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Bangladesh 1 Bangladesh Bangladesh 1 Bangladesh People's Republic of Bangladesh • গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ • Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh Anthem: Amar Shonar Bangla My Golden Bangla Capital Dhaka (and largest city) 23°42′N 90°21′E Official language(s) Bengali (Bangla) Ethnic groups (1998) 98% Bengali [1] 2% other Demonym Bangladeshi [2] Government Unitary parliamentary democracy - President Zillur Rahman - Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina - Speaker Abdul Hamid - Chief Justice Md. Muzammel Hossain Legislature Jatiya Sangsad Independence from Pakistan - Declared 26 March 1971 [1] - Current constitution 4 November 1972 Area Bangladesh 2 - Total 147,570 km2 (94th) 56,977 sq mi - Water (%) 6.4 Population [3] - 2011 estimate 148,000,000 (Census, 2011), [4] 158,570,535 (CIA, July 2011 est.) (8th) - Density 964.42/km2 (9th) 2,497.4/sq mi GDP (PPP) 2011 estimate [5] - Total $282.229 billion (39) [5] - Per capita $1,692 (193) GDP (nominal) 2011 estimate [5] - Total $113.032 billion [5] - Per capita $678 [6] Gini (2005) 33.2 (medium) [7] HDI (2011) 0.500 (low) (146th) Currency Taka (BDT) Time zone BST (UTC+6) Drives on the left ISO 3166 code BD Internet TLD .bd Calling code 880 1 Adjusted population, p.4, Bangladesh ( i/ˈbɑːŋɡlədɛʃ/ or i/bæŋɡləˈdɛʃ/ (Anglicized pronunciation); Bengali: বাংলাদেশ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh) is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India and Burma and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. The capital (and largest city) is Dhaka, located in central Bangladesh. The official state language is Bengali. The name Bangladesh means "Country of Bengal" in the official Bengali language. The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal during the reign and demise of the British India. Its map was chartered by Sir Cyril Radcliffe during the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947, when the region became East Pakistan, part of the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Due to political exclusion and economic exploitation by the politically dominant West Pakistan, popular agitation grew against West Pakistan and led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence on 26 March 1971. With the direct and indirect help of India, 9 months of war came to an end on 16 December 1971 by the surrender of the Pakistan Army at Ramna Race Course, after 13 days of direct action by the Indian Army. Bangladesh is a parliamentary democracy, with an elected parliament called the Jatiyo Sangshad. It is the eighth-most populous country and among the most densely populated countries in the world. Just like in the rest of South Asia the poverty rate prevails, although the United Nations has acclaimed Bangladesh for achieving tremendous progress in human development.[8][9] Geographically, the country straddles the fertile Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta and is subject to annual monsoon floods and cyclones. Bangladesh 3 The country is listed among the Next Eleven economies. It is a founding member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the D-8 and BIMSTEC, and a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Non-Aligned Movement. However, Bangladesh continues to face a number of major challenges, including widespread political and bureaucratic corruption, widespread poverty, and an increasing danger of hydrologic shocks brought on by ecological vulnerability to climate change.[10][11] History Remnants of civilisation in the greater Bengal region date back four thousand years,[12] when the region was settled by Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, and Austro-Asiatic peoples. The exact origin of the word "Bangla" or "Bengal" is not known, though it is believed to be derived from Bang, the Dravidian-speaking tribe that settled in the area around the year 1000 BCE.[13] The kingdom of Gangaridai was formed from at least the 7th century BCE, which later united with Bihar under the Magadha, Somapura Mahavihara in Paharpur, Bangladesh, Nanda, Mauryan and Sunga Empires. Bengal was later part of the is the greatest Buddhist Vihara in the Indian Gupta Empire and Harsha Empire from the 3rd to the 6th centuries CE. Subcontinent, built by Dharmapala of Bengal. Following its collapse, a dynamic Bengali named Shashanka founded an impressive short-lived kingdom. After a period of anarchy, the Bengali Buddhist Pala dynasty ruled the region for four hundred years, followed by a shorter reign of the Hindu Sena dynasty. Medieval European geographers located paradise at the mouth of the Ganges and although this was overhopeful, Bengal was probably the wealthiest part of the subcontinent until the 16th century. The area's early history featured a succession of Hindu empires, internal squabbling, and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism for dominance. Islam was introduced to the Bengal region in the 12th century by Arab Muslim merchants; Sufi missionaries, and subsequent Muslim rule helped spread Islam throughout the region.