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Vol35n4p199-207 l99rl HALFPAPPAND STOREY:CANE WEEVIL BORER Prinripes.35(4).1991. pp.199 207 Cane Weevil Borer. Rhabdoscelusobscurus (Coleoptera:Curculionidae), a Pest of Palms in Northern Queensland,Australia K. H. HerrpAPP ANDR. I. Sronrv Department of Prinary Industries, P.O. Box 1O54, Mareeba, QId, 4880 AssrRecr land. Somebadly infestedfields in the South Johnstonedistrict had one in three stalks In recent years the cultivation of ornamental palms (Arecaceae) has increased markedly in northern affected,with populationsof over 250,000 Queensland. Consequently, several insects have larvae per hectare (Mungomery 1953). become important pests, particularly Rhabdoscelus Mungomery (1953) believed that R. obscurus (Boisduval),the cane weevil borer. The lar- obscurusonly reached its current negli- vae of this beetle feed on various species of palms, gible pest statusin the sugar industry when making the plants unsaleable.Death or lodging of the trees may also result. This paper documents its pest preharvest burning of the crop became status. derived from information in the literature and almost universal. This practice destroved from consultation with local growers. most emerging adults and milling kiiled most larvae and pupae. Although Rhabdoscelus obscurus The first enquiry we received about .lt. (Boisduval), the cane weevil borer, was obscurusas a pest of palms in northern originally describedfrom New Ireland the was related to an attack on original range of the speciesis unknown. Queensland coconutpalm in Cairnsin 1977. Sincethat Zimmerman (1968) believed thai R. time reports have gradually increased,with obscurus was probably native to the Pa- a large number being received over the puan area, and has since spread, its cur- last two years. Alihough this undoubtedly rent distribution ranging from the Celebes reflects an increasedinterest in growing in Indonesia through New Guinea, south palms in the area, long term enthusiasts and east to Polynesia, and Queensland, interviewed believed that there was a def- Micronesia and north to Hawaii. Its spread inite increase in weevil activity over the is almost certainly associated with the last 2 to 3 years.The purposeofthis paper transport of sugar cane by man. is to provide an information base on this Mungomery (1953) was of the opinion weevil and its importance to northern that R. obscurus first entered Queensland palm growers and to discuss in infested sugar cane directly from New Queensland the need or otherwise for further studies. Guinea about 1896. Jarvis (1927) stated that it was first noticed in the Mossman Life History and Johnstone River districts in 1907, spreadingrapidly as far south as Mackay Most literature on the life history of R. through unrestricted movement of seed obscurus relates to sugar cane, especially canebetween mill areas.By the mid 1930's from Hawaii where the weevil is still a R. obscuruswassecond only to canebeetle major pest. The following information is (Scarabaeidae:Lepidiota spp. and other largelyfrom Napompethet al. (1972). The genera)as a pest of sugar cane in Queens- adult female chews a cavity about 3 mm PRINCIPES lvor. 35 deep in the sugar cane stalk, usually in fall over and die. Damage mostly occurs adult feeding scars or cracks, sometimes up to I meter above the ground. at internodes or in leaf sheaths. A single egg is then laid, which hatchesin 3-7 days OverseasHosts (mean 4.6). The developinglarva (Fig. 2) R. is consideredto be pri- feedson the pith (not the fibers),tunnelling obscurus marily a cane, although Muir up and down the stalk, occasionallybreak- pest of sugar Swezey(1916) believedthat the orig- ing through to the surface leaving char- .and inal hosts were likely to have been palms acteristic windows.The larval stage,which and Napompeth et al. (1972) hasabout 6 instars,Iasts from 45-61 days bananas. Rauenala madagas- (mean 54.3). It then enters a prepupal listed corn, papaya, cariensis F. Gmel. (traveller'stree) and stage of about 7 days, finally pupating in J. Strelitzia reginae Banks (Birds-of-para- a cocoon made of a spirally woven mass as alternate hosts and Zimmerman of frbersand frass. After I7 -25 davs(mean dise) (1968) listed maize and other grasses, 2l) the adultsemerge. Adult beeiles(Fig. Erianthus spp. and Inocarpus l) are variable in color, with about 6 dis- "f"Stf", (Parkinson)Fosb. (as edulis & G. tinct patterns of light and dark markings. J. R. Each adult weevil is 10.0 + 3.0 mm in Forster). (1972) length and 3.5 + 1.1 mm in width, while Napompethet al. listed the fol- weightvaries from 2 I .3- I I8.2 mg (mean Iowing palms as hosts: Archontophoenix 66.1 in males, 67.8 in females).Adults alexandrae-alexandra pahn; Areca cat- are long lived, surviving up to 70 months echu-berel-nttt pahn; Caryota ur ens L.- wine palm; Cocosnucifera-coconut palm; furcaptivity, but probably less in the wild. Beetlesfly infrequently and are most active Metroxylon sagz Rottboel-sago palm; Pritchardia martii (Gaud.) H. A. around dawn and especially dusk. Van Wendl.