Mycoplasma Mycoides Subsp. Mycoides LC

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Mycoplasma Mycoides Subsp. Mycoides LC UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA FACULTAD DE VETERINARIA INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO DE SANIDAD ANIMAL Y SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA TESIS DOCTORAL Mecanismos de resistencia a las quinolonas en Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC Nuno Tiago Gião Antunes LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA 2007 UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA Departamento: Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria Programa de Doctorado: Sanidad Animal Título de la Tesis Mecanismos de resistencia a las quinolonas en Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC Tesis Doctoral presentada por D. Nuno Tiago Gião Antunes Dirigida por el Prof. Dr. José Bismarck Poveda Guerrero Codirigida por la Dra. Maria del Mar Tavío Pérez El Director, La Codirectora , El Doctorando, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, a 9 de Julio de 2007 JOSÉ B. POVEDA GUERRERO, CATEDRÁTICO DE UNIVERSIDAD DEL ÁREA DE CONOCIMIENTO DE SANIDAD ANIMAL Y COORDINADOR DEL GRUPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN DE EPIDEMIOLOGÍA Y MEDICINA PREVENTIVA VETERINARIA DEL INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO DE SANIDAD ANIMAL Y SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA. INFORMA: Que D. Nuno Tiago Gião Antunes, Licenciado en Veterinaria, ha realizado bajo mi dirección y asesoramiento el presente trabajo titulado Mecanismos de resistencia a las quinolonas en Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC, el cual considero reúne las condiciones y calidad científica para optar al grado de Doctor en Veterinaria. Y para que así conste, firmo el presente, en Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, a 9 de Julio de 2007. MARÍA DEL MAR TAVÍO PÉREZ, PROFESORA TITULAR DE UNIVERSIDAD DEL ÁREA DE CONOCIMIENTO DE MICROBIOLOGÍA EN EL DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS CLÍNICAS DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA INFORMA: Que D. Nuno Tiago Gião Antunes, Licenciado en Veterinaria, ha realizado bajo mi dirección y asesoramiento el presente trabajo titulado Mecanismos de resistencia a las quinolonas en Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC, el cual considero reúne las condiciones y calidad científica para optar al grado de Doctor en Veterinaria. Y para que así conste, firmo el presente, en Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, a 9 de Julio de 2007. ANTONIO FERNÁNDEZ RODRíGUEZ, DIRECTOR DEL INSTITUTO UNIVERSITARIO DE SANIDAD ANIMAL Y SEGURIDAD ALIMENTARIA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA, CERTIFICA, Que el Consejo de Doctores del Instituto en su sesión de fecha 5 de Julio de 2007 tomó el acuerdo de dar el consentimiento para su tramitación, a la tesis doctoral titulada “Mecanismos de resistencia a las quinolonas en Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC” presentada por el doctorando D. Nuno Tiago Gião Antunes y dirigida por el Dr. José Bismarck Poveda Guerrero y codirigida por la Dra. Maria del Mar Tavío Pérez. Y para que así conste, y a efectos de lo previsto en el Artº 73.2 del Reglamento de Estudios de Doctorado de esta Universidad, firmo la presente en Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, a 5 de Julio de dos mil siete. A mis padres Índice Índice Índice………………………………………………………………………………… I Índice de tablas, figuras y gráficos…………………………………………….. VII Resumen…………………………………………………………………………….. XXI Summary…………………………………………………………………………….. XXXIII Abreviaturas………………………………………………………………………… XXV Capítulo I………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 I.1.- Introducción………………………………………………………………………… 1 I.2.- Revisión bibliográfica…………………………………………………………….. 3 I.2.1.- Micoplasmas……………………………………………………………….. 3 I.2.1.1.- Taxonomía y filogenia.……………………………………………... 3 I.2.1.2.- Características generales………………………………………….. 4 I.2.1.3.- Hábitat……………………………………………………………….. 6 I.2.1.4- Antimicrobianos……………………………………………………… 7 I.2.1.4.1.- Mecanismos de resistencia a antimicrobianos…………… 7 I.2.1.4.1.1- Quinolonas………………..……………………………. 9 I.2.1.4.1.2.- Macrólidos, lincosamidas, estreptograminas B y cetólidos……………………………………………………………… 10 I.2.1.4.1.3.- Tetraciclinas............................................................. 10 I.2.1.4.1.4.- Aminoglucósidos...................................................... 11 I.2.1.4.1.5.- Anfenicoles............................................................... 11 I.2.2.- Agalaxia contagiosa............................................................................. 12 I.2.2.1.- Agentes etiológicos..................................................................... 12 I.2.2.2.- Susceptibilidad……………………………………………………… 13 I.2.2.3.- Infección y transmisión…………………………………………….. 13 I.2.2.4.- Aspectos clínicos........................................................................ 14 I.2.2.4.1.- Mycoplasma agalactiae..................................................... 