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Inorganic Chemistry of Vanadium

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Inorganic Chemistry of Vanadium Vanadium Hitoshi Michibata Editor Vanadium Biochemical and Molecular Biological Approaches 123 Editor Hitoshi Michibata Department of Biological Science Graduate School of Science Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashihiroshima 739-8526 Japan [email protected] ISBN 978-94-007-0912-6 e-ISBN 978-94-007-0913-3 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0913-3 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011937453 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Publishing the book “Vanadium: Biochemical and Molecular Biological Approaches” is particularly timed. It becomes exactly 100 years since Professor Martin Henze first reported high levels of vanadium in the blood cells of an ascidian (tunicate) collected in the Gulf of Naples in 1911. Subsequently, his discovery had a great influence not only on analytical, natural product, organic and inorganic chemistry but also on physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology. Vanadium, atomic number 23, is one of the most interesting transition elements. Average of its crustal abundance is estimated to be 100 g/g, which is approximately twice that of copper, 10 times that of lead, and 100 times that of molybdenum (Nriagu 1998). In seawater, vanadium is dissolved in the average concentration of approximately 35 nM in the C5 oxidation state (Cole et al. 1983, 1984). Vanadium is also known to be present in crude oil, coal and tar sand. Western Venezuelan crude oil contains approximately 257 mg/g of vanadium. Vanadium can be recovered as V2O5 from smoke dust after the combustion of oil (Nriagu 1998). Approximately 50% of the vanadium in oil is in the form of a vanadyl (VIVO) porphyrin complex, which resembles chlorophyll and hemoglobin (Barbooti 1989). As far as the biochemical aspects, in the 1930s many analytical chemists analyzed the vanadium content of various organisms. In 1933, Hans Bortels suggested that vanadium compounds substituting for molybdenum compounds have a positive effect on nitrogen fixation by Azotobacter. In the 1970s, the biological significance of vanadium was the focus of several reports. Schwarz and Milne reported that vanadium is necessary for growing rats (1971). Bayer and Kneifel isolated a pale-blue vanadium compound from the toadstool Amanita muscaria and designated amavadin (1972). Cantley et al. determined that vana- date acts as a potent inhibitor of the NaC-KC-ATPase (1977). In the 1980s the inhibition of the NaC-KC-ATPase by quabain was also found to activate glucose transport and glucose oxidation in rat adipocytes. Shechter and Karlish (1980) found new inhibitors in the form of vanadium salts (vanadate and vanadyl) that stimulated glucose oxidation in rat adipocytes. In 1985, Heyliger et al. reported that vanadate appeared to have insulin-like effects. Meyerovitch et al. (1987) showed that the oral administration of vanadate normalized blood glucose v vi Preface levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The inorganic and organic vanadium- containing compounds have been of interest as insulin mimics and have been studied in clinical trials. Vanadium compounds have been further found to be effective as anti-cancer agents in several variants of leukemia. In 1984, Vilter first revealed the presence of vanadium bromoperoxidase in the marine macroalga Ascophyllum nodosum. This finding triggered the discovery of various vanadate- dependent haloperoxidases, including iodo-, bromo-, and chloro-peroxidases not only in marine algae but also in terrestrial fungi and lichens, which harbor enzymes that catalyze the halogenation of organic substrates by H2O2 and halides. In 1986, Robson et al. reported that the alternative nitrogenase of Azotobacter chroococcum was a vanadium enzyme. Subsequent genetic and physiological studies showed that V-nitrogenases are widely distributed but are only synthesized when molybdenum is a limiting nutrient. At the time, the inorganic and coordination chemistry of vanadium has been investigated intenisively. The beautiful color changes depending on chemical species of vanadium in aquous solutions have fascinated inorganic and coordination chemists. Baes and Mesmer (1976) described diagram as a function of redox potential and pH. Thereafter, speciation of various vanadium