[14] Bakhtiar Khilji, a Turkish general, defeated Lakshman Sen of the Sena dynasty and conquered large parts of Bengal in the year 1204. The region was ruled by several sultans, Hindu states and land-lords-Baro-Bhuiyans for the next few hundred years. By the 16th century, the Mughal Empire controlled Bengal, and Dhaka became an important provincial centre of Mughal administration. The Maratha Empire, a Hindu empire which overran the Mughals in the 18th century, also devastated the territories controlled by the Nawab of Bengal between 1742 and 1751. In a series of raids on Bengal and Bihar, then ruled by the Nawab, Maratha demolished much of the Bengali economy, which was unable to withstand the continuous onslaught of Maratha for long. Nawab Ali Vardi Khan made peace with Maratha by ceding the whole of Orissa and parts of Western Bengal to the empire. In addition, this a tax – the Chauth, amounting to a quarter of total revenue – was imposed on other parts of Bengal and Bihar. This tax amounted to twenty lakhs (of rupees?) for Bengal and Lalbagh Fort, constructed in the mid-17th century in Dhaka during the reign of Aurangzeb. 12 lakhs for Bihar per year.[15][16] After Maratha's defeat in Panipat by a coalition of Muslim forces, the empire returned under the Maratha general Madhoji Sindhia and raided Bengal again. The British Empire stopped payment of the Chauth, invading the territory of Bengal in 1760s. The raids continued until Maratha was finally defeated by the British over the course of three Anglo-Maratha Wars, lasting from 1777 to 1818. Bangladesh 4 From 1517 onwards, Portuguese traders from Goa were traversing the sea-route to Bengal. Only in 1537, were they allowed to settle and open customs houses at Chittagong. In 1577, Mughal emperor Akbar permitted the Portuguese to build permanent settlements and churches in Bengal.[17] The influence of European traders grew until the British East India Company gained control of Bengal following the Battle of Plassey in 1757.[18] The bloody rebellion of 1857—known as the Sepoy Mutiny—resulted in transfer of authority to the crown with a British viceroy running the administration.[19] During colonial rule, famine racked South Asia many times, including the war-induced Sixty Dome Mosque in Mosque city of Bagerhat [20] was built in the 15th century and is the largest Great Bengal famine of 1943 that claimed 3 million lives. historical mosque in Bangladesh, as well as a UN World Heritage site. Between 1905 and 1911, an abortive attempt was made to divide the province of Bengal into two zones, with Dhaka being the capital of the eastern zone.[21] When the exit of the British Empire in 1947, Bengal was partitioned along religious lines, with the western part going to newly created India and the eastern part (Muslim majority) joining Pakistan as a province called East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan), with its capital at Dhaka.[22] In 1950, land reform was accomplished in East Bengal with the abolishment of the feudal zamindari system.[23] Despite the economic and demographic weight of the east, however, Pakistan's government and military were largely dominated by the upper classes from the west. The Bengali Language Movement of 1952 was the first sign of friction between the two wings of Pakistan.[24] Dissatisfaction with the central government over economic and cultural issues continued to rise through the next decade, during which the Awami League emerged as the political voice of the Bengali-speaking population. It agitated for autonomy in the 1960s, and in 1966, its president, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (Mujib), was jailed; he was released in 1969 after an unprecedented popular uprising. In 1970, a massive cyclone devastated the coast of East Pakistan, killing up to half a million people,[25] and the central government responded poorly. The Bengali population's anger was compounded when Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, whose Awami League won a majority in Parliament in the 1970 elections,[26] was blocked from taking office. After staging compromise talks with Mujib, President Yahya Khan and military officials launched Operation Searchlight,[27] a sustained military assault on East Pakistan and arrested him in the early hours of 26 March 1971. Yahya's methods were extremely bloody, and the violence of the war resulted in many civilian deaths.[28] Chief targets included intellectuals and Hindus, and about one million refugees fled to neighbouring India.[29] Estimates of those massacred throughout the war range from thirty thousand to 3,000,000.[28] Mujibur Rahman was ultimately released on 8 January 1972, due to direct US intervention.[30] Awami League leaders set up a government-in-exile in Calcutta, India. The exile government formally took oath at Meherpur, in Kustia district of East Pakistan on 17 April 1971, with Tajuddin Ahmad as the first Prime Minister and Syed Nazrul Islam as the Acting President.
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