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1 KAJIAN POPULASI TUMBUHAN WANGA (Pigafetta Elata)

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1 KAJIAN POPULASI TUMBUHAN WANGA (Pigafetta Elata) 1 KAJIAN POPULASI TUMBUHAN WANGA (Pigafetta elata) DI WILAYAH TORAJA, SULAWESI SELATAN Herawati1, Syamsiah2, St. Fatma Hiola3 1Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Negeri Makassar Email: [email protected] 2Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Negeri Makassar Email:[email protected] 3Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Negeri Makassar Email:[email protected] Abstract This study aims to assess the populations of wanga plants in Tana Toraja district and Toraja Utara district, the association wanga plants with other plants, the distribution pattern, density and frequence of P.elata. This is a descriptive study with survey techniques. The materials used are whole vegetation of wanga in the observation area. The tools used include: GPS (Global Positioning System), clinometer, soil tester, meter long (100 m), and pH meter. Sampling is determined by purposive sampling with a plot size of 20 mx 20 m by 3 point locations with 1 location consists of 10 plots. The method used to value the density and frequence index based on a formula Krebs, the distribution pattern P. elata the variance ratio calculation, the presence or absence of vegetation associations based around plants wanga count of 2x2 contingency tables and chi-square (χ2). Sangalla’ selatan have density first, Mebali have density second high and Kete’kesu have low density, while frequance of P.elata in Kete’kesu area have low frequance while two other areas have high frequence. The distribution pattern of P. elata in three areas, namely in the Kete Kesu ', Mebali and district. South Sangalla’ tend to be clustered. P. elata association with species of trees on three observation area there are not species of plants positive associated with P. elata. Keywords: Wanga plant (Pigafetta elata), Population, Association of wanga plant 1. PENDAHULUAN P. elata (tumbuhan wanga) tersebar di Tana Toraja merupakan kabupaten Sulawesi, termasuk Sulawesi Selatan. P. dari pulau Sulawesi yang memiliki kondisi elata merupakan tumbuhan endemik lingkungan yang mendukung pertumbuhan Sulawesi (LIPI, 2000). palem karena termasuk daerah dataran Berdasarkan IUCN Red List tinggi yang memiliki temperatur dingin (International Union for Conservation of sehingga memungkinkan banyaknya Nature and Natural Resources), P. elata tumbuhan dapat hidup, termasuk tumbuhan atau tumbuhan wanga belum kategorikan endemik. Menurut Mogea (2002), tingkat dalam status kelangkaan oleh IUCN Red endemisitas tumbuhan di pulau Sulawesi List, karena sehubungan dengan belum 72% spesies, dimana 58% adalah genus adanya data yang komprehensif mengenai palem. Salah satu genus palem Sulawesi populasi dan tingkat keberadaannya di yang bersifat endemik adalah Pigafetta. alam. Namun beberapa kenyataan yang Pigafetta terdiri dari dua spesies ditemukan di lapangan menunjukkan yaitu Pigafetta fillaris dan Pigafetta elata. bahwa kelangsungan hidup tumbuhan P. fillaris tersebar di Maluku dan Papua wanga di habitat aslinya mengalami Nugini (Dransfield et al, 2008). Sedangkan ancaman yang nyata. Menurut 2 LIPI (2000), kebutuhan tumbuhan wanga suatu habitat yang cukup kecil yang tidak sebanding dengan penebangan liar, memungkinkan anggota-anggotanya dapat pembukaan lahan perkebunan dan saling melakukan. sebagainya, serta beberapa faktor lainnya Palem-paleman tumbuhan suku yang menyebabkan semakin hari tumbuhan tertua diantara tumbuhan berbunga. Hal ini tersebut menjadi berkurang di alam didasarkan penelitian fosil, anggota suku terutama di daerah Tana Toraja. Pinang-pinanga telah dijumpai sejak jaman Kehadirannya di alam yang Cretaceus, lebih kurang 120 juta tahun semakin sedikit serta di sisi lain yang lalu (Corner, 1996). Selain itu, suku keberadaan tumbuhan wanga begitu ini memiliki anggota berupa pohon penting, dan kurangnya upaya masyarakat tertinggi (Ceroxylon), pemanjat kayu atau sekitar, maupun dari pihak pemerintah liana yang terbesar (Calamus), memiliki daerah dalam mengupayakan pelestarian daun terbesar (Raphia), memiliki bunga tumbuhan wanga lebih menyebabkan majemuk yang terbesar (Corypha), keberadaan P. elata kelestariannya (Aras, memiliki biji yang terbesar (Lodoicea) et al., 2017). itu keterbatasan penelitian, diantara tumbuhan monokotil lainnya informasi, dan data mengenai tumbuhan (Sudarnadi, 1996). wanga yang perlu dikaji lebih lanjut, Wanga atau Pigafetta elata karena diharapkan dengan adanya data- merupakan salah tumbuhan yang ada di data yang mendukung tentang vegetasi Sulawesi yang bersifat khas Sulawesi tumbuhan wanga, baik itu jumlah dan karena memiliki ukuran dan panjang persebarannya di Kabupaten Tana Toraja batang yang cukup besar, berbatang akan memudahkan pihak pemerintah