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Archaeological Investigations at Site 44CF102

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Archaeological Investigations at Site 44CF102 ARCBAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT SITE 44CF102 OSBORNESIGATESVILLE TOWN CHESTEXFIELD COUNTY, VIRGINIA 8 Virginia Department of Historic Resources Survey and Planning Report Series No. 5 Prepared by: William and Mary Center for Archaeological Research Department of Anthropology The College of William and Mary Williamsburg , Virginia 23 187 Project Directors Donald W. Linebaugh Dennis B. Blanton Authors Patricia L. Kandle Charles M. Downing Donald W. Linebaugh Veronica Deitrick The preparation of Archaeological Investigations at Site 44CF 102. Osbornes Town Site.. .was financed in part with federal hdsfrom the U.S. Department of the Interior, through the Department of Historic Resources, Commonwealth of Virginia. Under Title MI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the U.S. Department of Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin or handicap in its federally assisted programs. If you believe that you have been discriminated against in any program or activity described herein, or if you desire further information, please write to: Office of Equal Opportunity, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240. The contents and opinions of this book do not necessarily reflect the views of policies of the Department of the Interior, nor does any mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation by the Department of the Interior. The Virginia Department of Historic Resources, in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, will make this publication available in braille, large print or audio tape upon request. Write to: Department of Historic Resources, 221 Governor Street, Richmond, VA 23219, (804) 786-3 143. Please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery. MANAGEMENT SUMMARY The William and Mary Center for Archaeological Research (WMCAR) conducted archaeological investigations at Site 44CF102 in Chesterfield County, Virginia, from April 11 to May 3, 1994, under an agreement with the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (DHR). The purpose of the fieldwork was to aid in determining the approximate boundaries of 44CF 102, identify components, and preliminarily assess its archaeological integrity. Site 44CF102 is a multicomponent site spanning from the Archaic period to the twentieth century, including an extensive prehistoric quarrying resource, the eighteenth-century town site known as Osbornes and/or Gatesville, nineteenth- and twentieth-century railroad and road features, and several twentieth-century domestic complexes. The site also includes two eighteenth-century concentrations and a Civil War battery in the less intensively surveyed northeast corner. Site 44CF102 runs across a soybean field, east through the Virginia Power right-of-way to the banks of the James River. Two elements of the Osbornes\Gatesville town period have been recently excavated in part by the Chesterfield Historical Society-Archaeology Committee, under the direction of Dawn Burns. During the WMCAR fieldwork, the plowed field was surface collected, and two wooded sections and the Virginia Power right-of-way were systematically shovel tested. A total of 51.5 acres (20.8 ha) was surveyed. The archaeological investigations at 44CF102 identified 18 clusters of artifacts likely representing multiple structural ruins belonging to the mid-eighteenth- to mid-nineteenth-century OsborneslGatesville town period. Ten of these clusters are located in the plowed field and the remainder are located in the wooded areas. The initial survey and assessment of 44CF102 indicate that the site likely retains excellent integrity in several portions, with a high probability of features related to individual town lots that date to the period from the mid- eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth century; however, parts of the plowed field and Virginia Power corridor have been impacted from deep plowing and construction activities. It thus has high research potential to provide information important to our understanding of the development of inland port town sites in Tidewater Virginia during the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, as well as investigating settlement dynamics along the James River during this period. REPORT CONTRIBUTORS Authors: Patricia L. Kandle Charles M. Downing Donald W. Linebaugh Veronica Deitrick Graphics and Report Production Editors: Donald W. Einebaugh David W. Lewes Graphics Contributor: John B. Roberts Historical Researcher: Charles M. Downing Artifact Inventory and Analysis: Deborah L. Davenport Veronica Deitrick Copy Editor: David W. Lewes iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Management Summary .................................................... ii ... Report Contributors .................................................... 