. I. Title. DA145.R734 2013 714.09362'09015–dc23 2013001251 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0169-8958 ISBN 978-90-04-24787-1 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-24975-2 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhof Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. For my mother CONTENTS List of Figures . ix Acknowledgements . xiii 1. Introduction . 1 2. Five Urban Waterscapes . 27 3. Rivers, Lakes and Islands: Towns, Changing Waterscapes and Geography . 89 4. Waterfronts: The Land/Water Interface and the Construction of Waterfront Installations . 139 5. Wetlands: The Materiality of Land Drainage and Reclamation in Towns .............................................................. 179 6. Conclusions: Towns, Water and Places . 217 Bibliography . 231 Index ................................................................... 269 LIST OF FIGURES 2.1. Plan of the reconstructed waterscape in association with the Roman town at London on the north side of the Thames (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Bateman 1998) . 34 2.2. Plan of the reconstructed waterscape at Southwark (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Cowan et al. 2009, gure 4) . 37 2.3. Plan of waterfront development on the northern side of the Thames at London from the mid rst century ad to the early/mid-third centuries ad (drawn by A.C. Rogers and D. Miles-Williams; adapted from Swift 2008, gure 4) . 40 2.4. Plan of the north Southwark area (drawn by A.C. Rogers and D. Miles-Williams; adapted from Drummond-Murray and Thompson 2002, gure 43) . 42 2.5. Plan showing the extent of land transformation at Southwark by ad160–200 (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Cowan et al. 2009, gure 11) . 49 2.6. Plan of the waterscape at Canterbury (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from unpublished material from Canterbury Archaeological Trust). 53 2.7. Photograph of the internal branch of the River Great Stour at Canterbury (photograph taken by A.C. Rogers) . 55 2.8. Plan of the reconstructed river system at Cirencester prior to the foundation of the Roman town (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Broxton and Reece 2011, map 1) . 60 2.9. Plan of the reconstructed river system at Cirencester in association with the Roman town (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Broxton and Reece 2011, map 2). 61 2.10. Photograph of the arti cial lake within the grounds of St Mary’s Abbey in Cirencester which may occupy the original course of the River Churn before it was diverted in the Roman period (photograph by A.C. Rogers) . 63 2.11. Photograph of the arti cial course of the River Churn owing outside the line of the Roman town walls within grounds of St Mary’s Abbey in Cirencester (photograph taken by A.C. Rogers) 64 x list of figures 2.12. Extant remains of the Roman town walls at Cirencester in the grounds of St Mary’s Abbey. The arti cial course of the River Churn ows behind the walls (photograph by A.C. Rogers) . 65 2.13. Photograph of the modern River Witham at Lincoln (photograph taken by A.C. Rogers) . 68 2.14. Plan of the reconstructed waterscape at Lincoln (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Stocker ed. 2003, gure 4.4) . 69 2.15. Photograph of the Brayford Pool at Lincoln (photograph by A.C. Rogers) . 73 2.16. Reconstruction of the waterscape at Lincoln with the location of the Roman period suburb (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Stocker ed. 2003, gure 7.38) . 74 2.17. Plan of the key excavation sites outside the town at Lincoln in connection with the waterfront, land drainage and reclamation (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Steane 2001, gure 1.3) . 75 2.18. Plan of the reconstructed riverscape at Winchester (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Zant 1993, gure 4). 80 2.19. Photograph of the current River Itchen at Winchester (photograph taken by A.C. Rogers) . 81 2.20. Plan of features from the Brooks site excavations at Winchester dating to the mid-second century ad (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Zant 1993, gure 35). 84 2.21. Plan of the remains of the timber drain from Winchester (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Zant 1993, gure 25) . 85 3.1. Plan of the reconstructed river system at Gloucester in association with the Roman town (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Hurst 1988, gure 3.1) . 97 3.2. Plan of the modern riverscape in association with the reconstructed Roman town location at Leicester. It is noteworthy, as with some other town plans, that the street grid appears to be deliberately orientated towards the river (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Cooper and Buckley 2003, gure 4.1) . 99 3.3. Plan of the medieval period river system at Exeter (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Stoyle 2003, map 4) . 102 3.4. Plan of the riverscape at the location of the Roman town at Wroxeter (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Pannett 1989, gure1)........................................................... 103 list of figures xi 3.5. Plan of the riverscape at Colchester with the possible port locations used by the Roman town marked (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Crummy 1997: 71) . 112 3.6. Plan of the riverscape at Exeter in relation to the Exe Estuary (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Stoyle 2003, map 6) . 114 3.7. Plan of the location of the River Lavant in the relation to the Roman town at Chichester (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Cunlife 1971, gure 15) . 118 3.8. Plan of the riverscape at the Roman town of Caistor-by-Norwich (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from J. Davies 2009, gure 149) . 120 3.9. Plan of the riverscape at St Albans (Verulamium) (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Niblett 2005, gure 4.73) . 121 3.10. Plan of the existing and possible course of the aqueduct at Leicester (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Wacher 1995, gure 158) . 131 3.11. Photograph of the existing section of the ‘Raw Dyke’ at Leicester which formed part of the aqueduct (photograph taken by A.C. Rogers) . 132 4.1. Plan of the possible Roman period port locations at Gloucester (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Hurst 1999, gure 7) . 152 4.2. Plan of the riverscape at the Roman period settlement at York (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Ottaway 2004, gure 1). 153 4.3. Reconstruction of the timber box quay discovered at St Magnus House, New Fresh Wharf, London (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Miller et al. 1986, gure 56) . 163 4.4. Reconstruction plan of the rst century ad warehouse structure on the waterfront discovered at Regis House, London (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Brigham 1998, gure 5) . 171 4.5. Reconstruction plan of the rst century ad warehouse structures on the waterfront at the Pudding Lane/Peninsular House, London (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Milne 1985, gure 13) . 172 5.1. Traces of Roman period reclamation activity at the Wentlooge Level in Gwent, Wales (drawn by A.C. Rogers; adapted from Fulford et al. 1994) . 191 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book was written during a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellowship at the University of Leicester and I would like to thank the support and encouragement of everyone in the School of Archaeology and Ancient History at Leicester.
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