tunggal dan lurus. Tumbuhan wanga yang daerah untuk melakukan konservasi atau dewasa bisa mencapai ketinggian 50 meter perlindungan terhadap tumbuhan tersebut. dan diameter batangnya hingga 40 cm. Berdasarkan uraian masalah di Batang berbentuk silinder, berwarna hijau atas maka peneliti ingin melakukan tua/hijau kecoklatan, mengkilat, memiliki penelitian mengenai kajian populasi cincin bekas pelepah daun berwarna hijau tumbuhan wanga (Pigafetta elata) di dan licin sehingga sulit untuk dipanjat. Kabupaten Tana Toraja. Tumbuhan wanga memiliki banyak akar pada dasarnya. Tumbuhan wanga merupakan 2. KAJIAN LITERATUR salah satu palem yang berasal dari bagian A. Populasi Sulawesi di Indonesia termasuk di Populasi merupakan kelompok Kabupaten Tanah Toraja, di temukan di kolektif organisme-organisme dari spesies hutan hujan tropis dengan ketinggian 450 yang sama atau kelompok-kelompok lain dan 900 m (1500 dan 3000 kaki). Genus dimana individu-individu dapat bertukar pigafetta merupakan salah satu dari suku informasi genetiknya yang menduduki palem paleman yang terdiri dari jenis yaitu ruang atau tempat tertentu (Odum 1993). Pigafetta filaris yang tumbuh di Maluku Secara umum populasi dapat dianggap (Moluccas) dan Papua Nugini (New suatu kelompok organisme yang terdiri Guinea) dan P. elata yang merupakan jenis dari individu yang tergolong dalam satu yang bersifat endemik di Sulawesi jenis, satu varietas, satu ekotipe, atau satu (Dransfield et al., 2008). P. elata ini di unit taksonomi lain yang terdapat pada butuhkan oleh masyarakat, sementara suatu tempat. Sedangkan menurut Barbour kehadirannya di alam semakin sedikit, ini et al (1987), populasi adalah kelompok dikarenakan harga batang dari P. elata individu dari satu spesies dan menempati sangat mahal. 3 Penurunan populasi dari tumbuhan tumbuhan lainnya ditiap plot pengamatan wanga di alam disebabkan oleh tingginya di Kabupaten Tana Toraja dan Kabupaten penggunaan oleh masyarakat lokal dan Toraja Utara. proses pembiakan dari tumbuhan ini masih Berikut ini adalah peta lokasi penellitian: sedikit sulit. Tumbuhan wanga adalah Gambar 2.1.Peta Lokasi Pengamatan tumbuhan dengan proses polinasi yang membutuhkan angin atau serangga, jadi populasinya di hutan jarang diragukan sukses proses polinasinya. Adapun klasifikasi Tumbuhan Wanga (Pigafetta elata) sebagai berikut: Regnum : Plantae Divisio : Magnoliophyta Classis : Magnoliopsida Ordo : Arecales Famila : Arecaceae Genus : Pigafetta Species : Pigafetta elata A. Alat dan Bahan Bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu seluruh populasi tumbuhan wanga (P. elata) dalam daerah pengamatan di Kabupaten Tana Toraja. Alat-alat yang digunakan dalam penelitin antara lain: (1) laptop (2) alat pengecekan lapangan: GPS (Global Positioning Gambar 2.1.Habitus Tumbuhan Wanga System), kompas geologi, klinometer, soil (Pigafetta elata) tester. (3) alat dokumentasi: kamera foto hp, dan kamera digital canon, (4) Peralatan 3. METODE PENELITIAN inventarisasi vegetasi; meteran panjang (50 Penelitian ini adalah penelitian m), mistar 30 cm, phi band, pH meter, deskriptif dengan menggunakan teknik gunting stek, dan patok, (5) alat tulis survei yaitu ke lapangan melakukan menulis; ballpoin, pensil 2B, buku pengamatan dan pengambilan sampel yang lapangan. ditetapkan secara purposive sampling. yang dilakukan pada Bulan April 2019. B. Prosedur Penelitian Penelitian dilakukan di tiga lokasi di Penjelajahan dan pengamatan pada Kabupaten Tana Toraja yaitu Kete’ kesu’ lokasi dilakukan dengan acuan tiga titik Mebali, dan Sangalla’ selatan. lokasi berdasarkan informasi dari Variabel penelitian ini adalah masyarakat setempat yang berada di Kab. parameter populasi tumbuhan wanga Tana Toraja. Penentuan lokasi sampling (P.elata) dan tumbuhan yang ada di dan pengambilan sampel yang ditetapkan sekitarnya, densitas dan frekuensi, pola secara purposive sampling dengan ukuran distribusi dan asosiasi P.elata dengan plot 20 m x 20 m dalam 1 lokasi dan sebanyak 3 titik dengan 1 lokasi terdiri 4 atas 10 plot pada daerah kawasan, jadi Kriteria : terdapat 30 plot pada 3 lokasi pengamatan. IS = 1 berarti menyebar acak (random) IS > 1 berarti menyebar secara C. Analisis Data berkelompok (clumped), Pengelolahan data dilakukan IS < 1 berarti menyebar merata/umum pertama dengan menggunakan Paramater (regular) populasi untuk kepentingan populasi ada beberapa parameter kuantitatif. Menurut Selanjutnya penentuan ada Indriyanto, (2005) populasi yang sangat tidaknya asosiasi vegetasi tumbuhan penting yang umum diukur dari suatu tipe wanga didasarkan pada hitungan tabel populasi yaitu dengan menggunakan contingency 2x2 dan nilai chi-square (χ2) serangkaian rumus-rumus berikut: (Kusmana, 2017). Bila nilai χ2 hitung > a. Densitas χ2tabel berarti terjadi asosiasi sebaliknya bila Densitas (D) χ2 hitung < χ2tabel berarti tidak terjadi 2tabel
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