-loulu palm; Ptychosperrna ele- Zwaluwenburgand Rosa(1940) found that Roystonea R. obscurus can move considerabledis- g'ans-solitaire palm; elata (Bart.) tances (mainly by flight), marked and Harper-royal palm; Sabal pal- metto (WaIter) Lodd. ex A. & H. releasedspecimens being taken up to 0.5 J. J. Schultes-cabbage palm. Lever (1969) km from releasesites. They concludedthat alsolisted Areca catechu wind was probably the main environmental Cocosnucifera, and.Metroxylon spp. as hosts. influence on field movement and that most infestationsin new fields came from adja- cent fields, rather than carrying over from AustralianHosts crop to crop. One female can lay up to The majority of available records in 176 eggs,90% of which are laid in the Australia are for sugar cane. Mungomery (laboratory first 25 weeks conditions).Eggs ( I 937) statedthat he knew of no authentic are not laid continuouslybut in short peri- record of R. obscurasfeeding on bananas ods of activity. in He did record Archonto- (1979) Queensland. Dharmarajuet al. discussedthe phoenix a,lexa,ndraeas a host,the cocoons weevil'slife history in coconut palms. Eggs being present in felled wild trees. are laid in the epidermis of 4=6 year old trees. Up to severalhundred larvae were NaturalEnemies found developing within the trunk of a single tree. Pink sap which exudes from A tachinidparasite of R. obscurus,Li*,- wounds attracts other adults. Cocoonsare ophaga sphenophori (Villeneuve) was found inside the tmnk, the weevilsleaving successfullyintroduced from Papua New exit holes as they emerge. Heavy infes- Guineaby Jarvis, working with the Hawai tations weakenthe trunk and the tree may ians,Muir and Kershaw,in I910. By l9lB leerl HALFPAPPAND STOREY:CANE WEEVIL BORER 201 I. Adult Rhabdoscelusobscurus. 2. Mature larva of R. obscurus in trunk of young Archontophoenix alexandrae. 3. Damaged trunk of Archontophoenix alexandrae. Note jellyJike exudate from R. obscurus feeding hole. 4. Damage to potted Archontophoenix alexandrae by R- obscurus. PRINCIPES [Vor. 35 it waswell establishedin the Mossmanarea against C. sordidus. Like the histerid Plne- and was then reared in numbers at the sius jaaanus it failed to establish. Zim- Meringa laboratoriesof the Bureauof Sugar merman (1968) lists the elaterid, Conode- "various Experiment Stations and widely released rus exuL(Sharp) and ants,mites, between Proserpine and Cairns. Although firngi and some other predators and par- it was still present as late as 1952, Mun- asites" as affecting R. obscurus numbers. gomery (1952) statedthat parasitismrates Other agents are also recorded as par- rarely exceeded 5% which he attributed asitesor predators of R. obscurzs, includ- to the removal of available hosts by the ing rats which will eat the cocoons and yearly harvest. Wilson (1960) however, Bufo marinu.s L., the cane toad, which noted that L. sphenophori did exercise a commonly preys on R. obscuras adults high degreeof control of R. obscuruswhere (Wilson 1960). Wilson (1960) also conditions were favorable, such as the reported that the green muscardinefungus Tully-Mossman area. Metarrhiziurn anisopliae attacks R. In addition to L. sphenophori, Muir & obscurus in Queenslandand that the spe- Swezey(1916) (except where indicated) cies was consideredfor biological control listed the following as natural enemies of n 1923-24. He also reported the intro- R. obscurus: duction of an unspecified entomogenous Plaesius jaaanus Erichson (HISTER- fungus from the Philippines in 1928. h IDAE)-Larvae and adults of this large was then cultured on media and transmit- beetlelive inside weevil infested palms and ted to R. obscurus, but no further infor- bananas,feeding on weevil adults and lar- mation is available on its successor oth- vae, especially on Cosrnopolites and. erwise. Sphenophoru.s(other weevil generarelated R. in P. jauanus to obscurus) bananas. The CurrentSuruey was releasedin Cooran, southeastQueens- land to control Cosmopolites sord.idus Twenty-two growers were interviewed (Germar),the bananaweevil borer, in 1928 and their nurseriesexamined in late 1989 (Weddell L932). One Plaesiu,slarva can with regard to R. obscurus.For each nurs- consume up to 34 weevil larvae per day, ery, notes were taken on size of plantings, anadult averaging B per day. Waterhouse establishmentdates, range of palm species and Norris (1987) stated that despite sev- grown, and microhabitat. With respect to eral attempts to introduce this speciesinto R. obscurus.data were obtainedon amount southeast Queensland and New South and type of damage,palm speciesaffected, Wales from both Java and Fiji (where it age and situation (potted or field planted) had been successfullyintroduced), it failed of palms attacked, weather or seasonal to become established. effects noted by grower, and any control Platysoma abruptum Erichson (HIS- measuresemployed. These growers ranged TERIDAE)-This speciesis similar to P. from enthusiasts with an interest in palms, jaoanus but smaller. to commercial seedlingssuppliers and pro- Simodactylus sp. (ELATERIDAE)- ducers of larger plants for landscaping. Larvae feed on R. obscurus in palms, Large scale growers had trees in pots or especiallythe pupal stage.
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