Sociální Imunita Bezobratlých Sara Eliáš

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Sociální Imunita Bezobratlých Sara Eliáš MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV EXPERIMENTÁLNÍ BIOLOGIE Sociální imunita bezobratlých Bakalářská práce Sara Eliáš VEDOUCÍ BAKALÁŘSKÉ PRÁCE: RNDr. Pavel Hyršl, Ph.D. BRNO 2015 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Sara Eliáš Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav experimentální biologie Název práce: Sociální imunita bezobratlých Studijní program: Experimentální biologie Studijní obor: Speciální biologie Vedoucí práce: RNDr. Pavel Hyršl, Ph.D. Rok obhajoby: 2014/2015 Počet stran: 44 Klíčová slova: Sociální imunita, mravenci, včely, termiti, čmeláci, sociální chování Bibliographic Entry Author Sara Eliáš Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Experimental Biology Title of thesis: Social immunity of invertebrates Degree program: Experimental Biology Field of study: Special Biology Supervisor: RNDr. Pavel Hyršl, Ph.D. Year of defense: 2015 Number of pages: 44 Keywords: Social immunity, social behavior, ants, bees, termites Abstrakt Tato práce pojednává o sociální imunitě bezobratlých. Tento typ imunitního systému vznikl u sociálně žijících druhů, jako jsou mravenci, včely, čmeláci a termiti. Tito živočichové si vytvořili specifickou obranu, která jim zajišťuje zvýšenou ochranu, protože právě u těchto druhů je vyšší riziko nákazy. Sociální imunita se projevuje jak fyziologickými procesy v těle, tak sociálním chováním. Systém vzájemné spolupráce se soustřeďuje na čištění hnízda a také na vzájemné čistění jedinců, které zabraňuje šíření nákazy a v některých případech slouží i k sociální imunizaci či tzv. primingu. Antimikrobiální látky si sociální hmyz sám produkuje, nebo je sbírá ve svém okolí. Velkou pozornost věnují sociálně žijící druhy vždy těm nejmenším členům kolonie. Jejich ochrana před patogeny je prioritní. Sociální imunita je tedy především založena na sociálním chování daných členů. Nezasahuje pouze při onemocnění, ale vytváří také účinnou prevenci. Abstract The present thesis describes social immunity of invertebrates. This type of immune system is present in socially living species, such ants, bees, bumble bees and termites. These insects have developed specific defenses, which provide them increased protection as a countermeasure against a higher risk of infection. Social immunity expresses itself in two ways, as a physiological process in the body and as social behaviour. The cooperation system is part of the social behavior and concentrates on cleaning the nest and allogrooming, ultimately preventing the spread of infection and in some cases also functions as a social immunisation or priming too. Social insects also produce antimicrobial compounds by themselves or they obtain them from their natural environment. They focus the biggest attention on the smallest members of the colony. Protection against pathogens is the highest priority of social insects. Social immunity is primarily based on the social behaviour of the members and is not only used in the presence of diseases, but also acts as effectively in a preventative way. Poděkování Na tomto místě bych ráda poděkovala všem, kteří se podíleli na vzniku této práce. Zejména pak RNDr. Pavlu Hyršlovi Ph.D. a konzultantovi Mgr. Pavlu Dobešovi, Ph.D. za poskytnutí literatury, cenné rady a odborné vedení při zpracování této práce. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svou bakalářskou práci napsala samostatně a výhradně s použitím citovaných pramenů. Brno 11. 5. 2015 ……………………….…… jméno a příjmení Obsah 1 ÚVOD .................................................................................................................................. 10 2 SOCIÁLNÍ HMYZ .............................................................................................................. 12 2.1 Základní informace ....................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Stupně sociálního chování ............................................................................................ 13 2.2.1 Subsociální chování ................................................................................... 13 2.2.2 Komunální chování ................................................................................... 13 2.2.3 Kvasisociální chování ............................................................................... 13 2.2.4 Semisociální chování ................................................................................. 14 2.2.5 Eusociální chování .................................................................................... 14 2.3 Hierarchie ...................................................................................................................... 14 2.4 Komunikace .................................................................................................................. 16 2.4.1 Včely - Apis ............................................................................................... 16 2.4.2 Čmeláci - Bombus ..................................................................................... 17 2.4.3 Mravenci - Ants ......................................................................................... 17 2.4.4 Termiti – Isoptera ...................................................................................... 17 3 IMUNITNÍ SYSTÉM BEZOBRATLÝCH ......................................................................... 19 3.1 Humorální imunitní systém ........................................................................................... 19 3.1.1 Aglutininy .................................................................................................. 20 3.1.2 Lysiny ........................................................................................................ 20 3.1.3 Antimikrobiální peptidy ............................................................................ 20 3.1.4 Fenoloxidázová kaskáda ........................................................................... 20 3.1.5 „Komplementu podobné“ molekuly .......................................................... 20 3.1.6 „Protilátkám podobné“ molekuly .............................................................. 21 3.2 Buněčný imunitní systém .............................................................................................. 21 3.3 Krevní buňky – hemocyty ............................................................................................. 21 3.4 Imunitní reakce ............................................................................................................. 22 8 3.4.1 Fagocytóza ................................................................................................ 22 3.4.2 Nodulace .................................................................................................... 22 3.4.3 Enkapsulace ............................................................................................... 23 3.4.4 Koagulace a hojení ran .............................................................................. 23 3.5 Imunizace ...................................................................................................................... 23 3.6 Priming .......................................................................................................................... 23 3.7 Metapleurální žlázy u mravenců ................................................................................... 24 3.8 Profylaxe ....................................................................................................................... 25 4 SOCIÁLNÍ IMUNITA ......................................................................................................... 26 4.1 Mravenci ....................................................................................................................... 27 4.2 Včely ............................................................................................................................. 30 4.3 Čmeláci ......................................................................................................................... 32 4.4 Termiti ........................................................................................................................... 34 5 SOCIÁLNÍ VS. INDIVIDUÁLNÍ IMUNITA ..................................................................... 36 6 ZÁVĚR ................................................................................................................................ 38 7 SEZNAM LITERATURY ................................................................................................... 39 7.1 Sekundární citace .......................................................................................................... 43 7.2 Internetové zdroje ......................................................................................................... 44 9 1 ÚVOD Na naší planetě žije nespočet druhů bezobratlých, ale jen několik z nich žije v sociálním společenství. Tyto živočišné komunity představují fascinující společenství, která si díky pokročilému stupni chování vybojovala v průběhu evoluce velice dominantní postavení. U těchto druhů se nemusíme ostýchat a s jistotou můžeme tvrdit, že v množství je síla. Na sociální hmyz musíme pohlížet jako na jeden superorganismus (Hölldobler & Wilson 2009). Tito živočichové jsou silní pouze v případě, že kooperují jako jeden celek, ovšem jako individuální stvoření by nebyli schopni samostatného dlouhodobého přežití. Společně si vytvořili systémy, kdy se rozdělují do kast, které plní jednotlivé činnosti a to ať už reprodukční nebo základní (Chittka
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