species in solution and structures of many vanadium compounds have been reported by Chasteen (1983), Petterson (1985), Rehder (2008), Crans et al. (2000) and many other investigators. The reason why vanadium attracts scientists, covering such so extensive scientific fields, fundamentally attributes to its wide range of oxidation states (from 2to C5), which can be converted by one-electron redox process. A variety of organic reactions, in which vanadium plays as a Lewis acid and produces many vanadium complexes, depend on the oxidation states of vanadium. Vanadium, in proteins such as vanabins isolated from ascidians, is revealed to participate in the redox chemistry. In addition, vanadium, included in enzymes such as haloperoxidases, is known to be involved in an oxygen-transfer reaction. Vanadium compounds have been revealed to induce or catalyze various potential organic reactions and polymerizations. In the book, after you could learn the basics of vanadium by the first Part I “Featuring Chemistry of Vanadium”, you would be filled with surprise on the unusual phenomena “Hyper-Accumulators of Vanadium”. The skilful mechanism of enzymes described in the Part III would satisfy your scientific interest. The Part III “Enzymatic Roles of Vanadium” would show you the other side of vanadium function. The last Part IV “Medicinal Functions of Vanadium” would be expected for future practical use of vanadium. Hiroshima University Hitoshi Michibata Contents Part I Featuring Chemistry of Vanadium 1 Inorganic Chemistry of Vanadium ....................................... 3 Kan Kanamori and Kiyoshi Tsuge Part II Hyper-Accumulators of Vanadium 2 Amavadine, a Vanadium Compound in Amanita Fungi ............... 35 Jose´ A.L. da Silva, Joao˜ J.R. Fra´usto da Silva, and Armando J.L. Pombeiro 3 High Levels of Vanadium in Ascidians ................................... 51 Hitoshi Michibata and Tatsuya Ueki 4 Hyper-Accumulation of Vanadium in Polychaetes...................... 73 Daniele Fattorini and Francesco Regoli Part III Enzymatic Roles of Vanadium 5 Structure and Function of Vanadium Haloperoxidases ................ 95 Ron Wever 6 Bioinspired Catalytic Bromination Systems for Bromoperoxidase ... 127 Toshiyuki Moriuchi and Toshikazu Hirao Part IV Medicinal Functions of Vanadium 7 Vanadium Effects on Bone Metabolism .................................. 145 Susana B. Etcheverry, Ana L. Di Virgilio, and Daniel A. Barrio vii viii Contents 8 Vanadium in Cancer Prevention .......................................... 163 Subhadeep Das, Mary Chatterjee, Muthumani Janarthan, Hari Ramachandran, and Malay Chatterjee 9 Cardiovascular Protection with Vanadium Compounds ............... 187 Kohji Fukunaga and Md Shenuarin Bhuiyan 10 Inhalation Toxicity of Vanadium.......................................... 209 Farida Louise Assem and Leonard Stephen Levy Index ............................................................................... 225 Contributors Farida Louise Assem ICF International, 9300 Lee highway, Fairfax, VA 22031, USA, lAssem@icfi.com Daniel A. Barrio Catedra´ de Bioqu´ımica Patologica,´ Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 (1900), La Plata, Argentina, [email protected] Md Shenuarin Bhuiyan Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan, [email protected] Malay Chatterjee Chemical Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, West Bengal, India, [email protected] Mary Chatterjee Chemical Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, West Bengal, India, [email protected] Jose´ A.L. da Silva Centro de Qu´ımica Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Tecnico,´ Technical University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal, [email protected] Subhadeep Das Chemical Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, West Bengal, India, [email protected] Ana L. Di Virgilio Catedra´ de Bioqu´ımica Patologica,´ Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 (1900), La Plata, Argentina, [email protected] Susana B. Etcheverry Catedra´ de Bioqu´ımica Patologica,´ Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 (1900), La Plata, Argentina ix x Contributors CEQUINOR (UNLP-CONICET), 47 y 115 (1900), La Plata, Argentina, [email protected] Daniele Fattorini Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Universita` Politecnica delle Marche, Via Ranieri (Montedago) 65, Ancona 60131, Italy, [email protected]
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