15 I.2.2.4.2.- Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides large colony….. 16 I.2.2.4.3.- Mycoplasma putrefaciens.................................................. 17 I.2.2.4.4.- Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum...................... 17 I Índice I.2.2.5.- Distribución………………………………………………………….. 18 I.2.2.6.- Diagnostico………………………………………………………….. 19 I.2.2.6.1.- Detección e identificación…………………………………... 19 I.2.2.6.1.1.- Aislamiento……………………………………………. 19 I.2.2.6.1.1.1.- Pruebas bioquímicas y enzimáticas…………. 19 I.2.2.6.1.1.2.- Pruebas serológicas para la identificación….. 21 I.2.2.6.1.1.2.1- Inhibición del crecimiento………………. 21 I.2.2.6.1.1.2.2- Inhibición del metabolismo……………... 22 I.2.2.6.1.2.2.3- Immunobinding/ Dot Blott………………. 22 I.2.2.6.1.3.- Inmunohistoquímica………………………………….. 23 I.2.2.6.1.4.- Sondas de ADN………………………………………. 23 I.2.2.6.1.5- Reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR)……… 23 I.2.2.6.2- Pruebas serológicas para el diagnóstico…………………... 24 I.2.2.6.2.1.- ELISA y reacción de fijación del complemento……. 24 I.2.2.6.2.2.- Western Blott………………………………………….. 24 I.2.2.7.- Tratamiento………………………………………………………….. 25 I.2.2.8.- Profilaxis……………………………………………………………... 26 I.2.2.9.- Control……………………………………………………………….. 27 I.2.3.- Quinolonas…………………………………………………………………. 27 I.2.3.1- Historia………………………………………………………………... 27 I.2.3.2- Estructura química y clasificación………………………………... 30 I.2.3.2.1- Relación estructura-actividad……………………………….. 30 I.2.3.2.2.- Generaciones………………………………………………… 33 I.2.3.3- Mecanismo de acción……………………………………………….. 34 I.2.3.3.1.- Topoisomerasas bacterianas………………………………. 35 I.2.3.3.2- Mecanismo de acción de las quinolonas…………………... 37 I.2.3.4- Mecanismos de resistencia bacterianos frente a las quinolonas. 41 I.2.3.4.1.- Alteración de diana………………………………………….. 42 II Índice I.2.3.4.2.- Sistemas de expulsión activa como mecanismo de resistencia a quinolonas………………………………………………… 45 I.2.3.4.3.- Alteraciones de permeabilidad de la membrana externa.. 48 I.2.3.4.4.- Plásmidos responsables de resistencia a quinolonas…… 49 I.2.3.4.5.- Fenotipo MAR (Múltiple Resistencia a Antimicrobianos) o MDR (Múltiple Resistencia a Drogas)…………………………………. 51 I.2.3.4.6- Otros mecanismos…………………………………………… 52 Bibliografía 53 Capítulo II.- Factores que interfieren con la determinación de la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI) en medio liquido….…………………. 87 II.1.- Introducción……………………………………………………………………….. 87 II.2.- Material y Métodos………………………………………………………………... 89 II.2.1.- Cepas utilizadas…………………………………………………………... 89 II.2.2.- Antimicrobianos empleados……………………………………………… 89 II.2.3.- Determinación de CMIs…………………………….…………………….. 90 II.2.3.1.- Determinación del efecto del inóculo……………………………. 90 II.2.3.2.- Determinación del efecto del pH…………………………………. 91 II.2.3.3- Determinación del efecto de la presencia/ausencia de oxígeno. 91 II.2.3.4- Determinación del efecto del periodo de incubación…………… 91 II.2.3.5.- Determinación del efecto de la edad del inóculo……………….. 91 II.3.- Resultados…………………………………………………………………………. 92 II.3.1.- Efecto del inóculo…………………………………………………………. 92 II.3.2.- Efecto del pH………………………………………………………………. 92 II.3.3.- Efecto de la presencia/ausencia de oxígeno…………………………... 93 II.3.4.- Efecto del periodo de incubación……………………………………….. 93 II.3.5.- Efecto de la edad del inóculo……………………………………………. 93 II.4.- Discusión…………………………………………………………………………… 94 Anexo de tablas, gráficos y figuras………………………………………………….. 99 III Índice Anexo de material………………………………………………………………………. 107 Bibliografía……………………………………………………………………………….. 109 Capítulo III.- Estudio de la susceptibilidad a los antimicrobianos de las cepas de campo de Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC (MmmLC). 113 III.1.- Introducción………………………………………………………………………. 113 III.2.- Material y métodos………………………………………………………………. 114 III.2.1.- Cepas utilizadas.…………………………………………………………. 114 III.2.2.- Antimicrobianos empleados…………………………………………….. 115 III.2.3.- Determinación de las CMIs……………………………………………… 116 III.3.- Resultados………………………………………………………………………… 116 III.4.- Discusión………………………………………………………………………….. 117 Anexo de tablas y figuras……………………………………………………………… 120 Bibliografía……………………………………………………………………………….. 123 Capítulo IV.- Obtención de mutantes y estudio de los mecanismos de resistencia a las quinolonas………………………………………………………….. 127 IV.1.- Introducción………………………………………………………………………. 127 IV.2.- Material y métodos………………………………………………………………. 134 IV.2.1.- Cepas utilizadas………………………………………………………….. 134 IV.2.2.- Antimicrobianos empleados……………………………………………. 134 IV.2.3.- Selección in vitro de mutantes resistentes a quinolonas……………. 135 IV.2.4.- Estudio del antibiograma de los mutantes…………………………….. 135 IV.2.5.- Estudio de la presencia de sistemas de expulsión activa…………… 136 IV.2.5.1.- Inhibidores de los sistemas de expulsión activa………………. 136 IV.2.5.2- Estudio de las proteínas de membrana…………………………. 136 IV.2.5.2.1- Extracción de proteína total……………………………….. 136 IV.2.5.2.2.- Partición en fases por Triton X-114……………………… 137 IV Índice IV.2.5.2.2.3-
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