111 Table of Contents .................................................... iv List of Figures .................................................... v List of Tables ................................................... viii Chapter 1: Project Background (Patricia L. Kandle) ................................... 1 Chapter 2: Historical Context (Charles M. Downing) .................................. 11 Chapter 3: Project Methodology and Research Design (Patricia L. Kandle) ..................... 35 Chapter 4: Research Results (Patricia L. Kandle and Veronica Deitrick) .....................a.47 Chapter 5 : Research Summary (Patricia L. Kandle, Donald W. Linebaugh, and Veronica Deitrick) ......................... 69 References Cited .................................................... 75 Appendix A: Artifact Inventory Appendix B: Dick Helm's Calculations of Scales for Watkins Plat of 1760 LIST OF FIGURES Page 1 Project area location .................................................. 1 2 Site 44CF102 and environs (U.S. Geological Survey 7.5-minute Chester 1987, Drewery's Bluff 1987. Dutch Gap 1986. and Hopewell 1969 topographic quadrangles) ......... 2 3 Site 44CF102. aerial photograph. looking east ..... : ............................ 3 4 Site 44CF102. plan showing survey area. topography. and current roads .................. 4 5 Site 44CF102. plan showing previously identified features ........................... 6 6 Site 44CF102. plan of house foundations at Site B excavated by Dawn Bums and the Chesterfield County Historical Society-Archaeology Committee (Bums 1993) ......... 7 Site 44CF102. volunteers from Chesterfield Historical Society-Archaeology Committee working at Site B ........................ 8 Site 44CF102. volunteer Dick Helm of Chesterfield Historical Society-Archaeology Committee excavating cooling/storage pit at Site B .................. 9 9 Site 44CF102. profile of Shovel Test 173 ..................................... 18 10 Map of Virginia in 1612 (Smith 1986) ....................................... 12 11 Plat of Osbomes/Gatesville drawn by Benjamin Watkins in 1760 (CCR DB 6:l) ............. 17 Re-survey of Gatesville. copied from 1760 plat (La Prade 1858) ....................... 18 Sketch of the Action at Osburns. April 27th. 1781 (Simcoe n.d.) ....... ................ 20 Insurance declaration for William Durn and Jeremiah Vaughan (MAS 1803.No . 2058) ......... 22 Insurance plat for Richard Gregory (MAS 1815.No . 1953) ...........................23 Insurance declaration for Francis Puckett (MAS 1803.No. 1051) ....................... 25 Insurance declaration for Frances Evans (MAS 1806.No . 1687) ........................ 24 Map of the Howlett Line (Freeman 1935:III:48 1) ................................28 Map of the James River from Chaffin's Bluff to City Point (U.S. War Department 1880:XI:632-633) ............................28 Portion of Confederate map showing Battery Dantzler near Site 44CF102 (Ost 1864) ..........29 Map of Bermuda Hundred (Michler 1867) ..................................... 30 22 Plat of 1913 land grant showing former site of railroad tenminus and possible eighteenth-century wharf (VSLO Record of Surveys 7: 1) .................... 32 23 Plat showing part of Osbornes/Gatesville tract in 1939 (CCR DB 247:355) ................. 33 24 Survey of part of Osbornes/Gatesville tract in 1907 (CCR DB 114:270) ................... 34 25 Site 44CF102. plan showing archaeological survey grid ............................. 36 26 Site 44CF102. plan showing surface collection units and shovel tests .................... 37 27 Site 44CF102. detail plan of surface collection units ............................... 38 28 Site 44CF102. detail plan of shovel tests ...................................... 40 29 Site 44CF102. plan of architectural artifact distribution overlaid by Watkins plat of 1760 (scale of Watkins plat is based on street widths indicated on original plat) ............ 41 30 Site 44CF102. plan of architectural artifact distribution overlaid by Watkins plat of 1760 scaled to Dick Helm's calculations (scale of plat relative to current site plan is based on an overall plat width of 1.452 ft.) ................. 42 31 Site 44CF102. plan of architectural artifact distribution overlaid by Watkins plat of 1760 scaled to La Prade map (1858) (scale of plat relative to current site plan is based on an overall plat width of 1.485 ft.) ................. 43 32 Map of Section of Chesterfield County. Virginia. redrawn from 1823 version (La Prade 1931) .... 44 33 Site 44CF102. plan of architectural artifact distribution overlaid by Watkins plat of 1760 (scale of plat relative to current site plan is based on an overall plat width of 1.518 ft.) ..... 45 34 Site 44CF 102. distribution of architectural artifacts recovered
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